RESEARCH ON HYDRAULIC JUMP MODEL FOR A SLUICE GATE IN

A RECTANGULAR CHANNEL USING LABORATORY SETUP

A RESEARCH ON HYDRAULIC JUMP MODEL FOR A SLUICE GATE IN A

RECTANGULAR CHANNEL USING LABORATORY SETUP

A Research Project by

ILAGAN, BENJAMIN
HABITAN, JERICO
GENEVIA, FRANZ
MARQUEZ, EIDERF ALAMIS
PADOLINA, JAY PATRIC

4TH YEAR STUDENTS

Submitted to the Graduate Programs

Technological Institute of the Philippines – Quezon City

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
CE411

March 20, 2020

ii
 iii

APPROVAL SHEET

This design experiment entitled Research on Hydraulic Jump Model for a Sluice Gate in a
Rectangular Channel Using Laboratory Setup, prepared and submitted by Ilagan Benjamin,
Habitan Jerico, Genevia Franz, Marquez Eiderf Alamis and Padolina Jay Patric in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree ce411 hydraulic engineering is hereby accepted.

Engr. Alpanorwen D. Aseo

Research Paper Adviser

Engr. Allan B. Benogsudan

Chair, Defense Panel

Accepted and approved for the conferral of the degree hydraulic engineering.

Ruji P. Medina, Ph.D.

Dean, Graduate Programs
 iv

DEDICATION

This research is dedicated to our parents, relatives and friends who support us to learn

financially, physically and morality to finish our study and give us brighter future. We thanked them

because they do their best and gave us guidance to finish this research.

To almighty God, we thank you for the guidance, protection, moral support, spiritual

strength and healthy life.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We the researcher would like to express our appreciation to our adviser, Engr. Alpanorwen

D. Aseo, the one who inspired the student and teach them to understand the concept for us to do

this research.

Also, the researcher would like to express gratitude to Engr. Diego Inocenio T. Gillesania

through his book we learn to practice to solve problems which we use to finish the research.

To all our classmates and friends who shared their support and knowledge to guide the

researcher, we deeply thank them.

Sincerely,

Group 4
 vi

Table of Contents

APPROVAL SHEET.............................................................................................iii

DEDICATION.....................................................................................................iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................v

Table of Contents..............................................................................................vi

1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................1

1.1 Objectives of the Study.....................................................................................1

1.2 Background of the Study...................................................................................1

1.3 Significance of the Study...................................................................................3

1.4 Scope and Delimitations...................................................................................4

2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK......................................................................5

2.1 Review of Related Literature.............................................................................5

2.2 Definition of Terms...........................................................................................6

3 OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK.....................................................................8

3.1 Materials...........................................................................................................8

3.1.1 Software.......................................................................................................8

3.1.2 Hardware......................................................................................................8

3.1.3 Data..............................................................................................................9

3.1.4 Experimental design...................................................................................14

3.1.5 Procedures for the different phases...........................................................15

 vii

3.1.6 Evaluation...................................................................................................16

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......................................................................17

4.1 Results by phase of study................................................................................17

4.2 Verification studies.........................................................................................23

5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS...........................24

5.1 Summary.........................................................................................................24

5.2 Conclusions.....................................................................................................24

5.3 Recommendations..........................................................................................24

REFERENCES....................................................................................................26

APPENDICES....................................................................................................27

CURRICULUM VITAE.........................................................................................33
 viii

ABSTRACT

This experiment tackles on getting the hydraulic jump through the Multi-Purpose Teaching Flume

(HM 160.0) and Crump Weir Accessory –Rectangular and Triangular Section – (HM 160.33), as

well as to analyze and interpret the data and results. Develop a hydraulic jump model from the

associated parameters such as length and depth of jump, Froude’s Number, celerity, and head lost

for the two types of channel sections, as well as, to acquire graphs for comparison and analysis.

This is done by the used of hydraulic jump such as the significance of such parameters in the

experiment to be able interpret and synthesize the formulated model for the two types of channel.
 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objectives of the Study

Start with the general objective of the research. The general objective should provide the

answer to the problem just stated above. In a way, the general objective is a restatement of the

title of the research.

The specific objectives follow, using a experiment

1) Conduct an experiment to create a hydraulic jump through the Multi-Purpose Teaching

Flume (HM 160.0) and Crump Weir Accessory –Rectangular and Triangular Section – (HM
160.33), as well as to analyze and interpret the data and results.
2) Develop a hydraulic jump model from the associated parameters such as length and depth
of jump, Froude’s Number, celerity, and head lost for the two types of channel sections, as
well as, to acquire graphs for comparison and analysis.
3) Discuss the concepts used in hydraulic jump such as the significance of such parameters
in the experiment to be able interpret and synthesize the formulated model for the two
types of channel.

1.2 Background of the Study

Interest in the hydraulic jump began to increase after the early 19th century. In 1828,
Belanger connected the hydraulic jump with the Momentum Principle. Gibson (1913) did some
experiments and the results gave the best verification of the Momentum Principle in the hydraulic
jump. By way of general description, a hydraulic jump occurs when flow changes from supercritical
to subcritical flow in a short distance. In other words, the flow depths change from low stage to high
stage.
 Hydraulic jump observed in open channels hold responsible to rapidly varied flow where
velocity occurs from super-critical flow to sub-critical flow indicating a significant change. This is
due to the presence of structures that blocks the movement of flow in open channels. One
impressive example forming hydraulic jump is under-shot weir or gate seen in canals where flow
goes through high velocity beneath gates with upstream small depth and goes back to an elevated
downstream conjugate depth afar from the gate with lesser velocity. Froude number defined as
ratio of inertia to the external field, shows the clear effect of non-uniform flow velocity in open
channels, gaining supercritical flow at Froude number greater than 1, considering that sub-critical
flow is determined at Froude number lesser than 1. Formation of hydraulic jump in canals have its
advantage. One main advantage is energy dissipation downstream spillways, where build-up of
water behind the gate combining the high velocity which suddenly declines downstream gate which
helps it avoid erosion and scour. (El-Seddik, 2017)

A few of laboratory experiments were performed to explore the upstream conjugate depth for
different discharges and downstream water depths by regulating both flow meter and over-shot
weir. Types of hydraulic jump can be noticed by simulating Froude number responsible for super-
critical flow under the impact of upstream conjugate depth. A novel alteration was made to show
the response of hydraulic jump accompanied by critical depth exploration using different flow
structures. Moreover, the area of hydraulic jump coupled with energy dissipated is checked by
changing the sluice gate opening in the flume.

The findings of this study will benefit design engineers. A properly designed hydraulic jump
can provide for 60-70% energy dissipation of the energy in the basin itself, limiting the damage to
structures and the streambed. Even with such efficient energy dissipation, stilling basins must be
carefully designed to avoid serious damage due to uplift, vibration, cavitation, and abrasion. And
for the researchers, this study will help them uncover critical areas in the educational process that
researchers were not able to explore.
 The main goal is to know the importance of hydraulic jump on the daily lives of workers who
work often with hydraulics. This study has five purposes this are to know other uses of hydraulic
jump, to know the relevance of hydraulic jump for civil engineering, to know how this hydraulic jump
in sluice gate system works, to know the limitations of hydraulic jump system and to know if this
study can contribute to some engineers.

1.3 Significance of the Study

The results of the study will be deemed important to the following:

Students. The experiment could help them to understand furthermore the concept of

Hydraulic jump. Also, it is one of the most entertaining experiment to be done in a hydraulics

laboratory because the results are amazing to see.

Professors. The results obtained from the study could measure how the researchers

learned from the specific lesson they use in the experiment. Likewise, the study could be used as a

usual experiment of the hydraulics engineering class.

Future Researchers. The study has five purposes this are to know other uses of hydraulic
jump, to know the relevance of hydraulic jump for civil engineering, to know how this hydraulic jump
in sluice gate system works, to know the limitations of hydraulic jump system and to know if this
study can contribute to some engineers.
1.4 Scope and Delimitations

In this design of experiment, the students aims to conduct an experiment to

develop a hydraulic jump model with the use of the laboratory set-up which is
composed of Multi-Purpose Teaching Flume (HM 160.0) and Crump Weir Accessory
(HM 160.33) for the rectangular and triangular sections for open channel. The
volumetric flow rate should be held constant throughout the experiment. Input factors
such as the depth of hydraulic jump, length of hydraulic jump, the discharge, and the
300mm width base of the flume. These factors shall be measured and recorded for
the calculation of stated output responses. The output responses include velocity,
celerity, head loss, Froude Number, and type of jump. Lastly, the statistical technique
that shall be used is the one-way ANOVA Test (Factorial Analysis) which is used to
determine the interaction between the two independent variables on the dependent
variable.
 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Review of Related Literature

With the rapid development of microelectronics, computer, sensor and

communication technology, the measuring and controlling of hydraulic structures has
gradually realized automation and intelligent information collection will be more and more
perfect. As a commonly used hydraulic structure, sluice gate needs to be combined with
modern technology to provide basic data and control flow in more scientific and efficient
ways. Different discharge methods are available to determine discharge under sluice
gates. The present paper designs a new float type float and proposes a way to measure
the discharge through the gate.

The new method can be used to predict the performance of sluice gates with
different sizes under free -flow situations. These results may attract and guide numerical
modelers of flow. A free flow automation measuring and controlling system based on
single chip.

According to Youngkyu Kim, Gyewoon Choi, Hyoseon Park and Seongjoon Byeon,
2015. Movable weirs have been developed to address the weaknesses of conventional
fixed weirs. However, the structures for riverbed protection downstream of movable weirs
are designed using the criteria of fixed weirs in most cases, and these applications cause
problems, such as scour and deformation of structures, due to misunderstanding the
difference between different types of structures. In this study, a hydraulic experiment was
conducted to examine weir type-specific hydraulic phenomena, compare hydraulic jumps
and downstream flow characteristics according to different weir types, and analyze
hydraulic characteristics, such as changes in water levels, velocities and energy.
Additionally, to control the flow generated by a sluice gate, energy dissipators were
 examined herein for their effectiveness in relation to different installation locations and
heights. As a result, it was found that although sluice gates generated hydraulic jumps
similar to those of fixed weirs, their downstream supercritical flow increased to eventually
elongate the overall hydraulic jumps. In energy dissipator installation, installation heights
were found to be sensitive to energy dissipation. The most effective energy dissipator
height was 10% of the downstream free surface water depth in this experiment. Based on
these findings, it seems desirable to use energy dissipators to reduce energy, as such
dissipators were found to be effective in reducing hydraulic jumps and protecting the
riverbed under sluice gates.

For tables, use the following format:

Table 2-1. From "References" > Insert Caption > Table

Indent the Table label to start Only the table number is capitalized.,
of table the label is not.

The List of Tables should be The Chapter number is included in

automatically generated the table number

Provide a conceptual framework in the form of a single diagram which should show all the

aspects of the study. Provide a description of the framework after the diagram.

2.2 Definition of Terms

ANOVA TEST - AN ANOVA TEST IS A WAY TO FIND OUT IF SURVEY OR EXPERIMENT RESULTS

ARE SIGNIFICANT. IN OTHER WORDS, THEY HELP YOU TO FIGURE OUT IF YOU NEED TO REJECT THE NULL

HYPOTHESIS OR ACCEPT THE ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS.

CAVITATION - THE FORMATION OF PARTIAL VACUUMS IN A LIQUID BY

A SWIFTLY MOVING SOLID BODY (SUCH AS A PROPELLER) OR BY HIGH-

INTENSITY SOUND WAVES; ALSO: THE PITTING AND WEARING AWAY OF SOLID SURFACES (AS

OF METAL OR CONCRETE) AS A RESULT OF THE COLLAPSE OF THESE VACUUMS IN SURROUNDING LIQUID

CRITICAL FLOW - CRITICAL FLOW CRITICAL FLOW OCCURS WHEN THE FLOW VELOCITY IN

A CHANNEL EQUALS THE WAVE VELOCITY GENERATED BY A DISTURBANCE OR OBSTRUCTION. IN THIS

CONDITION THE FROUDE NUMBER (FR) = 1. WHEN THE WAVE VELOCITY EXCEEDS THE FLOW VELOCITY

(FR IS LESS THAN 1) WAVES CAN FLOW UPSTREAM, WATER CAN POND BEHIND AN OBSTRUCTION, AND THE
FLOW IS SAID TO BE SUBCRITICAL OR TRANQUIL. WHEN FR IS GREATER THAN 1 WAVES CANNOT BE

GENERATED UPSTREAM AND THE FLOW IS SAID TO BE SUPERCRITICAL, RAPID, OR SHOOTING.

DISSIPATED - GIVEN   TO OR   MARKED

E ROSION -
THE   GRADUAL   DESTRUCTION   OF   SOMETHING   BY   NATURAL   FORCES  ( SUCH   AS   WATER ,  WIND , OR

ICE ):  THE   PROCESS   BY   WHICH   SOMETHING   IS   ERODED   OR   WORN   AWAY

F ROUDE NUMBER - IN CONTINUUM MECHANICS, THE FROUDE NUMBER (FR) IS A DIMENSIONLESS

NUMBER DEFINED AS THE RATIO OF THE FLOW INERTIA TO THE EXTERNAL FIELD (THE LATTER IN MANY

APPLICATIONS SIMPLY DUE TO GRAVITY). 

DISCHARGE - TO   RELIEVE   OF A  CHARGE ,  LOAD , OR   BURDEN

H YDRAULIC JUMP - A HYDRAULIC JUMP IS A PHENOMENON IN THE SCIENCE

OF HYDRAULICS WHICH IS FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW SUCH

AS RIVERS AND SPILLWAYS. WHEN LIQUID AT HIGH VELOCITY DISCHARGES INTO A ZONE OF LOWER

VELOCITY, A RATHER ABRUPT RISE OCCURS IN THE LIQUID SURFACE. THE RAPIDLY FLOWING LIQUID IS

ABRUPTLY SLOWED AND INCREASES IN HEIGHT, CONVERTING SOME OF THE FLOW'S INITIAL KINETIC

ENERGY INTO AN INCREASE IN POTENTIAL ENERGY, WITH SOME ENERGY IRREVERSIBLY LOST THROUGH

TURBULENCE TO HEAT. IN AN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW, THIS MANIFESTS AS THE FAST FLOW RAPIDLY

SLOWING AND PILING UP ON TOP OF ITSELF SIMILAR TO HOW A SHOCKWAVE FORMS.

SUPERCRITICAL - A SUPERCRITICAL FLOW IS A FLOW WHOSE VELOCITY IS LARGER THAN

THE WAVE VELOCITY.
 3 OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK

3.1 Materials

The following are the materials used to conduct this design of experiment:

1 unit HM 160.0 Multi-Purpose Teaching Flume

1 unit Sluice Gate

2 units Ruler

Food Coloring

Power and Water Supply

3.1.1 Software

1 unit HM 160.0 Multi-Purpose Teaching Flume

3.1.2 Hardware

Hydraulic jumps are very efficient in dissipating the energy of the flow to make it more
controllable & less erosive .In engineering practice, the hydraulic jump frequently appears
downstream from overflow structures (spillways) ,or under flow structures ( sluice gates),where
velocities are height. • Objectives of the experiments: * To create the hydraulic jump.* To verify the
questions of fluid flow.* To determine the slatrility & characteristics of the hydraulic jump obtained
in the lab using Impulse momentum & specific energy equations. * To compare measured flow
depths with theoretical results. • Apparatus:• Channel Size : 1000 x 250 x 200 mm• Sump tank
capacity : 75 liters • Volumetric tank capacity : 40 liters • Pump : Motor 0.5 HP,Mono block type,0-
60 Liter/min• Piping with necessary Valves and Fittings 

3.1.3 Data

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

The group used analysis of variance (ANOVA) as the statistical treatment
for the design experiment. Analysis of variance is a statistical tool used to compare
three or more means. This statistical treatment will apply F-test to calculate for the
F-value of each factor so that it would be compared with the critical value that will
be determined from the F-distribution table. The F-test will be used to test the
hypothesis. It would demonstrate the difference between the three means. For the
F-test, two different estimates of the sample variance will be arranged. The first
estimate is the between-group variance. It contains the analyzation of the variance
of means. The second estimate is the within-group variance. It comprises the
calculation of variance by using all the data gathered, but it will not be affected by
the differences in means. If the F-value is greater than the critical value, the null
hypothesis will be rejected. The assumed level of significance was 0.05.

The data gathered were used for ANOVA to determine if there is a

significant difference within each category and between different categories,
having equations:
S2B
F – value, 𝐹= 2
SW

Where: S2B= between-group variance

S2W = within-group variance

S2B=
∑ ni (x́ i−x́ GM )²
K −1
 Where:ni = number of samples in ith group
x́ i= mean of samples in ith group
𝑘 = number of groups

x́ GM = grand mean, ∑ x́ , where 𝑁 is the total number of

N
samples

∑ ni ( x́ i− x́ GM )² = sum of squares

2 ∑ ( ni−1 ) 2 s2i
S =
W
(ni−1)
Where: s2i = variance of samples in ith group

For the critical value (F - critical), it would be obtained from the F –

distribution table. It contains degree of freedom, numerator (d. f. N.) and degree of
freedom, denominator (d. F. D.). They would be the basis to find the critical value
from the table.

𝑑.𝐹.𝑁. = 𝑘−1 𝑑.𝐹.𝐷. =𝑁−𝑘

Where: 𝑘 = number of groups

𝑁 = the total number of sample

 Head
Loss Power Froude
Trial Velocity
Loss (W) Number
(m)
0.0013333 0.1572 1.442 1.3356
1
0.0037852 0.56 4.0924 1.4003
2
0.0001419 0.6810 14.5124 2.2347
3
0.0061413 1.0760 5.8249 2.7061
4

Table 1. Calculated Output Responses

Where: N = 16
k=3

With the data provided, we were able to come up with the parameters
of ANOVA and we have computed the F – value. Hereby is the table of data
summary:

DATA SUMMARY

Standard
Groups N Mean Variance
Deviation
0.003850425 0.00972709545 0.00389158295
Head Loss 4
0.6189 0.3783439485 0.1431441433
Power Loss 4
 3.9681 1.83532051 3.380200103
Velocity 4

Froude 1.9190 0.6654817873 0.4428660092

4
Number

Table 2. Data Summary (ANOVA)

ANOVA SUMMARY
Degree of Sum of Mean Squares F - value
Source Freedom Squares (SS) (SS/DF)
(dF)
9.21681879 3.07227293 3.519217541
Between 3
Groups
10.475986417 0.9665534808
Within 12
Groups
20.81546056
Total 15

Table 3. ANOVA Summary

For the critical value, we determined the degrees of freedom, d. F. N.

and d. F. D.
d. F. N = k – 1 = 4 – 1 = 3
d. F. D. = N – k = 16 – 4 = 12

After obtaining the degrees of freedom, we determined the critical

value by referring to the F – distribution table, with 0.05 level of significance:
Figure 5. F – Distribution table (α = 0.05)

The F – critical is 3.4903

 3.1.3.1.1 Methods

The following are the computed values for the output responses such as head loss, power

loss, velocity, and Froude number. The details of computation for this responses were elaborated

in the discussion section of this design of experiment.

3.1.4 Experimental design

This DoE aims to:

1) Conduct an experiment to create a hydraulic jump through the Multi-Purpose Teaching
Flume (HM 160.0) and Sluice Gate as well as to analyze and interpret the data and results.
2) Develop a hydraulic jump model from the associated parameters such as length and depth
of jump, Froude’s Number, celerity, and head lost for the two types of channel sections, as
well as, to acquire graphs for comparison and analysis.
3) Discuss the concepts used in hydraulic jump such as the significance of such parameters
in the experiment to be able interpret and synthesize the formulated model for the two
types of channel.

Input Factors

Depth of Hydraulic The depth of hydraulic jump is the measurement of depth from the
Jump (m) upstream and downstream flow.
Discharge (m3/s) The discharge is the volume of water passing on a certain amount of
time in the HM 160.0 Laboratory Apparatus.
Base of the flume (m) The base of the flume is the length measured 300mm based on its
technical description
Output Responses
Velocity (m/s) From the continuity equation which is solely based on the principle of
mass conservation, velocity is the ratio of volumetric flow rate to cross
sectional area of any hydraulic structure or system.
Head loss (m) It is the loss of head from the difference in energies before and after
the initial jump which can be determined using the Bernoulli’s equation.
Power loss (W) Power loss is caused by the change or difference in energies from the
 supercritical flow to subcritical flow. It is directly proportional to the unit
weight of the fluid, volumetric flow rate, and head loss.
Froude Number Froude Number is a dimensionless quantity which is used to indicate
the influence of gravity on fluid motion. It describes the different flow
regimes of open channel flow which is also a ratio of inertial and
gravitational forces. Froude Number is equal to 1 for critical flow,
greater than 1 for super-critical flow, and less than 1 for sub-critical
flow.
Type of Jump The type of jump for both channel section is determined by Froude
Number.
Design Statistics
ANOVA Test The ANOVA Test, Analysis of Variance, is a statistical techniques that
assesses potential differences in a scale-level dependent variable by a
nominal-level variable having few categories. One -Way ANOVA (also
known as Factorial Analysis) will be used in the design of experiment
where there are two independent variables. This statistical treatment is
applied with the F-test from which the conclusion of this design of
experiment shall be based on.

3.1.5 Procedures for the different phases

The following are the procedures to reach the stated objectives:

1. Set-up the sluice gate inside the HM 160 (Multi-Purpose Teaching Flume) Apparatus.
2. Set the height of sluice gate opening to 6.49 cm.
3. Start the flow with Q lower than the values of Q for each trial.
4. To create hydraulic jump change immediately the flow rate for the designated values of Q
by re-adjusting the flow control valve.
 7 m3
5. Assign values of Q. For the first trial as through the flow meter.
hr
6. Allow the free flow of the system until it creates hydraulic jump.
7. Measure the upstream, downstream, depth of hydraulic jump and length of the hydraulic
jump using ruler.
8. Record the data and then drain the water inside.
8 m3 9 m3
9. Repeat steps 3 to 7 for trial 2 with Q as , trial 3 with Q as and trial 4 with Q as
hr hr

10 m3
. Repeat the procedure until the data for a total of three flow rates have been
hr
recorded.

3.1.6 Evaluation

In this design of experiment, the students aims to conduct an experiment to

develop a hydraulic jump model with the use of the laboratory set-up which is
composed of Multi-Purpose Teaching Flume (HM 160.0) and Crump Weir Accessory
(HM 160.33) for the rectangular and triangular sections for open channel. The
volumetric flow rate should be held constant throughout the experiment. Input factors
such as the depth of hydraulic jump, length of hydraulic jump, the discharge, and the
300mm width base of the flume. These factors shall be measured and recorded for
the calculation of stated output responses. The output responses include velocity,
celerity, head loss, Froude Number, and type of jump. Lastly, the statistical technique
that shall be used is the one-way ANOVA Test (Factorial Analysis) which is used to
determine the interaction between the two independent variables on the dependent
variable.
 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Results by phase of study

Hydraulic jump occurs in an open channel where a sudden increase in water occurs. This
phenomenon transpires when a high-speed, supercritical flow upstream is rapidly slowed and
changes to subcritical flow. In the figure below, note that Y 1 and Y2 are supercritical depth and
subcritical depth, respectively. The length of hydraulic jump is the distance (L) between the point of
supercritical depth and subcritical depth.

Height of Jump

Height of jump is the difference between subcritical depth and supercritical depth.

H= Y2 – Y1

Critical Depth (Yc)

Critical depth of an open channel is the minimum depth of water above ground level at
which the velocity of flow is very high and flow takes place with more of turbulence. The velocity of
water at this depth is called as critical velocity.
 q2 Q
Y c=
√
3

g
q=
b

Energy Dissipated in Jump

Hydraulic jump is a phenomenon where a rise in water surface occurs. Along with the rise
in the water surface, there is also loss of energy near the change in the grade line. By derivation,
energy dissipated in jump is equal to the head loss in the jump.

E1 = E2 + HL

HL = E1 – E2

For Rectangular Section

HL=¿ ¿

Where:

HL = head loss

Y1 = supercritical depth
 Y2 = subcritical depth

Flow under Sluice Gate

The theoretical formula is based on the conservation of energy:

1
2g
Q=BY 1 Y 3
[ (Y 1 +Y 3 ) ] 2

In which,

Q – Discharge (m3/s)

B – Base Width of the flume (m)

Y1 – Upstream Flow Depth (m)

Y2 – Downstream Flow Depth (m)

The stated formula can be written in terms of Y 2:

C C =Y 3 /Y 2
 Froude Number

Froude number represents the clear impact of non-uniform flow velocity in open channels
where super-critical flow is obtained at Froude number greater than 1, whereas sub-critical flow is
indicated at Froude number less than 1.

v1
F r=
√g Y 1

Q
v1 =
bY1

Where:

v1 = velocity (m/s)

Q = discharge in the conjugate depth (m 3/s)

 g = gravitational force (9.81 m2/s)

Y1 = supercritical depth

Froude Number (Fr) Type of Hydraulic Jump

1 No Jump

1-1.7 Undular Jump

1.7-2.5 Weak Jump

2.5-4.5 Oscillating Jump

4.5-9 Steady Jump

>9 Strong Jump

Table 4. Type of Hydraulic Jump Based on Froude’s Number

The following are the tabulated data and results obtained and calculated from the
experiment:

DEPTH OF DEPTH
DISCHARGE Y1 FLOW OF JUMP
TRIAL
(m3/s) (mm) (mm) (m)

Y2 Y3 Y3 - Y2

1 0.001944 60 30 50 0.020

2 0.002222 80 25 52 0.027

3 0.0025 90 25 53 0.028
 52.
4 0.002778 100 22 30.5
5

Head Loss Velocity

Power Froude Type of
Trial
Loss (W) Number Jump
(m) (m/s)
0.0013333 0.1572 1.442 1.3356 Undular
1
0.0037852 0.56 4.0924 1.4003 Oscillating
2
0.0001419 0.6810 4.5124 2.2347 Oscillating
3
Steady
0.0061413 1.0760 5.8249 2.7061
4 Jump

Table 6. Calculated Head Loss, Power Loss, Velocity, Froude Number, and Type
Table 5. Raw Data from HM 160 Multi-Purpose Teaching Flume
of Jump

4.2 Verification studies

Based from the One Way ANOVA calculations, with the use of F-distribution table,
the obtained F-value 3.519217541 is greater than the F-critical value 3.4903. Therefore,
the F-value falls outside the area to which the null hypothesis should be accepted. In this
case, the null hypothesis should be rejected and most probably that some factors have a
significant relationship to the development of hydraulic jump.
 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

Overall, upon experimenting, it is recommended to be wary of the speed of transition of the

hydraulic jump. These required faster measurement which could be hurdle for the next
researchers. Also make an additional data for other type of gates for future experiment. It will be
more important to know the behavior or effect of different kind of gates when the hydraulic jump is
present. The present researchers hope these data could be helpful for future researchers.

5.2 Conclusions

Throughout the experiment, several conclusion could be drawn. Example of that is the
reason why hydraulic jump is created because of the sudden change of velocity, the water flow is
abrupt causing the water surface to increase till it remain constant again. This phenomenon causes
the potential energy to convert to kinetic energy and returns to potential energy and some heat as it
dissipated.

5.3 Recommendations

Sluice gate provides a convenient means of flow regulation, especially in irrigation and
drainage schemes where flow has to be distributed in networks of interconnected channels. The
gate is provided with a lifting mechanism so that the aperture beneath it may be set to any desired
position. When closed, the aperture is sealed so that no flow can pass through the gate. The height
of water which emerges from the aperture is stopping the flow so that a standing wave can be
formed downstream of the gate, and these where the hydraulic jump emerge or created.

Also in observation, the speed of transition of the hydraulic jump is dependent on the
discharge that is set on the apparatus. The larger the discharge the faster it gets. Several
parameters are measured during the experiment, such as the depth of water in both upstream and
downstream, the height before, during and after the jump etc.

Overall, upon experimenting, it is recommended to be wary of the speed of

transition of the hydraulic jump. These required faster measurement which could be
hurdle for the next researchers. Also make an additional data for other type of gates for
future experiment. It will be more important to know the behavior or effect of different
kind of gates when the hydraulic jump is present. The present researchers hope these data
could be helpful for future researchers.
 REFERENCES

Bradley, J.N., and Peterka, A. J., The Hydraulic Design of Stilling Basins: Hydraulic Jumps on A
Horizontal

Apron(Basiu I), Joumal of Hydraulic Division, ASCE, vol. 83,No. 5, pp. 1041-1-1042, 1957.

Bradley, J.N., and Peterka, A.J.,The Hydraulic Design of Stilling Basins: High Dams, Earth Dams,
and Large

Canal Structures (Basin II), Journal of Hydraulic Division, ASCE, vol. 83 , No. 5, pp. 1042-1-1043,
1957

Chang, T.J., Studies of Hydraulic Jump by The Flow Routine, Hydraulic Engineering Proceed in of
the 1988 National Conference, ASCE, pp. 1003-1012, 1988.
 APPENDICES

Appendix A: COMPUTATION

Computations:

B = 300 mm or 0.3 m

7 m3 3
7 −3 m
TRIAL1 :Q= → =1.944 ×10
hr 3600 s

Y 1=0.06 mY 2=0.03 m Y 3=0.05 m

1
2g
Q=BY 1 Y 3
[ (Y 1 +Y 3 ) ] 2

1
m

[ ( )
]
2
2 9.81 2
s m3
Q= ( 0.3 m) ( 0.06 m )( 0.05 ) =0.01202
( 0.06 m+0.05 m ) s

Q 0.01202 m3 /s
v= = =1. 3356 m/s
B Y 2 (0.3 m)( 0.03 m)
 (Y 3−Y 2)3 (0.05 m−0.03 m)3 −3
∆ E= = =1.3333 ×10 m=1 . 33 mm
4 Y 2Y 3 4 (0.05 m−0.03 m)

Q
FR=
m3
3 0.01202
s
B(Y ¿¿ 2) 2 √ g= 3
=1 .1442 ¿
2 2
( 0.3 m)(0.03 m) √ 9.81 m/ s

Therefore, Undular Jump

3
kg m m
(
P E=ρgQ ∆ E= 1000
m3 )( )(
9.81 2 0.01202
s s )
(1.3333× 10−3 m)=0 .1572 W

8 m3 3
8 −3 m
TRIAL2 :Q= → =2.2222 ×10
hr 3600 s

Y 1=0.08 m Y 2=0.025 mY 3=0.052 m

 1
2g
Q=BY 1 Y 3
[
(Y 1 +Y 3 ) ] 2

1
m

[ ( )
]
2
2 9.81 2
s m3
Q= ( 0.3 m) ( 0.08 m )( 0.052 ) =0.0152
( 0.08 m+ 0.052m ) s

Q 0.01502 m3 / s
v= = =1. 4003 m/ s
B Y 2 (0.3 m)( 0.025 m)

(Y 3−Y 2)3 (0.052 m−0.025 m)3

∆ E= = =3.7852× 10−3 m=3.7852 mm
4 Y 2Y 3 4 (0.025 m−0.052 m)

Q
FR=
m3
3 0.0152
s
B(Y ¿¿ 2) 2 √ g= 3
=4 . 0924 ¿
2
( 0.3)(0.025) √ 9.81

Therefore, Oscillating Jump

 kg m m3
(
P E=ρgQ ∆ E= 1000
m 3 )(
9.81
s2 )(
0.0152
s )
(3.7852× 10−3 m)=0 .56 W

9 m3 3
9 −3 m
TRIAL3 : Q= → =2.5 ×10
hr 3600 s

Y 1=0.09 m Y 2=0.025 mY 3 =0.053 m

1
2g
Q=BY 1 Y 3
[
(Y 1 +Y 3 ) ] 2

1
m

[ ( )
]
2
2 9.81 2
s m3
Q= ( 0.3 m) ( 0.09 m )( 0.053 ) =0.01676
( 0.09 m+ 0.053 m) s

Q 0.01676 m 3 /s
v= = =2. 2347 m/s
B Y 2 (0.3 m)(0.025 m)

(Y 3−Y 2)3 (0.053 m−0.025 m)3 −3

∆ E= = =4.1419× 10 m=4 .1419 mm
4 Y 2Y 3 4 (0.053 m−0.025 m)
 Q
FR=
m3
3 0.01676
2 s
B(Y ¿¿ 2) √ g= 3
=4 . 5124 ¿
2
(0.3)( 0.025) √ 9.81

Therefore, Steady Jump

kg m m3
(
P E=ρgQ ∆ E= 1000 3 9.81 2 0.01676
m s s)( )(
( 4.1419× 10−3 m)=0 .6810 W )
10 m 3 3
10 −3 m
TRIAL 4 :Q= → =2.7778 ×10
hr 3600 s

Y 1=0.01 mY 2=0.022 mY 3=0.0525m

1
2g
Q=BY 1 Y 3
[
(Y 1 +Y 3 ) ] 2

1
m

[ ( )
]
2
2 9.81 2
s m3
Q= ( 0.3 m) ( 0.01 m) ( 0.0525 ) =0.01786
( 0.01m+0.0525 m ) s
 Q 0.01786 m3 /s
v= = =2. 7061 m/ s
B Y 2 (0.3 m)( 0.022m)

(Y 3−Y 2)3 (0.0525 m−0.022 m)3

∆ E= = =6.1413 ×10−3 m=6.1413 mm
4 Y 2Y 3 4 (0.0525 m−0.022 m)

Q
FR=
m3
3 0.01786
2 s
B(Y ¿¿ 2) √ g= 3
=5 . 8249 ¿
2
( 0.3)(0.022) √ 9.81

Therefore, Steady Jump

kg m m3
P E=ρgQ ∆ E= 1000 ( m3 )(
9.81
s2 )
(0.01786
s
)(6.1413 ×10−3 m)=1 .0760 W
CURRICULUM VITAE
CAREER OBJECTIVE

To establish a career in information technology where I can demonstrate the learning outcomes of the Information Technology program of
the Technological Institute of the Philippines (TIP), a proram accredited by the US-based outcomes-oriented ABET (Accreditation Board for
Engineering and Technology), Computing Accreditation Commision.

DESIGN PROJECTS COMPLETED/ RESEARCHES

Proposed Two-Story Residential Building

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirement in CE 412 (TIMBER DESIGN)

Proposed 5 kilometers Diversion Road Project (Angono-Teresa Road)

Highway Engineering Design Project

ON-THE-JOB TRAINING/ PRACTICUM/ INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

On the job training

Department of Public Works and Highway
GMA kamuning Quezon cty
June 20, 2016 - February 24, 2017
On the Job training

KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND ATTITUDE

Having graduated from TIP with its orientation towards outcome-based education, I have acquired and can demonstrate the following
student acquire outcomes (knowledge, skills and attitudes) necessary to the practice of the computing profession:

Analyze complex problems and identify and define the computing requirements appropriate for solution.
Use modern techniques and tools of the computing practice in complex activities.
Understand professional, ethical, legal, security and social issues and responsibilities relevant to professional computing.

SEMINARS AND TRAININGS ATTENDED

2016 Trends and Topic Conference

Room A, Building 1, Technological Institute of the Philippines
February 29, 2016

MARKETING WORKSHOP FOR STUDENT CAREER TALK SPEAKERS

TIP QUEZON CITY SEMINAR ROOM
November 25, 2016
 FRANZ ERGUIZA GENAVIA

Phone: 09194325661
Email: [email protected]
Address: 27 – M Ilaya Barangka Mandaluyong City
Birthday: December 23, 1997
Civil Status: Single

CAREER OBJECTIVE

To be in a company that will enhance my knowledge, skills and character through hands- on
training in different theories and concepts in the field that will fits my qualifications.

SKILLS
 Good in oral and written communication skills, both in English and Filipino
 Microsoft Office (MS Word, Excel, Powerpoint, Internet, etc)
 Manage and organize work schedule
 AutoCAD Operator
 Ability to work independently or as part of a team

KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND ATTITUDE

Having studying from TIP with its orientation towards outcome-based education, I have
acquired and can demonstrate the following student acquire outcomes (knowledge, skills and
attitudes) necessary to the practice of the computing profession:

∙ Analyze complex problems and identify and define the computing requirements appropriate
for solution
∙Use modern techniques and tools of the computing practice in complex activities.
∙Understand professional, ethical, legal, security and social issues and responsibilities relevant
to professional computing.

SEMINAR AND TRAINING ATTENDED

∙ Technopreneurship

Seminar Room A&B - Technological Institute of the Philippines

February 26, 2018

EXTRA AND CO-CURRICULAR ENGAGEMENTS AND VOLUNTEER WORKS

∙ Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers

Member

July 01, 2019 - Present