EC
3101
Microeconomic
Analysis
II
Instructor:
Dr
Sng
Tuan
Hwee
1
My
contact
informa?on
• WEBSITE:
hCp://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/ecssth/
• EMAIL:
[email protected]
• PHONE:
6516
3954
• OFFICE:
AS2
04-‐37
• OFFICE
HRS:
Tuesday
4pm
–
6pm
2
Textbook
Intermediate
Microeconomics
–
A
Modern
Approach
(8th
edi?on)
by
Hal
Varian
3
Syllabus
(subject
to
change)
Week
1
Course
Overview;
Intertemporal
Choice,
Ch.10
Week
2
Uncertainty,
Ch.
12
Week
3
Exchange,
Ch.31
Week
4
Monopoly,
Ch.24
Week
5
Monopoly,
Ch.24;
Oligopoly,
Ch.27
Week
6
Oligopoly,
Ch.27
– Recess
Week
–
Week
7
Midterm
Week
8
Game
Theory,
Ch.28
Week
9
Game
Applica?ons,
Ch.
29
Week
10
Game
Applica?ons,
Ch.
29
Week
11
Externali?es,
Ch.
34;
Public
Goods,
Ch.
36
Week
12
Asymmetric
Informa?on,
Ch.
37
Week
13
Review;
AOB
4
Assessment
• Homework,
15%
• Par?cipa?on,
10%
• Midterm
Exam,
25%
• Final
Exam,
50%
5
Homework
• Two
individual
problem
sets
• To
be
posted
on
IVLE
one
week
before
due
• Please
submit
in
hardcopy
to
tutor’s
mailbox
• 20%
of
total
possible
points
will
be
deducted
each
day
for
late
submission
6
Par?cipa?on
•
Prac?ce
Problems
from
week
2
onwards
•
To
be
discussed
in
tutorial
the
following
week
•
You
will
present
solu?ons
during
tutorial
•
Everyone
needs
to
present
at
least
once
7
Exams
• Closed-‐book
midterm
– March
4,
2-‐4pm
(MPSH,
to
be
confirmed)
– Makeup
may
cover
more
materials
• Closed-‐book,
cumula?ve
final
– 2
May
(Friday),
9am
8
Some
Ground
Rules
• ACendance
to
be
taken
in
tutorials
(Faculty
policy)
• No
tex?ng
or
other
cellphone
use
during
class
• Academic
dishonesty
is
unacceptable
9
INTERTEMPORAL
CHOICE
Chapter
10,
Week
1
10
Chinese
Idiom:
Three
at
dawn,
Four
at
dusk
• A
man
raised
monkeys.
• He
wanted
to
reduce
the
monkeys’
ra?on.
• He
suggested
giving
them
3
bananas
in
the
morning
and
4
in
the
evening.
They
protested
angrily.
• "How
about
4
in
the
morning
and
3
in
the
evening?"
• The
monkeys
were
sa?sfied.
11
Intertemporal
Choice
• Are
the
monkeys
irra?onal?
• Is
one
banana
in
morning
equivalent
to
one
in
the
evening?
• Is
a
dollar
today
the
same
as
a
dollar
tomorrow?
12
Present
and
Future
Values
• Begin
with
some
simple
financial
arithme?c.
• Take
just
two
periods;
1
and
2.
• Let
r
denote
the
interest
rate
per
period.
13
Future
Value
• E.g.,
if
r
=
0.1
then
$100
saved
in
period
1
becomes
$110
in
period
2.
• The
value
next
period
of
$1
saved
now
is
the
future
value
of
that
dollar.
14
Future
Value
• Given
an
interest
rate
r,
the
future
value
one
period
from
now
of
$1
is
FV
=
1
+
r
• Given
an
interest
rate
r,
the
future
value
one
period
from
now
of
$m
is
FV
=
m(1
+
r)
15
Present
Value
• Q:
How
much
money
would
have
to
be
saved
now
to
obtain
$1
in
the
next
period?
• A:
$k
saved
now
becomes
$k(1+r)
in
the
next
period,
Set
k(1+r)
=
1
So
k
=
1/(1+r)
• k
=
1/(1+r)
is
the
present-‐value
of
$1
obtained
in
the
next
period.
16
Present
Value
• The
present
value
of
$1
available
in
the
next
period
is
PV
=
1/(1
+
r)
• And
the
present
value
of
$m
available
in
the
next
period
is
PV
=
m/(1
+
r)
17
Higher
r
leads
to
lower
PV
• E.g.,
if
r
=
0.1
then
the
most
you
should
pay
now
for
$1
available
next
period
is
1
PV = = $0 ⋅ 91
1+ 0 ⋅1
• And
if
r
=
0.2
then
the
most
you
should
pay
now
for
$1
available
next
period
is
1
PV = = $0 ⋅ 83
1+ 0 ⋅ 2
18
The
Intertemporal
Choice
Problem
• Suppose
there
are
2
?me
periods:
1
and
2
• Let
m1
and
m2
be
incomes
(in
$)
received
in
periods
1
and
2.
• Let
c1
and
c2
be
consump?ons
(in
physical
units)
in
periods
1
and
2.
• Let
p1
and
p2
be
the
prices
of
consump?on
(in
$
per
unit)
in
periods
1
and
2.
19
The
Intertemporal
Choice
Problem
• The
intertemporal
choice
problem:
Given
incomes
m1
and
m2,
and
given
consump?on
prices
p1
and
p2,
what
is
the
most
preferred
intertemporal
consump?on
bundle
(c1,
c2)?
• For
an
answer
we
need
to
know:
–
intertemporal
budget
constraint
–
intertemporal
consump?on
preferences
20
The
Intertemporal
Budget
Constraint
• To
start,
let
us
ignore
price
effects
by
supposing
that
p1
=
p2
=
$1
(per
unit)
21
The
Intertemporal
Budget
Constraint
• Suppose
that
the
consumer
chooses
not
to
save
or
to
borrow.
• Q:
What
will
be
consumed
in
period
1?
• A:
c1
=
m1.
• Q:
What
will
be
consumed
in
period
2?
• A:
c2
=
m2.
22
The
Intertemporal
Budget
Constraint
c2
So
(c1,
c2)
=
(m1,
m2)
is
the
consump?on
bundle
if
the
consumer
chooses
neither
to
save
nor
to
borrow.
m2
0
c1
0
m1
23
The
Intertemporal
Budget
Constraint
• Now
suppose
that
the
consumer
spends
nothing
on
consump?on
in
period
1;
So,
c1
=
0
and
s1
=
m1.
• The
interest
rate
is
r.
• What
will
c2
be?
24
The
Intertemporal
Budget
Constraint
• Period
2
income
is
m2.
• Savings
plus
interest
from
period
1
sum
to
(1
+
r
)m1.
• So
total
income
available
in
period
2
is
m2
+
(1
+
r
)m1.
• So
period
2
consump?on
expenditure
is
c2
=
m2
+
(1
+
r
)m1.
25
The
Intertemporal
Budget
Constraint
c2
m2 +
the
future-‐value
of
the
income
endowment
(1+ r)m1
m2
0
c1
0
m1
26
The
Intertemporal
Budget
Constraint
c2
m2 + (c1,
c2)
=
(0,
m2
+
(1
+
r
)m1)
is
the
consump?on
bundle
when
all
period
1
income
is
saved.
(1+ r)m1
m2
0
c1
0
m1
27
The
Intertemporal
Budget
Constraint
• Now
suppose
that
the
consumer
spends
everything
possible
on
consump?on
in
period
1,
so
c2
=
0.
• What
is
the
most
that
the
consumer
can
borrow
in
period
1
against
her
period
2
income
of
$m2?
• Let
b1
denote
the
amount
borrowed
in
period
1.
28
The
Intertemporal
Budget
Constraint
• Only
$m2
will
be
available
in
period
2
to
pay
back
$b1
borrowed
in
period
1.
• So
b1(1
+
r
)
=
m2.
• That
is,
b1
=
m2
/
(1
+
r
).
• So
the
largest
possible
period
1
consump?on
level
is
m2
c1 = m1 +
1+ r 29
The
Intertemporal
Budget
Constraint
c2
m2 +
(1+ r)m1
m2
the
present-‐value
of
the
income
endowment
0
c1
0
m1
m2
m1 +
1+ r
30
The
Intertemporal
Budget
Constraint
• More
generally,
suppose
that
c1
units
are
consumed
in
period
1.
This
costs
$c1
and
leaves
m1-‐
c1
saved.
Period
2
consump?on
will
then
be
c2 = m2 + (1+ r)(m1 − c1 )
• Rearranging
gives
us,
c2 = −(1+ r)c1 + m2 + (1+ r)m1.
slope
intercept
31
The
Intertemporal
Budget
Constraint
c2
c2 = −(1+ r)c1 + m2 + (1+ r)m1
m2 +
(1+ r)m1
slope
=
-‐(1+r)
m2
0
c1
0
m1
m2
m1 +
1+ r
32
The
Intertemporal
Budget
Constraint
(1+ r)c1 + c2 = (1+ r)m1 + m2
is
the
“future-‐valued”
form
of
the
budget
constraint
since
all
terms
are
in
period
2
values.
This
is
equivalent
to
c2 m2
c1 + = m1 +
1+ r 1+ r
which
is
the
“present-‐valued”
form
of
the
constraint
since
all
terms
are
in
period
1
values.
33
The
Intertemporal
Budget
Constraint
• Now
let’s
add
prices
p1
and
p2
for
consump?on
in
periods
1
and
2.
• How
does
this
affect
the
budget
constraint?
34
Intertemporal
Choice
• Given
her
endowment
(m1,m2)
and
prices
p1,
p2
what
intertemporal
consump?on
bundle
(c1*,c2*)
will
be
chosen
by
the
consumer?
• Maximum
possible
expenditure
in
period
2
is
m2 + (1+ r)m1
• So,
maximum
possible
consump?on
in
period
2
is
m2 + (1+ r)m1
c2 =
p2
35
Intertemporal
Choice
• Similarly,
maximum
possible
expenditure
in
period
1
is
m2
m1 +
1+ r
• So,
maximum
possible
consump?on
in
period
1
is
m2
m1 +
c1 = 1+ r
p1
36
Intertemporal
Choice
• Finally,
if
c1
units
are
consumed
in
period
1
then
the
consumer
spends
p1c1
in
period
1,
leaving
m1
-‐
p1c1
saved
for
period
1.
Available
income
in
period
2
will
then
be
m2 + (1+ r)(m1 − p1c1 )
so
p2 c2 = m2 + (1+ r)(m1 − p1c1 )
37
Intertemporal
Choice
p2 c2 = m2 + (1+ r)(m1 − p1c1 )
Rearranging,
(1+ r) p1c1 + p2 c2 = (1+ r)m1 + m2
This
is
the
“future-‐valued”
form
of
the
budget
constraint
since
all
terms
are
expressed
in
period
2
values.
Equivalent
to
it
is
the
“present-‐valued”
form:
p2 m2
p1c1 + c2 = m1 +
1+ r 1+ r 38
The Intertemporal Budget Constraint
c2
(1+ r) p1c1 + p2 c2 = (1+ r)m1 + m2
(1+ r)m1 + m2
p2
p1
Slope
=
−(1+ r)
p2
m2/p2
c1
0
m1/p1
0
m1 + m2 / (1+ r)
p1
39
Price
Infla?on
• Define
the
infla?on
rate
by
π
where
p1 (1+ π ) = p2
• For
example,
π
=
0.2
means
20%
infla?on
π
=
1.0
means
100%
infla?on
40
Price
Infla?on
• We
lose
nothing
by
seung
p1
=
1
so
that
p2
=
1+
π.
• Then
we
can
rewrite
the
budget
constraint
p2 m2
p1c1 + c2 = m1 +
1+ r 1+ r
as
1+ π m2
c1 + c2 = m1 +
1+ r 1+ r
41
Price
Infla?on
1+ π m2
c1 + c2 = m1 +
1+ r 1+ r
rearranges
to
1+ r 1+ r " m2 %
c2 = − c1 + $ + m1 '
1+ π 1+ π # 1+ r &
so
the
slope
of
the
intertemporal
budget
constraint
is
1+ r
−
1+ π
42
Price
Infla?on
• When
there
was
no
price
infla?on
(p1=p2=1)
the
slope
of
the
budget
constraint
was
-‐(1+r).
• Now,
with
price
infla?on,
the
slope
of
the
budget
constraint
is
-‐(1+r)/(1+
π).
This
can
be
wriCen
as
1+ r
−(1+ ρ ) = −
1+
π
ρ
(rho)
is
known
as
the
real
interest
rate.
43
Real
Interest
Rate
1+ r
−(1+ ρ ) = −
1+ π
gives
r−π
ρ=
1+ π
• For
low
infla?on
rates
(π ≈
0),
ρ ≈
r
-‐
π
.
• For
higher
infla?on
rates
this
approxima?on
becomes
poor.
44
Real
Interest
Rate
r 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
π 0.0 0.05 0.10 0.20 1.00
r - π 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.10 -0.70
r−π
ρ=
1+ π
0.30 0.24 0.18 0.08 -0.35
45
Compara?ve
Sta?cs
• The
slope
of
the
budget
constraint
is
1+ r
−(1+ ρ ) = −
1+ π
• The
constraint
becomes
flaCer
if
the
interest
rate
r
falls
or
the
infla?on
rate π rises
(both
decrease
the
real
rate
of
interest).
46
Compara?ve
Sta?cs
c2
1+ r
slope
=
−(1+ ρ ) = −
1+ π
The
consumer
saves.
m2/p2
0
c1
0
m1/p1
47
Compara?ve
Sta?cs
c2
1+ r
slope
=
−(1+ ρ ) = −
1+ π
The
consumer
saves.
An
increase
in
the
infla?on
rate
or
a
decrease
in
the
interest
rate
“flaCens”
the
m2/p2
budget
constraint.
0
c1
0
m1/p1
48
Compara?ve
Sta?cs
c2
1+ r
slope
=
−(1+ ρ ) = −
1+ π
If
the
consumer
saves
then
welfare
is
reduced
by
a
lower
interest
rate
or
a
higher
infla?on
rate.
m2/p2
0
c1
0
m1/p1
49
Compara?ve
Sta?cs
c2
1+ r
slope
=
−(1+ ρ ) = −
1+ π
The
consumer
borrows.
m2/p2
0
c1
0
m1/p1
50
Compara?ve
Sta?cs
c2
1+ r
slope
=
−(1+ ρ ) = −
1+ π
The
consumer
borrows.
A
fall
in
the
interest
rate
or
a
rise
in
the
infla?on
rate
“flaCens”
the
budget
constraint.
m2/p2
0
c1
0
m1/p1
51
Compara?ve
Sta?cs
c2
1+ r
slope
=
−(1+ ρ ) = −
1+ π
If
the
consumer
borrows
then
welfare
is
increased
by
a
lower
interest
rate
or
a
higher
infla?on
rate.
m2/p2
0
c1
0
m1/p1
52
Valuing
Securi?es
• A
financial
security
is
a
financial
instrument
that
promises
to
deliver
an
income
stream.
• E.g.;
a
security
that
pays
$m1
at
the
end
of
year
1,
$m2
at
the
end
of
year
2,
$m3
at
the
end
of
year
3.
• What
is
the
most
that
you
should
pay
to
buy
this
security?
53
Valuing
Securi?es
• The
PV
of
$m1
paid
1
year
from
now
is
m1/
(1+r)
• The
PV
of
$m2
paid
2
years
from
now
is
m2/
(1+r)2
• The
PV
of
$m3
paid
3
years
from
now
is
m3/
(1+r)3
• The
PV
of
the
security
is
therefore
m1 m2 m3
PV = + +
1+ r (1+ r) (1+ r)3
2
54
Valuing
Bonds
• A
bond
is
a
special
type
of
security
that
pays
a
fixed
amount
$x
for
T-‐1
years
(T:
no.
of
years
to
maturity)
and
then
pays
its
face
value
$F
upon
maturity.
• What
is
the
most
that
should
now
be
paid
for
such
a
bond?
55
Valuing
Bonds
End
of
1
2
3
…
T-‐1
T
Year
Income
$x
$x
$x
$x
$x
$F
Paid
Present
x/(1+r)
x/(1+r)2
x/(1+r)3
…
x/(1+r)T-‐1
F/(1+r)T
Value
x x x F
PV = + 2
+…+ T −1
+
1+ r (1+ r) (1+ r) (1+ r)T
56
Valuing
Bonds
• Suppose
you
win
a
loCery.
• The
prize
is
$1,000,000
but
it
is
paid
over
10
years
in
equal
installments
of
$100,000
each.
• What
is
the
prize
actually
worth?
$100, 000 $100, 000 $100, 000
PV = + 2
+… +
1+ 0 ⋅1 (1+ 0 ⋅1) (1+ 0 ⋅1)10
= $614, 457
57
Valuing
Consols
• A
consol
is
a
bond
which
never
terminates,
paying
$x
per
period
forever.
• What
is
a
consol’s
present-‐value?
58
Valuing
Consols
End$of$
1$ 2$ 3$ …$ t$ …$
Year$
Income$
$x$ $x$ $x$ $x$ $x$ $x$
Paid$
$ $ …$ $ …$
PV$
$ $
x x x
PV = + 2
+…+ t
+…
1+ r (1+ r) (1+ r)
59
Valuing
Consols
x x x
PV = + 2
+ 3
+…
1+ r (1+ r) (1+ r)
1 ! x x $
= #x + + 2
+…&
1+ r " 1+ r (1+ r) %
1 ! $
= " x + PV %
1+ r
x
Solving
for
PV
gives
PV =
r
60
Valuing
Consols
E.g.
if
r
=
0.1
now
and
forever
then
the
most
that
should
be
paid
now
for
a
console
that
provides
$1000
per
year
is
x $1000
PV = = = $10,000
r 0 ⋅1
61