Revisions to IEEE-519
Robert E. Fuhr, P.E.
What are Harmonics?
A harmonic is a component frequency
of a harmonic motion of an
electromagnetic wave that is an integral
Multiply of the fundamental frequency.
(Webster’s Dictionary)
Key words are
– “Fundamental Frequency”
– “Multiply”
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What are Harmonics?
It is a mathematical way to break down
a non sinusoidal repeating waveforms
(Fourier Analysis)
The total waveform is the sum of
multiple sine waves that have different
frequencies from the fundamental (60
Hz)
What are Harmonics?
In the US, the fundamental frequency is
60 Hz
Integral Multiply means multiplying the
fundamental frequency by a whole
number(i.e. 2, 3, 4, …etc.)
3rd Harmonic is 3 X 60 Hz = 180 Hz
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60 Hz Wave – No Harmonics
30% 3rd
Page 3
30% 3rd & 15% 5th
30% 3rd,15% 5th, & 5% 7th
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Sources of Harmonics
Solid State Variable Speed Drives
Arc Furnaces
Rectifiers (AC-DC Converters)
Solid State electronic devices which
contains a poor power supply
– computers, TVs, laser printers, copy
machines…
Solid State UPS units
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Sources of Harmonics
Welding Units
Solid State Fluorescent & LED Lighting
Ballast
Usually a problem for Industrial
Facilities
– Heavy users of VSDs
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What Causes Harmonics?
Answer: Non-linear loads.
There are two types of loads: Linear and Non-linear.
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Impedance Characteristics for
Linear and Non-linear Devices
A A
V V
Volt-Amps graph for a linear device Volt-Amps graph for a non-linear device
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Linear Load
When a sine-wave voltage is connected to a load
of linear elements, the current will always be a
sine-wave of the same frequency.
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Non-Linear Load
When the load contains a combination of linear and
non-linear elements, the current can be distorted
containing harmonics of higher frequencies.
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A Typical Non-Linear Load
The diode -capacitor input circuit draws short pulses
of line current during the peak of the line voltage.
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Electrical Equivalent Circuit
The load can be represented by a resistor in
parallel with several current generators operating
at harmonic frequencies.
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Effects of Harmonics
Overheated Transformers
Heating Of Motors
Abnormal skin effect heating on
conductors.
Heating Of Neutral Conductors
Low Voltage At End Loads
High Neutral To Ground Voltages At
End Loads 17
Effects of Harmonics
Distorted Voltage
Communication Problems
Capacitor Bank Application Problems
Unreliable Operation Of Electronic
Equipment
Control Of Speed And Voltage Problems
On Emergency Generators
Current Measurement Problems
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Effects of Harmonics
Operation Problems Of Relays And
Circuit Breakers
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IEEE – 519
Recommended Practice
and
Requirements for
Harmonic Control in
Electric Power Systems
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IEEE – 519 – What is it?
It is a “Recommended Practice”, not a
“Standard”.
It is a “system” practice, not an
“equipment” practice.
Addresses the steady state condition.
Only addresses harmonic limits at PCC,
not within the facility.
Harmonic Current Limits For Utility
Customers` 21
IEEE-519 - Philosophy of the
Standard
The customer is responsible for limiting
the amount of harmonic current
injected back into the overall power
system.
The utility is responsible for avoiding
resonance conditions on the power
system
– causes unacceptable distortion levels.
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IEEE-519 - Philosophy of the
Standard
Basically, the utility promises a voltage
quality.
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IEEE – 519 - PCC
Harmonic current limits are measured
at the point of common coupling (PCC)
between the utility and the customer.
PCC: A point on a public power supply
system where it connects to the
customer.
– Usually where the utility meter is
connected.
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IEEE – 519 IL
Maximum Demand Load Current, IL:
established at PCC and should be taken
as the sum of the current corresponding
to the maximum demand during each of
the twelve previous months divided by
12.
IL = maximum demand load current at
PCC under normal load operating
conditions. 25
IEEE – 519 Isc
ISC = maximum short-circuit current at
PCC.
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IEEE – 519 - THD%
THD (total harmonic distortion): ratio of
the root mean square of the harmonic
content,
– Uses harmonic components up to the 50th
order
– Excludes interharmonics
– Expressed as a percent of the fundamental
– Typical PQ meter measurement
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IEEE – 519 - TDD%
TDD (total demand distortion): ratio of
the root mean square of the harmonic
content.
– Uses harmonic components up to the 50th
order
– Excludes interharmonics.
– Expressed as a percent of maximum
demand current.
– Most PQ Meters do not measure TDD%. 28
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IEEE – 519 – THD & TDD
THD and TDD are not the same!
TDD prevents a user from being
penalized for harmonics during periods
of light loading.
Chapter 4 contains new info regarding
harmonic measurements – instruments
must comply with IEC 61000-4-7 and
IEC 61000-4-30
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IEEE-519 Voltage Distortion
Limits
At the PCC, system owners or operators
(Utilities) should limit line-to-neutral
voltage harmonics as follows:
– Daily 99th percentile very short time (3 s)
values should be less than 1.5 times the
values given in Table 1.
– Weekly 95th percentile short time (10 min)
values should be less than the values given
in Table 1.
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IEEE-519 Voltage Distortion
Limits
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IEEE – 519 Current Limits
Harmonic Current Limits For Utility
Customers
Harmonic current limits are measured
at the point of common coupling (PCC)
between the utility and the customer.
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IEEE-519 Current Distortion
Limits - 120 V to 69 kV
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IEEE-519 Current Distortion
Limits - 69 kV to 161 kV
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IEEE-519 Current Distortion
Limits - >161 kV
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IEEE-519 Current Distortion
Limits -
At the PCC, users should limit harmonic
currents shown in the (3) Limit Tables.
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IEEE-519 - Current Distortion
Limits
Daily 99th percentile very short time (3 s)
harmonic currents should be less than 2.0
times the values given in Table 2.
Weekly 99th percentile short time (10 min)
harmonic currents should be less than 1.5
times the values given in Table 2.
Weekly 95th percentile short time (10 min)
harmonic currents should be less than the
values given in Table 2. 37
IEEE-519 - Harmonics – How to
Reduce Them
Filters
– Passive (Tuned Filters)
– Active (Fast Switching Harmonic Canceling)
Higher Pulse Drives (12, 18 vs 6 Pulse)
Phase Shifting Transformers
Specify higher quality power supplies
for computers, PLCs and other
electronic equipment.
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Key Points to Remember!!!
Non-linear loads create harmonics.
Harmonics create abnormal skin effect
heating on conductors.
Capacitors and harmonics (non-linear
loads) do not mix!!!!
IEEE-519 Standard is to be applied at
the PCC, not downstream equipment
(i.e. MCCs, Panelboards, VSDs)
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Key Points to Remember!!!
Incorrect to specify equipment that
must meet IEEE 519 Standard.
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For More Information…
www.powerstudies.com
Contact us!
Bob Fuhr
Ph 253-639-8535
Fax 253-639-8685
22443 SE 240th St
Maple Valley, WA
[email protected]
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