;r`.

ldÍ fj<`ofmd, iy jHdmdßl ixúOdkj,g f;dr;=re yd ikakf

s õok
;dCIKh fhÈh yels whqre .fõIKh lrhs'

12. 1 fj<`o f,dalh ;=< f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha N+ñldj .fõIKh lrhs'

wxls; wd¾Ólfha kj jdkscH l%u

wxls; wd¾Ólh ^Digital Economy) yeÈkaùu
wxls; ikaksfõok cd," mß.Kl" uDÿldx. iy wfkl=;a wod, f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhka wka;¾.;
wxls; ;dlaIKhka u; mokï jq wd¾Ólhla wxls; wd¾Ólh f,i yÿkajhs' fuh wka;¾cd,
wd¾Ólh fkdfyd;a fjí wd¾Ólh f,i o y`ÿkajhs'

m%;s fjkafoaish (Reverese Auction)

fjkafoAihs l isÿ jkafka úl=Kqïlre NdKav fyda fiajd úlsKSug
wfmalaIs; ñ< .Kka i`oyd ,xiq ;eîfuks' l%uj;a fjkafoAih s l
úl=Kqïlre úiska bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk whs;u i`oyd .eKqïlrejkaf.a
,xiq ;eîu isÿjk w;r th wjika jkafka jeäu ,xiq ;nkakd fj;
whs;u m;a jq miqjhs' m%;s fjkafoais lsÍfï§ úl=Kqïlrejka lsysmfofkl=
tla .eKqïlrefjl= yg NdKav yd fiajd úlsKSug bÈßm;a fjhs' fuys§
wju ,xiqj bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk .eKqïlrejdg ch ,efí'

m%;s fjkafoaishl ,laIK

 .eKqïlrejka wka;¾cd,h Tiafia ;ukag ñ<§ .ekSug wfmalaId lrk NdKav yd fiajdjka
ms<sno úia;r m<lrhs'
 úl=Kqïlrefjda ta i`oyd úúO ñ< .Kka hgf;a ,xiq ;nk w;r ;uka .ek úia;ro
.ekqïlrejdg ,ndfoa'
 .eKqïlrejd ,xiq mßlaIdlr n,d ;ukag jvd;a .e,fmk ,xiqj f;dard.kS'

m%;s fjkafoaisfha jdis

 wju ñ< .Kka hgf;a NdKav yd fiajdjka ñ<§ .ekSug yelsùu'
 ñ< .Kka bÈßm;a lrkakka yg ryis.;j ;ukaf.a ñ< .Kka bÈßm;a lsÍug yelsùu'
 fõ.j;a ùu'

m%;s fjkafoais i`oyd fjka jQ fjí wvú

www.ariba.com , www.hedgehog.com , www.sorcity.com , http://us.dubli.com

iïm%odhsl fjkafoaisfha iy m%;s fjkafoaisfha fjkialï

iïm%odhsl fjkafoaish m%;s fjkafoaish
tla úl=Kqïlrefjla yg .eKqïlrejka tla .eKqïlrefjl=g úl=Kqïlrejka
lsysmfofkla isà lsysmfofkl= isàu'
úl=Kqïlrejd NdKavh úl=Kkafka by,u .eKqïlrejd NdKavh ñ<§ .kafka wju ,xiqj
,xiqj ;enQ .eKqïlrejdg fõ' ;enQ úl=Kqïlrejdf.kah'
.eKqïlrejdg NdKavh fyda fiajdj , nd .eKqïlrejdg NdKavh fyda fiajdj ,nd.ekSu
.ekSug by, uqo,la f.ùug isÿfõ' i`oyd f.úh hq;af;a wju uqo,ls'
NdKavh fyda fiajdj úlsKSu i`oyd ie,lsh b;d blaukska ;ukaf.a NdKav yd fiajdjka
hq;= fõ,djla jeh lsÍu isÿfõ' ñ<§ .ekSug yelsfõ'

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 1

lKavdhï f,i ñ,§ .ekSu (Group Purchasing)
úúO j¾.fha NdKav fyda fiajd jÜgï iys; wkqmd; j,g ñ<§ .ekSfï
wruqKska hï mqoa.,hka fyda jHdmdr tlg tlaùfï ls%hdj,shls' fuys§
úúO mqoa.,hka lsishï NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla ms<sn`oj lr we;s
weKjqï i,ld n,d tu weKjqï rdYsh tla weKjqula f,i i,ld tlS
weKjqï bÈßm;a l< mqoa.,hka yg lKavdhï jYfhka tu weKjqu ñ<§
.ekSug wjia:dj ,ndfoa'
fuu lKavdhï ñ,§ .ekSfï uq,sl woyi jkafka ish¨u idudðlhkaf.a .ekqï n,h ixfhda. lsÍug
iy tu ñ,§ .ekSfï Odß;d Ndú;h u`.ska ldKavdhfï iEu idudcslfhla i`oydu Tjqkf a .a kshu
Ndú;h fkdi,ld tu wju wkqmd;hka u È.= lsÍug fiajd imhkakkag tA;a;= .ekaùuhs' l=vd
mßudKfha is,a,r fj<`ÿka Tjqkf a .a .nvd kej; úlsKSsu i`oyd NdKavj, ñ,lsÍï wdrlaIdlr
.ekSug fuu l%uh Ndú;d lsÍu" cd;sl fyda wka;¾cd;sl moku u`.ska ls%hd;auljk mßudKfha
is,a,r fj<`ÿka iu`. o id¾:l f,i ;r`. lsÍug bv i,id fokakls' lKavdhï ñ,§ .ekSï mgq
wjldYhla úh yels w;r tla úfYaI; s jq ksIamdok mrdihlg iSudfõ' WodyrKhla jYfhka hï
iuQmldr fyda lKavdhï úúO fg,s ikaksfõok fiajd jÜgï.; wkqmd; iys;j wfmaCId lsÍu
i,luq' fuu mrdih ;=< È.=ÿr fiajd (Long Distance Services)" cd,dldr fiajd (Cellular services)"
wka;¾cd, (Internet) iy fg,s iïuka;%K fiajd (Tecnology Services) jHdmdßlhka" lKavdhï iu`.
wdrlaIs; .súiqï n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh yels jkafka úYd, .KqfoKqlrejka i`oyd iudkHfhka jeä
lrkq ,nk wkqmd; jeä lsÍfuks'

lKavdhï ñ,§ .ekSula wjYHjkafka wehs @

NdKavhla ;ks tallhla f,i ñ<§ .ekSfï§ fuka fkdj tu NdKavfhka tall rdYshla ñ<§
.ekSfï§ tallhlg f.jk uqo, wvqfõ' tuksid lKavdhï ñ<§ .ekSu jdisodhl fõ'

lKavdhï ñ,§ .ekSu i`oyd we;s fjí wvú'

www.etrana.com, http://usa-llc.com/USA/index.cfm

úl=Kqïlrejka úiska fuu fjí wvú j, úlsKSu i`oyd m, lr we;s ;u NdKav yd fiajd ioyd jQ
weKjqï mßlaId lrhs' iudk NdKav i`oyd jQ weKjqï mßlaId fldg tu weKjqï ,ndÿka mqoa.,hka
iu`. idlÉPdlr wjidkfha tl`. jQ ñ<la hgf;a NdKavh fyda fiajdj úlsKSu isÿflf¾'

e-fj<`ofmd< (e-market place)

wfkl=;a iud.ïj,g fyda mqoa.,hkag Tjqkaf.a ksIamdok i`oyd kj whÿïlrejka fyda ñ,§ .kakka
,nd .ekSug fukau .kqfokq" ;ekam;a lsÍu yd fnodyeÍu myiq yd ld¾hlaIu lrk fj<odïcd,
ÈhqKq lrjk hï iud.ula i;= wka;¾cd, msysgu q la e-market place f,i y`ÿkajhss' ;jo wka;¾cd,h
yryd isÿjk NdKav iy fiajd úlsKSu iy ñ<§ .ekSfï idudkH ls%hdj,sh e-fj<`o fmd< f,i
yeÈkafõ'
fjkafoais lsÍï ^bÈß" wdmiq&" kdudj,s" weKjqï lsÍu" wjYH;d ±kaùï" fj<`o yqjudre ld¾h yd
RFQ, RFI jeks yelshdjka wdÈ jq jdKscHh yd iïnkaO ld¾hhka imhñka fndfyda ñ,§ .kakkag
yd úl=Kqïlrejkag odhl;ajh imhk wvúhla fõ kï Mh e-market place f,i ±laúh yel' Ebay
, NASDAQ yd Convisint, e-market place i`oyd WodyrK jYfhka ±laúh yel'
e-fj<`o fmd<l m%Odk wx. folla mj;S'

1' bÈß wka;h (Front End)

2' miq wka;h (Back End)

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 2

bÈß wka;h (Front End)
úl=Kqïlrejka iy .eKqïlrejka uqK .efikafka fuu wka;fha§h' fuys§ .eKqïlrejkag úúO
NdKav yd fiajdjka ms<sn`o fiùfï myiqlu" úlsKSug we;s NdKav yd fiajd ms<sn`o úia;r iy tys
ñ< .Kka Shopping Cart myiqlï iy NdKav yd fiajd i`oyd wka;¾cd,h Tiafia uqo,a f.ùfï
myiqlï ie,fia'

miq wka;h (Back End)

úlsKSu i`oyd NdKav yd fiajdjka bÈßm;a lsÍu iy .eKqïlrejd NdKavh ñ<§ f.k NdKavh Tyq
w;g m;ajk ;=re isÿjk ls%hdj,sh fuhg wh;a fõ'
e-fj<`ofmd< i`oyd we;s fjí wvú
http://www.amazon.com , http://www.ebay.com

fj<`o ixúOdk wdldr (Business models)

fuu wdlD;shka u`.ska ixúOdkhka ks¾udKh" wd¾Ól iudÔh fyda fjk;a ud¾.hl w.hka
fnodyeÍu yd y`ÿkd.eksu isÿflf¾' jHdmdrj, Ndú;d jk m%Odk wdlD;s wdldr 3ls'

1' iDcq iïm%odhsl fj<`o ixúOdk (Pure Brick Organization)

2. ud¾..; fj<`o ixúOdk (Pure Click Organization)
3. iDcq yd ud¾..; fj<`o ixúOdk (Brick and Click Organization)

iDcq iïm%odhsl fj<`o ixúOdk (Pure Brick Organization)

NdKav yd fiajd úl=Kqï ls%hdj,sh i`oyd wka;¾cd,h Ndú;d fkdlrk fj<o ixúOdk" iDcq
iïm%Odhsl fj<`o ixúOdk f,i yÿkajhs'

ud¾..; fj<`o ixúOdk (Pure Click Organization)

NdKav yd fiajd úl=Kqï ls%hdj,sh i`oyd wka;¾cd,h muKla Ndú;d lrk fj<o ixúOdk"
ud¾..; fj<`o ixúOdk f,i yÿkajhs'

iDcq yd ud¾..; fj<`o ixúOdk (Brick and Click Organization)

ud¾..; (on-line) yd ud¾.wm.; (off-line) hk folg tldnoaOj iud.ul mj;sk jHdmdr

l%uhls' Bg wu;rj ÿrl:k u`.ska weKjqï msßkeóuo isÿjk w;r wju jYfhka ÿrl:k úl=Kï
ixfhda.h imhhs' Bricks yd Clicks udos,sh i`oyd WodyrKhla f,i" .nvd oduhla" Tjqkf
a .a tla
.nvdjlska mdßfNda.l
s hdg ksIamdok weKjqï lsÍug ud¾..; (on-line) fyda fN!;slj wjia:dj
i,ik úg" mßfNda.slhdf.a weKjqu ia:dksl .nvdjlska iDcqju ,nd .ekSug fyda ksjigu f.kajd
.ekSug bv i,idfohs' fuu udo,sfha ffjl,ams; ixfhdack fndfyda fihska mj;S'
jHdmdr l%shdldÍ;ajh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha Ndú;dj
f;dr;=re yd ikakf s õok ;dlaIKh úúO ixúOdkj,g wo jk úg b;du;a jeo.;a w;HjYh
Ndú;djka fõ' fuys§ m%Odk jHdmdr l%shdjka 6la i`oyd f;dr;=re ikakf
s õok ;dlaIKh Ndú;d fõ'
1' uq,H .sKï
q lrKfha f;dr;=re ikakf s õok ;dlaIKfha fh§ï (Accounting and IT)
2' udkj iïm;a yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh (Human Resource and IT)
3' ksIamdok yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh (Production and IT)
4' wf,úlrKh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh (Marketing, Sales and IT)
5' iemhqïodu l<uKdlrkh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh (Supply Chain Management and IT)
6' jHdmdr ikaksfõokh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh (Business Communication and IT)

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 3

uq,H .sKqïlrKfha f;dr;=re ikakf
s õok ;dlaIKfha fh§ï'
.sKï
q lrk jd¾;d fndfyda jHdmdßl wdh;k" nexl=lrejka yd l<uKdlrh i`oyd jHjia:dkql+,j
.sKï
q yd jd¾;d iE§u fukau tys tosfkod lghq;=j,§ uq,Huh iïm;aj, md,kh i`oyd
WmldÍùug .sKqïlrK uDÿldx. meflac ;uka i;=j ;nd.kS'
.sKï
q lrK moaO;shl m%Odk ixrplj,g my; ioyka tall we;=,;a fõ'

 nvq f,aLK lsÍu (Invoicing)

 ñ,§ .ekqï f,crh (Bought leader/trade creator)
 úl=Kqï f,crh (Trade debtors/sales ledger)
 nexl= iei`ÿu (Bank reconciliation)
 uqo,a.ekqï mqfrdal:kh (Cash flow forescats)
 msßlaiï
q ix;=,kh yd flgqïm;a .sKï q ie,iqu (Producing draft accounts and trial balances)

m%;s,dN
1' iajhxl%Sh .sKqïlrK l%shdj,sh
2' uq,H o;a; iu`. Ndú;d lrkakka lsysmfofkl=g wjia:dj ,ndoSu
3' .sKïq lrK jerÈ wvq lsÍug l%shdmdá Èh;a lsÍu
4' ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä lsÍug l%ufõohla y`ÿkajd oSu
5' ñ, l%ufhka j¾Okh lsÍug ksujqï uÜgu u; msßjehla y`ÿkajdoSu
6' weKjqï j¾Okh" f;d. md,kh yd j;alï l<uKdlrkh
Wod:-Myob
Quick book
Cigas

Khjr md,kh (Credit control)

fndfyda ld¾Hhka ld¾hlaIu lsÍug mß.Kl.; Khjr md,kh u`.ska yelsfõ' idukHfhka
jHdmdr" ;j;a jHdmdrhlska ñ,§ .ekSu yd úlsKSu Khjr l%uhg isÿlrk ksid" l=uk
Khlrejkaf.ka uqo,a ,nd .; hq;=o" l=uk Khysñhkag uqo,a f.úh hq;=o jeks oE ms,sno ksrjoH
f;dr;=re yd Èk fh§ï isÿ lsÍu w;HjYh fõ'

nexl=lrKh yd f.ùï (Banking & Payment)

jHdmdrj,g bf,lafg%daKsl nexl=lrKh u`.ska jdis ,nd.ekSfï yelshdj we;' fuu`.ska Tjqkaf.a
;;ald, nexl= .sKïq jd¾;d mÍlaId lsÍu" isÿlrk ,o f.ùï yd ,eîï ms<sn`o ±kqj;aùu fukau
´kEu tl`. jq nexl= whsrd iSudjla;=, nexl= .sKï q l%shd;aul l< yelsùu wdÈh isÿ lsÍug bv
i,ihs' jHdmdrhla i;=j tys ld¾huKav,h fyda fjk hïflfkl= úiska fyda ryiH jpk ,nd
.ekSu fyda hï fidrlulg tfrysj mÍlaIK isÿl, yels wdrlaIl l%uhla mj;sk;dla" úYd, yd
tf;r f.ùï b;d fõ.fhka yd wdrlaIs;j ud¾..; nexl=lrKh(Online Banking) u`.ska isÿl,
yel' EFTPS(Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale) nerm;a yd yrm;a Ndú;d lrk ldâm;a
lshjkakkag b;d yqremqreÿh' fuu Ndú;h ksid jeä úhou j<lajd .ekSu" uqo,a w;;e;sjhdfï
wjodku j<lajd .ekSu" jeks jdis we;s lrk w;r idukHfhka fuh b;d ldrHlaIu l%uhls' ±ka
±ka l=vd jHdmdrj,o fuu ;dlaIKh Ndú;d jk w;r tyd-fuyd f.k hd yels EFTPOS WmlrK
ksid l=,Sr: yd wjkay,a jeks ia:dkj,o fuh isÿl, yel'

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 4

udkj iïm;a yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh
wdh;khl udkj iïm;a l<uKdlrk lghq;= f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh weiqfrka isÿlrkafka kï th
udkj iïm;a l<uKdlrk moaO;shla f,i yÿkajhs' wdh;khl udkj iïm; f,i tys fiajlhka
$ Y%u n,ldh ±laúh yelshs' wdh;khla úiska tu wdh;khg fiajlfhl= n`ojd .ekSfï isg tu
fiajlhd wdh;kfha fiajfhka bj;aj hk f;la isÿl, hq;= jevlghq;= rdYshla we;'
 fiajlhka wdh;khg nojd .ekSu
 fiajlhkaf.a meñKSu $ meñfKk fõ,dj igyka lsÍu
 fiajlhkaf.a mä iïnkaO lghq;=
 fiajlhkag ,ndfok §ukd iïnkaO lghq;=
 fiajl ld¾h idOkh we.hSï
 fiajl mqyqKqj ,nd§u
 fiajl úia;r kv;a;= lsÍu
by; lghq;= fmdÿfõ yÿkajkq ,nkafka udkj iïm;a l<uKdlrKh hkqfjks' fuu lghq;=
ld¾hlaIuj iy ksjerÈj bgqlr .ekSug f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú;d lrhs'

f;dr;=re ikakf s õok ;dlaIKfha (ict) úma,jh" m%n,j úu¾Ykh jkafka wdikak ish¨u
lafIa;%hkaj, ñksia l%shdldrlï isÿlrk wdldrh wkqjhs' f.da,Sh wd¾Ólfha mj;sjk ;r`.ldÍ
mSvkh jHdmdr yd rgj,aj,g ict je<`o.ekSug n,mEï we;s lrhs' ta ;r`.ldÍ jdish" myiqj"
Ôj.=K;ajh" ord.eksu" ks¾udKYS,Ss;ajh yd ;j;a fndfyda idOl i`oyd fõ' ICT ,`.dùu"
/lSrlaId rgd" /lshd i`oyd jk wjia:djkays mrdi yd f,dalh mqrd wd¾Ól ÈhqKqj wdÈfhys
úYauckl isÿùu isÿfldg we;' tfukau úúO rgj,ays ÈhqKqj i`oydo wmq¾j bjy,aùuls' tfiau
f.da,Sh f;dr;=re wd¾Ólhg wjYH udkj iïm;a ks¾udKh lsÍfuys ,d jk wjia:d fidhd fokakd
jq h;=rls' f.da,Shj iqÿ lrmá (white-collar) /lshdjkays úYd, ke.aula isÿ fjñka mj;s' tfukau
f;dr;=re ;dlaIK fiajlhkaf.a /ls rlaId rgd yd wjia:d i`oydo i;=godhl fjkiaùï isÿfõ'
f;dr;=re ;dlaIK fiajlhd meyeÈ,sju f.da,Sh iïm;la jk w;r iqÿ lrmá (white-collar)
fiajlhd fõ.fhka tf,i fjñka mj;S' b;d olaI yd by, f.ùï iys; f;dr;=re ;dlaIK
fiajlhkag noaO kùlrkh l, yelalla f,i i,lhs' f.da,Sh iemhqï-b,a¨ï fiakdßh" wo jkúg
jegqma uÜgu ksYaph lrhs' fuu ;dlaIKh w;r uOH.; f.da,Sh udkj iïm;a fj<`ofmd," iuia:
wdishd-meismsla m%foaYh yd úfYaI jq ÈhqKqjk rgj,a ioyd úYauhckl wjia:d yd wNsfhda.
msßkuk f;da;ekakls'

ksIamdokh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh

ñ<§.;a wuqøjH j,ska ksñ NdKav olajd mßj¾;kh lsÍfï ls%hdj,sh NdKav ksIamdokhg wh;a fõ'
wuq øjH ksñ NdKavhla njg m;alsÍu i`oyd wkq.ukh l< hq;= ls%hdud¾. rdYshla mj;sk w;r
tajd ksis mßÈ l<uKdlrKh l< hq;=fõ' ksIamdok l<uKdlrKh my; i`oyka ld¾hkaf.ka
iukaú; fõ'
 ksIamdokh lrkafka l=ulao iy tys iajrEmh flnÿ±hs ;SrKh lsÍu'
 wuqøjH wod, ksñ NdKav njg mßj¾;kh lsÍu i`oyd fhdod.; hq;= ;dlaIKh" hka;% iQ;%
iy wuqøjH ms<sn`o ;SrKh lsÍu'
 fl;rï m%udKhla ksIamdokh l< hq;=o
 wod, ld,h ;=, b,lal.; m%udKh ksIamdokh isÿjqfha ±hs fidhd ne,Su'
 NdKavfha iy ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha ;;ajh .fõIKh lsÍu'
 NdKav ksIamdokh i`oyd m%udKj;a wuqøjH we;a±hs fidhd ne,Su'
by; ksIamdok l<uKdlrK ld¾hhka f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú;fhka isÿlrhs kï th ksIamdok
l<uKdlrK moaO;shla f,i yÿkajhs'

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 5

21 jk Y;j¾Ifha ksIamdok iud.ï f.da,Sh l%shdldÍ;ajh u`.ska we;s jk wê ixLhd; yd wkdjels
M, l, fkdyels fj<`ofmd< fjkiaùï j,g uqyqK fohs' ;r`.ldÍj isàug fuu iud.ï i;=j
ish¨u fj<`ofmd<$wf,ú fjkiaùï j,g M,odhs yd b;d wkql+,;d olajk kj j¾.fha ksIamdok
moaO;s ;sìh hq;=h' kej; yev.ekaúh yels fj<ofmd< fjkiaúïj,g M,odhs yd blaukska m%;sl%shd
olajk bxcsfkare ;dlaIKhla wjYH fõ'
1.CAD Softwares- ie,iqï lsÍfï l%shdj,sh i`oyd Ndú;d fõ'
2'CAM Softwares- ksIamdokfhaÈ WmlrK md,kh i`oyd Ndú;d fõ'
3'Simulation Softwares- ksIamdokh ie,iqï lsÍug fuh Ndú;djk w;r fuhska wjidk
ksIamdokh úYd, msßjehlska f;drj ks¾udKh lsÍug fhdod.kS' fuu uDÿldx. .Ks;uh iq;%
tl;=jla jk w;r Ndú;d lrkakdg wod< ld¾hh fkdlsÍfuka mjd ksÍlaIKh yd l%shd l,yel'

wf,úlrkh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh

f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh wf,úlrkhg úúO n,mEï lrhs' ñka iuyrla Y%uh b;sßj jvd fyd`o
fiajdjla imhhs' ;j;a iuyrla iïmQ¾Kfhkau kj ksIamdok yd kj ixúOdk wdldr ks¾udKh
lrhs' b;sßh Tjqkaf.a iajrEmh fjkia l,yels wf,úlrk l%shdjka TmuÜgï lrhs' idudkHfhka
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh hï ixúOdkhlg n,h mjrd § úYd, ixLHd;" úúOdldr ksIamdok úYd,
ixLHd; úúOdldr fj,`ofmd<j, fnodfoñka iïm%odhl WmdhYS,Ss yd l%shdldß iSudjka nn<jhs'
fuh id¾:lu wf,úlrkh" l%shdldß;ajh R&D yd úlsKqï iu`. wdikak f,i iïñY% úhhq;=h'
wf,úlrkfhaÈ"
1' mdßfNda.slhka y`ÿkd .ekSu'
2' mdßfNda.slhka ;Dma;su;a lsÍug'
3' mdßfNda.slhka r`ojd ;nd.ekSu;a" Wmfhda.S lr.kS'
ñf,ka fyda jákdlula u; NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla .súiqulg hg;a lr.ekSu úlsKqu fõ'
ks;HdKql+,j úlsKqï ùug kï"
1' .eKqïlre yd úl=Kqïlre hk fofokdu .súiqulg t<öu'
2' yqjudrej i`oyd wkafHdakh tl`.;ajh mej;Su'
3' mejßh yels úh hq;=h'
4' f.ùfïÈ idOrK uqo,la fyda fmdfrdkaÿjla mej;Su" hk lrekq iïmq¾K l, hq;=h'

wf,úlrk yd úlsKqï lrk l%shdj,sh i`oyd fj<`o ±kaùï Ndú;d l,yel' fï i`oyd f;dr;=re
;dlaIKh Ndú;fhka wdl¾IKsh fj<`o ±kaùï ks¾udKhlr mdßfNda.slhd ±kqj;a l,yel'
tfiau wka;¾cd,h yd úoHq;a ;emE, Ndú;fhka wf,úlrkh yd úlsKqu isÿ l,yel'
e.g:-1. Graphic softwear
2. Animation softwear
3. Database softwear
4. Web site design/Development
5. Online advertistment service
6. E-mail advertistment service

fj<`odu yd úlsKqu lsÍug Ndú;d l,yels foa"

1. Ebay 3. Barcot Reader 5.MICR
2. Amozon 4. Credit Card Reader

iemhqïodu l<uKdlrkh
wuq øjHhla mßfNdackhg iqÿiq ksñ øjhla njg m;a lrk ;=re isÿjk ls%hdj,sh iemhqï odu
l<uKdlrKhg wh;a fõ' my; i`oyka ld¾hka iemhqï odu l<uKdlrKfha m%Odk ld¾hhka fõ'
iemhqïodu l<uKdlrKh m%Odk ld¾hhka jkqfha"
wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 6
  iemhqïlrejkaf.ka wuqøjH ñ<§ .ekSu'
 ñ<§.;a wuqøjH j,ska ksñ NdKav ksIamdokh
 ksñ NdKav mdßfNda.l
s hskg
a wf,ú lsÍu iy fnod yeÍu

f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha Ndú;h wo mj;sk ixlS¾K iemhqïoduhkays M,odhs md,kh i`oyd wjYH
f,i i,lhs' iemhqïodu l<uKdlrkfha (SCM) f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha Ndú;fha ms<s.;a jákdlu
fkdie,lSu iemhqïodu ikao¾Nfhys ta ms<sn`oj ;lafiarej i`oyd jk wkqNdúl wOHk ixLHdj
iSud fõ'
m¾fhaIK j,g wkqj SCM wruqKq f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha Ndú;h fldgia 3 lg fnÈh yel'
1' Transaction Processing
2. Supply Chain planning & collaboration
3. Order Tracking & Delivery coordination

jHdmdr ikaksfõokh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh

f;dr;=re ikakf s õok ;dlaIKh (ICT) yd f;dr;=re yqjudrefõ f,dal úisß moaO;sh l%u l%ufhka
jir ish .Kkdjla mqrdjg j¾Okh jk w;ru fN!;sl ;dlaIKh yd l¾udka;ho tf,iu j¾Okh
fjñka mj;S' iuld,Sk iudch ;=< IT b;d wiSre ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrhs' th ks¾udKd;aul
l<uKdlrkh yd f;dr;=re fnodyeÍu u; hefmk f.da,Sh wd¾Ólhla iys; f.da,Sh .ïudkhla
njg uq¨ f,dalhu mßkdñl njg m;aj we;' f,dal wd¾Ólfha f.da,ShlrKh jHdmdr iud.ï j,g
f;dr;=rej, jákdlu úYd, f,i jeäÈhqKq lr we;af;a kj jHdmdr wjia:d msßkuñKs' f.da,Sh
uÜgfïÈ ixúOdk i`oyd myiqfjka fj<`odu fufyhùug yd jHdmdr l<uKdlrkhg wo jk úg
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh" ikaksfõokh yd úYaf,aIK n,h iemhSug iu;aj we;' Tjqkf a .a f,dal úisß
cd,j, iemhqïlrejka" fnodyßkakka yd hefmkakka iudfhdackh i`oyd ixúOdk úiska weKjqï"
fnodyeÍï yd f.ùï ms<sn`o úuid ne,sh yels f.da,Sh f;dr;=re moaO;s ÈhqKq lrñka mj;S' mq`M,a
nqoaêfhka úuid ne¨ úg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh jkdys" f;dr;=re .nvd lsÍu kej; ,nd.ekSu" yd
yeisrùu i`oyd jk oDvdx. yd uDÿldx. hk wx. fol yd iu`. ne§ mj;skakls' my;u uÜgfï§
tla tla fufyhqï moaO;s iu`." Tng fiajdodhl (servers) ;sfí' fuu fiajdodhlj, o;a; iuqodh
(Database) fjí fiajdodhl uDÿldx. (web serving software) we;=,;afõ' fuu fiajdodhl
tlsfklg iïnkaO w;r cd, há;, myiqlï yryd Ndú;d lrkakg myiqlï i,idfohs' fuu
fiajdodhlj,g m%fõY jkakg Tjqkaf.a oDvdx." fufyhqï moaO;s (operating system) yd uDÿldx.
WmlrK we;' f;dr;=re ikakf s õok ;dlaIKh f,i ye`Èkafjk fuh f;dr;=re l%shd lrùug wjYH
;dlaIKh f,i ks¾jpkh l< yel' jHdmdr i`oyd ikakf s õokhg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh my; l%u
u`.ska odhl fõ'
1' Web based communication
2. E-mail
3. E-presentation
4. video/audio conference

12.2 f;dr;=re yd ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh iy jHdmdßl fufyhqï w;r we;s
iïnkaO;djh úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

bf,lafg%dksl jdKscHh (Electronic Commerce)

bf,lafg%dksl jdKscHh jHjydßlj E-commerce f,i y`ÿkajhs' hï l¾udka;hl ksIamdok yd
fiajdjkays .ekqï yd úlsKqï l%shdj,s" wka;¾cd, yd wfkl=;a mß.Kl cd, jeks bf,lafg%dksl
moaO;s yryd isÿ fõ kï" th B jdKscHh f,i y`ÿkajhs' bf,lafg%dksl jdKscHh" cx.u jdKscHh
(Mobile Commerce)" bf,lafg%dksl wruqo,a udrej (Electronic Funds Transfer) iemhqïodu

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 7

l<uKdlrkh (Electronic Data Interchange-EDI)" bkafjkagß l<uKdlrk moaO;s (Inventory
Managment System) iy iajxl%Sh o;a; iuqy moaO;s (Automated Data Collection Systems) jeks
;dlaIKhg ne`§ mj;S' kùk bf,lafg%dksl jdKscHh" úoHq;a ;emE," cx.u Wml%u" iudc udOHh
iy ÿrl:k jeks ;dlaIKhkays mq`M,a mrdi jglr ;snqKo idukHfhka th .Kqfokq ÔjK pl%fha
wju jYfhka tla wjia:djl§ fyda f,dal úisß úhuk (WWW) Ndú;d lrhs'
B fj<odfuys (E-Business) úl=kï
q wdldrh f,i idudkHfhka B jdKscHh i,lkq ,efí' fuys
jHdmdr .Kqfokqj,§ uqo,a iemhqï yd f.ùï wdldr i`oyd myiqlï ie,iSug wjYH o;a;
yqjudrej we;=,;a fõ' fuh ixúOdkhla ;=, ld¾hlaIuj yd l%shdldÍj ikaksfõokh lrk
wdldrhla jk w;ru jHdmdr yeisÍfuys M,odhs yd m%fhdackj;a l%uhlao jkafkah'

B jdKscHh
 úúO fjí wvú fyda ud¾..; fj<`o ia:dk yryd úl=kqï yd .eKqï'
 iuqykh lsÍï yd fjí in`o;d iudc udOHh yryd ck úldYk o;a; Ndú;h'
 bf,lafg%dksl o;a; yqjudrej(EDI), B2B o;a; yqjudrej'
 B2B úl=kqï yd .eKqï'
 jHdmdrj, .Kqfokqj, wdrlaIKh'

úoaHq;a jdKscHh (e-commerce)

wka;¾cd,h Tiafia NdKav/fiajd úlsKSu fyda NdKav/fiajd ñ,§ .ekSfï l%shdj,s B-flduia fyj;a
úoHq;a jdKscHh f,i y`ÿkajhs'

B-jHdmdr (e-Business)
f;dr;=re ;dlaIK wdOdr lrf.k jHdmdr lghq;= lrf.khdu B-jHdmdr (e-business) f,i
ye`Èkaúh yel' úoHq;a jdKscHh hkq wka;¾cd,h Tiafia .Kqfokq lsÍu muKla jk w;r B-
jHdmdßl jmißh Bg jvd mq`M,ah'

B-jHdmdßl .Kqfokq j¾. (Types of e-Business Transaction)

 jHdmdrfhka jHdmdrhg (B2B – Business to Business)
 jHdmdrfhka mdßfNda.slhdg (B2C – Business to Consumer)
 s hdf.ka mdßfNda.slhdg (C2C – Consumer to Consumer)
mdßfNda.l
 jHdmdrfhka rchg (B2G – Business to Government)
 jHdmdrfhka fiajdodhlhdg (B2E – Business to Employee)
 rcfhka mdßfNda.slhdg (G2C – Government to Consumer)

jHdmdrfhka jHdmdrhg (B2B)

lsihs ï jHdmdßlfhl=f.ka ksIamdokhla ñ,§ .kafka ;j;a jHdmdßl wruqKla kï tjka
.Kqfokqjla jHdmdrfhka jHdmdrhg isÿjk .Kqfokqjla fõ'
W'od:- lsih
s ï NdKavhla ksIamdokh i`oyd wuq øjH ñ,§ .ekSu f;d. fjf<kaod úiska
ksIamdolhdf.ka NdKav f;d. jYfhka ñ,§ .ekSu" f;d. fjf<kaod úiska is,a,r nvq lvj,g
NKav úlsKSu'

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 8

B2B .Kqfokq wdldr

E-distributor (B-fnodyßkakka)
wka;¾cd,h Tiafia ksIamdolhdf.ka NdKav f;d. jYfhka ñ,§ f.k tu ksIamdok mdßfNda.l
s hka
yg úlsKu S '
W:od' http//grainger.com, https//partstore.com
E-Procurement
lsih
s ï jHdmdrhla úiska wka;¾cd,h Tiafia ;ukaf.a ksIamdok i`oyd wjYH lrk wuqøjh fyda
fjk;a Wmdx. ksIamdolhkaf.ka ñ,§ .ekSu E-procurement f,i ye`Èkafõ'
Wod:- m<;=re îu ksIamdok jHdmdrhla uyd mßudKfhka m<;=re ñ,§ .ekSu'
fudag¾ r: ksIamdok jHdmdrhla úiska fudag¾ r:h iïmQ¾K ùu i`oyd wjYH
lrk Wmdx. ñ,g .ekSu' Wod:- gh¾" ùÿre" wdik

E-Hubs(exchanges)
mß.Kl cd,lrKfhaÈ Hub hkqfjka y`ÿkajkafka mß.Kl lsysmhla tlsfkl iïnkaO lrk
WmlrKhla' fufyoS Hub hkq md¾Yj lsysmhla tlg iïnkaO lrk ia:dkh' ta ia:dkh
wka;¾cd,fha fï i`oyd fjka jq fjí wvúhkah' fuysÈ tlsfkl iïnkaO jk md¾Yjhka jkafka
iemhqïlrejka yd .Kqfokqlrejkah' iemhqïlrejka úiska ;ukaf.a NdKav yd fiajd ms<sn`oj wod,
fjí wvúfha m,lr ;sfnk w;r jHdmdßl .eKqïlrejka úiska iemhqïlrejka yd iïnkaOj
.Kqfokq lrhs'
http//employease.com.au

fuysÈ vertical (isria) E-Hubs (Exchanges) yd Horizontal ;sria E-Hubs(Exchanges) hkqfjka j¾.
folla olakg ,efí'

Vertical (isria) E-Hubs (Exchanges) - fuys uqK .efikafka lsishï úfYaI;

s ksIamdokhla i`oyd
jk iemhqïlrejka yd .Kqfokqlrejka muKs'
W:od:- m<;=re ksIamdokfha fhoS isák iemhqïlrejka muKla isák E-Hub tll meñfKk
.Kqfokqlrejkag wjYH jkafka uyd mßudKfhka m<;=re ñ,§ .ekSu muKs'

Horizontal(;sria) E-Hubs (Exchanges) - fuysoS ´kEu ksIamdokhla i`oyd jk iemhqïlrejka isák

w;r tla .ekqïlrefjla úiska úúO ksIamdok lsysmhla f;d. jYfhka ñ,§ .ekSu isÿfõ'

jHdmdßl wdh;kh
NdKav iemhSu

weKjqu ms<f
s h, lsÍu
weKjqu
f;d. fj<`o fjí wvúh
wdh;kh

jHdmdrfhka mdßfNda.slhdg (B2C)

wka;¾cd,h Tiafia mdßfNda.slhka yg NdKav yd fiajd úlsKSu fuu .Kqfokq wdldrfhka isÿfõ'

W:od:- Portal, E-Tailer, Transacrion Broker, Market creator, Service provider, Community provider
Web portal
Web portal u`.ska mdßfNda.slhka yg m%Odk jYfhka ,ndfokafka f;dr;=reh' fuu f;dr;=re úúO
mrdifhka hq;a f;dr;=re fõ'
wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 9
W:od:- úfkdaodYajdoh ,nd fok f;dr;=re" ld<.=Ksl f;dr;=re" l%svd m%jD;a;s jeks foa" ta yer by;
f;dr;=re wvx.= fjí msgqfjys my; f;dr;=re o imhd we;. fijqï hka;% myiqlu" B-fï,a tlg
f,d.a ùfï myiqlu" peÜ lsÍfï myiqj yd flÜ mKúv heùu jeks foa"
web portal tllg fydou WodyrKh google, yahoo fõ' tajd yereKq úg superonline.com, E-
kolay.com, msn.com, iy aol.com hk fjí wvúo web portol j,g WodyrK fõ'

E-tailer
wka;¾cd,h Tiafi isÿjk is,a,r fj<`odu E-tailor f,i ye`Èkafõ' W:od:- Market creator
wka;¾cd,h Tiafia .ekqïlrejka iy úlsKqïlrejka uqK.iajd .KqfoKq lsÍug bv i,id fokq
,nk fj<`ofmd, Marcket Creator f,i ye`Èkafõ'
W:od:- www.eBay.com, www.priceline.com

Contenet Provider
w;¾cd,h Tiafia lsih s ï wdh;khla úiska m%jD;a;s" PdhdrEm" ùäfhda" B fmd;a iy isxÿ jeks
äcsg,aa wka;¾.; iemhSu Content Provider f,i ye`Èkafõ'
W:od:- wka;¾cd,h Tiafia Èkm;d m;a;rh lshùug bv ,nd fok fjí wvúhla" www.youtube.com
jeks úúO úäfhda wka;¾.; fjí wvú" B-fmd;a vjqkf a ,dâ lr .; yels wvú" wka;¾cd,h Tiafia
rEmjdysksh iy .=jka úÿ,sh weiSug yd keröug bv ,ndfok fjí wvú'
Transaction Broker
mdßfNda.l
s hka iu`. ÿrl:kfhka fyda B fï,a u`.ska iïnkaO ù Tjqka fjkqfjka wka;¾cd,h Tiafia
.Kqfokq lrkakka Transaction Broker f,i ye`oskf
a õ' wdodhu f,i .Kqfokq .dia;=jla wh lr.kS'
Service Provider
wka;¾cd,h Tiafia fiajd imhkakka Service Provider f,i ye`Èkafõ' fuu fiajdjka w;r
wka;¾cd,h Tiafia Wmfoia ,nd§u iy ±kqu ,nd§u m%Odk fõ'
W:od:- e-channeling

Community Provider
lsih
s ï fohla ms<sn`oj tl iudk leu;a;la ork mqoa.,hka uqK.eiS ±kqu fnod.ekSu iy woyia
ikaksfõokh i`oyd fjka jq fjí wvú Community Provider f,i ye`Èkafõ'
www.elakiri.com, linux forum, java forum

jHdmdßl
NdKav iemhSu wdh;kh

mdßfNda.slhd weKjqï ms<f

s h, lsÍu
fjí wvúh
weKjqu

mdßfNda.slhdf.ka mdßfNda.slhdg (C2C)

fuysÈ wka;¾cd,h Tiafia mdßfNda.l
s hka NdKav ñ,§ .ekSu yd úlsKSu isÿ lrhs' fï i`oyd
wka;¾cd,h Tiafia úlsKSu yd ñ,§ .ekSu isÿ l, yels fj<`ofmd,l iyh ,nd .; hq;=h'
Wod:- www.ebay.com, Blogs

“Blogs hkq lsih

s ï mqoa.,fhla i;= ±kqula fyda lsih
s ï fohla ms,sn`oj Bg leue;a;la olajk
msßila i`oyd ,ndÈh yels fjí wvú j¾.hls'”

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 10

 [

NdKav fiajd wf,ú fjí wvúh

lsÍfï wjYH;djh NdKav fiajd ,nd

.ekSfï wjYH;djh
mdßfNda.slh NdKav/ fiajd ,eîu
d mdßfNda.slh
1 uqo,a ,eîu d2

mdßfNda.slhdf.ka jHdmdßlhdg (C2B)

fuysÈ wka;¾cd,h Tiafia mdßfNda.slhd úiska jHdmdßlhdg hï hï NdKav yd fiajdjka imhkq
,nhs'
W:od:- lsihs ï wdh;khla wka;¾cd,h Tiafia ;u wdh;kfha NdKav fyda fiajdjka ms,sn`oj
mdßfNda.ls hdf.ka m%;spdr ,nd .kakd w;r ta i`oyd lsih
s ï uqo,la f.jhs'

mdßfNda.slhd jHdmdßl ia:dkh

NdKav yd fiajd
uqo,a
jHdmdrfhka rchg (B2G)
rch úiska wka;¾cd,h Tiafia fgkav¾ le`oùu fï hg;g .efka' fï i`oyd wka;¾cd,fha m%;s
fjkafoaih
s la ksa¾udKh l,hq;= w;r tys rch úiska fgkav¾ m, l,hq;=h' túg fgkavrh Ndr
.ekSu i`oyd leu;a;la olajk jHdmdßlhka ;u ;ukaf.a ñ,.Kka ioyka lr ,xiq bÈßm;a lrkq
,efí' rch úiska jvd;a iqÿiq ,xiqj f;dard f.k wod, md¾Yjh fj; fgkavrh Ndr fokq ,efí'

jHdmdßl fjí wvúh rch

wdh;kh

jHdmdrfhka fiajdodhlhdg (B2E)

jHdmdrhlska wka;¾cd,h úiska ;u fiaajd odhlhkag ,nd fok NdKav fyda fiajd fuu .Khg wh;a
fõ' fuysÈ jeä jYfhkau olakg ,efnkafka jHdmdßlhka úiska ;u fiajdodhlhska ;u wdh;kfha
fjí wvúh u`.ska imhk fiajdhs'
 fufyÈ iEu fiajdodhlfhl=gu ;u ;ukaf.a wdh;ksl úia;r n,d .;yels iy wdh;kh
úiska imhk fjk;a fiajd ,nd .; yels fjí msgqjla ;sfí' fuh Employ portal tl f,i
ye`Èkafõ'
 fuu`.ska wdh;kh úiska m,lrk úfYaI ksfõok wef;d;a tajd n,d .;yel'
 ;udg lsih s ï lafIa;%hla ms<sn`o úfYaI mqyqKqjla wef;d;a ta i`oyd b,a,Sula bÈßm;a l,
yel'
 ;udf.a ld¾h idOkh ms<sn`oj ±k .ekSu i`oyd bv ,nd § we;'
fuys olajd we;af;a lsysmhla muKs' tjeks fiajd rdYshla wdh;khla úiska Tjqkaf.a fjí wvúh
yryd fiajlhdg ,nd § we;'

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 11

rcfhka mdßfNda.slhdg (G2C)
fuysÈ i,ld nef,kafka rch úiska wka;¾cd,h Tiafia ck;djg ,nd fok fiajdjhs' fuu`.ska
rchg úYd, uqo,la b;sßjkjd fiau ck;djgo ;u ksjfia isgu rdcH f;dr;=re ±k.ekSu yd
fiajd ,nd.; yelsh'
W:od:- http://www.srilanka.lk/index.php
my; ±lafjkafka by; fjí wvúhg .sh miq wka;¾cd,h Tiafia ,nd.; yels rdcH fiajd
lsysmhls'
 jßmKï nÿ f.ùu'
 jdyk wdodhï n,m;%h ,nd .ekSu yd w¨;a lsÍu'
 úNd. fomd¾;=fïka;=j u`.ska rcfha úNd.j, m%;sM, n,d.ekSug yels ùu'
 idudkHfm, yd Wiia fm< orejkag ;u iy;slh ,nd .ekSug wka;¾cd,h Tiafia b,a¨ï
l, yelsùu'
 cd;sl yeÿkqïmf;a ;;ajh úuiSu (whÿï l, yels whÿïmf;a j¾;udk ;;ajh)
fuys olajd we;af;a w;f,diaila muKs' fujeks fiajd rdYshla rch úiska wka;¾cd,h Tiafia
ck;djg ,nd foa' Tn;a by; fjí wvúhg msúi rch úiska Tng wka;¾cd,h Tiafia
imhk fiajh ms<sn`o ±kqu jeä lr .kak' bÈßfha§ rdcH wdh;kj, Èk .Kka ria;shdÿ
fkdù ksjfia isgu wod, fiajdj lr .ekSug yelsjkq we;'

rch fjí wvúh mqrjeishd

B-jHdmdrhl jdis
 f,dj ´kEu ;ekl isg iïnkaO ùfï yelshdj'
 mdßfNda.l
s hka yg wvq uqo,lska NdKav yd fiajd ,nd .; yels ùu'
 úlskqïlrejka yd .eKqïlrejka fl,sku a iïnkaO ùu u`.ska w;rueÈhkag f.úh hq;=
.dia;=fjka ksoyia ùu yd tys m%;s,dN mdßfNda.slhdg fukau úlskï
q lre úisko
a w;alr
.ekSu'

B-jHdmdrhl wjdis
 iEu jHdmdr lafIa;%hlgu ;u jHdmdrh B jHdmdrhla f,i mj;ajdf.k hdfï wmyiqj'
 úfYaIfhkau wdydr-mdk flafIa;%fhaÈ wdydr hkq blauKska krla úh yels foa neúka tajd
wka;¾cd,h Tiafia úlsksSu wmyiq ùu'
 iïm%odhsl jHdmdrhla B jHdmdrhla f,i wdrïN lsÍug ie,lshhq;= msßjehla oeÍug isÿ
ùu'
 fï i`oyd mß.Kl we;=`M fjk;a oDvdx. ñ,È .; hq;= fõ" iqÿiq fjí wvúhla ks¾udKh
lsÍu i`oyd uqo,a jeh l, hq;= fõ" ld¾h uKav,h fï i`oyd mqyqKq l, hq;=h'
 .Kqfokqj, wdrlaIs;Ndjh ms<sn`o we;sjk .eg`M'
úoHq;a jHdmdrj, l%h
s dj,sh
 w;:H fj<`o m%o¾YKd.dr (Virtual store font)
 f;dr;=re ;e/õlrejka (Information brokers)
 ud¾..; fj<`ofmd, (Online market place)
 w;:H m%cdj (Virtual communities)
 wka;¾.; imhkakd (Content provider)
 ud¾..; fiajd imhkakd (Online service provider)
 oajdr (Potals)
wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 12
w;:H fj<`o m%o¾Ykd.dr (Virtual store font)
w;:H fj<`o m%o¾Ykd.drhla hkq jHdmdßl fjí wvúhls' fïjd fj; mdßfNda.slhkag fhduq ù
NdKav yd fiajd úuiSug" weKjqï lsÍug" uqo,a f.ùug yd ñ,§ .ekSug yelshdj mj;S'
e.g:-amazon.com
ebay.com
f;dr;=re ;e/õlrejka (Information brokers)
mqoa.,hkag wod, f;dr;=re tla/ia lr tu f;dr;=re jHdmdßl wdh;kj,g wf,ú lsÍfï ld¾Hfha
ksr; jk mqoa.,hka f;dr;=re ;e/õlrejka f,i y`ÿkajhs' úfYaIfhka jHdmdßl m%cdj ;u NdKav
yd fiajdjka ms<sn`oj mdßfNda.l
s hka ±kqj;a lsÍug fuu f;dr;=re Wmfhda.s lr.kq ,efí'
WodyrKhla f,i mqoa.,hkaf.a Bfï,a ,smskhka tla/ia lr jHdmdßl wdh;k fj; ,nd§u
f;dr;=re ;e/õlrejka úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk ld¾hla f,i ye`Èkaùug mq`Mjk'

ud¾..; fj<`ofmd< (Online market place)

fjí wvúhla Wmfhda.s lr f.k úúO jHdmdßl wdh;kj,g wdod< NdKav yd fiajdjka ms<sn`o
f;dr;=re mdßfNda.slhkag ,nd §fuka tu wdh;khkays NdKav yd fiajd ñ, weKjqï lsÍu yd ñ,§
.ekSug wjYH myiqlï imhd we;s ia:dk fï kñka ye`Èkafõ'
w;:H m%cdj (Virtual community)
mqoa.,hska f,i tlsfkld iómj oekye`Èk .ekSulskA f;drj" wka;¾cd,h Tiafia ;u woyia"
w;a±lSï" m¾fhaIK f;dr;=re wdÈh fnod.kakd ñksikq a w;:H m%cdj f,i ye`Èkafõ' iudc fjí
wvú f,i Ndú;d jk Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, Myspace jeks fjí wvú w;:H m%cdj nyq,j
uqK .efik fjí wvú f,i y`ÿkd .;yel'

wka;¾.; imhkakd (Content provider)

fuu`.ska fkdfhla j¾.fha f;dr;=re imhhs' fï w;r m%jD;a;s" úoaHq;a ;emE," p,k rEm jeks
ks;ru kùlrKh jk f;dr;=re we;'
e.g:-yahoo.com
aol.com
Wikipedia.com
ud¾..; fiajd imhkakka (Online service provider)
fuu`.ska mdßfNda.slhkag ud¾..; fiajdjka ,nd foa' WodyrK f,i
 Internet service provider
 E-mail provider
 News provider
 Entertainment provider (music, movies)
 Search
 E-shoping site(online store)
 E-finance or e-bamking site
 E-health site
 E-government site
 Wikipidea
 Google maps

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 13

12.3 mdßfNda.slhdg jeä ÈhqKq l, fiajdjka yd ksIamdok ksmoùu yd fnod yeÍu
msKsi f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu yd úYaf,aIKh

úoaHq;a fj<odu $ E-marketing (Electronic Marketing)

wka;¾cd,h yryd isÿ lrkq ,nk fj<`odu I-marketing, Web marketing, Online marketing, E-
marketing f,i y`ÿkajhs' fuysÈ wka;¾cd,h yryd NdKav yd fiajdjka ms<sn`o fj<`o m%pdrK
lghq;= isÿflf¾' wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka m%pdrKhla ,nd§ug wka;¾cd,h Ndú;d l,yel'
wka;¾cd,h wd;kH l%shdldß iajNdjfha wd;kH .;s ,laIK f,i laIKsl m%;spdr ±laùu ye`Èkaúh
yel' úoHq;a fj<`odu i`oyd wka;¾cd,h yryd isÿ lrkq ,nk fj<`odu yd .Kqfokq muKla fkdj
úoaHq;a ;emE, yd /yeka rys; udOHhka u`.ska isÿ lrkq ,nk fj<`o lghq;=o wh;afõ' mdßfNda.sl
o;a; w;e;sj l<uKdlrkh yd úoHq;a mdßfNda.sl iïnkaOl l<uKdlrk moaO;sh (Custormer
Relationship Manajment System-CRMS) úoHq;a fj<`odu yd ne`§ mj;S' úoHq;a fj<`odu ie<iqï
lsÍu" ixj¾Okh" úlskSu yd m%pdrKh hk wka;¾cd,h ks¾udKd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl ,laIK u;
ne`§ mj;S'
úoaHq;a fj<odï wdldr (Types of E-marketing)
1. E-mail marketing
2. Creating a website
3. Social media optimization
4. Pay-per-click advertising
5. Paid search engine listing
6. Blogging
7. Clasifierd advertising
8. Search engine marketing

úoHq;a fj<`odfï od¾Yksl miqìu (Philosophy of Marketing)

fj<`odfï ir, woyi jkqfha fj<`odfï uq,O¾u yd od¾Yksl miqìuhs' fuhska b;d jeo.;a jkqfha
od¾Yksl miqìuhs' fuys m%Odk yrh jkqfha mdßfNda.slhd ;Dma;su;a lsÍuhs' ixúOdkhl fj<`odfï
yd od¾Yksl miqìï ;;ajh jkqfha mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d ,nd § mdßfNda.slhd ;Dma;su;a lrk w;r
ixúOdkhg wod, mrud¾: lrd ,.d ùuhs' fuys ir, woyi jkqfha The custormer king hkakh'
l<uKdlrkh i`oyd fj<`odfï uq,O¾u l%shd;aul lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ' fuh mßmd,kh ms<sn`oj
fyda iajdëk;ajh ms<sn`oj fkdj uq`M uy;a ixúOdkh ;=,u tAlrdYS úh hq;=h'
tkï by, l<uKdldÍ;ajfhA isg my, olajd;a ish`Mu fomd¾;fïka;= olajd;a mq`M,aj isÿ lrkq
,nk fj<`o od¾Yksl miqìula we;s l%shdj,shls' iq`M fiajlhdf.a isg Wiia l<uKlre olajd
ish,a,kaf.u uki ;=< l%shd;aul úh hq;af;a mdßfNda.slhdf.a wjYH;djh' Wal-mart f.a wdo¾Y
mdGh jk “;Dma;su;aNdjh u`.ska by; i`oyka l%shdj,sh ;yjre flf¾' ta wkqj iEu fiajlfhl=u
m%uqLj ,nd fokqfha mdßfNda.slhkag muks'

ud¾..; fj<`o m%pdrKh (Online Advertising)

fuh wf,ú m%j¾Okh fnodyeÍu yd fj<`odu i`oyd mdßfNda.l s hdf.a wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug Ndú;d
lrkq ,nk m%pdrK Wml%uhls' fuu Wml%uhka wka;¾cd, fijqï hka;% (Search Engine)" wka;¾cd,
nek¾" e-mail" fj<`o m%pdrK udOHh wd§ Wml%u fhdod .efka' fuys we;s m%Odku jdisodhl ;;ajh
jkafka b;d blaukska wod, f;dr;=re ´ku fj,djl ´ku ia:dkhl isg mdßfNda.sl wjOdkh fj;
ixl%uKh lsÍug we;s yelshdjhs' tfukau fj<`o m%pdrKfha w;HjYh Wml%u WmdhYs,S f,i
mdßfNda.l
s hd .%yKh lr .eksug we;s yelshdjhs' fuh m%pdrlhdf.a iqúfYaIs yelshdjla fõ'

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 14

 fj<`odfï o¾Ykh ksIamdok o¾Ykh
mdßfNda.l
s hd fj; olajk mdßfNda.l s hdf.a wjYH;djh ksIamdokh" fj<`odu lrhs
wdl,am u; isÿ flf¾
fj<`o .fõIKh mdßfNda.ls wjYH;d yÿkd mdßfNda.ls hdf.a m%;spdrh
.kS ukskq ,nhs
mdßfNda.l
s hd wdl¾IKh Pull customer push customer
lr .ekSu
Packaging úlsKSsu yd fj<`odu ksIamdok wdrlaIdj
mdßfNda.ls hdf.a wjYH;djh
u; isÿ fõ
m%;s,dN mdßfNda.ls wjYH;d wkqj È.= ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä
ld,Sk m%;s,dN ,nd .ekSu lsßu
.ukd.uKh yd mdßfNda.sl wjYH;dj,g wvq úhou
fnodyeÍu wkqj iemhqï ,nd §u
fj<`odu mdßfNda.ls m%;s,dN ksIamdok iqúfYaIs;dj

mdßfNda.sl;ajh ;=< f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha Ndú;h

f,dj ld¾ñl úma,jh isÿ jk ;=re mdßfNda.sl NdKavhkaf.a jHdma;sh uy;a ÿ¾j, ;;ajhl
mej;=Ks' ld¾udka; ;dlaIKsl Wml%u u`.ska kshu ;;ajdldr ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i`oyd bv ,ndfok
;=re wvq tall msßjehla NdKav ksIamdokh i`oyd fhdod .kS' wdh;kh i;= wuqøjh yd WmlrK
ld¾hlaIu f,i ksIamdok i`oyd fhoùfuka hï wd¾Ól ñKqï oKavla wE;a lr ñ, my; fy,d
;r`.lrejkaf.a ;;ajh wjodkï ;;ajhlg weo ouk ,§'
flfia jqjo f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh u`.ska fuu ;;ajh iïmq¾Kfhkau fjk;lg fhduq lr mdßfNda.sl
wjYH;djh fjkialï lsmhlg Ndckh lrk ,§' l¾udka; u`.ska ksmofjk ljrdldrfha
NdKavhla jqjo mdßfNda.slhdg ñ,g .ekSug uq,ska isÿ jq kuq;a ta fjkqjg mdßfNda.sl wjYH;dj,g
iß,k NdKav fyda ksIamdokhka ms<sn`oj wjOdkh fhduq úh'
mdßfNda.ls hdf.a b,a¨u u; ksIamdokh" wuqøjh md,kh" ksYaÑ; ld,hlg ksIamdokh ksud lsÍu"
Wiia ;dlaIKsl o;a; l<uKdlrkh" f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh u`.ska NdKav b,a¨u jeks ÈhqKq Wiia
l%u ks¾udKh úh' fjk;a wdldrhlg mjikafka kï f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ksid mdßfNda.slhdf.a
Wmßu wjYH;djh wvq tall msßjehla ksIamdokfha isg mdßfNda.sl fiajhka iemhsug yels fõ'
fuu`.ska wvq ñ,la hgf;a Wmßu fiajdjka ,nd .ekSug fukau iemhSugo yels fõ'

o;a; mdol yryd isÿjk fj<odu (Database Marketing)

talrdYs lrkq ,nk mdßfNda.slhkaf.a o;a; wdOdrfhka ksIamdokh yd wf,úh Wfoid lrkq ,nk
;j;a l%shd ms<sfj,ls' fï i`oyd mdßfNda.ls hkaf.a o;a; tla /ialr ta o;a;mdol wdOdrfhka
;ekam;a lr wjYH f;dr;=re imhhs'
o;a; u`.ska fj<`odu yd iDcq fj<`odu w;r fjki mßlaId lr tu o;a;hkaf.a ixLHd;aul w.hka
;lafiare lr mdßfNda.slhkaf.a reÑl;ajh jeä ÈhqKq lrkq ,nhs' mdßfNda.sl o;a; mdol lr
f.k msysgqjd .;a o;a; .nvd u`.ska mdßfNda.slhka ms<sn`oj b;d ksjerÈ lrekq wkdjrKh lr
.;yel' m%Odk o;a; mdol j¾. 2ls'

1' mdßfNda.sl o;a; mdol (Consumer Database)

2. jHdmdßl o;a; mdol (Business Database)

mdßfNda.l
s o;a; mdolhka wdh;kh u`.ska kv;a;= lrñka ish wf,ú lghq;= myiqfjka isÿ lrkq
,nk w;r th B2C f,i y`ÿkajhs'
jHjydßl o;a; mdol fndfyda úg b;d ÈhqKq uÜgul we;s w;r wjYH úgl f;dr;=re imhkq
,efí' fuu o;a; mdol mdßfNda.sl o;a; mdol fuka ks;Hdkql+,j iSud iys; fkdfõ'

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 15

lD;su nqoaê fuj,ï yd ;dlaIKh Ndú;fhka mdßfNda.sl yeisÍñ rgd ms<sn`oj
wkdjels m, lsÍu
úúO ixLHd; ;dlaIKhka Ndú;d lr wdlD;s yd o;a; ;ekSu" (Data mining) u`.ska j¾;udk yd
ft;sydisl o;a; tla /ia lr úYaf,aIkh lr wkd.; isoaëka ms<sn`oj wkdjels m, lsÍu isÿ l,
yel' fuys§ lD;su nqoaê fuj,ï f,i fuu ;dlaIKh Ndú;d lrhs'
jHdmdrhka ;=,§ tu jHdmdrfha mj;sk ft;sydisl yd .Kqfokq o;a;j, mj;sk ndOd yd ld,hg
iß,k woyia yd l%shdud¾. fjkia l,hq;= wdldr ms<sn`oj wkdjels wdlD;s ;=<ska y`ÿkd.; hq;=h'
mdßfNda.l
s .Kqfokq i`oyd ÈhqKq l, yels ;;ajhka ;SrK yd ndOd ke;s lsÍu ioyd úúO idOl
w;r iïnkaO;d we;s lsÍug lD;su nqoaêfha fuj,ï yd ;dlaIKh Ndú;d lrhs'
wkdjels úYaf,aIK Ndú;d lrk fCIA;%
 Acturial science
 Marketing
 Finacial services
 Insuarance
 Telecomunication
 Retail
 Travel
 Health care
 Pharmaceutical

f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ;=<ska ;r`.ldÍ jdis Èkd.ekSu

f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ksid mdßfNda.slhka úúO ;r.ldÍ jdis Èkd.kS' tkï wvq ñ< fyda jákd
m%;s,dN yd fiajdjka ,nd §u isÿ lrhs'

wNHdi:-
1' fjí wvúhl wka;¾.; Shoping cart u`.ska iemfhk m%Odk fiajd 2la i`oyka lrkak'

2' úoaHq;a fj<`ofmd,la idudkH fj<`ofmd<la iu`. iei`§fï§ úoaHq;a fj<`ofmd<l olakg
,efnk iSud 2la i`oyka lrkak'

3' .;dkq.;sl jHdmdr (Conventional Business) iu`. ii`okúg úoHq;a jHdmdrj, (E-Business)
jdis 3la úia;r lrkak'

4' my; olajd we;s bf,lafg%dksl jHdmdr j¾. ioyd tlsfklg fjkia WodyrK 4la ,shkak'
j¾.h WodyrK
B2B
B2C
C2C
C2B

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 16

5' my; i`oyka jkafka E-jdKscHfhys we;s B2B, B2C, C2C i`oyd ksoiqkah' tla tla ksoiqk
wh;a jkafka l=uk j¾.hg ±hs ioyka lrkak'
1' úfoaY rgl isák idud ;u ujf.a WmkaÈkhg fjí mdol fiajd Wmfhda.S lr
.ksñka u,a l<Ula weKjqï lsÍu'

2' jdyk f;d. wf,ú lrejka wka;¾cd,h Ndú;fhka jdyk wekjqï lsÍu'

3' iuka wka;¾cd,h Ndú;fhka mß.Kl ksIamdok wdh;khlska mß.Klhla

weKjqï lsÍu'

4' ir;a úiska merKs uqoaor iys; fjí msgqjla ilia lr we;' lu,a tu fjí msgqfjka
uqoaor ñ,§ .ekSu'

6' 1' tla tla j¾.h i`oyd ksoiqk ne`.ska fhdod .ksñka B-jdKscHfhys (E-commerce) we;s,
jHdmdrfhka jHdmdrhg [Business to Business(B2B)]
jHdmdrfhka mdßfNda.slhdg [Business to Consumer(B2C)]
mdßfNda.l
s hdf.ka mdßfNda.slhdg [Consumer to Consumer(C2C)]
hk jHdmdr j¾. 3 meyeo,s lrkak'

2' iud.ul iNdm;sjrfhl= jHdmdrfhka fiajlhdg [B2E(Business to Employee]

fhÿula i`oyd ikaksfõok fuj,ï f,i *elaia (fax)" úoaHq;a ;emE, (e-mail) iy
fjí i,lkq ,efí' Tn ict YsIHfhl= f,i jvd;au .e,fmk fuj,ï fya;= iys;j
ks¾foaY lrkak'

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 17