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3.programstructure: 1. Overview

C is a general-purpose programming language widely used for system programming. Some key points: - C was originally developed in the 1970s at Bell Labs to write the UNIX operating system. - It is a high-level language that is efficient for system programming tasks like operating systems or database management systems. - The document provides an overview of C including its history and applications. It also describes basic C programming concepts like variables, data types, operators, and the structure of a simple "Hello World" program.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
42 views

3.programstructure: 1. Overview

C is a general-purpose programming language widely used for system programming. Some key points: - C was originally developed in the 1970s at Bell Labs to write the UNIX operating system. - It is a high-level language that is efficient for system programming tasks like operating systems or database management systems. - The document provides an overview of C including its history and applications. It also describes basic C programming concepts like variables, data types, operators, and the structure of a simple "Hello World" program.

Uploaded by

aaush
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

1.

OVERVIEW
What is c ?
C is a general-purpose, high-level language that was originally developed by
Dennis M. Ritchie to develop the UNIX operating system at Bell Labs.

Advantage of C:-

It was invented to write an operating system called UNIX.


It is a successor of B language which was introduced around the early
1970s.
The language was formalized in 1988 by the American National Standard
Institute (ANSI).
The UNIX OS was totally written in C.
Today C is the most widely used and popular System Programming
Language.
Most of the state-of-the-art software have been implemented using C.
Today's most popular Linux OS and RDBMS MySQL have been written in
C.

First program in c:

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
/* my first program in C */
printf("Hello, World! \n");
return 0;
}

Let us take a look at the various parts of the above program:


1. The first line of the program #include <stdio.h> is a preprocessor
command, which tells a C compiler to include stdio.h file before going to
actual compilation.
2. The next line int main() is the main function where the program execution
begins.

3.PROGRAMSTRUCTURE
3. The next line /*...*/ is used to write

comments
4. The next line printf(...) is another function available in C which causes the
message "Hello, World!" to be displayed on the screen.
5.scanf is another function available in c which is use to store variable.
6.Every statement must be terminated by ending with semicolon(;)
7. The next line return 0; terminates the main() function and returns the

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value 0.

Chapter 2

Identifiers:-
A C identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, or any other user
defined items. An identifier starts with a letter A to Z, a to z, or an underscore ‘_’
followed by zero or more letters, underscores, and digits (0 to 9).
Eg. Ram, hari , shyam123, nepal_123 etc

Keywords:-
The following list reserved words in C. These reserved words may not
be used as constants or variables or any other identifier names.

auto , else, long , switch , break , enum, register, typedef, case ,extern, return,
union,
char, float ,short ,unsigned, const, for ,signed, void
continue, goto ,sizeof, volatile ,default , if ,static , while , do , int ,struct , _Packed
,double

Data types:-

C support several different types of data.These are-


Basic Types:
They are arithmetic types and are further classified into: (a) integer
(b) floating-point types.
Enumerated types:
They are again arithmetic types and they are used to define variables
that can only assign certain discrete integer values throughout the
program.
The type void:
The type specifier void indicates that no value is available.
Derived types:
They include (a) Pointer types, (b) Array types, (c) Structure types, (d)
Union types, and (e) Function types.

Variable:-
A variable is a name given to a storage area that our programs can
manipulate.
int i, j, k;
char c, ch;
float f, salary;
double d;

Variable Declaration in C:-


A variable declaration provides assurance to the compiler that there exists a

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variable with the given type and name so that the compiler can proceed for
further compilation without requiring the complete detail about the variable.

Character Constants:-

There are certain characters in C that represent special meaning when preceded
by a backslash.

Escape
Sequence Meaning

\\ \ character
\' ' character
\" " character
\? ? character
\a Alert or bell
\b Backspace
\f Form feed
\n Newline
\r Carriage return
\t Horizontal tab
\v Vertical tab

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello\tWorld\n\n");
return 0;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Hello World

OPERATORS
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical
or logical functions. C language is rich in built-in operators and provides the
following types of operators:
Arithmetic Operators

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Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Bitwise Operators
Assignment Operators

Arithmetic Operators:-

An arithmetic operator performs mathematical operations such as addition,


subtraction and multiplication on numerical values (constants and variables).

Operator Meaning of Operator


+ addition or unary plus
- subtraction or unary
minus
* multiplication
/ division
% remainder after division(
modulo division)

// C Program to demonstrate the working of arithmetic operators


#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 9,b = 4, c;

c = a+b;
printf("a+b = %d \n",c);

c = a-b;
printf("a-b = %d \n",c);

c = a*b;
printf("a*b = %d \n",c);

c=a/b;
printf("a/b = %d \n",c);

c=a%b;
printf("Remainder when a divided by b = %d \n",c);

return 0;
}

Increment and decrement operators


// C Program to demonstrate the working of increment and decrement
operators
#include <stdio.h>
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int main()
{
int a = 10, b = 100;
float c = 10.5, d = 100.5;

printf("++a = %d \n", ++a);

printf("--b = %d \n", --b);

printf("++c = %f \n", ++c);

printf("--d = %f \n", --d);

return 0;
}

2.Relational Operators:-

A relational operator checks the relationship between two operands. If the relation is true, it
returns 1; if the relation is false, it returns value 0. Relational operators are used in decision
making and loops.

Operator Meaning of
Operator
== Equal to
> Greater than
< Less than
!= Not equal to
>= Greater than or
equal to
<= Less than or equal to

// C Program to demonstrate the working of arithmetic operators


#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 5, b = 5, c = 10;
printf("%d == %d = %d \n", a, b, a == b); // true
printf("%d == %d = %d \n", a, c, a == c); // false
printf("%d > %d = %d \n", a, b, a > b); //false

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printf("%d > %d = %d \n", a, c, a > c); //false
printf("%d < %d = %d \n", a, b, a < b); //false
printf("%d < %d = %d \n", a, c, a < c); //true
printf("%d != %d = %d \n", a, b, a != b); //false
printf("%d != %d = %d \n", a, c, a != c); //true
printf("%d >= %d = %d \n", a, b, a >= b); //true
printf("%d >= %d = %d \n", a, c, a >= c); //false
printf("%d <= %d = %d \n", a, b, a <= b); //true
printf("%d <= %d = %d \n", a, c, a <= c); //true
return 0;
}

3.Logical Operators:-
An expression containing logical operator returns either 0 or 1 depending upon whether
expression results true or false. Logical operators are commonly used in decision making in C
programming.

Operator Meaning of Operator


&& Logial AND.
|| Logical OR.!
! Logical NOT.

Example #5: Logical Operators


// C Program to demonstrate the working of logical operators

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 5, b = 5, c = 10, result;

result = (a == b) && (c > b);


printf("(a == b) && (c > b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = (a == b) && (c < b);


printf("(a == b) && (c < b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = (a == b) || (c < b);


printf("(a == b) || (c < b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = (a != b) || (c < b);


printf("(a != b) || (c < b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = !(a != b);


printf("!(a == b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = !(a == b);


printf("!(a == b) equals to %d \n", result);

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return 0;
}
Output
(a == b) && (c > b) equals to 1
(a == b) && (c < b) equals to 0
(a == b) || (c < b) equals to 1
(a != b) || (c < b) equals to 0
!(a != b) equals to 1
!(a == b) equals to 0

C Assignment Operators
An assignment operator is used for assigning a value to a variable. The most common
assignment operator is =

Operator Example Same as

= a=b a=b

+= a += b a = a+b

-= a -= b a = a-b

*= a *= b a = a*b

/= a /= b a = a/b

%= a %= b a = a%b

4: Assignment Operators
// C Program to demonstrate the working of assignment operators
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 5, c;

c = a;
printf("c = %d \n", c);

c += a; // c = c+a
printf("c = %d \n", c);

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c -= a; // c = c-a
printf("c = %d \n", c);

c *= a; // c = c*a
printf("c = %d \n", c);

c /= a; // c = c/a
printf("c = %d \n", c);

c %= a; // c = c%a
printf("c = %d \n", c);

return 0;
}

Bitwise Operators
During computation, mathematical operations like: addition, subtraction, addition and
division are converted to bit-level which makes processing faster and saves power.

Bitwise operators are used in C programming to perform bit-level operations.

Operators Meaning of operators

& Bitwise AND

| Bitwise OR

^ Bitwise exclusive OR

~ Bitwise complement

<< Shift left

>> Shift right

\\ program to add two number

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a,b,sum
printf("Enter two integers: ");

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// Two integers entered by user is stored using scanf() function
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
// sum of two numbers in stored in variable sumOfTwoNumbers
sum = a + b;
// Displays sum
printf("%d + %d = %d", a, b, sum);
return 0;
}

Same as
Q. Multiply two no.
Q. Add three number
Q. Multiply three number
Q. find Area of rectangle
Q.Find any formula.

Conditional statement

If ststement:- The if statement evaluates the test expression inside the parenthesis.

Syntax:-

if (testExpression)
{
// statements
}

47
Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
/* local variable definition */
int a = 10;
/* check the boolean condition using if statement */
if( a < 20 )
{
/* if condition is true then print the following */
printf("a is less than 20\n" );
}
printf("value of a is : %d\n", a);

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return 0;
}

if…else Statement
An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which executes
when the Boolean expression is false.

Syntax of if...else
if (testExpression) {
// codes inside the body of if
}
else {
// codes inside the body of else
}

// Program to check whether an integer entered by the user is odd or even


#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int number;
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d",&number);
// True if remainder is 0
if( number%2 == 0 )
printf("%d is an even integer.",number);
else
printf("%d is an odd integer.",number);
return 0;
}

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