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UNIT - SOLUTIONS
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances Mass of the solute (in g)
Strength 
is known as solution. One which is present in lesser Volume of solution (in L or dm 3 )
proportion is generally known as solute and the
other which is present in larger proportion is known (b). Volume percentage (V/V): The volume
as solvent. percentage is defined as:
𝑉𝑜𝑙.𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 ×100
Vol. % of a component =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
Different types of solution are: (c). Weight/Volume %: It is the mass of solute
Solvent Solute Common examples dissolved in 100 mL of the solution.
Gas Gas Helium-oxygen (deep-sea divers gas)
Gas Liquid Air-water (humidity) (d). Part per million (ppm): The number of parts by
Gas Solid Air-naphathalene (mothballs) mass (or by volume) of one component per million parts
Liquid Gas Water-carbon dioxide (soft drink) by mass (or by volume) of the solution.
Liquid Liquid Water-acetic acid (vinegar)
Liquid Solid Water-salt (sea water) Mass of one component of solution
ppm   10 6
Solid Gas Palladium-hydrogen ) Mass of solution
Solid Solid Alloys

Volume of one component of soluiton

  10 6
Volume of solution
Methods of Expressing
(e). Mole Fraction: It is the ratio of number of moles
Concentrations of a Solution
of one component to the total number of moles of
Composition of a solution can be described by all the components present in the solution.
expressing its concentration. Concentration of nA
Mole fraction of component, χ A 
solution means the amount of solute in solution. n A  nB
There are several ways by which we can describe
the concentration of the solution quantitatively. Where nA = number of moles of solvent
And nB = Number of moles of solute
(a). Mass percentage (w/w): It may be defined as
the amount of the solute (gm) dissolved in 100 gm
of solution. eg. (f). Molality (m): It is defined as the number of
moles of solute dissolved in 1 Kg of the solvent.
5% Glucose aq. solution by mass = 5 gm of glucose
dissolved in 100 gm of solution (95 gm of water).
(g). Molarity (M): It is defined as the number of
moles of solute dissolved in one litre of solution.
 Mass of solute  Moles of solute
Mass percent    100 Molality (m) 
 Mass of solution  Mass of solvent (in kg)

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Moles of solute In general if the dissolution process is endothermic
Molarity (M) 
Volume of solution (in L or dm3 ) (∆H = +) the solubility should increase with rise in
temperature and if the dissolution is exothermic
(∆H = -) the solubility should decrease with rise in
1000  molarity
m temperature (according to Le-Chatelier’s Principle).
1000  sp. gravity   Molarity  mol.wt.of solute 

No. of gram equivalent s of solute FACTORS AFFECTING THE SOLUBILITY

Normality ( N ) 
Volume of solution (in L)
OF A SOLID IN A LIQUID
(a). Nature of gas and liquid: The solubility of
Gram formula mass of solute
Formality (F)  different gases in the same solvent varies e.g. gases
Volume of solution (in L)
like hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen etc. dissolves in
(In case formula weight is equal to the molecular weight, water to a small extent whereas the gases like NH 3,
the formality and molarity are the same.)
SO2 etc. are highly soluble in water.

Each method of expressing concentration of (b). Effect of Temperature: The solubility of a

solutions has its own merits and demerits. gas decrease with increase in temperature. This is
Mass%, ppm, mole-fraction and molality are because when a gaseous solution is heated, the
independent of temperature, whereas molarity kinetic energy of gaseous molecules increases, as a
is a function of temperature. This is because result some molecules escape out of the solution.
volume depends on temperature and the mass Also the dissolution of a gas in liquid is an
does not. exothermic process so according Le-Chatelier’s
Principle with increase of temperature the solubility
of gas in liquid should decrease. It is due to this
SOLUBILITY reason that aquatic species are more comfortable in
cold waters rather than warm water.
“Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of
solute that can dissolve in a particular amount of a (c). Effect of Pressure (Henry’s Law):
solvent at a constant temperature”. Henry’s law states that “the partial pressure of the
gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SOLUBILITY fraction of gas (χ) in the solution” and is expressed
OF A SOLID IN A LIQUID as

(a). Nature of solute and solvent: This can be p=KH.χ

understood by saying ‘” like dissolves like”. It Here, KH is the Henry’s law constant
means that polar compounds are soluble in polar Different gases have different KH values at the same
solvents; similarly non-polar compounds are soluble temperature which suggest that KH is a function of
in non-polar compounds. the nature of gas.
(b). Effect of Temperature: The solubility of a Higher the value of KH at a particular pressure, the
solid in a liquid is significantly affected by lower is the solubility of the gas in the liquid.
temperature change.
Henry’s law works best for dilute solutions of gases
that do not dissociate or react with the solvent.
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Applications of Henry’s Law Raoult’s law:

Henry’s Law finds several applications such as:
It states that at a given temperature for a solution
(a). In Production of Carbonated Beverages: To of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of
increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda each component in the solution is directly
water, the bottle is sealed under high pressure. proportional to its mole fraction.
(b). In Deep Sea- Diving: Scuba divers breath air at
For component A, pA = p 0A χA
high pressure under water. Increased pressure
increases the solubility of nitrogen in blood. This For component B, pB = p 0B χB
leads to the formation of bubbles of nitrogen in
blood, which blocks capillaries and give rise to an According to Dalton’s law of partial pressures,
ailment called bends.  
Ptotal  x A p A0  x B p B0  p A0  p B0  p A0 x B
To avoid bends, the tanks used by scuba divers are
Where p A0 and p B0 are the vapour pressures of
filled with air diluted with helium (11.7% He, 56.2%
pure component A and B respectively.
nitrogen and 32.1% oxygen).
(c). For People living at High altitudes: At high If yi is the mole fraction of the any component i in
altitudes, the partial pressure of oxygen is less than the vapour phase, then pi = yiPtotal
that at the ground level. This leads to low Raoult’s law is special case of Henry’s law in which
concentration of oxygen in blood of climbers. Low KH becomes equal to p A0
blood oxygen causes climbers to become weak and
unable to think clearly, symptoms of a condition In a mixture of volatile liquids, the total vapour
known as anoxia. pressure will be the sum of the individual vapour
pressures.

VAPOUR PRESSURE Vapour pressure of liquid-liquid

At equilibrium pressure exerted by the vapours of a solutions
liquid is called its vapour pressure.
In a binary solution (when the solute is non-volatile)
The solutions containing two components are: only the solvent molecules are present in vapour
(i). Liquids in liquids phase and contribute to vapour pressure.
(ii). Solids in liquids
Raoult’s law for non-volatile solute:
Vapour pressure of liquid-liquid It states that at a particular temperature the total
solutions pressure of solution is equal to the product of initial
In a binary solution of two volatile liquids in closed vapour pressure of solvent and its mole fraction in
container, both the components get evaporated solution.
and finally a state of equilibrium is established.
P total = PA + PB
The total vapour pressure in this case is equal to the
sum of the partial pressures of each of the two PB = 0 (non-volatile solute)
components. And these partial pressures can be
explained by Raoult’s Law. P total = PA = PoA. x A

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IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL

SOLUTIONS

IDEAL-SOLUTIONS
The solutions which obey Raoult’s law over the
entire range of concentration are known as ideal (a). POSITIVE DEVIATION FROM RAOULT’S LAW
solutions. The characteristic properties of these
In case of positive deviation solute-solvent (A-B)
solutions are:
interaction are weaker than those between solvent-
(i). The enthalpy of mixing the pure components to solvent (A-A) or solute- solute (B-B) interactions.
form the solution is zero (∆mix H = 0).
This means that molecules of solute or solvent will
(ii). The volume of mixing is also zero (∆mix V = 0). find it easier to escape than being in liquid state.
EXPLANATION: An ideal behaviour of solutions can This increases the vapour pressure and gives a
be explained by considering the solution of positive deviation.
components A and B in which the intermolecular OBSERVAIONS:
interactions A-B are of the same magnitude as the (i). P A > PoA. XA ; PB > PoB. XB
intermolecular interactions found in the pure (ii). (∆mix H > 0)
components i.e. A-A interactions, A-B interactions.
(iii). (∆mix V > 0)
Examples of ideal solutions are:
Examples:
(a). n-Hexane and n-Heptane
(a). Ethanol and cyclohexane
(b). Benzene and toluene (b). Acetone and benzene
(c). Chlorobenzene and bromobenzene (c). Acetone and carbon disulphide

IDEAL-SOLUTIONS (b). NEGATIVE DEVIATION FROM RAOULT’S LAW

In case of negative deviation solute-solvent (A-B)
When a solution does not obey Raoult’s Law over
interaction are stronger than those between
the entire range of concentration it is called non-
solvent-solvent (A-A) or solute- solute (B-B)
ideal solution. The characteristic properties of these
interactions.
solutions are:
This means that molecules of solute or solvent will
(i). The enthalpy of mixing the pure components to
find it difficult to escape than being in liquid state.
form the solution is not zero (∆mix H ≠ 0).
This decreases the vapour pressure and gives a
(ii). The volume of mixing is also not zero (∆mixV≠ 0) negative deviation.
The vapour pressures of these solutions are either
OBSERVAIONS:
higher or lower than that predicted by Raoult’s law.
(i). P A < PoA. XA ; PB < PoB. XB
If it is higher, then the solution exhibits Positive
(ii). (∆mix H < 0)
deviation and if it is lower, then it exhibits Negative
(iii). (∆mix V < 0)
deviation from Raoult’s law.
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Examples: AZEOTROPIC MIXTURE (AZEOTROPES)
(a). Acetone and Chloroform
(b). Chloroform and Diethyl ether The binary mixtures (liquid mixtures) having the
(c). Water and Nitric acid same composition in liquid and vapour phase
and that boil at constant temperature are called
azeotropic mixtures or constant boiling
Comparison between Ideal and Non-ideal mixtures. These cannot be separated by
solutions fractional distillation. These are formed by non-
ideal solutions. These are of two types.
Non-ideal solution (i) Minimum boiling azeotropes:
Positive deviation from Negative deviation from
These are formed by those liquid pairs
Raoult’s law Raoult’s law
Do not obey Raoult’s Do not obey Raoult’s law which show positive deviation from ideal
H mix  0 , Endothermic H mix  0 , Exothermic, behaviour. Such azeotropes have boiling
dissolution; heat is dissolution; heat is points lower than either of the components,
absorbed evolved e.g.,
Vmix  0 volume is Vmix  0 volume is (a).C2H5OH (95.57%) + H2O (4.43%)(by mass).
increase after dissolution decreases during (b).CHCl3 (97.00%) + H2O (3.00%)
dissolution (c). CHCl3 (86.40%) + CH3OH (13.6%)
p A  p A0 x A ; pB  pB0 xB p A  p A0 x A ; p B  p B0 x B
 p A  pB  p x A  p xB
0 0
 p A  p B  p A0 x A  p B0 x B
A B
(ii) Maximum boiling azeotropes:
A-B attractive force A-B attractive force
These are formed by those liquid pairs which
should be weaker than should be greater than A-
A-A and B-B attractive A and B-B attractive show negative deviation from ideal
forces, ‘A’ and ‘B’ have forces. ‘A’ and ‘B’ have behaviour. Such azeotropes have boiling
difference shape, size and different shape, size and points higher than either of the components.
character. character.
e.g.
‘A’ and ‘B’ escape easily Escaping tendency of
showing higher vapour both components ‘A’ and
pressure than the ‘B’ is lowered showing (a). H2O(20.22%)+ HCl (79.78%) by mass.
expected value. lower vapour pressure (b). H2O (32.00%)+ HNO 3(68.00%)
than expected ideally (c). CHCl3(80.00%)+ Acetone(20.00%)
Example: Example:
Aceton + ethanol; aceton Aceton + aniline;
+ CS2; water + methanol acetone+ chloroform

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
Colligative properties are those properties which
depend only upon the number of solute particles
in a solution but are not related to the nature of
the solute.
(1). Relative lowering in vapour pressure
(2). Elevation in boiling point
(3). Depression in freezing point
(4). Osmotic pressure

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(1) Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure

ΔTb = Tb – T°b
It is the ratio of lowering in vapour pressure
to vapour pressure of pure solvent. The
Where Tb = boiling point of solution
relative lowering in vapour pressure of
Tob = boiling point of solvent
solution containing a nonvolatile solute is
equal to the mole fraction of solute in the
ΔTb = Kb m
solution.
(Where m = molality)
Kb is molal elevation constant or
ebullioscopic constant.

Molecular mass of solute can be

calculated as:

(2). Elevation in Boiling Point (ΔTb)

Boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at Kb has units of K / m or K kg mol-1.

which its vapour pressure becomes equal to the For water, Kb = 0.52 K kg mol-1.
atmospheric pressure. As the vapour pressure of
a solution containing a nonvolatile solute is lower
(3). Depression in Freezing Point (ΔTf)
than that of the pure solvent, it boiling point will
Freezing point of a liquid is the temperature at
be higher than that of the pure solvent as shown
which vapour pressure of the solvent in its liquid
in figure. The increase in boiling point is known as
and solid phase become equal. As we know that
Elevation in boiling point, ΔT b vapour pressure of solution containing non-
volatile solute is lower than that of pure solvent,
solid form gets separated out at a lower
temperature as shown in the figure.

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This decrease in freezing point of a liquid is
known as depression in freezing point.
Depression in freezing point (∆Tf)

∆Tf = Tof - Tf
Where, Tof = Freezing point of solvent
Tf = Freezing point of solution

ΔTf = Kf m
(Where m = molality)
Kf is molal depression constant or
cryoscopic constant. (4). Osmotic Pressure (π):
Molecular mass of solute can be Osmosis is the phenomenon of spontaneous flow of
the solvent molecules through a semi-permeable
calculated as: membrane from pure solvent to solution or from a
dilute solution to concentrated solution. It was first
observed by Abbe Nollet. Some natural semi-
permeable membranes are animal bladder, cell
membrane etc.

(i) Exosmosis : It is outward flow of water or solvent

from a cell through semi-permeable membrane.
(ii) Endosmosis: It is inward flow of water or solvent
from a cell through a semi-permeable membrane.

Where,Kf is molal depression constant or OSMOTIC PRESSURE

cryoscopic constant. Kf has units of K / m or K kg The hydrostatic pressure developed on the solution
mol-1. which just prevents the osmosis of pure solvent into
Ethylene glycol is usually added to water in the the solution through a semi-permeable membrane
is called osmotic pressure.
radiator to lower its freezing point. It is called
antifreeze solution.
[Common salt (NaCI) and anhydrous
CaC12 are used to clear snow from the
roads because they depress the freezing
point of water, The freezing point
depression is determined by Beckmann
method or Rast method.]
Where, d = density, R = solution constant,
Calculations of molal elevation constant (Kb)
T = temperature, MB = molar mass of solute
and molal depression constant (Kf)
On the basis of osmotic pressure, -the solution can
be classified in to following category-

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(i) Hypertonic solution  Occurs in walls of most plant and animal cells
A solution is called hypertonic if its osmotic  Kidney dialysis is one of the most important
pressure is higher than that of the solution from applications in which waste molecules move
which it is separated by a semi-permeable into the “wash” solution and filter the blood.
membrane.
When a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution,  Reverse Osmosis (RO): The process
the fluid from the plant cell comes out and cell occurring when the high external pressure on a
solution causes a net flow of solvent molecules
shrinks, this phenomenon is called plasmolysis.
through a semi-permeable membrane from the
(ii) Hypotonic solution solution to the solvent.
A solution is called hypotonic if its osmotic pressure Condition for reverse osmosis:– P ext > π
is lower than that of the solution from which it is
Application of RO- Desalination of water
separated by a semi-permeable membrane.

(iii)Isotonic solution:-
ABNORMAL MOLECULAR MASSES
Solutions that have the same osmotic pressure are
called isotonic. In some cases, observed colligative properties
deviate from their normal calculated values due
For example:- 0.91% solution of pure aqueous NaCl
to association or dissociation of molecules. As
is isotonic with human RBC‟s. (π1 = π2) we know,
Two solutions are isotonic if they have the same Colligative property ∝ 1 / MB
molar concentration, e.g., if x % solution of X is
isotonic with y % solution of Y, this means molar Higher and lower values of molar mass are observed
concentration of X = Molar concentration of Y in case of association and dissociation respectively,
e.g., in benzene, acetic acid gets associated, and so,
its observed molecular mass is 120. Similarly KCI
undergoes dissociation in aqueous solution, so its
observed molecular mass is 37.25.

These observed values are corrected by multiplying

with van‟t Hoff factor (i).
Applications of osmosis
 Dialysis: It is a phenomenon in which a Van’t Hoff Factor
semipermeable membrane allows transfer of
both solvent molecules and small solute Ionic compounds in polar solvents (essentially salts
molecules and ions. in water) break apart into ions and make more
particles.
To take care of this, a scaling factor to relate the
number of particles that result per mole of the
compound was introduced.
This is the van’t Hoff factor (i) (named after Jacobus
Henricus van’t Hoff, a Dutch chemist

Observed colligativ e property

i
Normal colligativ e property

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Normal molecular mass
i
Observed molecular mass Association:-
No. of moles associated or dissociated In case of association, i < 1
i
No. of moles taken nA  An
1 
1   - 1
All the previous formula for Colligative properties i n 
can be modified by multiplying the concentration by 1
Van’t Hoff factor (i). Where n is the number of molecules which
associated to form one molecule and α is the
degree of association.

i -1

1 
 - 1
n 

For example: Acetic acid associates in organic

 From the value of ‘i’ it is possible to determine solvent to form dimer.
the degree of dissociation or association.
2CH3COOH  (CH3COOH)2 (n=2)

Dissociation: Dimerisation n= 2
Trimerisation n= 3
Ax By  xA y  yB  x Tetramerization n= 4
In case of dissociation, i >1.
1  (n - 1)
i
1
Where n is the number of particles dissociated
per molecule and α is the degree of
dissociation. or

i -1

n -1

For examples-
NaCl  Na+ + Cl- (n=2)
CaCl2  Ca2+ + 2Cl- (n=3)
Na2SO4  2Na+ + SO42- (n=3)
KBr  K+ + Br- (n=2)

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UNIT-02 (SOLUTIONS)

PROBLEMS OF NCERT, NCERT

EXEMPLAR, CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
AND PROBLEMS OF BOARD EXAMS
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 12. Which will have higher boiling point, 0.1m NaCl
or 0.1 m BaCl2 solution in water?
01. Mention a large scale use of the reverse 13. Why does molality of a solution remain
osmosis. unchanged with change in temperature while its
02. Of 0.1molal solutions of glucose and sodium Molarity changes?
chloride, which one will have a higher B.P. & 14. When is the value of van’t Hoff factor more than
Why? one?
03. What is van’t Hoff factor for K2SO4 in dil. 15. Why is an increase in temperature observed on
solution? mixing chloroform with acetone?
04. State the condition resulting in reverse osmosis. 16. Why is the vapour pressure of solution of
05. Two liquids A and B boil at 145 oC and 190oC glucose in water lower than that of water?
respectively. Which of them has a higher vapour 17. What possible value of the ‘i’ will it have if
pressure at 80oC? solute molecules undergo association in
06. What is value of van’t Hoff factor for K 3[Fe(CN) 6] solution?
in dilute solution? 18. What change is observed in boiling point of a
07. A & B liquids on mixing produced a warm liquid at higher altitude?
solution. Which type of deviation is there and 19. What are maximum boiling azeotropes? Give
why? examples.
08. How is the molality of a solution different from 20. What are minimum boiling azeotropes? Give
its Molarity? examples.
09. 10 ml of a liquid A was mixed with 10 ml of 21. What factors are responsible for deviation from
liquid B. The volume of the resulting solution Raoult’s law?
was found to be 19.9 ml. What do you 22. Why is boiling point elevated when a non-
conclude? volatile solute is added?
10. What happens when blood cells are placed in 23. Define ebullioscopic constant.
pure water? 24. What are hypotonic and hypertonic solutions?
11. Which will have higher boiling point, 0.1m NaCl 25. Why osmotic pressure of 1 M KCl is higher than
or 0.1 m sugar solution in water? that of 1 M urea solution?

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SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 37. The molality of an aq. Solution is 1.002, what is
the mole fraction of solute? (Ans = 0.0177)
26. A person suffering from high blood pressure
should take less common salt, why? 38. The degree of dissociation of Ca(NO 3)2 in aq.
Solution containing 14 gm of the salt per 200 gm
27. Calculate the volume of 80% (by mass) of H 2SO4 of water at 100oC is 70%. If the vapour pressure
(density= 1.8 gm/ml) required to prepare 1 litre of water is 760 mm. Calculate the vapour
of 0.2 molar H2SO 4. pressure of solution. (Ans = 746.1 mm).

28. Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution 39. Phenol associates in benzene to a certain extent
obtained by mixing 100 ml of 0.25 M solution to form a dimer. A Solution containing 20 x 10 -3
of urea and 100 ml of 0.1 M solution of sugar at Kg of phenol in 1 Kg of benzene has its freezing
293K. point decreased by 0.69 K. Calculate the fraction
of the phenol that has dimerised (K f = 5.12 K
29. In a solution of urea 3.0 gm of it is dissolved in Kg/mol).
100 ml of water. What will be the freezing (Ans = 73.4%)
point of this solution?
40. A 500 gm of toothpaste sample has 0.2 g of
30. A solution of 3.8 gm of sulphur in 100 gm of fluoride concentration. What is the
CS2(B. P. = 46.30oC) boils at 46.66oC. What is concentration of fluoride in terms of ppm level?
the formula of sulphur molecule in this
solution? (Kb = 2.4 K Kg/mol). 41. Assuming complete dissociation, calculate the
freezing point of a solution prepared by
31. What is meant by abnormal molecular mass of dissolving 6 g of glaubers salt (Na 2SO4.10H2O) in
solute? Discuss the factors which bring 0.100 kg of H2O. Given kf =1.86k kg/ mol.
abnormality in the experimentally determined (Ans = 271.96 K)
molecular masses of solutes using Colligative 42. The vapour pressure of dilute aqueous solution
properties. of glucose (C6H12O 6) is 750 mm of mercury at
32. A sugar syrup of weight 214.2 gm contains 34.2 373K. Calculate Mole fraction of the solute.
gm of sugar calculate (i). Mole fraction of sugar
(ii). Molality. 43. Addition of HgI2 in to aq. KI solution shows a
decrease in the boiling point of solution. Why?
33. The F.P. of a solution composed of 5.85 gm of
NaCl in 100 gm of water is -3.348oC. Calculate 44. An aq. Solution containing 1.248 gm of BaCl 2
van’t Hoff factor for this solution. (M.M. - 208) in 100 gm of water boils at
100.0832oC. Calculate the degree of dissociation
34. An electrolyte AB is 50% ionized in aqueous (Kb = 0.52)
solution. Calculate the F.P. of 1 molal aqueous (Ans = 0.835.)
solution. 45. Calculate the amount of KCl which must be
35. The boiling point of a solution of urea in water added to 1 Kg of water so that the freezing point
is 100.13oC. Calculate the F.P. of solution. is depressed by 3 K (Kf = 1.86 K Kg/mol)
(kf = 1.86 and Kb = 0.52).(boiling point of pure (Ans = 60 gm.)
water = 100oC and freezing point = 0oC ). 46. What mass of a non volatile solute urea needs
to be dissolved in 100 gm of water in order to
36. Arrange the following aq. Solutions each of decrease the vapour pressure of water by 25%?
strength 0.1 M, in order of increasing freezing Also calculate the molality of the solution.
and boiling points. Justify your answer. C 2H5OH, (Ans = 18.52m)
Na2SO4, Li3PO 4. -2
47. 8.0575 X 10 kg of Glauber’s salt is dissolved in
water to obtain 1 dm 3 of a solution of density

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1077.2 kg m-3. Calculate the Molarity, Molality & NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
mole fraction of Na 2SO4 in the solution.
(Ans = 0.2508m, 0.0045, 0.25M). 58. Why are aquatic species more comfortable in
48. To 500 cm3 of water 3.0 X 10-3 kg of acetic acid is cold water in comparison of warm water?
added. If 23% of acetic acid is dissociated, what 59. Give an example of a material used of making
will be the depression in freezing point? Kf SPM for carrying out R.O.
and density of water are 1.86 K kg mol -1 & 0.997 60. How does sprinkling of salt help in clearing the
g cm-3 respectively. snow covered roads in hilly areas? Explain the
(Ans = 0.229K) phenomenon involved in the process.
49. Molarity of H2SO 4 is 0.8 and its density is 1.06 61. How can you remove the hard calcium
gm/ml. What will be its concentration in terms carbonate layer of the egg without damaging its
of molality and mole fraction semi permeable membrane? Can this egg be
(Ans = 0.815m, 0.014). inserted into a bottle with a narrow neck
50. Vapour pressure of an aq. Solution of glucose is without distorting its shape? Explain the process
750 mm at 373 K. calculate the molality. involved
51. Calculate the osmotic pressure at 273 K of 5% 62. Explain why on addition of 1 mole of NaCl to 1
solution of urea. litre of water the boiling point of water
(Ans =18.68 atm). increases, while addition of 1 mole of methyl
52. How many grams of sucrose should be dissolved alcohol to 1 litre of water decreases its B.P.
in 100 gm water in order to produce a solution 63. What is the significance of Henry’s law constant
with 105oC difference between the freezing KH?
point and the boiling point? Kb = 0.51,
Kf =1.86 MCQs PROBLEMS
(Ans = 72 gm).
53. Two aq. Solutions containing respectively 7.5 gm 64. What is the mole fraction of glucose in 10% w/w
urea and 42.75 gm substance X in 100 gm of glucose solution?
water freeze at the same temperature. Calculate (a). 0.01 (b). 0.02
the molar mass of X. (c). 0.03 (d). 0.04
(Ans = 342 gm/mol). [Ans: (a)]
54. On certain hill station, pure water is found to 65. How much oxygen is dissolved in 100 mL water
boil at 95oC. How many grams of NaCl must be at 298 K if partial pressure of oxygen is 0.5 atm
added to 2.0 Kg of water so that it boils at and KH = 1.4 ×10-3 mol/L/atm?
100oC? (a). 22.4 mg (b). 22.4 gm
(Ans = 562.42 gm). (c). 2.24 gm (d). 2.24 mg
55. Which of the 1 molar and 1 molal (aq) solution is [Ans: (d)]
more concentrated and why? 66. The van’t Hoff factor of 0.005M aq. solution of
KCl is 1.95. The degree of dissociation of KCl is
56. What do you expect to happen when RBC are (a). 0.95 (b). 0.97
placed in- (c). 0.94 (d). 0.96
(i). 1% NaCl [Ans: (a)]
(ii). 0.5% NaCl solution. 67. A plant cell is shrinks when it is kept in a
(a). Hypotonic solution (b). Isotonic solution
57. Calculate the osmotic pressure of a 0.1M (c). Hypertonic solution (d). Pure water
monobasic acid if its pH is 2.0 at 298 K. [Ans: (c)]
68. What weight of glycerol should be added to 600
gm of water in order to lower its freezing point
by 10oC?

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 Attri Classes For Chemistry Phone: 9899403228
(a). 496 gm (b). 297 gm Reason: Solids and liquids are highly
(c). 310 gm (d). 426 gm incompressible.
[Ans: (b)] [Ans: (a)]
69. A solution is obtained by mixing 200 gm of 30% 75. Assertion: Aquatic species are more
and 300 gm of 20% solution by weight. What is comfortable in cold water than warm waters.
the percentage of solute in the final solution? Reason: KH values for both N2 and O2 decreases
(a). 50% (b). 28% with increase of temperature.
(c). 64% (d). 24% [Ans: (c)]
[Ans: (d)] 76. Assertion: At equilibrium, vapour phase will be
70. What will be the molarity of 30 mL of 0.5M always rich in component which is more volatile.
H2SO4 solution diluted to 500 mL? Reason: The composition of vapour phase in
(a). 0.3 M (b). 0.03M equilibrium with the solution is determined by
(c). 3 M (d). 0.103M the partial pressures of the components.
[Ans: (b)] [Ans: (a)]
71. The values of van’t Hoff factors for KCl, NaCl and 77. Assertion: In an ideal solution ∆mix H is zero.
K2SO4, respectively are Reason: In an ideal solution, A-B interactions are
(a). 2,2 and 2 (b). 2,2 and 3 lower than A-A and B-B interactions.
(c). 1,1 and 2 (d). 1,1 and 1 [Ans: (c)]
[Ans: (b)] 78. Assertion: Osmosis does not take place in two
72. How many grams of NaOH are present in 250mL isotonic solutions separated by SPM.
of 0.5M NaOH solution? Reason: Isotonic solutions have same osmotic
(a). 7.32 gm (b). 3.80 gm pressure.
(c). 5.0 gm (d). 0.50 gm [Ans: (a)]
[Ans: (c)] 79. Assertion: Molar mass of KCl calculated on the
basis of Colligative properties will be lower than
the normal molar mass.
ASSERTION & REASON PROBLEMS Reason: Experimentally determined molar mass
In the following questions mark the correct is always lower than the true value.
[Ans: (c)]
choice as:
80. Assertion: 1M solution of KCl has greater
(a). Both assertion and reason are correct osmotic pressure than 1M glucose solution at
statements, and the reason is the correct same temperature.
explanation of the assertion. Reason: In solution KCl dissociates.
(b). Both assertion and reason are correct [Ans: (a)]
statements, but the reason is not the correct
explanation of the assertion.
(c). Assertion is correct, but reason is wrong.
(d). Assertion is wrong, but reason is correct.

73. Assertion: One molar aqueous solution is more

concentrated than that of 1 molal aq. solution.
Reason: Molarity is a function of temperature as
volume depends of temperature.
[Ans: (b)]
74. Assertion: Pressure does not have any effect on
solubility of solids in liquids.

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ATTRI CHEMISTRY CLASSES

[XI/XII (CBSE, ICSE)/PMT/IIT-JEE]
H - 489, GOVINDPURAM GHAZIABAD SI-107 SHASTRI NAGAR GHAZIABAD

PHONE-9899403228, 9717374218

UNIT-02 (SOLUTIONS)

PROBLEMS OF COMPETITIVE EXAMS

01. [MAINS-2018] For 1m aqueous solution of the statement is true about these solutions, assuming all
following compounds, which one will show the salts to be strong electrolytes?
highest freezing point? (a). 0.125 M Na3PO4 (aq) has highest osmotic
(a). [Co(H2O)3Cl3].3H2O pressure
(b). [Co(H2O)6]Cl3 (b). 0.500 M C2H5OH (aq) has the highest osmotic
(c). [Co(H2O)5Cl]Cl2.H2O pressure
(d). [Co(H2O)4Cl2]Cl.2H2O (c). They all have the same osmotic pressure
[ANS]:-(a) (d). 0.100 M Mg3(PO4)2 (aq) has the highest osmotic
02. [MAINS-2017] The freezing point of benzene pressure
decreases by 0.45oC when 0.2 gm of acetic acid is [ANS]:- (c)
added to 20 gm of benzene. If acetic acid associates
06. [MAINS-2012] Kf for water is 1.86 K Kg/mol. If your
to form a dimer in benzene, percentage association
automobile radiator holds 1.0 Kg of water, How
of acetic acid in benzene will be:-
many grams of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) must you
(Kf for benzene = 5.12 K Kg/mol)
add to get freezing point of the solution lowered
(a). 64.6% (b). 80.4% to -2.8oC
(c). 74.6% (d). 94.6% (a). 39 gm (b). 27 gm
[ANS]:- (d) (c). 72 gm (d). 93 gm
03. [MAINS-2016] 18 gm glucose is added to 178.2 gm [ANS]:- (d)
water. The vapour pressure of water (in torr) for this 07. [MAINS-2012] The density of a solution prepared by
aqueous solution is dissolving 120 gm of urea (molar mass = 60) in 1000
(a). 7.6 (b). 76.0 gm of water is 1.15 gm/ml. The Molarity of this
(c). 752.4 (d). 759.0 solution is:
[ANS]:- (c) (a). 1.02 M (b). 2.05 M
04. [MAINS-2015] The vapour pressure of acetone at (c). 0.50 M (d). 1.78 M
20oC is 185 torr. When 1.2 gm of a non-volatile [ANS]:- (b)
substance was dissolved in 100 gm of acetone at 08. [MAINS-2011] The molality of a urea solution
20oC, its vapour pressure was 183 torr. The molar prepared by dissolving 0.0100 gm of urea in 0.3000
mass or the substance is: dm3 of water at STP is:
(a). 64 (b). 128 (a). 3.33 X 10-2 m (b). 0.555 m
(c). 488 (d). 32 -4
(c). 5.55 X 10 m (d). 33.3 m
[ANS]:- (a) [ANS]:- (c)
05. [MAINS-2014] Consider separate solutions of 0.500 09. [MAINS-2011] A 5 % solution of a cane sugar is
M C2H5OH (aq), 0.100 M Mg3(PO4)2 (aq), 0.250 M KBr isotonic with a 1% solution of an unknown solute in
(aq) and 0.125 M Na3PO4 (aq) at 25 oC. Which

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 Attri Classes For Chemistry Phone: 9899403228
the same solvent molar mass of the substance will 15. [MAINS-2007] A 5.25 % solution of a substance is
be isotonic with a 1.5% solution of urea (molar mass) in
(a). 34.2 (b). 136.2 the same solvent molar mass of the substance will
(c). 171.2 (d) 68.4 be
[ANS]:- (d) (a). 90 (b). 115
10. [MAINS-2010] If sodium sulphate is considered to be (c). 105 (d) 210
completely dissociated in to cations and anions in [ANS]:- (d)
aqueous solution, the change in freezing point of 16. The density (in gm/ml) of a 3.6 M sulphuric acid
water, when 0.01 mol of sodium sulphate is solution that is 29% H2SO4 by mass will be
dissolved in1 kg of water, is (Kf =1.86 K Kg/mol)
ATTRI SIR (a). 1.64 (b). 1.88
(a). 0.0372 K (b). 0.0558 K (c). 1.22 (d). 1.45
(c). 0.0744 K (d). 0.0186 K [ANS]:- (c)
[ANS]:- (b) 17. [MAINS-2007] A mixture of ethyl alcohol and propyl
11. [MAINS-2009] Two liquids X and Y form an ideal alcohol has a vapour pressure of 290 mm at 300 K.
solution. At 300 K vapour pressure of the solution The vapour pressure of propyl alcohol is 200 mm. If
containing 1 mol of X and 3 mol of Y is 550 mm of the mole fraction of ethyl alcohol is 0.6 its vapour
Hg. At the same temperature, if 1 mol of Y is further pressure (in mm) at the same temperature will be: ATTRI

SIR

added to this solution vapour pressure of the (a). 350 (b). 300
solution increases by 10 mm of Hg. Vapour pressure
(c). 700 (d). 360
(in mm) of X and Y in their pure states will be
[ANS]:- (a)
respectively:
(a). 200 and 300 (b). 300 and 400 18. Among the following mixtures, dipole-dipole as the
major interaction, is present in
(c). 400 and 600 (d). 500 and 600
(a). benzene and ethanol
[ANS]:- (c)
(b). acetonitrile and acetone
12. [MAINS-2009] A binary solution is prepared by
(c). KCl and water
mixing n- heptane and ethanol. Which one of the
following statements is correct regarding the (d). benzene and CCl4
behavior of the solution? [ANS]:- (b)
(a). The solution formed is an ideal solution 19. [MAINS-2006] 18 gm of glucose is added to 178.2gm
(b).Solution showing +ve deviation from Raoult’s law of water. The vapour pressure of this solution at
(c). solution showing -ve deviation from Raoult’s law 373K is
(a). 759 torr (b). 7.6 torr
(d). None of the above
(c). 76.0 torr (d). 752.4 torr
[ANS]:- (b)
[ANS]:- (d)
13. [MAINS-2008] At 80oC the vapour pressure of pure
liquid ‘A’ is 520 mm Hg and that of pure liquid ‘B’ is 20. [MAINS-2005] If α is the degree of dissociation of
1000 mm Hg. If a mixture solution of ‘A’ and ‘B’ boils Na2SO4 the van’t hoff factor used for the calculating
at 80oC and 1 atm pressure, the amount of ‘A’ in the molecular mass is.
mixture is: (a). 1-2 α (b). 1+2 α
(a). 52 mol percent (b). 34 mol percent
(c). 1- α (d). 1+ α
(c). 48 mol percent (d). 50 mol percent
[ANS]:- (b)
[ANS]:- (d)
21. [MAINS-2005] The highest electrical conductivity of
14. [MAINS-2008] The vapour pressure of pure water at the following aqueous solution is of
20oC is 17.5 mm. If 18 gm of glucose is added to (a). 0.1 M Acetic acid
178.2 gm of water at 20 oC the vapour pressure of
(b). 0.1 M Chloroacetic acid ATTRI SIR

the resulting solution will be:Attri sir

(c). 0.1 M fluoroacetic acid

(a). 17.675 mm (b). 15.750 mm
(d). 0.1 M difluoroacetic acid
(c). 16.500 mm (d). 17.325 mm
[ANS]:- (d)
[ANS]:- (d)

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22. [MAINS-2005] Equimolar solution of the same 29. [IIT-ADV.-2009] Henry’s law constant for solubility of
solvent have N2 in water at 298 K is 105 atm. The mole fraction of
(a). Same boiling point but different freezing point N2 in air is 0.8. The number of moles of N2 from air
(b). Same freezing point but different boiling point dissolved in 10 moles of water at 298K and 5 atm
(c). Same boiling point and same freezing point pressure.
(a). 4 X 10 -4 (b). 4 X 10 -5
(d). Different boiling point but different freezing -4
(c). 5 X 10 (d). 4 X 10 -6
point
[ANS]:- (a)
[ANS]:- (c)
30. [IIT-ADV.-2007] When 20 gm of naphthoic acid
23. Which one of the following aq. Solutions will exhibits (C11H8O2) is dissolved in 50 gm of benzene (Kf =1.72),
the highest boiling point? a freezing point depression of 2K is observed. The
(a). 0.01M Na2SO4 (b). 0.01M KNO3 van’t Hoff factor is.
(c). 0.015 M urea (d). 0.015 M Glucose (a). 0.5 (b). 1
[ANS]:- (a) (c). 2 (d). 3
24. [MAINS-2003] In a 0.2 molal aqueous solution of a [ANS]:- (a)
weak acid HX the degree of ionization is 0.3. Taking 31. [IIT-ADV.-2005] The elevation in boiling point of a
Kf as 1.85, the freezing point of the solution will be solution of 13.44gm of CuCl2 in 1Kg of water is (given
nearest to.ATTRI SIR
Kb=0.52 K kg/mol, molar mass of CuCl2=134.4).
a). -0.360 oC (b). -0.260 oC (a). 0.21 (b). 0.16
o
(c). 0.480 C (d). -0.480 oC (c). 0.1 (d). 0.05
[ANS]:- (d) [ANS]:- (b)
32. [NEET-2017] Which of the following is dependent on
25. [IIT-ADV.-2013] Benzene and naphthalene form an temperature?
ideal solution at room temperature. For this process, (a). Molality (b). Molarity
the true statement (s) is (are). (c). Mole fraction (d). Weight %
(a). ∆G = + (b). ∆S system = + [ANS]:- (b)
(c). ∆S surroundings = 0 (d). ∆H = 0
33. [NEET-2017] If molality of the dilute solution is
[ANS]:- (b, c, d)
doubled, the value of molal depression constant (Kf)
26. [IIT-ADV.-2012]For a solution containing 2.5 gm of a
will be:
non-volatile non-electrolyte solute in 100 gm of
(a). doubled (b). halved
water the elevation in boiling point at 1 atm
pressure is 2oC. Assuming concentration of solute is (c). tripled (d). Unchanged
much lower than the concentration of solvent, the [ANS]:- (d)
vapour pressure (in mm) of the solution is 34. [AIPMT-2016] At 100oC the vapour pressure of a
(Kb = 0.76 K Kg/mol). solution of 6.5 g of a solute in 100 gm of water is 732
(a). 724 (b). 740 mm. If Kb=0.52, the boiling point of this solution will
(c). 736 (d). 718 be:
[ANS]:- (a) (a). 100oC (b). 102oC
27. [IIT-ADV.-2011]The freezing point (in oC) of a (c). 103oC (d). 101oC
solution 0.1 gm of K3[Fe(CN)6] (mol. Wt. = 329) in [ANS]:- (d)
100 gm of water (Kf = 1.86 K Kg/mol) is 35. [AIPMT-2016] Of the following 0.10 m aqueous
(a). – 2.3 X 10-2 (b). – 5.7 X 10-2 solutions, which one will exhibit the largest freezing
(c). – 5.7 X 10-3 (d). – 1.2 X 10-2 point depression?
[ANS]:- (a) (a). KCl (b). Glucose
28. [IIT-ADV.-2011] Dissolving 120 gm of urea in 1000 (c). Al2(SO4)3 (d). K2SO4
gm of water gave a solution of density 1.15 gm/ml. [ANS]:- (c)
The molarity of the solution is 36. [AIPMT-2013]How many grams of concentration
(a). 1.78 M (b). 2.00 M nitric acid solution should be used to prepare 250 ml
(c). 2.05 M (d). 2.22 M of 2.0M HNO3? The Concentration nitric acid is 70%
[ANS]:- (c) by mass. (AIPMT-2013)

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 Attri Classes For Chemistry Phone: 9899403228
(a). 45 gm conc. HNO3 (b). 90 gm conc. HNO3 (c). from solution having lower conc. only.
(c). 70 gm Conc. HNO3 (d). 54 gm conc. HNO3 (d). from solution having lower conc. only.
[ANS]:- (a) [ANS]:- (b)
37. [AIPMT-2013]6.02 X 1020 molecules of urea are 44. [AIPMT-2006] A 5% solution by mass of sugar in
present in 100 ml of its solution. The concentration water has freezing point of 271K and the freezing
of the solution is. point of pure water is 273.15K. the freezing point of
(a). 0.02M (b). 0.01M 5% solution by mass of glucose in water is
(c). 0.001M (d). 0.1M (a). 277.23K (b). 273.15K
[ANS]:- (b) (c). 271K (d). 269.07K
38. [AIPMT-2011]Kf for water is 1.86 oC/m. If 5.00 gm [ANS]:- (d)
Na2SO4 is dissolved in 45.00 gm H2O, the freezing 45. [AIPMT-2005]The vapour pressure of two liquids ‘P’
point is changed by -3.82oC. Calculate van’t Hoff and ‘Q’ are 80 & 60 Torr respectively. The total
factor for Na2SO4. vapour pressure of solution obtained by mixing 3
(a). 0.38 (b). 2.05 moles of P and 2 moles Q would be
(c). 2.63 (d). 3.11 (a). 140 Torr (b). 20 Torr
[ANS]:- (c) (c). 68 Torr (d). 72 Torr
39. [AIPMT-2011] A 0.1 molal aqueous solution of a [ANS]:- (d)
weak acid is 30% ionized. If Kf for water is 1.86 46. [AIPMT-2004]Camphor is often used in molecular
o
C/m, the freezing point of the solution will be. mass determination because.
(a). -0.18oC (b). -0.54oC (a). It is a solvent for organic substances
(c). -0.36oC (d). -0.24oC (b). It is readily available
[ANS]: – (d) (c). It has very high cryoscopic constant
40. [AIPMT-2008] A 0.002 m aq. Solution of an ionic (d). It is volatile
compound Co(NH3)5(NO2)Cl freezes at - 0.00732oC. [ANS]:- (c)
Number of moles of ions which 1 mol of ionic 47. [AIIMS-2004]The osmotic pressure of blood is 7.8
compound produces on being dissolved in water bar at 37 oC. What is the concentration of NaCl aq
will be (Kf =-1.86oC/m) Solution that could be isotonic with the blood?
(a). 3 (b) 4 (a). 0.16 M (b). 0.32M
(c) 1 (d) 2 (c). 0.60 M (d). 0.45 M
[ANS]:- (d) [ANS]:- (a)
41. [AIPMT-2007]Conc. H2SO4 is 98% by mass and has 48. [AIPMT-2002]750 ml of 0.5 M HCl solution is mixed
density of 1.8 gm/ml. Volume of acid required to with another 250ml of 2 M HCl solution. Then the
make one litre of 0.1 M H2SO4 solution is Molarity of the resulting solution.
(a). 16.65 ML (b). 22.20 ML (a). 0.750 M (b). 0.875 M
(c). 5.55 ML (d). 11.10 ML (c). 1.250 M (d). 1.750 M
[ANS]:- (c) [ANS]:- (b)
42. [AIPMT-2006]A solution of acetone in ethanol 49. [AIPMT-2002]2.5 litres of 1 M NaOH solution are
(a). Obeys Raoult’s law mixed with another 3 litres of 0.5 M NaOH solution.
(b). Shows Negative deviation Then the Molarity of the resulting solution.
(c). Shows positive deviation (a). 0.80 M (b). 1.0 M
(d). none of these (c). 0.73 M (d). 0.5 M
[ANS]: – (c) [ANS]:- (c)
43. [AIPMT-2006]During osmosis, flow of water 50. [AMU-2016] What weight of HCl is present in 155
through a semi-permeable membrane is. mL of a 0.54M solution?
(a). From both sides of membrane with equal flow (a). 3.06 gm (b). 6.12 gm
rates. (c). 1.53 gm (d). 0.30 gm
(b). from both sides of membrane with unequal [ANS]:- (a )
flow rates.

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51. [KPET - 2017] The freezing point of equimolal that the vapour pressure of water is lowered by
aqueous solutions will be highest for 10% is
(a). AgNO3 (b). Glucose (a). 30 gm (b). 60 gm
(c). Ca(NO3)2 (d). C6H5NH3Cl (c). 120 gm (d). 12 gm
[ANS]: – (b) [ANS]: – (b)
52. [KCET-2016] When an electrolyte is dissociated in 60. [J & K-2008]Maximum lowering in vapour pressure
solution, the van’t Hoff factor (i) is is observed in the case of
(a). > 1 (b). < 1 (a). 0.1M glucose (b). 0.1M BaCl2
(c). = 0 (d). = 1 (c). 0.1M MgSO4 (d). 0.1M NaCl
[ANS]: – (a) [ANS]: – (b)
53. [KCET-2015] After adding a non-volatile solute 61. [KCET-2016, AMU-2007, UPSEAT-2010] Which of
freezing of water decreases to -0.186oC. Calculate the following is not a Colligative property?
∆Tb if Kf = 1.86 K Kg/mol and Kb = 0.521 K Kg/mol. (a). Osmotic Pressure
(a). 0.0521 K (b). 0.0186 K (b). Optical activity
(c). 0.521 K (d). 1.86 K (c). Depression in Freezing Point
[Ans]:- (a) (d). Elevation in Boiling Point
54. [KCET-2014] A solution of 1.25 gm of P in 50 gm of [ANS]: – (b)
water lowers freezing point by 0.3oC. Molar mass of 62. [UPSEAT-2008] Molarity of 4% NaOH aq. solution is
P is 94. Kf for water is 1.86 K Kg/mol. The degree of (a). 0.1M (b). 0.5M
Dimerisation of P in water is (c). 0.01M (d). 1.0M
(a). 80% (b). 60% [ANS]:- (d)
(c). 65% (d). 75% 63. [UPSEAT-2008] The molarity of pure water is
[ANS]: – (a) (a). 55.6M (b). 50M
55. [J & K-2013] Van’t Hoff factor for Ca(NO3)2 is (c). 100M (d). 18M
(a). 1 (b). 2 [ANS]: - (a)
(c). 3 (d). 4
[ANS]: – (c)
56. [KCET-2013] 3.0 gm of urea is dissolved in 45 gm of
water. The relative lowering in vapour pressure is
(a). 0.05 (b). 0.04
(c). 0.02 (d). 0.01
[ANS]: – (c)
57. [AMU-2012] The highest osmotic pressure
corresponds to the following solution
(a). M/10 urea (b). M/10 glucose
(c). M/10 HCl (d). M/10 BaCl2
[ANS]: – (d)
58. [J & K-2012] Desalination of sea water can be done
by
(a). Osmosis (b). Reverse osmosis
(c). Filtration (d). Diffusion
[ANS]: – (b)
59. [KPET-2010] The amount of solute (molar mass = 60
gm/mol) that must be added to 180 gm of water so

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