Product Name Security Level

LTE TDD pRRU CONFIDENTIAL

Product Version Total 63 pages

eRAN6.1

White Paper for LTE TDD LampSite Networking

For internal use only

Prepared by WTL Solutions Design Dept. Date 2013-04-25

Reviewed by Date

Granted by Date

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

All rights reserved
White Paper for LTE TDD LampSite Networking About This Document

About This Document

Change History
Date Issue Change Description Author

2012-08-10 1.0 Completed the draft. Li Zhongdong (employee

ID: 120911)
2012-12-05 1.1 Modified the content according to Zhou Zhibing (employee
review comment. ID:63023)
2013-04-10 1.2 Added, deleted, and modified the Dai Heng (employee
descriptions according to release ID:00171047)
requirements.
2013-04-25 1.3 Modified the content according to Dai Heng (employee
review comments from team ID:00171047)
members.
2013-05-21 1.4 Modified the content according to Dai Heng (employee
ASFN field test results. ID:00171047)
2013-06-04 1.5 Deleted descriptions about ASFN Dai Heng (employee
and Ethernet over CPRI. ID:00171047)

Key words
LampSite, pRRU, cell combination, SFN, coverage, capacity, performance, network planning
and optimization.

Abstract
This document provides guidance for designing the LampSite solution. It is intended for
personnel who have a basic knowledge, including the functions, software, and hardware
capability of LampSite products. This document includes the application scenarios, product
specifications, networking configuration principles, networking design process and methods,
network evolution and expansion, with the emphasis on the following:

Issue 01 (2012-10-14) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential i

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co.,
Ltd.
White Paper for LTE TDD LampSite Networking About This Document

 Pre-planning, site deployment, anti-interference measures and corresponding analysis on

coverage, capacity, and performance during the networking design
 Engineering design
 Parameter planning methods
 Future expansion policies

Acronyms and abbreviations

Abbreviations Full spelling

pRRU pico-RRU
RHUB Radio HUB
PoE Power over Ethernet
SFN Single Frequency Network
Cat 5/Cat 5e Category 5 (enhanced)

Issue 01 (2012-10-14) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential ii

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co.,
Ltd.
White Paper for LTE TDD LampSite Networking Contents

Contents

About This Document......................................................................................................................i

1 Overview.........................................................................................................................................1
2 Application Scenarios...................................................................................................................3
2.1 From the Perspective of Requirements..............................................................................................................3
2.1.1 Restricted Coverage Scenarios.................................................................................................................3
2.1.2 Coverage Restricted Scenarios.................................................................................................................3
2.2 From the Perspective of Zones..........................................................................................................................3
2.2.1 Business Office Buildings........................................................................................................................4
2.2.2 Small-sized Indoor Hotspots....................................................................................................................4
2.2.3 Large-scale Public Places.........................................................................................................................5

3 Networking Restraints and Configuration Principles...........................................................6

3.1 Product Specifications.......................................................................................................................................6
3.1.2 RHUB Specifications...............................................................................................................................6
3.1.3 pRRU Specifications................................................................................................................................8
3.1.4 Cell Combination Specifications..............................................................................................................8
3.2 Networking Configuration Principles................................................................................................................9
3.2.1 Typical Configuration for BBUs..............................................................................................................9
3.2.2 pRRU-aggregation Configuration..........................................................................................................12
3.2.3 SFN Configuration.................................................................................................................................14
3.2.4 Clock Synchronization Configuration....................................................................................................18
3.2.5 Other Configuration Principles...............................................................................................................19

4 Network Designing.....................................................................................................................20
4.1 Procedure.........................................................................................................................................................20
4.2 Network Pre-planning......................................................................................................................................22
4.2.1 Coverage Estimation...............................................................................................................................22
4.2.2 Design for Scenario-Specific Site Deployment......................................................................................27
4.2.3 Deployment Principle.............................................................................................................................40
4.2.4 Expansion Policy....................................................................................................................................45
4.3 Engineering Designs........................................................................................................................................49
4.3.1 Installation Mode Design........................................................................................................................49
4.3.2 Antenna Design.......................................................................................................................................51
White Paper for LTE TDD LampSite Networking Contents

4.4 Parameter Planning..........................................................................................................................................52

4.4.1 PCI Planning...........................................................................................................................................52
4.4.2 Neighboring Cell Planning.....................................................................................................................53

5 Appendix.......................................................................................................................................55
6 Reference Documentation.........................................................................................................56
White Paper for LTE TDD LampSite Networking 6 Reference Documentation

1 Overview

LampSite is the leading LTE TDD indoor coverage solution designed for developed countries
and regions. Based on pRRU, a low-power active data access server (DAS), LampSite adopts
the BBU+RHUB+pRRU networking (shown in Figure 1.1.1.1.1.1.1) to provide indoor
coverage. LampSite is designed to absorb indoor traffic and improve indoor KPIs that cannot
be guaranteed by macro base stations. LampSite mainly applies to large-scale hotspots, such
as office buildings, shopping malls, public places, and subway stations, or relatively closed
small- and medium- sized places, such as coffee houses, bars, and restaurants.

Figure 1.1.1.1.1.1.1 LampSite as an indoor coverage solution

The current target market of LampSite is SoftBank (on the 2.5 GHz frequency band with the
20 MHz bandwidth) in Japan. LampSite is aimed at providing desired indoor coverage and
service experience for office buildings, small offices and home offices (SOHOs), shopping
malls, subway stations, and stadiums of SoftBank, with the focus on office buildings.
This document gives a detailed description of the application scenarios, product
specifications, networking restraints, configuration methods, network planning and
optimization process, frequency reuse policies, and network evolution and expansion policies
of LampSite. In addition, this document provides the performance analysis, deployment
White Paper for LTE TDD LampSite Networking 6 Reference Documentation

guidelines, and anti-interference measures for application of LampSite to office buildings.

Table 1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1 describes the structure of this document.

Table 1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1 Structure

Chapter Description

Chapter 1 Provides an introduction to LampSite.

Chapter 2 Describes the application scenarios of LampSite.
Chapter 3 Describes the product specifications and configuration principles
of LampSite.
Chapter 4 Provides the following information:
 Performance analysis and deployment guidelines when
LampSite is applied to office buildings of SoftBank.
 Guidelines for LampSite network planning and optimization
 Policies for LampSite frequency reuse, and network evolution
and expansion.
 2 Application Scenarios

2.1 From the Perspective of Requirements

From the perspective of requirements, LampSite can be used to absorb traffic in indoor
hotspots in restricted capacity scenarios and eliminate coverage holes in restricted coverage
scenarios.

2.1.1 Restricted Coverage Scenarios

Requirements: using LampSite to absorb traffic in indoor hotspots and expand network
capacity
Indoor hotspots feature high traffic volume, concentrated distribution, large demand on data
services, and high requirements on data rate at cell edges. With LampSite, indoor base stations
are used to add new cells, absorb traffic, and reduce load of macro networks or indoor
systems in other modes, thereby providing sufficient capacity for covered users and resolve
capacity restriction.

2.1.2 Coverage Restricted Scenarios

Requirements: using LampSite to eliminate weak coverage and coverage holes and improve
KPIs indoors
Generally, outdoor macro base stations are planned to mainly provide outdoor coverage and
can hardly ensure desirable indoor coverage due to complex building structures. Outdoor
signals attenuate quickly indoors after passing the doors, windows, and walls, resulting in
weak coverage and coverage holes. In addition, high-rise buildings may experience signal
mess or have no serving cells, causing problems such as low indoor signal to interference plus
noise ratio (SINR), frequent ping-pong handovers, and even call drops. As a result, user
experience and KPIs are affected negatively. With LampSite, indoor base stations are used to
improve indoor coverage and KPIs, thereby ensuring user experience.

2.2 From the Perspective of Zones

From the perspective of zones, LampSite applies to business office buildings, small-sized
indoor hotspots, and large-scale public places.
2.2.1 Business Office Buildings
 Typical zones: office buildings, business hotels, small- and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs), and SOHOs
Business office buildings can be divided into large-scale ones (such as office buildings
and business hotels) and small- and medium-sized ones (such as SMEs and SOHOs).
Office buildings and business hotels are high-rise buildings with reinforced concrete
structure, glass walls, and large areas. The indoor structure is complex because wide
areas (such as main working sections, halls, and restaurants) and airtight areas (such as
conference rooms, lounges, and hotel rooms) coexist. Therefore, signals of outdoor
macro cells become weak inside the buildings. Signal mess may result because users
near the windows of high-rise buildings are likely to receive signals from multiple macro
cells.
An SME, with a complete and independent office environment, may occupy one floor or
some zones on a floor of a large-scale office building. Some small-sized enterprises use
ordinary civil SOHOs and divide the office environment into different zones by simple
cubicles with small areas. Such SOHOs are often located at non-CBD regions with weak
coverage or coverage holes.
 Traffic characteristics
There are a large number of users who are distributed in a concentrated mode and have
high demand on data services and high requirements on data rate at cell edges. The peak
hours of traffic are regular, usually on weekdays during the day.
 Essentials for networking design
− The capacity requirements are essential and must be enhanced in important regions
on the basis that required coverage is provided. The number of cells must be planned
approximately. Each pRRU must be installed at an appropriate place in special
regions such as the president staff office (PSO) and VIP rooms.
− Initial construction of indoor coverage must take future expansion into account, and
the number of pRRUs to be deployed must be appropriately planned so that cell split
can be later used to balance capacity improvement and interference control. Coverage
in areas (for example, near the windows) with strong outdoor signals and service
requirements must be enhanced to suppress outdoor interference.
− Special coverage must be provided for the staircase and elevator to ensure the
mobility of terminals.

2.2.2 Small-sized Indoor Hotspots

 Typical zones: snack bars, coffee houses, and entertainment rooms.
Such hotspots are often located at the first or second floor along busy streets and occupy
a small area with relatively open indoor space and neat layout. However, due to the thick
wall and narrow area, signals from outdoor macro cells become weak in such hotspots
after penetrating the wall. As a result, in-depth coverage is not available for such
hotspots.
 Traffic characteristics
The users are densely and evenly distributed. Data services are initiated frequently, and
low-throughput Internet services initiated using smartphones or tablets account for a
large portion. The peak hours of traffic are regular, usually during dining time or
weekends.
 Essentials for networking design
 − The coverage requirements are essential because the number of users is not large and
low-throughput data services account for a large portion in such hotspots. Even
coverage distribution with no coverage holes must be ensured because of the even
distribution of users.
− Generally, a single pRRU can provide required coverage for a small-sized indoor
hotspot. For some hotspots with complex structure or relatively large areas (for
example, a two-story building), multi-pRRU deployment+pRRU-aggregation can be
used.
− If multiple users are near the window, indoor signals near the window must be
enhanced to suppress outdoor interference and prevent frequent handovers.

2.2.3 Large-scale Public Places

 Typical zones: shopping malls, waiting rooms at the railway stations, airport lounges,
and stadiums
Large-scale public places may have different architectures but they often use the steel
structure and have a large area, thick walls, varied internal structure, and high stories,
with coexistence of large-area spacious zone and small-area airtight zone. Generally,
outdoor base stations are used to provide coverage for such places. However, due to the
penetration loss and large indoor space, signals from outdoors attenuate significantly in
such places, causing insufficient in-depth coverage.
 Traffic characteristics
The number of users is large, but they are distributed at random. Most data services are
low-throughput and occur in waiting rooms, lounges, office buildings, auditoriums, or
VIP regions. Therefore, complete coverage must be provided for such places and
enhanced coverage must be provided for zones with most data services.
 Essentials for networking design
− Generally, multi-pRRU deployment+pRRU-aggregation needs to be used because
large-scale coverage is required.
− For service-intensive areas (such as waiting rooms, lounges, office buildings,
auditoriums, and VIP regions), capacity must be enhanced on the basis that the
required coverage is provided. The number of cells must be appropriately planned,
and each pRRU must be installed at an appropriate place.
− Wall-mounted installation+external directional antenna need to be used for pRRUs,
especially in stadiums and other areas that do not allow ceiling installation. In
accordance with engineering conditions, the installation height and tilt must be
controlled in a way that interference is suppressed and less resources are wasted in
the transmission path.
3 Networking Restraints and Configuration
Principles

This chapter describes the specifications of LampSite products and networking configuration
principles that have impacts or restraints on network plan. The descriptions are based on
DBS3900 LTE TDD V100R006C90 Product Configuration Manual.

3.1 Product Specifications

The LampSite solution involves the following devices: BBU3900, RHUB, pRRU, and other
auxiliary devices (such as external antennas and power adapters of pRRUs), as shown in
Figure 3.1.1.1.1.1.1. This section describes the functions and specifications of the RHUB and
pRRU.

Figure 3.1.1.1.1.1.1 pRRU with electrical port (eRAN6.0)

pRRU with electrical port

3.1.2 RHUB Specifications

An RHUB converges signals from multiple pRRUs with electrical port and provides the
interface between a pRRU and a BBU. The RHUB supports 220 or 110 V AC input. It
connects to the BBU through a fiber optic cable, supplies power to pRRUs through a Cat 5e
or Cat 6 twisted pair with a maximum allowed length of 100 m, splits downlink signals, and
converges uplink signals.
The RHUB, with a case structure, is 19 inches wide and 1 U high. It can be installed in a 19-
inch-wide standard cabinet. All the RHUB external ports are on the front panel. Figure
3.1.2.1.1.1.1 shows the exterior of the RHUB.

Figure 3.1.2.1.1.1.1 RHUB exterior

In eRAN6.0, the RHUB provides the following functions:

 Connects to the BBU through a fiber optic cable. The maximum distance between the
level-4 RHUB and the BBU is 10 km. The recommended configuration of a BBU is 4
LBBPc+ 2 LBBPd, 3 LBBPc+ 3 LBBPd, or 6 LBBPd (see section 3.2.1"Typical
Configuration for BBUs"). The BBU in maximum configuration (that is, 6 LBBPd)
supports 15x20 MHz 2T2R indoor cells. Each BBU supports three optical connections at
most.
 Supports common public radio interface (CPRI)-based cascading. A maximum of four
levels of RHUBs can be cascaded, and the CPRI rate can reach 9.8 Gbit/s. The RHUBs
do not support load sharing or the ring topology.
 Supports compression and conversion of CPRI signals sent to the BBU and pRRU for
cells with a bandwidth of 20 MHz, but not for cells with a bandwidth of 10 MHz.
 Provides up to 90 W power to pRRUs by using PoE.
 Each provides eight CPRI_E ports and therefore can connect to a maximum of eight
pRRUs.
 Combines radio frequency (RF) signals of all connected pRRUs (that is, a maximum of
eight pRRUs). RF signals of pRRUs connected to different RHUBs cannot be combined.
 Supports dynamic cell combination and split. Each RHUB can be configured with a
maximum of four independent cells. Therefore, when more than four pRRUs connect to
the RHUB, RF signals of some pRRUs must be combined.
 Can be mounted on a wall or installed in a19-inch cabinet.
The RHUB does not support Remote Global Positioning System (RGPS).
Details about the RHUB hardware specifications are provided in the following attachment:

RHUB Hardware
Specifications.xlsx
3.1.3 pRRU Specifications
A pRRU works as a remote radio unit to process RF signals. The pRRU with electrical port
connects to the RHUB over the RJ45 port and uses PoE to obtain -48 V DC power input from
the RHUB over the Cat 5e or Cat 6 cable. Figure 3.1.3.1.1.1.1 shows the exterior of the
pRRU.

Figure 3.1.3.1.1.1.1 pRRU exterior

In eRAN6.0, the pRRU provides the following functions.

 Supports power input over either one of two electrical ports and connects to the RHUB
by using the Cat 5e or Cat 6 cable with a maximum allowed length of 100 m.
 Supports PoE to obtain power from the RHUB as well as AC or DC power supply
through an external power adapter.
 Supports a maximum of 2x100 MW TX power (2T2R).
 Supports a single carrier on the 2.5 GHz frequency band (2545-2575 MHz) for a cell
with a bandwidth of 10 MHz or 20 MHz.
 Supports both built-in and external antennas and optionally the combination and output
of RF channels.
 Supports wall-mounted or ceiling installation.
Details about the pRRU hardware specifications are provided in the following attachment:

pRRU Hardware
Specifications.xlsx

3.1.4 Cell Combination Specifications

LampSite supports two cell combination modes: pRRU-aggregation and single frequency
network (SFN).
 pRRU-aggregation: indicates the intra-RHUB combination of RF signals. That is, M (≤
8) pRRUs connected to the same RHUB can be combined to serve a physical cell
(referred to a pRRU-aggregation cell in this document).
  SFN: indicates the combination of baseband signals on the BBU side. That is, N (≤ 7)
physical cells can be combined as an SFN cell.
For details about pRRU-aggregation configuration, see section 3.2.2"pRRU-aggregation
Configuration". For details about SFN configuration, see section 3.2.3"SFN Configuration".

3.2 Networking Configuration Principles

Basic parameters for indoor coverage configuration include the number of cells to be
configured, cascading configuration parameters, and cell combination and cell split
configuration parameters. This document applies only to LTE TDD single carrier.

3.2.1 Typical Configuration for BBUs

 Typical configuration 1: 4 LBBPc+2 LBBPd
− 2x20 MHz 4T4R outdoor macro cells+12x20 MHz 2T2R indoor cells, with data from
LBBPc boards aggregated at the LBBPd boards

Figure 3.2.1.1.1.1.1 Typical configuration 1 (with aggregation)

12x20 MHz 2T2R indoor
2x20 MHz 4T4R outdoor
micro cells
macro cells
RHUB
RRU
RHUB RRU

6x20 MHz 2T2R

6x20 MHz 2T2R 1x20 MHz 4T4R Aggregation 3x20 MHz 2T2R

4 LBBPc+2 LBBPd

LBBPc LBBPc
B UPEU
LBBPc LBBPc
F
LBBPd
A UPEU
LBBPd UMPT(L)
Note 1: One to four levels of RHUBs can be cascaded. Each RHUB
must be allocated at least one carrier.
Note 2: Each RHUB can connect one to eight pRRUs.

− 4x20 MHz 4T4R outdoor macro cells+6x20 MHz 2T2R indoor cells, without
aggregation
Figure 3.2.1.1.1.1.2 Typical configuration 1 (without aggregation)
4x20 MHz 4T4R outdoor macro
6x20 MHz 2T2R indoor micro cells
cells
RHUB RR RR
RR RR
RHUB U U
U U

3x20 MHz 2T2R

1x20 MHz 4T4R Aggregation 3x20 MHz 2T2R

3x20 MHz 2T2R

4 LBBPc+2LBBPd

LBBPc LBBPc
UPEU
B LBBPc LBBPc
F
A LBBPd
UPEU
LBBPd UMPT(L)

 Typical configuration 2: 3 LBBPc+3 LBBPd

− 3x20 MHz 4T4R outdoor macro cells+9x20 MHz 2T2R indoor cells, without
aggregation

Figure 3.2.1.1.1.1.3 Typical configuration 2 (without aggregation)

Three indoor distributed optical fibers, with each 3x20 MHz 4T4R outdoor macro cells
connecting 3x20 MHz 2T2R indoor micro cells
RHUB RHUB RHUB RR RR RR
U U U

3x20 MHz 2T2R 1x20 MHz 4T4R

3 LBBPc+3 LBBPd

LBBPc LBBPc
UPEU
B LBBPd LBBPc
F
A LBBPd
UPEU
LBBPd UMPT(L)

− 2x20 MHz 4T4R outdoor macro cells+12x20 MHz 2T2R indoor cells, with data from
LBBPc boards aggregated at the LBBPd boards
Figure 3.2.1.1.1.1.4 Typical configuration 2 (with aggregation)

12x20 MHz 2T2R indoor 2x20 MHz 4T4R outdoor macro cells
distributed micro cells
RR RR
RHUB RHUB RHUB U U

3x20 MHz 2T2R

6x20 MHz 2T2R 1x20 MHz 4T4R
3x20 MHz 2T2R
Aggregation 3x 20 MHz 2T2R
3 LBBPc+3 LBBPd

LBBPc LBBPc
UPEU
B
LBBPd LBBPc
F
A LBBPd
UPEU
LBBPd UMPT(L)

 Typical configuration 3: 6 LBBPd

3x20 MHz 4T4R outdoor macro cells+15x20 MHz 2T2R indoor cells, with aggregation

Figure 3.2.1.1.1.1.5 Typical configuration 3 (with aggregation)

3x20 MHz 4T4R outdoor macro
cells
15x20 MHz 2T2R indoor micro cells
RRU RRU
RHUB RRU
RHUB RHUB

3x20 MHz 2T2R Aggregation 1x20 MHz 2T2R

4x20 MHz 2T2R 1x20 MHz 4T4R
8x20 MHz 2T2R
Aggregation 2x20 MHz 2T2R
6D

Aggregation 3x20 MHz 2T2R

LBBPd LBBPd
UPEU
B LBBPd LBBPd
F
A LBBPd
UPEU
LBBPd UMPT(L)

Note 1: One to four levels of RHUBs can be cascaded. Each RHUB

must be allocated at least one carrier.
Note 2: Each RHUB can connect one to eight pRRUs.

The configuration principles are as follows:

 RHUBs and pRRUs need to obtain clock from the RGPS of macro base stations. When
deploying LampSite for SoftBank, ensure that at least two macro RRUs have RGPS
connections to ensure clock backup and reliability when macro and micro baseband
boards share BBUs.
 A pRRU provides the optical connections preferentially from the LBBPd boards, and
LBBPc boards cannot directly connect to a pRRU. Therefore, the BBU connected to the
pRRU must be configured with LBBPd boards. If both LBBPc and LBBPd boards are
used, an LBBPd board is preferentially configured in slot 2 or 3, and an LBBPc board
can be configured in slot 0, 1, 4, or 5. Currently, inter-LBBPc aggregation is not
available.
  The LBBPc board supports 3x20 MHz 2T2R indoor micro cells and 1x20 MHz 4T4R
outdoor macro cells. The LBBPd board supports 3x20 MHz 2T2R indoor micro cells and
that supports 3x20 MHz 4T4R outdoor macro cells.
 The LBBPd board does not support macro RRUs and pRRUs at the same time, and it can
be configured to support either 3x20 MHz 2T2R micro cells or 3x20 MHz 4T4R macro
cells. To be specific, pRRUs and macro RRUs can only be connected to different
baseband boards of a BBU, but not the same baseband board.
 Each BBU supports a maximum of three optical connections.
 Inter-board aggregation principles:
Data from LBBPc or LBBPd boards can be aggregated at LBBPd boards from slots 0, 1,
4, 5 to slots 2 and 3. Data from LBBPc or LBBPd boards cannot be aggregated at LBBPc
boards.
Each optical fiber from the LBBPc board supports only two cells. To facilitate
subsequent capacity expansion, it is recommended that a micro base station provide the
optical connections from the LBBPd boards in eRAN6.0.
 Non-aggregation scenarios
An optical port on the LBBPd board supports 3x20 MHZ 2T2R cells. An optical port on
the LBBPd board that aggregates data of another LBBPc or LBBPd board supports 6x20
MHZ 2T2R cells. An optical port on the LBBPd board that aggregates data of two other
LBBPd boards supports 8x20 MHZ 2T2R cells.

3.2.2 pRRU-aggregation Configuration

pRRU-aggregation applies to open indoor areas (with few obstacles) where multiple pRRUs
provide continuous coverage. The main configuration principles are as follows:
 pRRU-aggregation is available only for pRRUs connected to the same RHUB. A
maximum of eight pRRUs can be aggregated.
 Any two to eight ports for pRRU-aggregation on the RHUB can be combined.
 pRRUs connected to different RHUBs cannot be aggregated.
 An RHUB supports a maximum of four physical cells.
The following illustrates typical pRRU-aggregation configurations.
 Typical configuration 1: an RHUB with four pRRU-aggregation cells

Figure 3.2.2.1.1.1.1 An RHUB with four pRRU-aggregation cells

pRRU4
pRRU
0 pRRU-aggregation
cell 1

pRRU5
pRRU1 pRRU-aggregation
cell 2

pRRU6
pRRU pRRU-aggregation
2 cell 3

pRRU7
pRRU3 pRRU-aggregation
cell 4
RHUB
 Typical configuration 2: an RHUB with three pRRU-aggregation cells

Figure 3.2.2.1.1.1.2 An RHUB with three pRRU-aggregation cells

pRRU4
pRRU0 pRRU-aggregation
cell 1

pRRU5
pRRU1

pRRU-aggregation
pRRU6 cell 2
pRRU2

pRRU7 pRRU-aggregation
pRRU3 cell 3

RHUB

 Typical configuration 3: an RHUB with two pRRU-aggregation cells

Figure 3.2.2.1.1.1.3 An RHUB with two pRRU-aggregation cells

pRRU4 pRRU-aggregation
cell 0
pRRU0

pRRU5
pRRU1

pRRU6
pRRU2

pRRU-aggregation
cell 1
pRRU7
pRRU3

RHUB

 Typical configuration 4: an RHUB with one pRRU-aggregation cell

 Figure 3.2.2.1.1.1.4 An RHUB with one pRRU-aggregation cell

pRRU4
pRRU0

pRRU5
pRRU1

pRRU-aggregation
pRRU6
cell 0
pRRU2

pRRU7
pRRU3

RHUB

3.2.3 SFN Configuration

SFN also applies to open indoor areas (with few obstacles) where multiple pRRUs provide
continuous coverage. SFN differs from pRRU-aggregation in the uplink coverage capability
and uplink capacity. SFN combines baseband signals and does not accumulate or raise the
uplink background noise. pRRU-aggregation combines RF signals and causes the uplink
background noise to increase by 10logN dB, where N indicates the number of pRRUs of a
pRRU-aggregation cell. In addition, the specifications and restraints differ between SFN and
pRRU-aggregation. The main configuration principles are as follows:
 pRRUs connected to the same or different RHUBs can be configured as an SFN cell.
 A maximum of seven physical cells can be combined as an SFN cell. The number of
RHUBs used to configure a physical cell is not restricted.
 A pRRU-aggregation cell can be one of the physical cells to be combined as an SFN cell.
 pRRUs connected to different baseband boards can be configured as an SFN cell.
The following illustrates typical SFN configurations.
 Maximum configuration: an SFN cell with 56 pRRUs
As an RHUB connects a maximum of eight pRRUs which can all be combined to one pRRU-
aggregation cell (physical cell) and a maximum of seven physical cells can be combined as an
SFN cell, an SFN cell in maximum configuration consists of 56 pRRUs, as shown in Figure
3.2.3.1.1.1.1.
Figure 3.2.3.1.1.1.1 Maximum configuration

In Figure 3.2.3.1.1.1.1, the BBU is configured with three LBBPd boards. Two of them are
aggregated to connect four 20 MHz 2TZR physical cells, with each cell under one of four
cascaded RHUBs. The other board connects three 20 MHz 2T2R physical cells, with each cell
under one of three cascaded RHUBs. On actual networks, the BBU can also adopt other board
configurations.
 Minimum SFN configuration 1 with pRRUs connected to the same RHUB
The physical cells for an SFN cell can be a pRRU-aggregation cell or an independent
cell formed by a single pRRU. Therefore, minimum SFN configuration 1 can adopt
pRRU-aggregation (as shown in Figure 3.2.3.1.1.1.3) or not (as shown in Figure
3.2.3.1.1.1.2).

Figure 3.2.3.1.1.1.2 Minimum SFN configuration 1 (without pRRU-aggregation)

Figure 3.2.3.1.1.1.3 Minimum SFN configuration 1 (with pRRU-aggregation)

 Minimum SFN configuration 2 with pRRUs connected to different RHUBs on the

same board
Similar to minimum configuration 1, minimum SFN configuration 2 can adopt pRRU-
aggregation (as shown in Figure 3.2.3.1.1.1.5) or not (as shown in Figure 3.2.3.1.1.1.4).

Figure 3.2.3.1.1.1.4 Minimum SFN configuration 2 (without pRRU-aggregation)

Figure 3.2.3.1.1.1.5 Minimum SFN configuration 2 (with pRRU-aggregation)

 Minimum SFN configuration 3 with pRRUs on different boards

Minimum SFN configuration 3 can also adopt pRRU-aggregation (as shown in Figure
3.2.3.1.1.1.7) or not (as shown in Figure 3.2.3.1.1.1.6).

Figure 3.2.3.1.1.1.6 Minimum SFN configuration 3 (without pRRU-aggregation)

 Figure 3.2.3.1.1.1.7 Minimum SFN configuration 3 (with pRRU-aggregation)

3.2.4 Clock Synchronization Configuration

To obtain clock for the indoor coverage system is a demanding task. LampSite does not
support deploying the RGPS on the RHUB or pRRU, not to mention high cost of RGPS
deployment. Currently, macro and micro baseband boards share the BBU to achieve clock
synchronization. That is, indoor pRRUs obtain clock from the RGPS connected to the macro
RRUs.
Macro and micro baseband boards can be configured in the same BBU so that pRRUs can
share the GPS signals of macro cells to achieve clock synchronization. At least two macro
RRUs must have RGPS connections to ensure clock backup and reliability when macro and
micro baseband boards share BBUs.

Figure 3.2.4.1.1.1.1 Clock synchronization when macro and micro baseband boards share BBUs

The configuration principles are as follows:

 Generally, two baseband boards are used to connect the RRU and the RGPS of two
macro base stations separately to provide clock backup. The slot that accommodates the
 baseband board connected to the macro RRU is not restricted, and slot 4 or 5 is
recommended if the reconstruction is an easy task.
 In case that the BBUs cannot be configured with macro RRUs with RGPS in certain
scenarios, the common GPS clock synchronization can also be used. This mode requires
that the customer install GPS in equipment rooms. For details about GPS clock
configuration, see GPS Satellite Antenna System Quick Installation Guide.
 In eRAN6.0, BBUs cannot be interconnected to share clock.

3.2.5 Other Configuration Principles

 Cascading and remote configuration principles
− A maximum of four levels of RHUBs can be cascaded.
− The maximum distance between the BBU and the lowest-level RHUB cannot exceed
10 km.
− The maximum length of the Cat 5e or Cat 6 cable between the RHUB and the pRRU
with electrical port cannot exceed 100 m.
− Each RHUB can connect to a maximum of eight pRRUs with electrical port in the
star topology.
 Carrier configuration principles
− Each RHUB can be configured with a maximum of four physical cells.
− Cross-RHUB cells cannot be aggregated.
− Cascaded RHUBs must be configured with different physical cells.
 Cell split configuration principle
Cell split preferentially applies to multiple coverage areas highly isolated from each
other.
 CPRI compression configuration principles applied when the LTE bandwidth is 20
MHz
− 15-to-10 bit compression and 3/4 sampling rate (that is, 2:1 compression) are used for
the CPRI port on the LBBPd board on the BBU side and therefore inter-LBBPd
aggregation. The compression mode is also used for the port between the RHUB and
the pRRU.
− By default, compression is disabled for the CPRI port on the LBBPc board and 15-to-
12 bit compression is used for inter-board aggregation.
 4 Network Designing

This section describes methods and application schemes for network planning and
optimization, including network pre-planning, engineering designs, parameter planning, and
network optimization.

4.1 Procedure
The following describes the procedure for the network planning and optimization for the
LampSite solution.
Step 1 Determine deployment demands and requirements for the target indoor deployment
environment.
Deployment demands and requirements can be obtained from operators' bidding documents or
project contracts or from onsite surveys of live networks of an operator.
Step 2 Conduct indoor tests on indoor coverage provided by macro networks in the determined
indoor deployment environment.
Step 3 Obtain overall information about the building structure and determine feasible pRRU
installation modes based on the information. Such information includes floor height, size of
indoor areas, quantity and distribution of enclosed areas, penetration loss of construction
materials, and power supply availability.
Step 4 Determine weak coverage areas, coverage holes, hotspots, and capacity-wanting areas in the
target indoor deployment environment.
Step 5 Estimate the interference of macro networks to the indoor sites.
In such scenarios as intra-frequency network adopted by SoftBank for covering indoor and
outdoor areas, estimate the coverage of outdoor macro sites in indoor areas. After an indoor
system is deployed, the estimation result can be used as interference from outdoor site to the
indoor system.
Step 6 Perform indoor deployment planning, including network pre-planning, engineering designs,
parameter planning, and follow-up network optimization.
----End
Figure 4.1.1.1.6.1.1 gives the flowchart for network designing of the LampSite solution.

Figure 4.1.1.1.6.1.1 Procedure for network designing of the LampSite solution

Determine the target indoor environment
based on the traffic statistics of the Take into account the indoor
surrounding UMTS and LTE networks, deployment environment
such as traffic volume, call drop rates, required by an operator
and handover success rates

Conduct drive tests or

coverage prediction for the
live macro networks.

Do macro cells provide

good indoor coverage (indicated Consult with
by RSSP and SINR)? Yes operators about
Are the indoor areas fully covered? whether to use the
Are indoor service requirements LampSite solution.
fulfilled? Are macro cells
congested?

No

Perform indoor
deployment planning
for the LampSite
solution.

Determine the Rlamp

Refer to indoor Determine the indoor
deployment guide for hotspots, coverage installation mode based on
the LampSite holes, construction floor height, ceiling
availability, transport network,
solution. structure and functions.
and power supplies.

Estimate the deployment Conduct link budget requirements to

position for the Rlamp based calculate edge levels and Rlamp
on the indoor architectural coverage radius through based on
designs and deployment the frequencies, bandwidth, and
requirements. edge rates.

Conduct indoor simulation tests

and determine the Rlamp
deployment position based on
the simulation results.

Perform radio parameter

planning for the LampSite
solution, such as PCI, power,
and neighboring cells.
4.2 Network Pre-planning
Network pre-planning concerns coverage estimation, site deployment designs, and provision
of reference to future network expansion.

4.2.1 Coverage Estimation

Coverage estimation aims to estimate coverage capacity of single or multiple pRRUs by
conducting link budgets based on the operator requirements and indoor deployment
environment surveys. It also provides reference to coverage designs for the LampSite
solution. The operator requirement includes frequencies, bandwidths, subframe configuration,
and cell edge rates, and the indoor deployment environment mainly refers to construction
types and penetration loss estimation. Coverage estimation helps to determine the initial
deployment scales while taking into a holistic consideration of coverage requirements, initial
capacity requirements, and future expansion policies in accordance with the indoor
architectural designs of the target deployment environment.

4.2.1.1 Coverage Capacity of a Single pRRU

The following describes how to analyze the coverage capacity of a single pRRU.
This analysis takes frequencies and subframe configurations in a scenario of the SoftBank
network for an example. In this analysis, indoor propagation model is used for link budgets
for the system that uses 10 MHz or 20 MHz bandwidth in the indoor deployment environment
that features a penetration loss of 0 dB, 10 dB, and 20 dB. Other analysis conditions are listed
in Table 4.2.1.1.1.1.1.1:

Table 4.2.1.1.1.1.1.1 Input for coverage estimation of a single pRRU

Scenerio PUSCH PDSCH
Duplex Mode TDD
TDD DL/UL Config #2 5ms 3:1
TDD Special Frame Config #7 10:2:2
PUCCH Overhead 6 /
PDCCH Overhead / 3
DL Power Control P B / 1
Morphology Office Building
Frequency(MHz) 2560 2560
Bandwidth(MHz) 10/20
Propagation Model ITU-R P.1238
Channel Model Winner II-A1
Service Type PS
Target Load 100.0% 100.0%
MIMO Scheme 1×2 2×2 SFBC
Transceiver PUSCH PDSCH
Max Transceiver Power(dBm) 23 23
Transceiver Antenna Gain(dBi) 0 1
Receiver PUSCH PDSCH
Receiver Noise Figure(dB) 12 7
Receiver Antenna Gain(dBi) 1 0
Interference Margin(dB) 2 2
Budget Results PUSCH PDSCH
Penetration Loss(dB) 0/10/20
Std.of Shadow Fading(dB) 11.7
Area Coverage Probability 95.0%
Edge Coverage Probability 89.6%
Shadow Fading Margin(dB) 12.7
In most cases, downlink and uplink cell edge rates for an operator's network are a
combination of the following rates:
Downlink: 5 Mbit/s and 10 Mbit/s
Uplink: 8 kbit/s, 256 kbit/s, and 512 kbit/s
If downlink and uplink cell edge rates or rate combination changes, the link budget may come
up with different (downlink or uplink) coverage limitation modes despite the same other
inputs. In the interest of easy and convenient applications, this section gives the coverage
estimation results for the common cell edge rate combinations. Therefore, engineers can
easily determine the effective coverage radius based on the uplink and downlink edge rates
required by the operator in actual network planning.
The following shows the coverage estimation results for a single pRRU.
 In the uplink:

Table 4.2.1.1.1.1.1.2 Uplink coverage capacity for a single pRRU (SoftBank)

Uplink coverage n a single-pRRU scenario

 In the downlink:

Table 4.2.1.1.1.1.1.3 Downlink coverage capacity for a single pRRU (SoftBank)

Downlink coverage in a single-pRRU scenario

As shown in the coverage estimation results:

 If the bandwidth is 10 MHz, coverage is uplink limited when the downlink cell edge rate
is 1 Mbit/s in the combination and downlink limited when the downlink cell edge rate is
 5 Mbit/s and 10 Mbit/s in the combination. However, coverage strikes balanced in the
uplink and downlink when the combination is 128 kbit/s and 1 Mbit/s.
 If the bandwidth is 20 MHz, coverage is uplink limited when the combination is 256
kbit/s and 1 Mbit/s or 512 kbit/s and 1 Mbit/s. Coverage is downlink limited for other
combinations of cell edge rates in the downlink and uplink.
Indoor deployment has higher requirements on cell edge rates in the downlink. Therefore,
unlike outdoor coverage capacity of macro RRUs, coverage of a single pRRU is generally
uplink limited.

4.2.1.2 Coverage Capacity of Multiple pRRUs

Actual applications, especially for large indoor coverage areas, often require deployment of
multiple pRRUs for purpose of achieving continuous coverage. Cells severed by multiple
pRRUs are combined as one logical cell, either in pRRU-aggregation or SFN mode, to
mitigate indoor co-channel interference. If pRRU-aggregation is used, the system will
experience a background noise increase by 10 x log N dB in the uplink, where N represents
the number of pRRUs to be aggregated.
As described above, if cell edge rates in the downlink and uplink are relatively low, the
downlink rate far outnumbers the uplink rates. In this situation, coverage of a single pRRU is
downlink limited. From the view of balance between the downlink and uplink, downlink
limited coverage contributes to the background noise increase in the uplink experienced in
pRRU-aggregation.
Under the product specifications, pRRU aggregation is applicable to a maximum of eight
pRRUs. Therefore, the system has a background noise increase by up to 10 x log8, or 9 dB.
Equivalently, the NF factor on the eNodeB side is 21 dB at most for a link budget. pRRU
aggregation also eliminates co-channel interference between neighboring cells. As a result, the
interference margin in the downlink and uplink are equivalent to 0 by assuming that no other
external interference is existent. Therefore, inputs for the link budget of the upper level need
to be modified before estimating the coverage capacity of multiple pRRUs (assuming that
other inputs are fixed):
Table 4.2.1.2.1.1.1.1 Input for coverage estimation of multiple pRRUs
Scenerio PUSCH PDSCH
Duplex Mode TDD
TDD DL/UL Config #2 5ms 3:1
TDD Special Frame Config #7 10:2:2
PUCCH Overhead 6 /
PDCCH Overhead / 3
DL Power Control P B / 1
Morphology Office Building
Frequency(MHz) 2560 2560
Bandwidth(MHz) 10/20
Propagation Model ITU-R P.1238
Channel Model Winner II-A1
Service Type PS
Target Load 100.0% 100.0%
MIMO Scheme 1×2 2×2 SFBC
Transceiver PUSCH PDSCH
Max Transceiver Power(dBm) 23 23
Transceiver Antenna Gain(dBi) 0 1
Receiver PUSCH PDSCH
Receiver Noise Figure(dB) 21 7
Receiver Antenna Gain(dBi) 1 0
Interference Margin(dB) 0 0
Budget Results PUSCH PDSCH
Penetration Loss(dB) 0/10/20
Std.of Shadow Fading(dB) 11.7
Area Coverage Probability 95.0%
Edge Coverage Probability 89.6%
Shadow Fading Margin(dB) 12.7

In the interest of easy and convenient applications, this section gives the coverage estimation
results for the common cell edge rate combinations. Therefore, engineers can easily determine
the effective coverage radius based on the uplink and downlink edge rates required by the
operator in actual network planning.
The following shows the coverage estimation results for multiple pRRUs.
 In the uplink:

Table 4.2.1.2.1.1.1.2 Uplink coverage capacity for multiple pRRUs (SoftBank)

Uplink coverage in multi-pRRU scenario

 In the downlink:
Table 4.2.1.2.1.1.1.3 Downlink coverage capacity for multiple pRRUs (SoftBank)

Downlink coverage in multi-pRRU scenario

The coverage estimation results show that:

 If the bandwidth is 20 MHz, coverage is downlink limited only when the combination is
128 kbit/s and 10 Mbit/s or 256 kbit/s and 10 Mbit/s. Coverage is uplink limited for all
other combinations in the downlink and uplink. Coverage strikes balanced when the
combination is 128 kbit/s and 5 Mbit/s or 512 kbit/s and 10 Mbit/s.
 If the bandwidth is 20 MHz, coverage is downlink limited only when the combination is
128 kbit/s and 10 Mbit/s or 256 kbit/s and 10 Mbit/s. Coverage is uplink limited for all
other combinations of cell edge rates. Coverage strikes balanced when the combination
is 256 kbit/s and 10 Mbit/s.
pRRU aggregation increases background noise and consequent coverage contraction in the
uplink. At the same time, it also eliminates co-channel interference between neighboring cells,
which improves coverage in the downlink. Under the same conditions, a 42% coverage
contract in the uplink and a 17% coverage increase in the downlink are experienced in eight-
pRRU aggregation scenarios as compared to single-pRRU scenarios. The preceding
estimation shows that coverage is uplink limited in most multi-pRRU scenarios. SFN
combination averts background noise increases and therefore applies when uplink is severely
limited due to increases in cell edge rates in the downlink (increased proportions of cell edge
rates in the uplink to that in the downlink.
Besides, multi-pRRU aggregation helps improve signal quality for indoor cell edge users in
terms of the cell edge RSRP.

Figure 4.2.1.2.1.1.2 Difference of RSRPs in single-pRRU and multi-pRRU scenarios

Multi-pRRU
Single-pRRU

Multi-pRRU
Single-pRRU
4.2.2 Design for Scenario-Specific Site Deployment
Design for scenario-specific site deployment provides installation positions, coverage
distribution, and capacity bearer of a pRRU by referring to the indoor architectural designs
and traffic distribution of the specific indoor environment. During designs for scenario-
specific site deployment, indoor scenario modeling and simulation are conducted according to
the indoor architectural designs and penetration loss of the construction materials. This helps
provide better deployment schemes to operators.
SoftBank is concentrating on indoor coverage for office buildings at the current stage by
using the LampSite solution. Office building scenarios include small- or medium-sized office
areas and large-sized office areas. The following describes the designs for site deployment in
the two office building scenarios.

4.2.2.1 Small- and medium-sized Office Building Scenarios

Description
Office buildings often feature large penetration loss and high requirements on cell edge rates
in both the downlink and uplink. The coverage prediction described in section 4.2.1shows that
a single pRRU has a coverage radius of 20 m if the cell edge rate in the downlink is 5 Mbit/s
on a network that has a bandwidth of 20 MHz in an environment with a penetration loss of 20
dB. In other words, a single pRRU can usually cover an area of 1000 square meters.
Therefore, office areas of less than 1000 square meters are considered small- or medium-sized
office building scenarios in the actual designs for site deployment of the LampSite solution. In
these scenarios, a single pRRU is able to meet the coverage requirement.

Modeling, Simulation, and Parameter Description

This section uses an office area of the WCP Inc. in Shiodome, Japan as an example. This
office building covers an area of 35.8 m x 21.8 m, or 780 square meters, which falls into,
therefore, small- or medium-sized office building scenarios. Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.1 and Figure
4.2.2.1.1.1.2 show the plan view and stereoscopic view of this office area, respectively.
Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.1 Plan view of a WCP office in Shiodome

Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.2 Stereoscopic view of a WCP office in Shiodome

Table 4.2.2.1.1.1.2.1 lists the main parameters used in the simulation.

 Table 4.2.2.1.1.1.2.1 Simulation parameters for small- or medium-sized office building scenarios
Fre que ncy 2545-2565MHz
DL:UL Config 3:1
S pe cia l S ubfre a m Config 10:2:2
MIMO Te chnology 2X2 (2 s tre a ms )
P A,P B -3,1
RS P owe r -7.8dBm
Ce ll Loa d 100%
P re diction Mode l Domina nt P a th Mode l

pRRU Tota l Tx P owe r 2x100mw

pRRU Ant Ga in Omni 2dBi
pRRU Ant P ola riza tion Ve rtica l
pRRU Ant Hight 2.5m

UE Tx P owe r 23dBm
UE Ant Ga in 0dBi
UE Ant Hight 1.5m
UE Nois e Figure 7dB

Ma te ria l P e ne tra tio n Lo s s

Door 5dB
Gla s s wa ll 5dB
Gla s s window 4dB
de s k 2dB&0.01dB/m
cla pboa rd 3dB  
s te e l wa ll 16dB
inne r wa ll 12dB
Out wa ll 20dB
P illa r 20dB

Designs for Single-pRRU Deployment

A single indoor pRRU provides RSRPs ranging from -93 dBm to -55 dBm, with an average of
-74 dBm, as shown in Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.1 and Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.2. Therefore, a single pRRU
suffices in this scenario in terms of the RSRP.
Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.1 RSRP grids for single-pRRU coverage performance in small- or medium-
sized office building scenarios

Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.2 RSRP CDF for single-pRRU coverage performance in small- or medium-
sized office building scenarios

For SoftBank scenarios with intra-frequency indoor and outdoor networks, the indoor
networks are often interfered by the outdoor macro networks. As a result, background noises
are increased for the indoor networks and the SINRs are lowered to various degrees
depending on the outdoor interference severity.
As demonstrated in indoor interference tests in dense urban scenarios, which were conducted
by Huawei using its offices in Otemachi, a district of Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan, relatively strong
signals from one to three macro base stations can be received by indoor devices. In the case of
strong external interference, the strength for outdoor intrusion signals ranges from -75 dBm to
-80 dBm near the window and from -100 dBm to -105 dBm averagely in the indoor areas. In
the case of weak external interference, the strength figure decreases to between -95 dBm and
-100 dBm and between -120 dBm and -125 dBm, respectively. In the tests, both the strong
 and weak external interference environments are simulated to obtain the SINRs of a single
indoor pRRU.
The results are shown as in Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.3.

Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.3 SINR CDF in strong and weak external interference environments of a single
indoor pRRU

As shown in Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.3, as external interference gathers, the SINR decreases sharply.
As a result, service experience deteriorates, as indicated by the SINRs on the CDF curve in
Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.3. Therefore, if an indoor scenario demands higher cell edge rates, for
example, 10 Mbit/s, a single pRRU cannot meet the SINR requirement. In these indoor
scenarios with lower requirements of cell edge rates, a single pRRU is enough to provide
desired SINRs, which are as high as 30 dB in 50% of the indoor areas.

Designs for Multi-pRRU Deployment

As described above, in the case of strong outdoor interference and high cell edge rates in the
downlink, a single pRRU cannot provide desired SINRs for indoor services. In this situation,
additional pRRUs needs to be deployed to strengthen indoor signals and thereby reduce the
effect of outdoor interference. In addition, indoor users have even worse experience when
signals from outdoor macro base stations are so strong enough to cause unexpected handovers
between indoor and outdoor networks. Therefore, a new pRRU is added often in the service-
demanding areas that are experiencing strong outdoor interference, for example, in meeting
rooms or offices beside windows. Furthermore, new deployment of pRRUs needs to make
indoor signals predominate outdoor signals in these areas to prevent unexpected handovers
between indoor and outdoor networks.
On the other hand, as more pRRUs are deployed indoors, internal interference of indoor
networks increases. Simulation tests have shown that internal interference overrides outdoor
interference if multiple pRRUs are deployed in non-SFN mode. As shown in Figure
4.2.2.1.1.1.1, SINRs obtained for deployment of three pRRUs without cell combination under
the condition of weak and strong outdoor interference (indicated by green and purple SINR
curves that coincide in Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.1) are far greater than that for the pRRU deployment
in cell combination mode.
Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.1 Coverage performance of multi-pRRU deployment in SFN or non-SFN mode
expressed by SINR CDF in small- or medium-sized office building scenarios

In this situation, benefits brought by new deployment are far outweighed by SINR loss caused
by internal interference of indoor networks. As shown in Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.2, SINRs for
deployment of three pRRUs without cell combination under the condition of strong outdoor
interference (indicated by the purple SINR CDF curve) deteriorate significantly as compared
to that for deployment of a single pRRU in the same condition. As a result, combination of
deployment and cell combination applies in actual networking designs in the interest of
enhanced indoor coverage. As shown in Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.2, deployment of three pRRUs in
cell combination mode generates an SINR increase by 4 dB to 6 dB over deployment of a
single pRRU.

Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.2 Coverage performance of single- and multi-pRRU deployment expressed by

SINR CDF in small- or medium-sized office building scenarios
 This simulation also studies the distributions of RSRP and SINR after the three pRRUs are
deployed in the recommended positions. Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.3 and Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.4 show
the RSRP and SINR distributions.

Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.3 Coverage performance of single- and multi-pRRU deployment indicated by

RSRP grids in small- or medium-sized office building scenarios

Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.4 Coverage performance of single- and multi-pRRU deployment indicated by

SINR grids in small- or medium-sized office building scenarios

NOTE
In this simulation, new pRRUs are deployed in an open office area that features strong outdoor
interference and large capacity demands.

4.2.2.2 Large-sized Office Building Scenarios

Description
This document regards office areas of above 1,000 square meters as large-sized office
building scenarios as relatively termed to small- and medium-sized office building scenarios.
A large-sized office building scenario generally features complex construction structures and
requires multiple pRRUs to provide desired coverage.
Modeling, Simulation, and Parameter Description
This section uses an office area of Huawei in Otemachi, Japan as an example. This office
covers an area of 2,100 square meters, which falls into, therefore, large-sized office building
scenarios. Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.1 and Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.2 show the plan view and stereoscopic
view of this office area. The simulation parameters are the same as listed in Table
4.2.2.1.1.1.2.1, except for a slight difference between walls and penetration loss thereof.

Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.1 Plan view of a Huawei office in Otemachi, Japan for simulation of pRRU
deployment in large-sized office building scenarios

Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.2 Stereoscopic view of a Huawei office in Otemachi, Japan for simulation of
pRRU deployment in large-sized office building scenarios
Designs for Single-pRRU Deployment
As described in section 4.2.1.1"Coverage Capacity of a Single pRRU", a single pRRU has a
coverage radius of 20 m if the cell edge rate in the downlink is 5 Mbit/s on a network that has
a bandwidth of 20 MHz in an environment with a penetration loss of 20 dB. In large-sized
office building scenarios, coverage provided by a single pRRU contracts to certain degrees
due to complex construction structure and numerous small partitioned rooms. Therefore,
simulation is required to understand the coverage performance of a single pRRU before
network planners determine the pRRU deployment positions and the number of required
pRRUs.
As shown in indoor RSRP distribution of a single pRRU obtained from the simulations
conducted in an office of Huawei in Otemachi, Japan, a single pRRU can only cover one third
of the office area (about 700 square meters) if the cell edge levels are required to be above
-105 dBm and significant signal attenuation takes place at corners and wall-near areas.
Therefore, more pRRUs need to be deployed.

Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.1 Coverage performance of single-pRRU deployment indicated by RSRP grids

in large-sized office building scenarios (1)

Designs for Multi-pRRU Deployment

For multi-pRRU deployment, the deployment position for one pRRU is determined first. For
example, position of site 1 is determined first to meet the coverage requirements of the left of
the target area and the cell edge levels are adjusted to -105 dBm, as shown in Figure
4.2.2.1.1.1.1. Then, other pRRUs are added in the target area that is out of the reach of the
deployed pRRU. In this way, the final deployment quantity and positions can be determined.
For example, positions of three pRRUs are then determined, as shown in Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.1,
Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.1, and Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.2. Site 1 and site 2 are located in two open office
areas (major coverage areas), and the two pRRUs can also provide coverage for meeting
rooms in the two open office areas. Site 3 resides at the corridor so that it can also serve
rooms along the two sides.
Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.3 shows the RSRP CFD curve for the deployment of three pRRUs. As
illustrated by the RSRP CFD curve, the overall RSRP ranges from -95 dBm to -62 dBm, with
an average of -78 dBm. At the lower end of the CFD curve, the RSRP is -88 dBm. This
completely fulfills the RSRP requirements for indoor pRRU deployment.

Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.1 Coverage performance of single-pRRU deployment indicated by RSRP grids

in large-sized office building scenarios (2)

Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.2 Coverage performance of single-pRRU deployment indicated by RSRP grids

in large-sized office building scenarios (3)
Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.3 Coverage performance of multi-pRRU deployment indicated by RSRP CDF
in large-sized office building scenarios

As described above, cell combination is recommended for multi-pRRU deployment. In

addition, more pRRUs are required to increase the strength of indoor signals to suppress the
strong outdoor interference.
The following describes how to analyze the SINR for multi-pRRU deployment with outdoor
macro interference. In this section, two outdoor interference sources are used, and outdoor
interference strength is each set to be the same as that in section 4.2.1.1. The signal strength
for outdoor macro sites ranges from -75 dBm to -80 dBm near the window and from -100
dBm to -105 dBm averagely in the indoor areas.
The analysis results are shown as in Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.4.
In Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.4, the red curve stands for coverage performance without interference
from outdoor macro sites when cells served by the three pRRUs are combined, the purple one
for coverage performance with interference from outdoor macro sites when cells served by the
three pRRUs are combined, and the green one for coverage performance with interference
from outdoor macro sites when cells served by the three pRRUs are not combined.
Table 4.2.2.1.1.1.3.1 lists the mapping between coverage performance and curves in Figure
4.2.2.1.1.1.4.

Table 4.2.2.1.1.1.3.1 Mapping between coverage performance and curves

Coverage Interference from Outdoor Combinations of Cells Served by
Performance Macro Sites the Three pRRUs

Red curve No Yes

Green curve Yes Yes
Purple Curve Yes No
Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.4 Coverage performance of three-pRRU deployment indicated by SINR CDF
in large-sized office building scenarios

As described above, if cells served by the different pRRUs are not combined, internal
interference predominates and the interference from outdoor macro sites has little impact on
indoor SINR distribution. However, interference from outdoor macro sites has tremendous
effect on indoor coverage performance, as shown in Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.4.
If there is no interference from outdoor macro sites, the SINRs are above 30 dB in 80% of the
target area when cells served by the three pRRUs are combined. However, if there is
interference from outdoor macro sites, the SINRs decease by 21 dB at the cell edge. If cell
combination is not used, the SINR deteriorates further by 1 dB to 6 dB. As shown in Figure
4.2.2.1.1.1.5, SINRs deteriorate significantly (indicated by blue sections in the figure) in areas
where coverage provided by the three pRRUs intersects.
Attentions need to be paid that these results are only theoretical ones because an indoor
environment completely free of outdoor interference does not exist. Even if inter-frequency
networks traversing an enclosed space are used, signals on one floor can penetrate to other
floors and thereby cause interference to these floors.
Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.6 shows the SINR distribution with interference from outdoor macro sites
when cells served by the three pRRUs are combined. The blue sections in this figure indicate
strong outdoor interference in the area. This part is an open office area and therefore is a
coverage-demanding area. Therefore, pRRUs need to be added in this area to strengthen
indoor signals for the purpose of suppressing outdoor interference.
As described above, additional pRRUs are preferentially deployed in service-demanding areas
and need in principle to be able to predominate the signals from outdoor macro sites in favor
of preventing unexpected handovers between indoor and outdoor networks. As shown in
Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.7, part of the target coverage areas are still experiencing interference from
outdoor macro sites (indicated by blue sections in the figure) after the first pRRU is deployed.
Therefore, a second pRRU is added and SINR in the open office area is improved, as shown
in Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.8. Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.9 shows the improvement of coverage performance
when three, four, and five pRRUs are deployed. As shown in Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.9, deployment
of multiple pRRUs contributes to significant suppression of interference from outdoor macro
sites and brings about a 9 dB SINR increase at the lower end of the CDF curves.
Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.5 Coverage performance of three-pRRU deployment without cell combination
indicated by SINR grids in large-sized office building scenarios

Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.6 Coverage performance of three-pRRU deployment with cell combination

indicated by SINR grids in large-sized office building scenarios
Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.7 Coverage performance of four-pRRU deployment without cell combination
indicated by SINR grids in large-sized office building scenarios

Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.8 Coverage performance of five-pRRU deployment without cell combination

indicated by SINR grids in large-sized office building scenarios
 Figure 4.2.2.1.1.1.9 Coverage performance of multi-pRRU deployment indicated by SINR CDF
in large-sized office building scenarios

4.2.3 Deployment Principle

The overall principle is to deploy as few pRRUs as possible to yield maximized fulfillment of
coverage and capacity requirements. This section provides pRRU deployment guidelines for
the LampSite solution by referring to simulation results of various indoor network models and
experience of actual network deployments.

Deployment in Open Areas

The following gives deployment guide for spacious indoor areas (for example, low-
partitioned office areas, lobbies, and exhibition halls) with a limited number of partitioned
rooms (for example, meeting rooms around the open office areas and lobbies):

Figure 4.2.3.1.1.1.1 Example of deployment in open-area scenarios

 1. The pRRUs are mounted on the ceilings of partitioned rooms in open areas. This helps to
cut down the number of pRRUs to be deployed while ensuring satisfactory coverage in
both the open areas and partitioned rooms (Figure 4.2.3.1.1.1.1 is an example of
deployment in an open area scenario).
2. Additional pRRUs can be further deployed to enhance coverage and capacity in the
segments that features large capacity demands and high service rate, for example, in
employee-dense open office areas.
3. If a partitioned room is located in a coverage-ensuring segment, a dedicated pRRU is
required. However, this pRRU provides limited coverage to open areas outside the
partitioned room due to high attenuation caused by penetration loss of signals. Therefore,
open segments outside the room require additional pRRUs.
4. If the open area covers an entire floor, signal leakage to the outdoor environment also
needs to be considered (when indoor and outdoor networks work on the same
frequency). The pRRU, if mounted on the ceiling, cannot be positioned in a close
adjacency to a window to reduce the strength of the leaking signals. The pRRU is
installed on a wall if necessary, or even connected to an inner-oriented directional
antenna to prevent signal leakage.

Deployment in Dense Partitioned Areas

The following provides deployment guides for dense partitioned areas that are made up of
numerous partitioned rooms and have no open areas. Examples are business hotel rooms,
government buildings, and research buildings in universities. Figure 4.2.3.1.1.1.1 is an
example of dense partitioned scenario and coverage area of a single pRRU in this scenario.

Figure 4.2.3.1.1.1.1 Example of dense partitioned scenarios

1. The pRRUs in dense partitioned areas are deployed at corridor intersections or corners,
or at the corners of diagonal passages to provide 360-degree coverage in the areas. In this
way, rooms along the corridor or passage can be assuredly covered. Figure 4.2.3.1.1.2.1
is an example of pRRU deployment in such an area.
2. The number of pRRUs to be deployed depends on coverage capacity of a single pRRU,
which is greatly subject to sizes of individual rooms, wall depth, and other issues of
internal construction structure. It is good practice to first conduct simulations to get
known the coverage areas of a single pRRU (indicated, for example, by how many
rooms a single pRRU can cover) and then determine the pRRU spacing in the target
deployment area. Figure 4.2.3.1.1.1.1 is an example of determining the total number of
desired pRRUs by coverage capacity of a single pRRU and the pRRU spacing. In this
 example, a single pRRU can cover four to six rooms, with each covering an area of 3 m
x 7 m. Therefore, the pRRUs are deployed at a spacing of 30 m.

Figure 4.2.3.1.1.2.1 Example of deployment in dense partitioned scenarios

3. Additional pRRUs can be deployed to enhance coverage and capacity in the segments
that features large capacity demands and strong outdoor interference.

Deployment in Key Ensuring Areas

Examples of key ensuring areas are executive offices, VIP reception rooms or halls, or senior
meeting rooms. These areas often require particular considerations for well-balanced coverage
and capacity demands. It is recommended that a dedicated pRRU be deployed above the
doorway or inside such a room. Figure 4.2.3.1.1.1.1 is an example of pRRU deployment in
this scenario.

Figure 4.2.3.1.1.1.1 Example of deployment in key ensuring scenarios

Office of Office of
the the
General General
Manager Manager
Deployment in Building Function Areas
Function areas inside a building refer to elevators, stairways, bathrooms, tea rooms, and
porches. Coverage in these areas is the first concern over service rates. The areas are usually
at the intersected extremity of several horizontal and vertical passages. Therefore, pRRUs can
be deployed at the intersections to ensure LOS signal propagation into all individual passages.
In this way, coverage capacity of a single pRRU can be fully utilized. Figure 4.2.3.1.1.1.1 is
an example of pRRU deployment in this scenario.

Figure 4.2.3.1.1.1.1 Example of deployment in building function scenarios

Other Principles for pRRU Deployment

1. In small-penetration-loss buildings, signals from pRRUs in other floors are still of
considerable strength when reaching the target floor. This may introduce strong
interference if pRRUs in adjacent floors are serving different cells. It is good practice in
this scenario that deployed pRRUs in adjacent floors are aligned with each other,
especially when floors are identically constructed, to ensure that signals in one floor are
stronger than the penetrating ones from other floors. This help reduce interference
among floors.
2. Internal constructions usually rule out frequent changes, which makes it difficult for
future addition of new pRRUs. Therefore, pRRU deployment planning needs a holistic
consideration of both current coverage and capacity demands and future expansion and
evolution requirements.
Future expansion can be implemented only by adding new pRRUs in single-pRRU
deployment scenarios. Therefore, it is recommended that single-pRRU deployment be
adopted only when no future expansion plans are assuredly required. In actual practice,
multi-pRRU deployment with cell combination is recommended. On one hand, this helps
achieve continuous coverage to meet the current coverage demands. On the other hand,
this allows future expansions by cell split, which helps reduce expansion complexity and
costs.
Interference Control Policy
2. Outdoor Interference Control
If indoor and outdoor networks work on the same frequency, outdoor interference against
indoor users concentrates in window areas. This is true particularly for high-rise buildings
where complex outdoor radio environment is common contributor to deteriorated call quality
and ping-pang handovers. The common countermeasures for outdoor interference include
increasing strength of indoor signals and adjusting coverage of macro sites.
Increasing strength of indoor signals is applicable to areas where outdoor interference
concentrates, for example, in window areas. The strength of indoor signals is boosted
commonly by deploying additional pRRUs or adjusting the antenna of the deployed pRRUs.
With this countermeasure, indoors signals becomes higher than outdoor signals, and then the
indoor cell turns to be the dominant cell. As a result, the SINRs of indoor signals are
improved and ping-pang handovers can be prevented.
Table 4.2.3.1.1.1.1.1 lists the pRRU coverage radius for the desired RSRP in office building
scenarios, and the results are obtained when pRRUs are working at full transmit power. In
practice, users first determine the target RSRP based on the level of outdoor interference and
then obtain the coverage radius by referring to this table. Finally, users can determine the
deployment for new pRRUs.

Table 4.2.3.1.1.1.1.1 pRRU coverage radius for the desired RSRP in office building scenarios
C o ve ra g e Ra d iu s to Ed g e RSRP Re q u ire d (m)
Ed g e RSRP Re q uire d (d Bm ) -115 -105 -95 -85
0 136.5 63.4 29.4 13.6
Pe n e tra tio n
10 10MHz 63.4 29.4 13.6 6.3
Lo ss(d B)
20 29.4 13.6 6.3 2.9
0 108.3 50.3 23.3 10.8
Pe n e tra tio n
10 20MHz 50.3 23.3 10.8 5
Lo ss(d B)
20 23.3 10.8 5 2.3

Outdoor interference can also be suppressed by properly adjusting downtilt, orientations, and
transit power of the macro base stations to reduce strength of outdoor signals when they
approach to indoor boundaries.
2. Indoor Interference Control
Leakage of indoor signals also affects outdoor cells. Networking and engineering experience
shows that signal leakage controls are required for outdoor areas 10 m away from the
building. To reduce the leakage impact upon outdoor users in these areas, leaking signals need
to be 5 dB or above weaker than the strongest signals for outdoor macro cells. In addition,
reselection and handover parameters need to be optimized to better serve site requirements
and prevent macro users in these areas from accessing indoor cells.
For LampSite, indoor signal leakage is generally controlled through directional antennas.
Specifically, directional antennas of good directionality and front-to-rear suppression ratios
are installed in an indoor-area oriented fashion to suppress leakage of indoor signals. In
addition, proper pRRU deployment positions also help combat indoor signal leakage. For
example, pRRUs are deployed at a distance from windows or mounted on walls with natural
barricades to prevent indoor signal from leaking.
3. Inter-floor Interference Control
 Indoor inter-cell interference among adjacent floors or even on the same floor can be
controlled by using cell combination, in either pRRU-aggregation or SFN mode.
The LampSite interference control policies are summed up as follows:
1. In outdoor interference scenarios, such as areas around windows in high-rise buildings,
pRRUs need to be deployed in outdoor interference concentrated areas yet with strong
service demands. This helps boosts indoor signals and turns the indoor cell to the
dominant cell to prevent ping-pang handovers.
4. In indoor interference scenarios, such as window areas at lower floors of a high-rise
building, pRRUs need to be deployed away from windows and even installed on walls
and connected to external antennas. This helps directing signals to indoor areas as much
as possible to mitigate indoor interference.
5. In inter-floor interference scenarios, such as among adjacent floors or even on the same
floor, cells served by the pRRUs on the same floor or on adjacent floors need to be
combined whenever possible if the product specification allows. This helps reduce
interference and prevent ping-pang handovers.

4.2.4 Expansion Policy

As described above, cell combination is recommended for multi-pRRU deployment for the
benefit of eliminating inter-pRRU interference. However, the multiple pRRU can only
provide the capacity of a single cell after cell combination. Therefore, at the initial
deployment stage with low capacity demands, the pRRUs on the same floor or even adjacent
floors can be deployed in cell combination mode. This helps improving user experience by
maximally reducing co-channel interference and boosting coverage and throughput at the cell
edge. As network grows, a single cell is gradually becoming stretched in providing enough
capacity to growing number of users and meeting soaring service demands, which makes
capacity expansion an inevitable solution. Capacity expansion is implemented by splitting
cells and deploying more pRRU if needed.

Expansion Standard
LampSite shares the same expansion standard with macro networks. For details, see LTE
TDD Expansion Guide V1.2. An expansion is determined mainly by the following three
counters:
1. Downlink and uplink capacities of a sector
2. Downlink and uplink RB usage of a sector
3. Number of users served by a sector
An expansion is required when the preceding three counters reach to 80% of their respective
planned values.

Expansion by Deploying New pRRUs

This expansion method is applicable only if a single or a limited number of pRRUs are
already deployed indoors. The scenario for this method features as follows: a limited number
of pRRUs are deployed for meeting coverage requirements. For example, only a single pRRU
is used to cover a small and simply structured building. In most cases, average RSRP and
SINR are at relatively low levels, and a cell has a relatively low capacity. In this situation,
signal quality in the cell can be further improved. Therefore, additional pRRUs can be
deployed in the area to improve the average RSRP and SINR and increase available network
resources for the benefit of bettering network performance.
On the other hand, introduction of more pRRUs also brings about co-channel interference
among cells. Particularly, if each newly introduced pRRU serves an independent cell, inter-
pRRU interference also intensifies, leading to measurably deteriorated SINRs on the entire
network and dropped throughput of each cell. As a result, the overall throughput goes down
on the network. In this case, the disadvantage resulted from the co-channel interference will
far outweigh the benefits brought about by introducing new pRRUs. The following simulation
is a manifesto of how introduced pRRUs affect capacity on the entire network after expansion
is made by deploying new pRRUs in a small- and medium-sized office building scenario.
1. When one, three, and seven pRRUs are deployed indoors without cell combination, the
total capacity showed in the simulation test are 66.6 Mbit/s, 33.3 Mbit/s, and 64.19
Mbit/s, respectively. Then, the respective equivalent capacity for a single cell becomes
66.6 Mbit/s, 1.1 Mbit/s, and 9.0 Mbit/s. This simulation shows that capacity of a single
cell drops significantly and introduction of new pRRUs brings about no gains to the total
network capacity.
2. When one, three, and seven pRRUs are deployed indoors to serve just one cell, the total
capacity showed in the simulation test are 66.6 Mbit/s, 76.53 Mbit/s, and 80 Mbit/s,
respectively. Then, the respective capacity gains are 1, 1.15, and 1.20.
Figure 4.2.4.1.1.2.1 shows SINR performance in multi-pRRU deployment with and without
cell combination.
As shown in Figure 4.2.4.1.1.2.1, when cell combination is used, inter-cell interference
increases as the number of pRRUs is on the rise. As a result, the SINR in the area deteriorates
significantly and capacity of a single cell drops drastically. In this case, the total network
capacity goes down despite multiplied cell resources. When cell combination is used, the
SINR in the coverage area is improved and the total network capacity is consequently given to
a boost, although there is still one cell after pRRUs are added.

Figure 4.2.4.1.1.2.1 SINR performance in multi-pRRU deployment with and without cell
combination

Therefore, cell combination is recommended if network expansion is implemented by adding

pRRUs. A proper balance between increasing network resources and suppressing co-channel
 interference needs to be achieved for maximally improved signal quality and increased
capacity of individual cells.
The first concern in determining a position for a new pRRU is network capacity distribution.
A new pRRU is preferentially deployed in the weak-coverage area that has strong capacity
demands. The second concern is interference isolation with existing pRRUs. A new pRRU
needs to be deployed in the area that inflicts the weakest possible interference to the entire
network. If there is no existing partitions standing between new and existing pRRUs, for
example, when a new pRRU is added in an open area, cell combination is recommended.
However, if natural partitions are available, for example, a new pRRU is deployed in an
independent room, it can be deployed to serve an independent cell.

Expansion by Splitting Cells

This expansion method is applicable if multiple pRRUs are already indoors deployed. The
scenario for this method features as follows: multiple pRRUs are already deployed for
continuous coverage, for example, in a dense partitioned indoor area. The coverage area has
satisfactory RSRP and SINR, but insufficient cells have been planned at the initial stage.
Therefore, the total capacity is falling short of the later growing demands. Therefore,
expansion can be implemented by cell split in these scenarios to multiplying available
network resources in return for improved network performance.
Figure 4.2.4.1.1.1.1 is an example of expansion through cell split on the same floor.
In this example, eight pRRUs are deployed on the same floor. At the initial deployment stage,
cells served by the eight pRRUs are combined as one logical cell due to low capacity
demands. With cell combination, co-channel interference is maximally curbed and capacity of
the cell is fully utilized. Therefore, users in the area can still have good service experience at
that stage. However, capacity is increasing on the rise as the network goes into operation.
Capacity expansion is then performed by splitting the cell into two cells, one served by five
pRRUs and the other by three. As capacity demands are constantly reaching new high
grounds, the two cells are further split into more physical cells to better meet the increasing
demands on capacity.

Figure 4.2.4.1.1.1.1 Expansion through cell split on the same floor

Figure 4.2.4.1.1.1.2 is an example of expansion through cell split on adjacent floors.

 In this example, eight pRRUs are deployed on four floors. At the initial deployment stage with
low capacity demands, cells served by the eight pRRUs can be combined as one logical cell.
With cell combination, handovers are minimized when users are moving within the four floors
and therefore users have good mobility experience. However, capacity is increasing on the
rise as the network goes into operation. To provide enough capacity, capacity expansion is
then performed by splitting the cell into two cells, with one cell covering two floors. As
capacity demands are constantly reaching new high grounds, cell split is further conducted so
that each cell covers a single floor to better meet the increasing demands on capacity.

Figure 4.2.4.1.1.1.2 Expansion through cell split on adjacent floors

Floor 4

Floor 3
Floor 2

Floor 1

With cell split, the pRRUs that serve for the same cell are configured to serve different cells.
This introduces co-channel interference while increasing available network resources. As a
result, the SINR at the cell edge drops. For details, see Report on Pico SFN and Macro SFN
Networking Performance Evaluation V1.0. The service experience deteriorates sharply for
users at the boundary of the newly established cells. To avoid compromised service
experience, cell boundaries need to be made in traffic-rare areas whenever possible, such
weak electric shafts, tea rooms, bathrooms, and corridors. The natural partitions in these areas
are also helpful to some extent in mitigating interference among cells.

4.3 Engineering Designs

Engineering designs provide optimal pRRU deployment scheme in terms of scale, position,
installation mode, cell combination, and cell split, based on onsite surveys and simulation
results derived from the onsite surveys.
The following describes a general engineering design procedure for pRRU deployment.
Step 1 Conduct onsite survey on the target deployment environment of an operator.
Step 2 Consult the operator about the coverage area on each floor, capacity requirements, and key
ensuring areas to come up with proper signal and capacity distribution modes.
Step 3 Obtain overall information about the building structure, including floor height, size of indoor
areas, quantity and distribution of enclosed areas, penetration loss of construction materials,
power supply availability to determine the required pRRU quantity and feasible pRRU
installation mode.
Step 4 Obtain information about indoor architectural designs, construction materials, and wall
thickness.
 Step 5 Take photos of special target coverage areas, if necessary, to facilitate accurate indoor
modeling and simulation tests.
----End

For pRRU deployment in simply structured buildings, the required pRRU quantities and
feasible deployment mode can be easily determined by referring to the preceding
recommended deployment schemes and previous network planning experience. However, for
pRRU deployment in complexly structured buildings that feature different application
scenarios and various capacity requirements, it is good practice to determine the optimal
deployment scale, installation position and mode, cell combination, and cell split schemes by
modeling based on the onsite survey results and performing simulation tests based on the
modeling.
As described above, the number of deployed pRRUs, deployment position, and cell
combination and split schemes are factors that affect network performance in terms of
coverage and capacity. The pRRU installation mode and antennas also have their impact on
network capacity and coverage and therefore are major considerations for engineering
designs. The following describes installation mode design and antenna design for pRRU
deployment.

1.1.1 Installation Mode Design

The BBU, RHUB, and pRRU for the LampSite solution can be installed in the following
modes:
 The BBU is mounted in the equipment room or in the weak electric well of a building.
 The RHUB is mounted in the weak electric well of a building, in a standard cabinet with
a width of 19 inches and a height of 2 U, or on a wall.
 The pRRU is mounted on a wall, ceiling, or pole. In office building scenarios, wall
mounting or ceiling mounting is usually used.
Figure 4.3.1.1.5.1.1 shows installation modes for the pRRU.

Figure 4.3.1.1.5.1.1 Installation modes for the pRRU

Figure 4.3.1.1.5.1.2 shows installation modes for the RHUB.

Figure 4.3.1.1.5.1.2 Installation modes for the RHUB

Mounted on a wall

19-inch Mounted in a 19-

cabinet inch cabinet

If a pRRU is mounted on a wall (termed as vertical mounting) or on a ceiling (termed as

horizontal mounting), antenna gains on the same spectral point vary in the vertical or
horizontal directions of the antenna pattern of built-in antenna of the pRRU when
electromagnetic waves are propagating in the space. Therefore, the coverage level varies in
the space. In addition, pRRU is visible when mounted on a wall or ceiling. However, actual
applications maybe do not allow a pRRU to be exposed. In these situations, an external
antenna is used together with the pRRU and is mounted inside the suspended ceiling.
Ceiling materials usually can inflict a 10 dB to 20 dB penetration to indoor signals. Therefore,
indoor coverage contracts drastically if a ceiling-mounted pRRU uses the built-in antenna. In
this situation, an external antenna, such as an omnidirectional antenna, can be used to divert
antenna signals outside the ceiling in return for certain improvement of coverage. The
improvement degree is subject to external antenna performance, or the gain patterns.
The following gives a brief presentation on the outfield tests for determining the pRRU
installation principle.
LampSite outfield tests, which were conducted in Building F5 in Huawei headquarter, have
shown varied pRRU coverage performance when different pRRU installation modes are used.
For details, see Performance Analysis Report for the LampSite Field Test.
Five sites were involved in the outfield tests, which were installed in the following modes:
1. Sites 1 and 4 were mounted inside the suspended ceiling 3.5 m above the ground.
External antennas were used to divert the signals outside the ceiling.
2. Sites 2 and 5 were mounted inside the suspended ceiling 4.0 m above the ground. The
built-in antennas were used.
3. Site 3 were mounted on a wall 3.5 m above the ground. The built-in antennas were used.
The pRRUs on sites 4 and 5 were installed inside the suspended ceiling, but external antennas
are used on site 5. Therefore, sites 2 and 5, pRRU signals were inflicted with a penetration
loss of about 15 dB before reaching indoor users. Comparison of tests results in the two
environments demonstrated significant coverage deterioration on sites 2 and 5, with a highest
RSRP in the open area only -72 dBm.
Built-in antennas were used on sites 2, 3, and 5. However, pRRUs were mounted inside the
suspended ceiling on sites 2 and 5, and pRRUs were mounted on wall on site 3. In the two test
environments, difference in coverage performance was contributed by both penetration and
 installation modes. Comparison of tests results in the two environments demonstrated that
RSRP distribution was basically duplicated in the horizontal on site 3, but was different on
sites 2 and 5 despite the same propagation environment. This showed that built-in antennas
had an irregular antenna pattern in the horizontal when pRRUs were ceiling mounted.
On sites 1, 3, and 4, pRRUs were mounted 3.5 m above the ground and pRRU signals were
free of ceiling blockage. However, omnidirectional antennas were used on sites 3 and 4, and
built-in antennas were used on site 3. Therefore, coverage performance on sites 1 and 4 was
subject to performance of the external antennas, while on site 3, it was determined by built-in
antennas of the wall-mounted pRRUs. Comparison of tests results in the two environments
demonstrated that the omnidirectional antenna delivered better coverage performance over the
built-in antenna.
The following summarizes pRRU installation principles for actual applications based on the
preceding outfield test results:
 Wall mounting is recommended for built-in antennas.
 Ceiling mounting needs to be used with consideration of different antenna gains in the
horizontal or vertical. If ceiling mounting is inevitable, penetration loss of the ceiling
needs to be determined first to estimate contraction degrees of coverage, and then
simulations are required based on the strength of signals penetrated from the ceiling.
 Horizontal and vertical antenna patterns need to be analyzed for external antennas to
estimate coverage performance in the target environment before proper planning is
made.

4.3.2 Antenna Design

If omnidirectional antennas are used for indoor applications, antenna designs are not required.
In certain special applications, external directional antennas are required. The following
describes the designs for external directional antennas for pRRU installations:
1. If pRRUs are deployed on lower floors of a building, interference caused by indoor
signal leakage is commonly experienced by outdoor users when outdoor sites and indoor
pRRUs are working on the same frequency. To avert this problem, pRRUs are deployed
usually at a distance from windows. However, such deployment weakens signals in
window areas, which leads to interference to indoor users caused by outdoor signal
intrusions.
In such a scenario, combination of directional antennas and wall mounting is
recommended. This helps reduce interference to indoor users caused by outdoor macro
sites or neighboring pRRUs by strengthening indoor signals while suppressing
interference to outdoor users caused by indoor signal leakage.
2. If pRRUs are deployed on higher floors of a building, interference caused by indoor
signal leakage can be ignored. However, interference to indoor users caused by outdoor
macro networks still needs to be addressed. As a solution, pRRU can be added in such
areas or directional antennas of higher gains can also be used if strong interference
suppression is required.

4.4 Parameter Planning

Similar to a macro network, a LampSite-used network also requires planning of the following
parameters:
 Frequency
  Transmit power
 Neighboring relationship
 PCI
 PRACH
 TA
Parameter planning for LampSite can also be made using the same methodology as that for
macro networks, with slight difference in PCI and neighboring cell planning.
For details about the planning methods, see the following reference documents:
 Guide to Neighboring Cell and X2 Interface Planning for eRAN3.0 LTE TDD V3.2
 eRAN3.0 LTE TDD PCI Planning Guide V1.2
 eRAN3.0 LTE TDD PRACH Planning and Configuration Guide V1.0
 eRAN3.0 LTE TDD TA Planning and Configuration Guide V1.0
The following describes how to plan PCIs and neighboring cells for the LampSite solution for
indoor-outdoor coordinated networks.

4.4.1 PCI Planning

Indoor coverage and outdoor coverage hugely differ from each other in terms of coverage
radius and handover configuration. If indoor and outdoor networks are working on the same
frequency, PCI planning can be made separately or jointly for the two networks dependent on
specific scenarios:
 PCI planning can be made jointly for indoor and outdoor networks if only a limited
number of pRRUs are used, usually at the initial deployment stage, macro coverage
predominates in the target area, and separate PCI planning for indoor cells is not
required.
 PCI planning needs to be made separately for indoor and outdoor networks if a large
number of RRUs are used. In this way, indoor cells can reuse the PCIs for outdoor cells
and therefore increases PCI reusability.
If indoor and outdoor networks are working on the same frequency, reference signal
interference between indoor and outdoor cells needs to be curbed. In most cases, PCIs for
outdoor macro networks are already planned. In addition, signals from outdoor macro
networks can travel to dozens of buildings and multiple floors of these buildings. Therefore, a
macro cell may be a neighbor of multiple indoor cells on couples of floor in dozens of floors.
Consequently, reference signal interference cannot be addressed by adjusting planned PCIs
for macro networks, and planning for macro networks may even cease to work if planned
PCIs are adjusted.
Therefore, it is good practice to tune PCIs for indoor cells while keeping planned PCIs for
macro networks unchanged. During manual PCI planning for macro networks, PCIs need to
be reserved for indoor cells to prevent PCI conflicts between indoor and outdoor cells.
The PCI planning principles for the LampSite solution are summarized as follows:
 PCI mod 3 values for indoor neighboring cells on the same floor or in adjacent floors
need to be different.
 PCI mod 3 values for outdoor and indoor neighboring cells need to be different in areas
where users are moving from to or out of indoor or outdoor cells (such as indoor cells on
lower floors) or in areas where strong outdoor interference exists (such as indoor cells on
higher floors).
 NOTE
PCI planning can be made using U-Net. At present, U-Net supports only PCI planning for outdoor
scenarios.
PCIs need to be coordinated manually for indoor and outdoor cells by referring to the preceding PCI
planning principles. The PCI planning for multiple cells on the same floor of a building falls into PCI
planning on the same plane. In this case, topology-based PCI planning algorithm for macro base station
applies.

4.4.2 Neighboring Cell Planning

Simple neighboring relationship suffices for indoor cells in enclosed areas. However, signals
from outdoor macro networks can travel to dozens of buildings and multiple floors of these
buildings, and a macro cell may be a neighbor of multiple indoor cells on couples of floor in
dozens of floors. As a result, indoor cells configured as the neighbors of a macro cell may
outnumber the maximum allowed neighboring cells of the macro cell. Therefore, the
neighboring relationship for a macro cell needs to be configured simplest possible.
On higher floor scenarios, moving into or out of indoor areas is impossible. Buildings are
usually immersed by cluttered radio signals from macro sites, which makes it difficult to
determine outdoor neighboring cells for an indoor cell. Besides, these signals are often on
wide swings, which may lead to frequent handovers between indoor and outdoor cells if an
outdoor cell is configured as a neighboring cell of an indoor cell.
Therefore, it is good practice not to configure an outdoor cell as the neighboring cell of an
indoor cell in higher floor scenarios. However, the indoor areas around windows can still be
covered by strong outdoor signals, and handovers may still be attempted from an indoor cell
to an outdoor cell. To prevent call drops caused by the handover failures, indoor signals need
to be strengthened to make an indoor cell become the dominant cell.
If the indoor cell on higher floor scenario is not configured as the neighboring cell of an
outdoor cell, users that have established services provided by an outdoor cell cannot be
handed over to an indoor cell without having the services interrupted when they are moving in
to the indoor cell. On the other hand, multiple indoor cells on couples of floor in dozens of
floors can be configured as a neighbor of a macro cell. As a result, indoor cells configured as
the neighbors of a macro cell may outnumber the maximum allowed neighboring cells of the
macro cell. Therefore, as a compromise solution of the two situations, it is good practice to
configure indoor cells of chiefly concerned floor and buildings as unidirectional neighboring
cells of a macro cells. This also helps boost traffic offloading capacity and resource utilization
of indoor distributed system.
In actual applications, cell of pRRUs on lower and higher floors are combined as one logical
cell for the purpose of maximally utilizing RHUB resources or suppressing inter-cell
interference to indoor areas. In this case, to achieve normal handovers on lower floors, the
bidirectional neighboring relationship is configured between the indoor cell and outdoor cells.
As a result, directional handovers between indoor and outdoor cells may take place on higher
floors. Such handovers on the higher floors degrade user experience and reduce resource
utilization for indoor distributed systems. Therefore, in this situation, bidirectional
neighboring relationship needs to be configured simplest possible. If condition permits, lower
floors can be covered separately by a dedicated indoor cell.
The planning principles for coordinated neighboring relationship of the LampSite solution are
summarized as follows:
1. Indoor cells are mutually configured as neighboring cells, including cells on the same
floor and on adjacent floors.
2. The elevator hall and elevator well are covered by the same cell that is bi-directionally
configured as neighboring cell of indoor cells on each floor of a building to ensure
normal handovers when users are moving into or out of the elevator.
3. On lower floor scenarios, outdoor cells with strong and stable signals traveling indoors
and to which users can be handed over are configured as bidirectional neighboring cells
of an indoor cell.
4. On higher floor scenarios, an indoor cell is not configured having outdoor neighboring
cells, and signals of indoor cells need to be strengthened. However, indoor cells of
chiefly concerned buildings and floors can be configured as unidirectional neighboring
cells of a macro outdoor cell.
5. In actual applications, pRRUs on lower and higher floors can be configured to serve the
same cell. Furthermore, if condition permits, lower floors need to be covered separately
from the higher flowers by the same cell to ensure reliable handovers.
NOTE
Neighboring cell planning can be made using U-Net.
U-Net supports only neighboring cell planning for outdoor scenarios to configure two cells with
handover overlap areas discovered in coverage prediction tests as bidirectional neighboring cells.
Neighboring cells need to be coordinated manually for indoor and outdoor cells by referring to the
preceding neighboring cell planning principles.
 5 Appendix

1. Product Configuration Guide to DBS3900 LTE TDD V100R006C90

2. Report on Pico SFN and Macro SFN Networking Performance Evaluation V1.0
3. LTE TDD Expansion Guide V1.2
4. Performance Analysis Report for the LampSite Field Test
5. eRAN3.0 LTE TDD PCI Planning Guide V1.2
6. eRAN3.0 LTE TDD PRACH Planning and Configuration Guide V1.0
7. eRAN3.0 LTE TDD TA Planning and Configuration Guide V1.0
8. Guide to Neighboring Cell and X2 Interface Planning for eRAN3.0 LTE TDD V3.2
9. LTE TDD Network Performance Management SOP V1.1
 6 Reference Documentation

1. Product Configuration Guide to DBS3900 LTE TDD V100R006C90

2. Report on Pico SFN and Macro SFN Networking Performance Evaluation V1.0
3. Performance Analysis Report for the LTE TDD eRAN6.0 LampSite Field Test