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Week 1 - Chapter10 Intertemporal Choice

This document provides information for a Microeconomic Analysis II course taught by Dr. Sng Tuan Hwee. It outlines the contact details for the instructor, required textbook, syllabus overview with topics covered in each week, assessment details including homework, participation, exams, and some course policies. The course will cover topics such as intertemporal choice, uncertainty, exchange, monopoly, oligopoly, game theory, externalities, and asymmetric information using Intermediate Microeconomics by Hal Varian as the textbook. Assessment includes homework, participation, a midterm exam in March and a cumulative final exam in May.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
78 views61 pages

Week 1 - Chapter10 Intertemporal Choice

This document provides information for a Microeconomic Analysis II course taught by Dr. Sng Tuan Hwee. It outlines the contact details for the instructor, required textbook, syllabus overview with topics covered in each week, assessment details including homework, participation, exams, and some course policies. The course will cover topics such as intertemporal choice, uncertainty, exchange, monopoly, oligopoly, game theory, externalities, and asymmetric information using Intermediate Microeconomics by Hal Varian as the textbook. Assessment includes homework, participation, a midterm exam in March and a cumulative final exam in May.

Uploaded by

Thomas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EC

 3101  
Microeconomic    
Analysis  II  
 
Instructor:  Dr  Sng  Tuan  Hwee  

1  
My  contact  informa?on  

•  WEBSITE:    hCp://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/ecssth/  
 
•  EMAIL:      [email protected]  
 
•  PHONE:      6516  3954  
 
•  OFFICE:      AS2  04-­‐37  
 
•  OFFICE  HRS:  Tuesday  4pm  –  6pm    

2  
Textbook  

 
Intermediate  
Microeconomics  –    
A  Modern  Approach    
(8th  edi?on)    
 
by  Hal  Varian  

3  
Syllabus  (subject  to  change)  
Week  1    Course  Overview;  Intertemporal  Choice,  Ch.10  
Week  2    Uncertainty,  Ch.  12  
Week  3    Exchange,  Ch.31    
Week  4      Monopoly,  Ch.24  
Week  5      Monopoly,  Ch.24;  Oligopoly,  Ch.27  
Week  6      Oligopoly,  Ch.27  
–  Recess  Week  –  
Week  7      Midterm  
Week  8    Game  Theory,  Ch.28  
Week  9    Game  Applica?ons,  Ch.  29  
Week  10    Game  Applica?ons,  Ch.  29  
Week  11    Externali?es,  Ch.  34;  Public  Goods,  Ch.  36  
Week  12    Asymmetric  Informa?on,  Ch.  37  
Week  13    Review;  AOB  
4  
Assessment  

•  Homework,  15%  

•  Par?cipa?on,  10%  

•  Midterm  Exam,  25%  

•  Final  Exam,  50%  

5  
Homework  

•  Two  individual  problem  sets    

•  To  be  posted  on  IVLE  one  week  before  due  

•  Please  submit  in  hardcopy  to  tutor’s  mailbox  

•  20%  of  total  possible  points  will  be  deducted  each  day  
for  late  submission  

6  
Par?cipa?on  

•    Prac?ce  Problems  from  week  2  onwards  

•    To  be  discussed  in  tutorial  the  following  week  

•    You  will  present  solu?ons  during  tutorial    

•    Everyone  needs  to  present  at  least  once  

7  
Exams  

•  Closed-­‐book  midterm  
–  March  4,  2-­‐4pm  (MPSH,  to  be  confirmed)    
–  Makeup  may  cover  more  materials  

•  Closed-­‐book,  cumula?ve  final  


–  2  May  (Friday),  9am  

8  
Some  Ground  Rules  

•  ACendance  to  be  taken  in  tutorials  (Faculty  policy)    

•  No  tex?ng  or  other  cellphone  use  during  class      

•  Academic  dishonesty  is  unacceptable  

9  
INTERTEMPORAL  CHOICE  

Chapter  10,  Week  1  

10  
Chinese  Idiom:  Three  at  dawn,  Four  at  dusk  

•  A  man  raised  monkeys.    

•  He  wanted  to  reduce  the  


monkeys’  ra?on.    

•  He  suggested  giving  them  3  


bananas  in  the  morning  and  4  in  
the  evening.  They  protested  
angrily.    

•  "How  about  4  in  the  morning  


and  3  in  the  evening?"    

•  The  monkeys  were  sa?sfied.  11  


Intertemporal  Choice  

•  Are  the  monkeys  irra?onal?  

•  Is  one  banana  in  morning  equivalent  to  one  in  the  


evening?  

•  Is  a  dollar  today  the  same  as  a  dollar  tomorrow?  

12  
Present  and  Future  Values  

•  Begin  with  some  simple  financial  arithme?c.  

•  Take  just  two  periods;  1  and  2.  

•  Let  r  denote  the  interest  rate  per  period.  

13  
Future  Value  

•  E.g.,  if  r  =  0.1  then  $100  saved  in  period  1  becomes  $110  
in  period  2.  

•  The  value  next  period  of  $1  saved  now  is  the  future  value  
of  that  dollar.  

14  
Future  Value  

•  Given  an  interest  rate  r,  the  future  value  one  


period  from  now  of  $1  is    
 
             FV  =  1  +  r  
 
•  Given  an  interest  rate  r,  the  future  value  one  
period  from  now  of  $m  is  

           FV  =  m(1  +  r)  


 

15  
Present  Value  
•  Q:  How  much  money  would  have  to  be  
saved  now  to  obtain  $1  in  the  next  period?  

•  A:  $k  saved  now  becomes  $k(1+r)  in  the  next  


period,    
Set    k(1+r)  =  1  
So      k  =  1/(1+r)  

•  k  =  1/(1+r)  is  the  present-­‐value  of  $1  


obtained  in  the  next  period.  
16  
Present  Value  
•  The  present  value  of  $1  available  in  the  next  
period  is  
 
           PV  =  1/(1  +  r)  
 
•  And  the  present  value  of  $m  available  in  the  
next  period  is  

           PV  =  m/(1  +  r)  

17  
Higher  r  leads  to  lower  PV  
•  E.g.,  if  r  =  0.1  then  the  most  you  should  pay  
now  for  $1  available  next  period  is  
  1
PV = = $0 ⋅ 91
  1+ 0 ⋅1
•  And  if  r  =  0.2  then  the  most  you  should  pay  
now  for  $1  available  next  period  is  
1
PV = = $0 ⋅ 83
1+ 0 ⋅ 2
18  
The  Intertemporal  Choice  Problem  

•  Suppose  there  are  2  ?me  periods:  1  and  2  

•  Let  m1  and  m2  be  incomes  (in  $)  received  in  
periods  1  and  2.  

•  Let  c1  and  c2  be  consump?ons  (in  physical  units)  


in  periods  1  and  2.  

•  Let  p1  and  p2  be  the  prices  of  consump?on  (in  $  
per  unit)  in  periods  1  and  2.    

19  
The  Intertemporal  Choice  Problem  
•  The  intertemporal  choice  problem:          
Given  incomes  m1  and  m2,  and  given  
consump?on  prices  p1  and  p2,  what  is  the  
most  preferred  intertemporal  consump?on  
bundle  (c1,  c2)?  

•  For  an  answer  we  need  to  know:  


–   intertemporal  budget  constraint  
–   intertemporal  consump?on  preferences  

20  
The  Intertemporal  Budget  Constraint  

•  To  start,  let  us  ignore  price  effects  by  


supposing  that  
 
                                 p1  =  p2  =  $1  (per  unit)  

21  
The  Intertemporal  Budget  Constraint  

•  Suppose  that  the  consumer  chooses  not  to  


save  or  to  borrow.  
•  Q:  What  will  be  consumed  in  period  1?  
•  A:  c1  =  m1.  
•  Q:  What  will  be  consumed  in  period  2?  
•  A:  c2  =  m2.  

22  
The  Intertemporal  Budget  Constraint  
c2  
So  (c1,  c2)  =  (m1,  m2)  is  the  
consump?on  bundle  if  the  
consumer  chooses  neither  to    
save  nor  to  borrow.  
m2  

0   c1  
0   m1  

23  
The  Intertemporal  Budget  Constraint  

•  Now  suppose  that  the  consumer  spends  


nothing  on  consump?on  in  period  1;                      
So,  c1  =  0  and  s1  =    m1.  
•  The  interest  rate  is  r.  

•  What  will  c2  be?  

24  
The  Intertemporal  Budget  Constraint  

•  Period  2  income  is    m2.  


•  Savings  plus  interest  from  period  1  sum  to            
           (1  +  r  )m1.  

•  So  total  income  available  in  period  2  is                  


                               m2  +  (1  +  r  )m1.  
•  So  period  2  consump?on  expenditure  is  
           c2  =  m2  +  (1  +  r  )m1.                              

25  
The  Intertemporal  Budget  Constraint  
c2  
m2 +
the  future-­‐value  of  the  income  
endowment  
(1+ r)m1

m2  

0   c1  
0   m1  

26  
The  Intertemporal  Budget  Constraint  
c2  
m2 + (c1,  c2)  =  (0,  m2  +  (1  +  r  )m1)  is  the  consump?on  
bundle  when  all  period  1  income  is  saved.  
(1+ r)m1

m2  

0   c1  
0   m1  

27  
The  Intertemporal  Budget  Constraint  
•  Now  suppose  that  the  consumer  spends  
everything  possible  on  consump?on  in  
period  1,  so  c2  =  0.  
•  What  is  the  most  that  the  consumer  can  
borrow  in  period  1  against  her  period  2  
income  of  $m2?  
•  Let  b1  denote  the  amount  borrowed  in  
period  1.  

28  
The  Intertemporal  Budget  Constraint  
•  Only  $m2  will  be  available  in  period  2  to  pay  
back  $b1  borrowed  in  period  1.  

•  So        b1(1  +  r  )  =  m2.  

•  That  is,        b1  =  m2  /  (1  +  r  ).  


•  So  the  largest  possible  period  1  
consump?on  level  is  
m2
c1 = m1 +
1+ r 29  
The  Intertemporal  Budget  Constraint  
c2  
m2 +
         
(1+ r)m1

m2   the  present-­‐value  of  


the  income  endowment  

0   c1  
0   m1   m2
m1 +
1+ r
30  
The  Intertemporal  Budget  Constraint  
•  More  generally,  suppose  that  c1  units  are  
consumed  in  period  1.    This  costs  $c1  and  leaves    
m1-­‐  c1  saved.    Period  2  consump?on  will  then  be  
 
 
c2 = m2 + (1+ r)(m1 − c1 )
•  Rearranging  gives  us,  
c2 = −(1+ r)c1 + m2 + (1+ r)m1.
slope   intercept  

31  
The  Intertemporal  Budget  Constraint  
c2   c2 = −(1+ r)c1 + m2 + (1+ r)m1
m2 +
(1+ r)m1

slope  =  -­‐(1+r)  
m2  

0   c1  
0   m1   m2
m1 +
1+ r
32  
The  Intertemporal  Budget  Constraint  
(1+ r)c1 + c2 = (1+ r)m1 + m2
is  the  “future-­‐valued”  form  of  the  budget  constraint  
since  all  terms  are  in  period  2  values.    This  is  
equivalent  to  

c2 m2
c1 + = m1 +
1+ r 1+ r
which  is  the  “present-­‐valued”  form  of  the  constraint  
since  all  terms  are  in  period  1  values.  

33  
The  Intertemporal  Budget  Constraint  

•  Now  let’s  add  prices  p1  and  p2  for  consump?on  in  
periods  1  and  2.  

•  How  does  this  affect  the  budget  constraint?  

34  
Intertemporal  Choice  

•  Given  her  endowment  (m1,m2)  and  prices  p1,  p2  what  


intertemporal  consump?on  bundle  (c1*,c2*)  will  be  
chosen  by  the  consumer?  

•  Maximum  possible  expenditure  in  period  2  is  


m2 + (1+ r)m1

•  So,  maximum  possible  consump?on  in  period  2  is  


m2 + (1+ r)m1
c2 =
p2
35  
Intertemporal  Choice  

•  Similarly,  maximum  possible  expenditure  in  period  1  


is  
m2
m1 +
1+ r

•  So,  maximum  possible  consump?on  in  period  1  is  


m2
m1 +
c1 = 1+ r
p1

36  
Intertemporal  Choice  

•  Finally,  if  c1  units  are  consumed  in  period  1  then  the  
consumer  spends  p1c1  in  period  1,  leaving  m1  -­‐  p1c1  
saved  for  period  1.    Available  income  in  period  2  will  
then  be  
  m2 + (1+ r)(m1 − p1c1 )
                                                                                                                                                                                       
so  

p2 c2 = m2 + (1+ r)(m1 − p1c1 )

37  
Intertemporal  Choice  
p2 c2 = m2 + (1+ r)(m1 − p1c1 )
Rearranging,  
(1+ r) p1c1 + p2 c2 = (1+ r)m1 + m2
 
This  is  the  “future-­‐valued”  form  of  the  budget  
constraint  since  all  terms  are  expressed  in  period  2  
values.      
 
Equivalent  to  it  is  the  “present-­‐valued”  form:  
p2 m2
p1c1 + c2 = m1 +
1+ r 1+ r 38  
The Intertemporal Budget Constraint
c2   (1+ r) p1c1 + p2 c2 = (1+ r)m1 + m2
(1+ r)m1 + m2
p2

p1
Slope  =    −(1+ r)
p2
m2/p2  

c1  
0   m1/p1  
0   m1 + m2 / (1+ r)
p1
39  
Price  Infla?on  

•  Define  the  infla?on  rate  by  π  where  


 
  p1 (1+ π ) = p2

•  For  example,  
π    =  0.2  means  20%  infla?on  
π    =  1.0  means  100%  infla?on  

40  
Price  Infla?on  

•  We  lose  nothing  by  seung  p1  =  1  so  that  p2  =  1+  π.  

•  Then  we  can  rewrite  the  budget  constraint  


  p2 m2
p1c1 + c2 = m1 +
  1+ r 1+ r
as  
1+ π m2
c1 + c2 = m1 +
1+ r 1+ r

41  
Price  Infla?on  
1+ π m2
c1 + c2 = m1 +
1+ r 1+ r
rearranges  to  

1+ r 1+ r " m2 %
c2 = − c1 + $ + m1 '
1+ π 1+ π # 1+ r &

so  the  slope  of  the  intertemporal  budget  constraint  


is  
1+ r

1+ π
42  
Price  Infla?on  
•  When  there  was  no  price  infla?on  (p1=p2=1)  the  
slope  of  the  budget  constraint  was  -­‐(1+r).  

•  Now,  with  price  infla?on,  the  slope  of  the  budget  


constraint  is  -­‐(1+r)/(1+  π).    This  can  be  wriCen  as  
  1+ r
  −(1+ ρ ) = −
                                                                                               1+
           π
                                                                       
ρ  (rho)  is  known  as  the  real  interest  rate.  

43  
Real  Interest  Rate  
1+ r
−(1+ ρ ) = −
1+ π
gives  
r−π
ρ=
1+ π

•  For  low  infla?on  rates  (π ≈  0),  ρ ≈  r  -­‐  π  .  


 
•  For  higher  infla?on  rates  this  approxima?on  
becomes  poor.  
44  
Real  Interest  Rate    

r 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30

π 0.0 0.05 0.10 0.20 1.00

r - π 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.10 -0.70

r−π
ρ=
1+ π
0.30 0.24 0.18 0.08 -0.35

45  
Compara?ve  Sta?cs  

•  The  slope  of  the  budget  constraint  is  


 
  1+ r
−(1+ ρ ) = −
  1+ π

•  The  constraint  becomes  flaCer  if  the  interest  rate  r  


falls  or  the  infla?on  rate π rises  (both  decrease  the  
real  rate  of  interest).  

46  
Compara?ve  Sta?cs  
c2   1+ r
slope  =   −(1+ ρ ) = −
1+ π
The  consumer  saves.  

m2/p2  

0   c1  
0   m1/p1  

47  
Compara?ve  Sta?cs  
c2   1+ r
slope  =   −(1+ ρ ) = −
1+ π
The  consumer  saves.    An  
increase  in  the  infla?on  rate  or        
 a  decrease  in  the  interest  
   rate  “flaCens”  the  
m2/p2                                                      budget  constraint.  

0   c1  
0   m1/p1  

48  
Compara?ve  Sta?cs  
c2   1+ r
slope  =   −(1+ ρ ) = −
1+ π
If  the  consumer  saves  then  
welfare  is  reduced    by  a  lower  
 interest  rate  or  a  higher    
               infla?on  rate.  
m2/p2  

0   c1  
0   m1/p1  

49  
Compara?ve  Sta?cs  
c2   1+ r
slope  =   −(1+ ρ ) = −
1+ π
The  consumer  borrows.  

m2/p2  

0   c1  
0   m1/p1  

50  
Compara?ve  Sta?cs  
c2   1+ r
slope  =   −(1+ ρ ) = −
1+ π
The  consumer  borrows.  A  fall  in  
the  interest  rate  or  a  rise  in  the  
 infla?on  rate  “flaCens”    
 the  budget  constraint.  
m2/p2  

0   c1  
0   m1/p1  

51  
Compara?ve  Sta?cs  
c2   1+ r
slope  =   −(1+ ρ ) = −
1+ π
If  the  consumer  borrows  then  
welfare  is  increased  by  a  lower  
 interest  rate  or  a  higher    
   infla?on  rate.  
m2/p2  

0   c1  
0   m1/p1  

52  
Valuing  Securi?es  
•  A  financial  security  is  a  financial  instrument  that  
promises  to  deliver  an  income  stream.  

•  E.g.;  a  security  that  pays  


           $m1  at  the  end  of  year  1,  
           $m2  at  the  end  of  year  2,    
           $m3  at  the  end  of  year  3.  

•  What  is  the  most  that  you  should  pay  to  buy  this  
security?  

53  
Valuing  Securi?es  
•  The  PV  of  $m1  paid  1  year  from  now  is  m1/  (1+r)  

•  The  PV  of  $m2  paid  2  years  from  now  is  m2/  (1+r)2  

•  The  PV  of  $m3  paid  3  years  from  now  is  m3/  (1+r)3  

•  The  PV  of  the  security  is  therefore  


m1 m2 m3
PV = + +
1+ r (1+ r) (1+ r)3
2

54  
Valuing  Bonds  

•  A  bond  is  a  special  type  of  security  that  pays  a  fixed  


amount  $x  for  T-­‐1  years  (T:  no.  of  years  to  maturity)  
and  then  pays  its  face  value  $F  upon  maturity.  

•  What  is  the  most  that  should  now  be  paid  for  such  a  
bond?  

55  
Valuing  Bonds  
End  of  
1   2   3   …   T-­‐1   T  
Year  

Income  
$x   $x   $x   $x   $x   $F  
Paid  

Present  
x/(1+r)   x/(1+r)2   x/(1+r)3   …   x/(1+r)T-­‐1   F/(1+r)T  
Value  

x x x F
PV = + 2
+…+ T −1
+
1+ r (1+ r) (1+ r) (1+ r)T

56  
Valuing  Bonds  

•  Suppose  you  win  a  loCery.      

•  The  prize  is  $1,000,000  but  it  is  paid  over  10  years  in  
equal  installments  of  $100,000  each.      

•  What  is  the  prize  actually  worth?  


$100, 000 $100, 000 $100, 000
PV = + 2
+… +
1+ 0 ⋅1 (1+ 0 ⋅1) (1+ 0 ⋅1)10
= $614, 457
57  
Valuing  Consols  

•  A  consol  is  a  bond  which  never  terminates,  paying  $x  


per  period  forever.  

•  What  is  a  consol’s  present-­‐value?  

58  
Valuing  Consols  
End$of$
1$ 2$ 3$ …$ t$ …$
Year$
Income$
$x$ $x$ $x$ $x$ $x$ $x$
Paid$
$ $ …$ $ …$
PV$
$ $
x x x
PV = + 2
+…+ t
+…
1+ r (1+ r) (1+ r)
59  
Valuing  Consols  

x x x
PV = + 2
+ 3
+…
1+ r (1+ r) (1+ r)
1 ! x x $
= #x + + 2
+…&
1+ r " 1+ r (1+ r) %
1 ! $
= " x + PV %
1+ r

x
Solving  for  PV  gives   PV =
r
60  
Valuing  Consols  

E.g.  if  r  =  0.1  now  and  forever  then  the  most  that  
should  be  paid  now  for  a  console  that  provides  $1000  
per  year  is  

x $1000
PV = = = $10,000
r 0 ⋅1

61  

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