MATHEMATICS II

MATH F112

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

Department of Mathematics
BITS Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus
Team of Instructors

Dr. Anushaya Mohapatra (I/C)

Dr. Pradeep Boggarapu
Prof. Danumjaya Palla
Prof. Tarkeshwar Singh
Dr. Anil Kumar
Dr. Jajati Keshari Sahoo
Dr. Himadri Mukherjee
Dr. Amit Setia
Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey
Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey
Text Book (Linear Algebra)

Elementary Linear Algebra with Supplemental

Applications

by Howard Anton and Chris Rorres,

Wiley & Sons, 11th Ed., 2017

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

Text Book (Complex Variables)

Complex Variables and applications,

by R.V. Churchill and J.W. Brown,

McGraw-Hill, 8th edition, 2014.

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

Interesting Books: Linear Algebra

• Gilbert Strang, Linear Algebra and its

Applications.

• B. Kolman and D. R. Hill, Introductory Linear

Algebra, An Applied First Course.

• K. Hoffman and R. Kunge, Linear Algebra

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

Evaluation Components
Component Duration Marks Remarks
(300)

Mid-Sem. 1 hour 90 Closed Book

Exam 30 min.

Announced 80 Open Book

Quizzes

Closed Book
Comprehensive 3 hours 120
Exam
About the Course

Linear Algebra

Complex Analysis (theory of complex
valued functions)

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

Linear Algebra

Solving system of linear equations

Gaussian Elimination

Elementary Matrices and method of finding
inverse

Vector Spaces

Linear Transformations

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

Complex Variables

Functions of complex variables

Limit, Continuity, Differentiability.

Analytic functions

Elementary Functions

Integrations

Power Series and its extension

Applications of Complex valued functions

Evaluating improper integrals

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

I/C Instructions

Follow the course page in LMS regularly for

any updates (particularly for the course handout).

Chamber Consultation Hours (section 1-3)

Chamber Number – CC207

Friday- 3:00 – 5:30 PM

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Introduction to Linear Algebra

Linear Algebra has become as basic and as

applicable as calculus and fortunately it is easier
- Gilbert Strang

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 System of Linear Equations

Let us consider a system of linear equations

x+ y =2
2x + 3y = 5

Let us take the following questions.

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 What is a solution ?

How to solve?

How these system of equations appear in

applications?

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Systems of Linear Equations
Graphing a system of two linear equations in two
unknowns gives one of three possible situations:

Case 1: Lines intersecting in a

single point. The ordered pair that
represents this point is the unique
solution for the system.
Systems of Linear Equations

Case 2: Lines that are distinct parallel lines

and therefore don’t intersect at all. Because
the lines have no common points, this
means that the system has no solutions.
Systems of Linear Equations

Case 3: Two lines that are the same

line. The lines have an infinite number
of points in common, so the system
will have an infinite number of
solutions.
 Elementary Row Operations (ERO)

Elementary row operations on an m x n matrix A:

 Interchange rows of A

 Multiply a row by a non-zero constant

 Add a constant times row r to row s.

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Solving Linear System

Let us consider the linear system:

a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + L + a 1 n x n = b1
a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + L + a 2 n x n = b 2
M M M M
a m 1 x 1 + a m 2 x 2 + L + a mn x n = b m 1

We can abbreviate the system by writing only the

rectangular array of numbers

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

  a 11 K a1n b1 
a L a2n 
b2 
 21 = [ A | b]
 M M M M 
 
 a m1 L a mn bm 

This is called the augmented matrix for the

system.

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

Example

Let us consider the linear system:

x2 − 4 x3 = 8
2 x1 − 3 x2 + 2 x3 = 1
5 x1 − 8 x2 + 7 x3 = 1

The augmented 0 1 −4 8
matrix is  2 −3 2 1
 
 5 −8 7 1
Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey
 Elementary Row Operations (ERO)

Symbol Description
Change the ith row by adding
Ri→ Ri + kRj k times row j to it.
Then, put the result back in row i.

Ri→kRi Multiply the ith row by k.

Ri ↔ Rj Interchange the ith and jth rows.

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Solving Linear System

Solve the system using Elementary Row operations:

x + 2 y + 3z = 6
2 x − 3 y + 2 z = 14
3 x + y − z = −2

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Problem

Solve:

x + y + 2z = 9
2 x + 4 y − 3z = 1
3x + 6 y − 5 z = 0

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Row Echelon and Reduced Row Echelon Form

An m x n matrix A is said to be in row echelon form if it

satisfies the following properties:
1. The first nonzero number in each row (reading from
left to right) is 1. This is called the leading entry
(leading 1).

2. The leading entry in each row is to the right of

the leading entry in the row immediately above it.

3. All rows consisting entirely of zeros are at

the bottom of the matrix.
Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey
 Row Echelon and Reduced Row Echelon Form

A matrix is in reduced row echelon form if it is in row

echelon form and also satisfies the following condition:

4. Every column that contains a leading 1 has

zeros everywhere else in that column.

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Examples:

Row-Echelon Form Reduced

Row-Echelon Form
1 3 −6 10 0 1 3 0 0 0
0 0 1 4 − 3  0 0 1 0 −3 
   
0 0 0 1 1 
2
0 0 0 1 1 
2
   
 0 0 0 0 0   0 0 0 0 0 
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
144 42 4 443 1 442 4 43
L e a d in g 1 's s h ift to L e a d in g 1 's h a v e
th e rig h t in 0 's a b o v e a n d
s u c c e s s iv e ro w s . b e lo w th e m .

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Problems

Check whether the following matrices are in row

echelon form or in reduced row echelon form:
1 4 −3 7 0 1 2 6 0
( i )  0 1 6 2  ( ii ) 0
 0 1 −1 0 
 0 0 1 5   0 0 0 0 1 
0 1 −2 0 1
0 0 0 1 3 
( iii ) 
0 0 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 0 0

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Definition

An m x n matrix A is said to be row equivalent to

an m x n matrix B if B can be obtained by applying
a finite sequence of elementary row operations to
the matrix A.

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Theorem

Let AX=b and CX=d be two linear systems each of

m equations in n unknowns. If the augmented
matrices [A|b] and [C|d] of these systems are row
equivalent, then both linear systems have exactly
the same solutions .

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Methods of Solving Linear Systems

The results established provide us with two

methods for solving linear systems:

Gauss Elimination Method (based on row echelon

form)

Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method (based on

reduced row echelon form)

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Example

Solve the linear system

x + 2 y + 3z = 9
2x − y + z = 8
3x − z = 3
by
(i) Gauss Elimination Method
(ii) Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Problems

Solve the linear system of equations by using both Gauss

Elimination and Gauss-Jordan Elimination methods

(i ) x + y + 2 z − 5w = 3 (ii) x + 2 y + 3z + 4w = 5
2 x + 5 y − z − 9w = −3 x + 3 y + 5 z + 7 w = 11
2 x + y − z + 3w = −11 x − z − 2w = −6
x − 3 y + 2 z + 7 w = −5

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Linear Systems

Let us consider the linear system AX=b:

(a) The linear system is said to be consistent if it has at

least one solution.

(b) The linear system with no solution is said to be

inconsistent system.

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Homogeneous Linear Systems

The linear system AX=0 is said to be homogeneous

system. A homogeneous system is always consistent (??).

Solve the homogeneous system by Gauss elimination

method
x+ y+z+w=0
x+ w=0
x + 2y + z = 0

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Rank of a Matrix

Let A be an m x n matrix, then the rank of A, denoted by

rank(A), is equal to the number of non-zero rows in its
reduced row echelon form.

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Problems

Find the ranks of the following matrices:

1 1 2 − 5
1 2 3 2 5 − 1 − 9 
(i ) A =  2 − 1 1  (ii ) B = 
2 1 −1 3 
 3 0 − 1  
1 −3 2 7 
1 2 3 4 
(iii ) C = 1 3 5 7 
1 0 − 1 − 2 
Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey
 Important Result

Let AX=b be a linear system with m equations and n

unknowns then :
(a) The linear system is consistent if rank(A) = rank(A|b).

 It has unique solution is rank(A) = rank(A|b)=n.

 It has infinitely many solutions if rank(A) =

rank(A|b) < n.

(b) The linear system is inconsistent if rank(A) is not

equal to rank(A|b).
Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey
 Example

For what values of a the linear system

x + 2 y − 3z = 4
3x − y + 5 z = 2
4 x + y + (a 2 − 14) z = a + 2
has
(a) Unique solution
(b) Infinitely many solutions
(c) No solution.
Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey
 Example

For what values of a the linear system

x + 2 y − 3z = 4
3x − y + 5 z = 2
4 x + y + (a 2 − 14) z = a + 2
has
(a) Unique solution
(b) Infinitely many solutions
(c) No solution.
Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey
 Problems

(1) Solve the following linear systems using both Gauss

elimination and Gauss-Jordan elimination methods:

(i ) x + y + z = 1 (ii) x + y + 2 z + 3w = 13
x + y − 2z = 3 x − 2y + z + w = 8
2x+ y+ z = 2 3x + y + z − w = 1

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Problems

(2) Find an equation relating a, b and c so that the linear

system :
x + 2 y − 3z = a
2 x + 3 y + 3z = b
5x + 9 y − 6z = c
is consistent for any values of a, b and c that satisfy that
equation.

Ans: -3a-b+c=0
Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey