INTRODUCTION TO THE ORGANIZATION

I have selected Appellate and Trial Division, Attorney General’s Chambers, Malaysia. It is
situated in Putrajaya with the address at No. 45, Persiaran Perdana, Presint 4, 62100
Putrajaya, Appellate and Trial Division consist of 65 employees. I have conducted
interviews with :

i) Y.Bhg Dato’ Kamaludin bin Md Said

Head of Division of Appellate and Trial Division
ii) Brigadier General Ghazali Bin Ismail
Head Unit of Special Project Unit

On 16 November 2010 @2.30 pm at Level 5, No. 45, Persiaran Perdana, Precinct 4, Putrajaya

OBJECTIVES AND FUNCTIONS

ORGANIZATIONAL HIERARCHY

FINDINGS

The following is a report of findings from interviews based study of the business
communication process in Appellate and Trial Division

Formal Communication Network

There are two basic types of communication that occur in Appellate and Trial Division:
) formal communication
Formal communication define who should talk to whom or who reports to whom,
the exchange of messages regarding the official work of the organization, and informal
communication – the exchange of unofficial messages that are unrelated to the
organization’s formal activities. In this assignment, I will focus on formal
communication.

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Formal communication channels follow the organisational structure or hierarchy and flow in
four directions as diagram above:
These four directions in which communication can travel are: downward; upward; lateral or
horizontal; and diagonal. 

Downward (1) communication refers communications from superiors to those who reports to

whom. From the organisation chart shows Head Unit of Special Division will report to Head
of Division. Formal communications in Appellate and Trial Division Head of Division are
commonly used as to communicate the following job such as job instructions, job rationale,
procedure, practices, performance feedback, and Division mission. Therefore the Head of
Division of Appellate will communicate downward to the Head Unit of Special Division to
give instructions to locate witnesses for the.............................................
Upward (2) – Another way in formal communication network practiced in Appellate and
Trial Division is Upward communication. It refers messages going from subordinates to
superior and is used to convey the following : updates of what the subordinate are doing,
unsolved work problems, suggestions for improvement, and how the subordinates feel about
each other and their jobs. In Appellate and Trial environment the Head Unit of Special Unit
will ..........................................

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Horizontal (3) communication occurs across the same level and involves for example,
coordination of activities with peers (teams, committees), dissemination of useful information
from one unit to another (for example communication between other Head of Division of
Attoney General’s Chambers or between other Head of Unit. Horizontal communication
facilitates the l inking of different areas of expertise and this may encourage innovation. 
Diagonal (4) channels may potentially cause conflict as they involve communication
between the lower level of one department to a higher level in another. In the diagram above,
this may cause friction between the employee in accounting department C and the Vice-
President (VP) of Accounting as the employee has gone around his or her own superior.
Nevertheless this type of communication may be useful as it may simply be information
relevant to the Marketing Department and the VP Accounting does not need to be involved.
Formal communication networks also occur within the hierarchy of the organisation and
reflect how groups of employees, for example those in the Division, work together.
Networking or mapping the flow of communication in an organisation can be a useful device.
This can identify who is communicating with whom and whether the lines of communication
are effective and efficient, or whether there is potential for destructive conflict or tension
arising from the communication channels (for example, inappropriate diagonal
communication).

COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
The communication channels that are used in Appellate and Trial Division are as below:
Written (letters, memoranda etc.)
Telephone
Fax
Email
BBS (Bulletin Board Service)
Mass communication media

INTERNAL COMMUNICATION

Internal communication of Appellate and Trial Division, is mainly downward, upward and
crosswise communication. The following means and media are used for internal
communication:

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  OFFICE MEMORANDA
Office memoranda are also used for downward communication. This medium is
basically intended to communicate to employees, the rules, regulations, and policies of
the Division as well as to explain something.

 MINUTES OF FORMAL MEETINGS

Minutes are prepared of every meeting for the purpose to implementation of the
decision and record. Formal meetings are organized at three levels, i.e. monthly
meeting led by the Head of Division, monthly meeting by Head of Units and monthly
Statistics Meeting head by Head of Division.

 REPORTS
Different types of reports are prepared on suggestions or recommendations on
personnel, activity execution time and plans for overcoming the difficulties

EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION

External communication in Appellate and Trial Division.... The following written

communications are used for external communication:

LETTERS

Letters are written to the customers as well as to other external agencies like legal firms,
Courts, statutory bodies, government agencies etc.

REPORT

Different reports such as feasibility reports, annual reports and accounts are also prepared for
customers and government departments.

COMMUNICATION MODEL

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Communication Process

Communication is a process and as such contains many elements susceptible of defect. Here
are the elements of the communication process (see picture):

 A message: what need to be communicated

 A messenger: the person who has something to communicate
 A receiver: the person who will receive the message
 Encoding: verbal and non-verbal convention of communication
 Decoding: reading by the receiver of the encoding done by the messenger
 Channel: the means of communication

This process works as follows: The messenger has something to communicate, a message.
This message has an intent. The messenger will encode his message with words, behaviour
and body language that he senses will help him to best communicate this message according
to his intent. The message will go through a channel, a means of communication such as e-
mail, face to face or phone conversation, letter, presentation. The receiver will then decode
the message using conventions, cultural or contextual background, and language skills. The
message he receives might or might not meet the intent of the messenger.

Read more at Suite101: Elements of the Communication Process: The Journey of a Message
and Ways to Reduce Interference http://www.suite101.com/content/communication-model-
a58125#ixzz15MoTtdpx

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A model of the communication process is based on the following elements:

Figure 1: Shannon's (1948) Model of the communication process.

Shannon's model, as shown in Figure 1, breaks the process of communication down into eight
discrete components:

1. An information source. Presumably a person who creates a message.

2. The message, which is both sent by the information source and received by the
destination.
3. A transmitter. For Shannon's immediate purpose a telephone instrument that
captures an audio signal, converts it into an electronic signal, and amplifies it for
transmission through the telephone network. Transmission is readily generalized
within Shannon's information theory to encompass a wide range of transmitters. The
simplest transmission system, that associated with face-to-face communication, has at
least two layers of transmission. The first, the mouth (sound) and body (gesture),
create and modulate a signal. The second layer, which might also be described as a
channel, is built of the air (sound) and light (gesture) that enable the transmission of
those signals from one person to another. A television broadcast would obviously
include many more layers, with the addition of cameras and microphones, editing and
filtering systems, a national signal distribution network (often satellite), and a local
radio wave broadcast antenna.
4. The signal, which flows through a channel. There may be multiple parallel signals, as
is the case in face-to-face interaction where sound and gesture involve different signal

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 systems that depend on different channels and modes of transmission. There may be
multiple serial signals, with sound and/or gesture turned into electronic signals, radio
waves, or words and pictures in a book.
5. A carrier or channel, which is represented by the small unlabeled box in the middle of
the model. The most commonly used channels include air, light, electricity, radio
waves, paper, and postal systems. Note that there may be multiple channels associated
with the multiple layers of transmission, as described above.
6. Noise, in the form of secondary signals that obscure or confuse the signal carried.
Given Shannon's focus on telephone transmission, carriers, and reception, it should
not be surprising that noise is restricted to noise that obscures or obliterates some
portion of the signal within the channel. This is a fairly restrictive notion of noise, by
current standards, and a somewhat misleading one. Today we have at least some
media which are so noise free that compressed signals are constructed with an
absolutely minimal amount information and little likelihood of signal loss. In the
process, Shannon's solution to noise, redundancy, has been largely replaced by a
minimally redundant solution: error detection and correction. Today we use noise
more as a metaphor for problems associated with effective listening.
7. A receiver. In Shannon's conception, the receiving telephone instrument. In face to
face communication a set of ears (sound) and eyes (gesture). In television, several
layers of receiver, including an antenna and a television set.
8. A destination. Presumably a person who consumes and processes the message.