GEEZ AMHARIC DICTIONARY
GROUP MEMBER
Name Id No
Alembeju Bekele ENGR/06/02
Bantalem Anley ENGR/009/04
Bewuketu Belay ENGR/312/04
Ephrem Getnet ENGR/060/04
A REPORT SUBMITED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ECE IN
FULFILMENT THE COURSE SEMISTER MINI PROJECT
DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY
DEBRE BIRHAN, EHIOPIA
DECLARATION
This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as University advisor.
FEBURARY 2017
_____________
Ferddie Quiroz Canlas, PhD
February 2017
This thesis is our original work, and has not been presented/submitted as a partial requirement
for a degree in any university and that all sources of material used in the thesis have been duly
acknowledged.
____________
Alembeju Bekele
Bantalem Anley
Bewuketu Belay
Ephrem Getnet
February ,2017
APPROVAL
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This is to certify that the project title Geez Amharic Dictionary carried out by G_7 has been read
& approved for meeting part of the requirements and regulation governing the award of the
semester project in Electrical and Computer Engineering (Computer Engineering).
Name of Adviser: - Ferddie Quiroz Canlas, Ph.D.
Dep’t Head: - Matiwos Nigussie
Examiners ………….
Date 02/06/09 E/C
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremost, we would like to thank God who makes everything possible. Thank you,
God. We would extend our sincere gratitude to our advisor Ferddie Quiroz Canlas, PhD for his
critical comments. We are very grateful for his continuous help.
We would also like to thank Esubalew for his guidance and correction of our proposal. Our
special thanks will go to Bushera. God, Bless you all. It is an honor for us to express our special
appreciation to our classmates for their collaboration in giving ideas, directions, and comments
and for their encouragements. Finally, we would like to use this chance to express our deepest
gratitude to our institute, Debre Birhan University.
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ABSTRACT
Dictionary is the list of words with their definitions. A Ge’ez-Amharic dictionary is a
dictionary that provides a translation service from Ge’ez to Amharic. As the name implies, it is a
dictionary that displays the meaning of the Ge’ez word. Displaying the meaning of the Ge’ez
word will help the users to understand the meaning of the word very easily. The sound/voice
support helps the user to know how the word is pronounced correctly.
In this project, we propose and implement this Dictionary. The Ge’ez-Amharic dictionary
provides dictionary service for Ge’ez to Amharic word translation. It displays the meaning of the
word. We can also give comment on the meaning of the word, post additional meaning or post a
better meaning. The reason to do this project is to announce geez word and to know the meaning
of the word.
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DECLARATION __________________________________________________________________________________
APPROVAL _____________________________________________________________________________________ i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ____________________________________________________________________________ iii
ABSTRACT ____________________________________________________________________________________ iv
CHAPTER ONE _________________________________________________________________________________ 2
1 INTRODUCTION ______________________________________________________________________________ 2
1.1 BACKGROUND ______________________________________________________________________________ 2
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM _________________________________________________________________ 3
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT ___________________________________________________________________ 3
1.4 SCOPE ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE ______________________________________________________________________________ 4
1.6 REPORT ORGANIZATION ______________________________________________________________________ 4
CHAPTER TWO _______________________________________________________________________________ 5
LITERATURE REVIEW ____________________________________________________________________________ 5
CHAPTER THREE_______________________________________________________________________________ 6
3. SOFTWARE METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN _________________________________________________________ 6
3.1. DATA FLOW DIAGRAM _______________________________________________________________________ 6
3.2. ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM ______________________________________________________________ 7
3.3. GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE__________________________________________________________________ 7
3.4. UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE _______________________________________________________________ 7
3.5. REQUIREMENT MODELING ___________________________________________________________________ 8
3.6. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION _____________________________________________________ 10
3.7. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT _________________________________________________________________ 10
3.8. NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT ____________________________________________________________ 10
3.9. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS ______________________________________________________________ 10
CHAPTER FOUR _______________________________________________________________________________ 13
SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION __________________________________________________________ 13
4.1. INTRODUCTION ___________________________________________________________________________ 13
4.2. Current feature ____________________________________________________________________________ 13
4.3. USE CASE DIAGRAM ________________________________________________________________________ 14
4.4. ACTIVITY DIAGRAM ________________________________________________________________________ 14
4.5. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION __________________________________________________________________ 15
4.6. TESTING _________________________________________________________________________________ 15
CHAPTER FIVE ________________________________________________________________________________ 17
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ___________________________________________________________ 17
5.1. INTRODUCTION ___________________________________________________________________________ 17
5.2. CONCLUSION _____________________________________________________________________________ 17
5.3. RECOMMENDATION _______________________________________________________________________ 18
REFERENCE __________________________________________________________________________________ 19
APPENDIX ___________________________________________________________________________________ 20
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Fig-1 DFD _____________________________________________________________________________________ 6
Fig 2 ERD _____________________________________________________________________________________ 7
Fig 3.GUI _____________________________________________________________________________________ 7
Fig 4 data modeling_____________________________________________________________________________ 8
Fig 4.1 Use Case _______________________________________________________________________________ 14
Fig 4.2 Activity Diagram ________________________________________________________________________ 15
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Table 4.1 task ________________________________________________________________________________ 11
Table 4.2. Gantt chart __________________________________________________________________________ 11
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CHAPTER ONE
1 INTRODUCTION
A dictionary is a list of words with their definitions, a list of words with corresponding
words in other languages. There are many countries that have their own dictionary to
translate foreign language to their local language. It helps to learn and understand the ancient
language in an easy way. Therefore, dictionary plays the biggest role in translating one
language to the others; it is one means of understanding ancient language. Ge’ez Amharic
dictionary is a process that facilitates translation service.
A Ge’ez Amharic dictionary is an android version that needs software installation and that can
be accessed easily with the smart phone.
Therefore, as long as we can get the translation of a Ge’ez word any time anywhere, there is no
need to buy different dictionaries or ask somebody to translate to Amharic word.
1.1 BACKGROUND
Ge'ez is an ancient South Semitic language that originated in Eritrea and the northern region
of Ethiopia in the Horn of Africa. It later became the official language of the Kingdom of
Aksum and Ethiopian imperial court.
Today, Ge'ez remains only as the main language used in the liturgy of the Ethiopian Orthodox
Tewahedo Church, the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the Ethiopian Catholic Church, and
the Beta Israel Jewish community. However, in Ethiopia Amharic or other local languages, and
in Eritrea and Tigray Region in Ethiopia, Tigrigna may be used for sermons. Tigrigna
and Tigre are closely related to Ge'ez with at least four different configurations proposed. Some
linguists do not believe that Ge'ez constitutes the common ancestor of modern Ethiopian
languages, but that Ge'ez became a separate language early on from some hypothetical,
completely unattested language, and can thus be seen as an extinct sister language of Tigre and
Tigrinya. The foremost Ethiopian experts such as Amsalu Aklilu point to the vast proportion of
inherited nouns that are unchanged, and even spelled identically in both Ge'ez and Amharic.
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1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
There are no Amharic dictionaries available for the translation from Ge’ez to Amharic or from
Amharic to Ge’ez in android version. The method of displaying the result of a search word is
only using text. Since Ge’ez has different words that have the same type of sound but different
writing and meaning, expressing the meaning of such kind of words using sound is difficult and
users can't understand and distinguish them easily. Such kind of problem can be solved if the
dictionary has a voice support that will help the user how to pronounce these words.
There are also Ge’ez words that are unique to Ethiopia and expressing such words. Non Ge’ez
speakers who want to use the dictionary can understand the word and its meaning very well if the
dictionary. Therefore, Ge’ez dictionary solves the problem of the existing text and helps the user
to understand the word and its meaning very easily.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.3.1 General Objective
The objective of this project is to analyze, design and develop enhanced Ge’ez-Amharic
dictionary.
1.3.2 Specific Objective
To introduce background of Geez
To support words by Sound
To design a database of Geez Amharic languages
1.4 SCOPE
This project is mainly done for two languages, Geez and Amharic only. The implementation is
applicable on smart android phone and Tablet. The range of a project is not applicable on
computer & another non-smart android phone.
The proposed system, to do the perfect thing, should have full database and fully defined rules
for each language. This makes it too time taking and long term project. Thus, we presented only
the prototype, not fully deployed version.
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1.5 SIGNIFICANCE
The dictionary will help users who want to get the meaning of a specific word from Ge’ez to
Amharic as well as from Amharic to Ge’ez. The feature of the dictionary helps to describe the
meaning of the words effectively. There are words in Ge’ez that are unique to Ethiopian orthodox
church and describing such kind of words using text is not sufficient to understand what it
means. In addition to the above benefits, word conjugation in the dictionary can be used as a
means to learn the language and, therefore, any foreigner & other who wants will use this
dictionary can learn Ge’ez. This contributes to the nation tourist attraction by helping them
communicate with the local people (who speaks this language). The outcome of this project is
that, any Ethiopian or foreigners can make use of this dictionary to get the translation of words
from Amharic to Ge’ez or from Ge’ez to Amharic. The main Significance of this project is to
announce ancient Ge’ez language for others & to develop a Ge’ez language.
The main significance of the project is to growth Ge’ez language & to show how words are
correctly spelt.
1.6 REPORT ORGANIZATION
This report paper contains five chapters. The first chapter is an introductory chapter, and
background of the project, statement of the problem, objectives, significance of the study and
scope of the project is also discussed. The second chapter is all about literature reviews and
discussion of related works.
The third chapter explains about the software methodologies and the design model we selected.
Requirement techniques are included.
The fourth chapter is about results and discussion, compared with the current future. use case
and activity diagrams are also shown in detail. The fifth chapter concludes all about the project
and recommends necessary points for the future, whereas the references is also included at the
end of the paper.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Amharic Based Dictionaries
Amharic based Dictionaries are doing the translation of English word to Amharic and there are only
few that perform the translation from English to Amharic. Their method of displaying the meaning of the
word is different but almost all dictionaries display the meaning using text.
Methods of Display
Since Amharic is a language spoken only in Ethiopia, to use Amharic text on computers, there must be
local based software tools that help to display and write Amharic text. Ethiopian Dictionary does the
translation from English to Amharic. The translation from Amharic to English is impossible since it
requires the use to type Amharic words in order to get its meaning. It uses pronunciation of phonetic
symbols to help the user how to pronounce the Amharic word using an English word.
The pronunciation information for the Amharic word is TeMaRee. Since Amharic has sounds that are not
found in English, in order to help the reader correctly pronounce these words, there is a chart that will tell
the user how to pronounce such words. The system accepts English word and translates it in the following
ways, if the word has more than one meaning, the navigation button helps to see the next available
meaning of the word.
The other and efficient method of using or displaying Amharic word is by embedding Unicode Amharic
fonts in the webpage. Microsoft developed a Web Embedding Font Tool (WEFT) that helps to use any
Unicode fonts to display the required text. There are many countries that have their own language and
doesn’t support by the system or need its own software to display it. Using this tool WEFT, it is possible
to use any Unicode fonts to use or display the required text. Most of Amharic based website nowadays are
using this tool to display Amharic text in their website.
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CHAPTER THREE
3. SOFTWARE METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN
In this chapter, the methodology we selected for the project will be described. The description
will include which software development methodology is chosen and the reasons for the choice
made. For each phase of the methodology life cycle, activities which are planned to be executed
will also be explained. A Gantt chart is included in this chapter as an initial schedule of tasks to
be completed throughout the project life cycle.
The software development models are the various processes or methodologies that are being
selected for the development of the project depending on the project’s aims and goals. There are
many development life cycle models that have been developed in order to achieve different
required objective. Some of these models are explained as following together with whether we
have selected them for our project or not.
3.1. DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through
an information system, modelling its process aspects. A DFD is often used as a preliminary step
to create an overview of the system, which can later be elaborated. DFDs can also be used for
the visualization of data processing (structured design).
Fig-1 DFD
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3.2. ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is a graphical representation of an information system
that shows the relationship between user, word, system, concepts or events within this system.
An ERD is a data modeling technique that can help define processes.
Fig 2 ERD
3.3. GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
The graphical user interface (GUI), is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with
electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators, instead of text-based user
interfaces typed command labels or text navigation.
User Interface and Interaction Design
Designing the visual composition and temporal behavior of a GUI is an important part of
software application programming in the area of human–computer interaction.
A GUI may be designed for the requirements of a vertical market as application-specific
graphical user interfaces.
Fig 3.GUI
3.4. UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE
UML stands for Unified Modeling Language which is used in object oriented software
engineering. Although typically used in software engineering it is a rich language that can be
used to model an application structures, behavior and even business processes.
There are 14 UML diagram types to help you model these behaviors. They can be divided into
two main categories; structure diagrams (Classes, interfaces, use cases, and other elements that
provide a way to create models, they allow the user to describe relationships) and behavioral
diagrams (Describe how things work, Interactions and state machines). From these type of
diagram we have discuss the following:-
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3.4.1. Class Diagram
Class diagrams are arguably the most used UML diagram type. It is the main building block of
any object oriented solution. It shows the classes in a system, attributes and operations of each
class and the relationship between each class. In most modeling tools, a class has three parts,
name at the top, attributes in the middle and operations or methods at the bottom. In large
systems with many related classes, classes are grouped together to create class diagrams.
Different relationships between classes are shown by different types of arrows.
Fig 4 data modeling
3.5. REQUIREMENT MODELING
The purpose of these project is to increase the contact of the people and the technology in smart
phone by adding interesting features. The reason to establish this project or system is to
announce geez language to the people, to solve or reduce error writing the Amharic word & its
meaning and misunderstanding of Amharic letter. We use many requirement techniques to
identify the problem. As part of the requirement gathering process, there are three major
techniques, namely the questionnaire, survey method and the interview method.
3.5.1. Questioner Method
In this method, someone asks questions, especially in an official or formal capacity. When a
detective interviews a suspect, he/she acts as a questioner. A questioner is also an interviewer.
our project is society based project we have to question the people about it. We have to know
their opinion by gathering information through questioner method.by questioner method
We know who the user of our project is?
How many of them are interested on it?
To get full information about the language
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3.5.2. Survey Method
Since Android studio for local language is targeted to be used by society and there are huge
amount of society which are potentially available to be participants, the survey method is
assumed to be the best way to gather their requirements in a short period of time. Being able to
avoid too much scheduling effort is also an added advantage since time is a limiting factor. Plus,
by using the survey method, we could easily gather specified information on different persons
possessing a smart phone, their current usage and opinion of existing for Android studio for local
language system and their expectations on the upcoming system.
The objectives of the survey are as listed as below:
To know how many people, use smart phone?
To determine how frequent the society used in Android studio
To retrieve ideas and suggestions from society, student, etc.
3.5.3. Interview Method
This method refers to a one-to-one conversation with one person acting in the role of the
interviewer and the other in the role of the interviewee. The interviewer asks questions, the
interviewee responds, with participants taking turns. Interviews usually involve a transfer of
information from interviewee to interviewer. We gather information through interview inside the
society like from student, and other people.
We got this objective from interview: -
To know the view of the people about our project
To ask how are they currently using Android application
To get full information about Amharic and Geez language
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3.6. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION
The purpose of these project is to increase the interest of the people and the technology in
Android Studio by adding interesting features among local languages and text to speech
conversions, making it accessible to every user who wants to
Translate Geez word to Amharic word
To change Geez word in to speech (voice).
3.7. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT
Functional requirements define the fundamental actions that must take place in the software in
accepting and processing the geez word and in processing and generating the meaning. The main
functional requirements for the Android based system is the typed word must translate the
language that is Geez to Amharic word in smart phone.
3.8. NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT
A software requirement that describes not what the software will do, but how the software will
do it, for example, software performance requirements, software external interface requirements,
design constraints, and software quality attributes. Nonfunctional requirements are difficult to
test. Generally, informally stated, often contradictory, difficult to enforce during development
and evaluate for the customer prior to delivery.
3.9. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
The only way in which systems will meet performance targets to be specified clearly and
unambiguously.in our project no need high special talent defer from before you use skill in smart
phone, so that after installing the application simply use always in word like other buttons.
3.9.1. Project Scheduling
Gantt Chart
Gantt chart is known as Time line charts. A Gantt chart can be developed for the entire project or
a separate chart can be developed for each function. A tabular form is maintained where rows
indicate the tasks with document sharing system and columns indicate duration (Hour, Day,
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Weeks, Months, Year). The horizontal bars that spans across columns indicate duration of the
task.
Task Duration(week)
Requirement analysis 4
Design 4
Testing 2
Documentation 2
Table 4.1 task
Table 4.2. Gantt chart
3.9.2. Software Requirements
After implement this android application the user must full fill installing fynGeez application
and/or HaHu Amharic Keyboard.
3.9.3. Architecture Specification An application’s architecture describes how its pieces fit
together at a high level. Developers use a lot of “standard” types of architectures. Many of these
address particular characteristics of the problem being solved. Monolithic is a single program
does everything. It displays the word, launches apps, and does whatever the application needs to
do.
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CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
4.1. INTRODUCTION
In above chapters, we look how gather the requirements and what software methodology to
implement the software. In this chapter design the software depend on the requirements and
using software methodology and what type of architecture specification we used to develop the
software.
4.2. Current feature
Android studio is one of the most popular application programs being in use nowadays. It has
many functional features that makes it preferred over other document formats. Nonetheless, it
has not been finished. Android is a mobile platform which consist of operating system. It is an
open source. It means no license, development fee. The core building block of android are:-
Activity, Intent, Services, etc. Activity is a single screen. Intent is used to connect external and
internal activity. Implicit Intent doesn’t specify the component. In such case, intent provides
information of available components provided by the system that is to be invoked. Android
explicit intent specifies the component to be invoked from activity. In other word, we can call
another activity in android by explicit intent. Service in android is like an activity to do
background functionalities without UI interaction. Fragment is part of activity, it helps to display
multiple screens on one activity. Adapter in android is used to create child views to represent the
parent view items.
Features of Android
The important features of android are given below: -
It is open source
Anyone can customize the android platform
A lot of mobile applications that can be chosen by the consumer
It provides many interesting feature
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4.3. USE CASE DIAGRAM
The use case is made up of a set of possible sequences of interactions between systems and users
in environment and related to the goal. It consists of a group of elements that can be used
together in a way that will have an effect larger than the sum of the separate elements combined.
The use case should contain all system activities that have significance to the users. A use case
can be thought of as a collection of possible scenarios related to the goal.
Use case diagrams are the blueprints for our system. It provides the simplified and graphical
representation of what the system must actually do. In this software, a user can be a right of
install application then the user can use all programs that include in the application.
Fig 4.1 Use Case
4.4. ACTIVITY DIAGRAM
Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and actions
with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the Unified Modeling Language, activity
diagrams are intended to model the processes. Activity diagram shows the overall flow of
control.
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Fig 4.2 Activity Diagram
4.5. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
As we discuss this semester project implementation, there are various system tools that have
been used in developing both the front end (part of software that the user interacts with), back
end and other tools of the project are discussed in this chapter.
1. Front end
After implementation, the user is directly interact with the application. In our project the user is
directly interact with android studio language translator and speaker.
2. Back end It is not directly access by the user but it supports the front end of application.
4.6. TESTING
It is crucial that any system which is developed is tested. Testing is the process of trying to find
as many errors as possible so that they can be resolved and the system can be deemed usable.
Testing involves executing the implemented software using test data in the system, examining outputs
and monitoring the operational behavior to ensure the system works effectively. Testing is a dynamic
technique of verification and validation because it works with an executable representation of the
system.
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4.6.1. Unit testing
It is the process of testing each individual module to check for any errors and to determine if they
meet the requirements. This method incorporates white box testing techniques. All individual
units of the systems were tested one error was identified.
4.6.2. Black Box Testing
Black box testing as the name suggests views the system as a ‘black box’ it is unconcerned with
the internal working of the system. The behavior of the system is determined by studying the
inputs and then relates outputs
4.6.3. White Box Testing
White box testing also known as glass box testing, is a software test methodology at the module
level where the test cases are derived from the internal structure of the system. The user
performing the tests will require a detailed knowledge of the work.
4.6.4. System Testing
System testing checks that, when all the modules are integrated together, overall system
functionality is achieved. The main aim of the system testing is to discover any errors or bugs
when the system is being put together.
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CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1. INTRODUCTION
Throughout this research an attempt has been made to develop a collection of words in Geez –
Amharic cross language information retrieval system (reduce problem). This chapter have two
main parts, Conclusion and Recommendation. The first part gives the concluding points of the
results obtained in the courses of this research work while the second part discusses directions
for future research.
5.2. CONCLUSION
Many shortcomings in the output of the application have been shown in this paper, due to either
faulty analysis of the source language text or faulty generation of the target language text.
Enhancement to the output can be done only by formalizing our linguistic knowledge and
enriching the smart phone with adequate rules to deal with the linguistic phenomenon. For text to
speech synthesis we should collect as many sound records of possible syllables as we can, to get
exactly natural and clear sound. Since our project is only to present that it’s possible to
implement these features by our own, but we didn’t do that fully.
On the other hand, fully automated, high quality application has not yet been achieved by any
language of the world. Yet there is a lot that we can do to improve the quality of this application
output and increase its usefulness. In this paper, we have presented the necessity to handle and
the words reordering in the android application from Geez to Amharic language. We proposed a
hybrid-based approach to solve those problems; the paper has dealt with two features that greatly
affect the output of the application, that are agreement and ordering problem which comes from
the fact that different languages have different order of the words in the sentence is also different
from one language to another.
The performance of a collection of words in Geez Amharic dictionary is highly dependent on
the number of the words. Although, the word used for this project is limited, the feasibility of
doing this dictionary between two local languages, Geez and Amharic, has been demonstrated in
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this study. While there is still much room or opportunity for improvement, encouraging results
are obtained.
5.3. RECOMMENDATION
Although the results of the projects are encouraging, there is no task to be done to make Geez –
Amharic dictionary is applicable in android application and more effective. The following are
points to be considered in the future to make the system perform better.
As it has been mentioned above, performance of Geez-Amharic dictionary is highly dependent
on the number of words we used. However, the amount of data used in building the dictionary
for this study is limited. Thus, using the amount of word for building the dictionary will enhance
the performance of the dictionary which in turn enhances the retrieval effectiveness.
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REFERENCE
[1]. መጽሐፈ ግሥ ወሰዋሰው ፧ በመ/ታ መዝገቡ ስብሐት አምስተኛ እትም 2006 ዓ/ም
[2]. ሕያው ልሳን
[3]. መርኈ ሰዋሰው
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APPENDIX
public class MainActivity extends Activity implements AdapterView.OnItemClickListener{
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
ed1=(EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText);
lv1=(ListView)findViewById(R.id.list_view);
String words[] = {"ሀለሀ", "ሀለወ", "ጦመረ", "ክህለ", "ሖረ", "ሀሎ", "ሀርበደ", "ሀሰለ",
"ሀበበ", "ሀበወ", "ሀከከ", "ሀከየ", "ሀውለየ", "ሀየየ", "ሀየደ", "ሀይመነ", "ሀይከል",
"ሀደመ", "ሀድአ", "ሀደየ", "ሀገረ", "ሀፈወ", "ሆከ", "ለሀመ", "ለሀየ", "ለሀመ",
"ለሐሰ", "ለሀቀ", "ለሀፀ", "ለሀፈ", "ለምለመ","ለሰነ", "ለበወ","ለተረ", "ለተተ",
"ለትሀ", "ለኆሰ","ለአከ", "ለኮመ","ለከወ", "ለዝለዘ","ለግዓ", "ለጠረ","ለጠነ",
"ለፀቀ","ሎሀ", "መሀረ","መሐረ", "መሀከ","መሐለ", "መሐሰ","መሐነ", "መሐዘ",
"መሀጸ", "መመተ","መሰጠ", "መርሐ", "መነነ","ማህረከ", "መድሐ","መልሐ",
"መንዝኀ","ሞርቅሐ", "ሞጥሐ","ሞቅሐ", "ሠለሰ","ሠለቀ", "ሠሀቀ","ሠምረ",
"ሠረረ","ሠረበ", "ሠረከ","ሠረየ", "ሠነየ","ሠነቀ", "ሠንሠለ","ሠአለ", "ሤጠ",
"ሤመ", "ረሀነ","ረብሐ", "ረብዓ","ረውሃ", "ረግዓ","ሰለመ", "ሰመለ","ሰመነ",
"ሰረየ","ሰሰነ", "ሰቆቀወ","ሰበነ", "ሰበጠ","ሰብሐ", "ሰተመ","ሰነየ", "ሰከመ","ሰከበ",
"ሰከወ","ሰወረ", "ሰዘረ","ሰይጠነ", "ሰደሰ","ሰገለ", "ሰጠቀ","ሰተወ", "ሰጠጠ", "ቀተለ",
"ቀነወ", "ቀነየ", "ቀደሰ", "ግዕዝ", "ዓመት", "ኃለፈ", "በዓል", "አመት", "ቦኣል"};
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