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Reviewer in Science G8Q3.5

This document summarizes the key topics in matter, including the three states of matter (solid, liquid, gas), properties of matter, pure substances like elements and compounds, mixtures, and changes in matter. It also discusses energy, acids and bases, atomic structure, and important scientists and their contributions to understanding the nature of atoms, including Dalton's atomic theory, discoveries of the electron, proton, and neutron.

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85 views3 pages

Reviewer in Science G8Q3.5

This document summarizes the key topics in matter, including the three states of matter (solid, liquid, gas), properties of matter, pure substances like elements and compounds, mixtures, and changes in matter. It also discusses energy, acids and bases, atomic structure, and important scientists and their contributions to understanding the nature of atoms, including Dalton's atomic theory, discoveries of the electron, proton, and neutron.

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SSG
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Reviewer in Science

Third Mid

Matter
- It is anything that has mass and occupies space.
- May be living or nonliving.
- Detected by our senses

States of Matter
- Solid- tightly packed and vibrating molecules
- Liquid- weaker attractive forces that allow molecules to slide pass each other
- Gas- highest energy; particles move fast and away from each other
- Plasma- fourth state of matter; seen ionized gases; lightning, fluorescent bulbs and neon signs
- Bose-Einstein Condensate- when bosons are cooled to temperatures near absolute zero
- Phase- each state of matter is called a phase; changes when temperature changes

Properties
- distinguishing characteristics that we use to define a state of matter
- Physical Property- can be observed without altering the substance into another substance
ie. melting point, boiling point, odor, color, taste, solubility, density, hardness, softness, volatility, ductility (ability to be stretched),
malleability (ability to be hammered into thin sheets), viscosity (thickness and resistance to gradual transformation), physical state,
heat conductivity, and electrical conductivity
- Chemical Property- observed when a substance undergoes a change in composition
ie. ability to undergo electrolysis

Pure Substances
- definite and unchanging chemical compositions
- Elements- made up of only one type of atom
ie
Calcium (bones, teeth and body fluids) in nerve impulses)
Phosphorous (85% with Calcium; DNA and RNA) Sulfur (amino acids and proteins)
Magnesium (Bones and Body Fluid) Iron (blood hemoglobin)
Sodium (cellular fluids and involved in nerve impulses) Zinc (enzymes)
Chlorine (gastric juices) Iodine (thyroid gland)
Potassium (major element in cellular fluids and also involved

H- Hydrogen B- Boron F- Fluorine Al- Aluminum Cl- Chlorine


He- Helium C- Carbon Ne- Neon Si- Silicon Ar- Argon
Li- Lithium N- Nitrogen Na- Sodium P- Phosphorous K- Potassium
Be- Beryllium O- Oxygen Mg- Magnesium S- Sulfur Ca- Calcium

- Radioactive Elements
Cobalt-60- treat cancer
Cobalt-60 & Cesium-137- food irradiation (using gamma rays- prolongs shelf life)

- Compound Elements- made up of more than one type of atom


ie. Sodium Chloride- NaCl (table salt)

Mixtures
- made up of two or more substances that are physically mixed
- Homogenous Mixture- one phase; uniform appearance
- solution- homogenous mixture of two or more substances in variable composition
a. Solute- gets dissolved
b. Solvent- dissolving
- Mixtures can be separated through: filtration, evaporation, sublimation, distillation, decantation, crystallization and use of
magnets and sieves
- Heterogeneous Mixture- made up of more than one phase

Changes in Matter
- Physical Change- composition of a substance is not altered in the process
ie. shattering, crumpling, sharpening, mowing, inflating, cloud formation

Deposition

- Chemical Change- occurs when the composition of the substance is changed into a substance having physical and chemical
properties completely different from the original.
ie. change in color, odor, taste or release of gas, ripening, frying, rusting, electrolysis, decomposition, roasting, digestion, souring,
tarnishing, burning and explosion

Energy
- ability to do work
- endothermic- absorbs heat
- exothermic- releases heat
- Radiant Energy- electromagnetic radiation; associated with light
- Thermal Energy- heat energy; energy transfer between two objects
- Mechanical Energy- possessed by an object due to positon or motion
a. Kinetic- motion
b. Potential- position
- Electrical Energy- stream of electrons
- Chemical Energy- stored in substances
- Nuclear Energy
fission- splitting atomic nuclei
fusion- joining nuclei of atoms

Acids and Bases


- Acid- sour; 0- 6.99 on the pH scale
- Bases- bitter; 8 and above on the pH scale
- Salt- acids and bases combined; 7 on the pH scale

Atoms
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. All matter is composed of atoms.
2. Each element has unique atoms. Atoms of one element differ from another elements.
3. Atoms combine with each other to form compounds
4. Atoms are rearranged in a compound but destroyed, created nor changed

Law of Conservation of Mass


- in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed
- the products of the mass equals the mass of the reactions
- mercury(9.26 g) + oxygen (0.74 g)= mercury oxide(10.00 g), C +O2 = CO2

Law of Definite Proportions


- in a compound, constituent elements are always present in a definite proportion or weight
- Pure Water (H2O) = 11.2% Hydrogen, 88.8% Oxygen
Law of Multiple Proportions
- the mass of one element that can be combined with a fixed mass of another element are in ratio of small whole numbers.
- H2O= hydrogen, oxygen 1:2

Atoms- are neutrally charged; tiny particles that cannot be subdivided


atomos- Greek word meaning uncuttable
Ions- are electrically charged atoms
ienai- Greek word meaning to go
cathode-ray tube- a partially evacuated glass tube with very little air in it
cathode ray- radiation from cathode ray tube
cathode- negative electrode
anode- positive electrode
cations- positively charged ions
anions- negatively charged ions
x- rays- similar to light energy that could penetrate through bodies
electricity- stream of electrons flowing through a substance
alpha rays- paper, foil, thin clothing; +2 charge
beta rays- all of alpha, metal sheet, wood, heavy clothing; -1 charge
gamma rays- all of alpha and beta, lead, concrete; most penetrating
radioactivity- particles which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability
chemical reaction- used to separate or join molecules
chemical equation- symbolic representation of a chemical reaction; composed of a reactant and a product
Gold Foil Experiment- how alpha particles interacted with a piece of gold foil
Cathode Ray Tube Experiment- proved the electrical nature of matter
protons- positively charged particles; Eugen Goldstein
neutrons- neutrally charged particles; James Chadwick
electron- negatively charged particles; JJ Thomson
ground state- orbit nearest to the nucleus

Scientists and their contributions


- Leucippus and Democritus- matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms
- John Dalton- began the modern atomic theory called Dalton’s Atomic Theory
- Joseph John Thomson- electron and plum pudding/Thomson’s model
- Ernest Rutherford- dense positively charged nucleus, surrounded by an empty space where the electrons are found. Nuclear
Model. Gold Foil Experiment. Alpha rays= +2, Beta= -1
- Niels Bohr- electrons rotate in orbits around the nucleus, like planets around the sun; electrons exist at various distances from the
nucleus (Bohr’s model). energy of the electron was quantized
- Michael Faraday and Humphry Davy- electrical nature of matter
- Wilhelm Roentgen- X- Rays and traveling through walls
- Antoine Henry Becquerel and Marie Curie- radioactivity
- Paul Villard- gamma rays have neither mass nor charge
- Henry Moseley- atomic number
- Antoine Laurent Lavoisier- father of modern chemistry

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