OUTLINE 1
PROJECT OUTTLINE
Student’s Name
Institution
Date
OUTLINE 2
PROJECT OUTLINE
Project title: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) Among Former Professional
Footballers
Introduction
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that is
commonly found in former football players or most people who play contact sports. The
condition was first established in 1928 in Martland. This condition arises from repeated mild
traumatic injuries of the brain, which causes the growth of tau proteins in different parts of the
brain. Distinct clinical characteristics associated with CTE include mood impairments like
depression and loss of hope; cognition issues such as dementia, loss of memory, attention; as
well as motor functioning, which includes ataxia and dysarthria.
Statement of Purpose
This paper will discuss chronic traumatic encephalopathy and its symptoms in former
professional football players. It also discusses the diagnosis of CTE based on neuroanatomical
abnormalities as well as cognition degeneration and adverse effects on mental health. The paper
will also address gaps in the available literature as well as propose future directions in diagnosis,
therapeutics and measures of preventing CTE.
Research Questions
It is imperative to have a deep understanding of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
condition, and therefore, the following research questions require to be addressed:
1. What are the common symptoms of CTE?
2. Do frequent impacts on the brain of footballers result in clinical characteristics of CTE?
3. Is CTE a progressive disorder?
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Significance of the Study
The findings and of this study will greatly contribute to the field of professional soccer given that
soccer is the most famous sport in the world and acts as a good source of leisure. The
international level and professional approach to contact sports like soccer justify the need for
more understanding of the well-being of players. The goal of the project is to help caregivers of
professional footballers insight on signs associated with CTE, offer diagnosis directions and
therapeutic and prevention measures.
Sources
“The biological basis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy following blast injury: a literature
review.”
The article contains an adequate literature review on CTE condition as well as research
criteria.
“Mayo Clinic”
This website provides the meaning and symptoms of CTE.
“Suicide and chronic traumatic encephalopathy.”
The journal describes the historical background of CTE, the causes, signs and risk factors
of CTE.
“Sports-related concussions—media, science and policy.”
The article contains studies of sport-related concussions and provides detailed
information explaining CTE as a condition that results from repetitive impacts on the
brain, mainly in soccer players.
“Clinic pathological evaluation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in players of American
football.”
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This source provides the background information on clinical features of CTE in former
football players.
“The current status of research on chronic traumatic encephalopathy.”
This source reviews the status of current research on CTE, identifies gaps in the present
study.
“A clinical approach to the diagnosis of traumatic encephalopathy syndrome.”
This source provides literature on the neurodegenerative condition as well as clinical
diagnosis approach.
“Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in professional American football players.”
This article offers adequate information on clinical conditions that are associated with
CTE and well as provides diagnostic measures.
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References
Aldag, M., Armstrong, R. C., Bandak, F., Bellgowan, P. S., Bentley, T., Biggerstaff, S. ... &
Dittmer, T. A. (2017). The biological basis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy
following blast injury: a literature review. Journal of neurotrauma, 34(S1), S-26.
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy - Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. (2004). Retrieved 28
April 2020, from
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-traumatic-
encephalopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370921.
Iverson, G. L. (2016). Suicide and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. The Journal of
neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 28(1), 9-16.
Mannix, R., Meehan III, W. P., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2016). Sports-related concussions—media,
science and policy. Nature Reviews Neurology, 12(8), 486-490.
Mez, J., Daneshvar, D. H., Kiernan, P. T., Abdolmohammadi, B., Alvarez, V. E., Huber, B. R.,
&
Cormier, K. A. (2017). Clinic pathological evaluation of chronic traumatic
encephalopathy in players of American football. Jama, 318(4), 360-370.
Perrine, K., Helcer, J., Tsiouris, A. J., Pisapia, D. J., & Stieg, P. (2017). The current status of
research on chronic traumatic encephalopathy. World neurosurgery, 102, 533-544.
Reams, N., Eckner, J. T., Almeida, A. A., Aagesen, A. L., Giordani, B., Paulson, H., & Kutcher,
J. S. (2016). A clinical approach to the diagnosis of traumatic encephalopathy syndrome:
a review. JAMA neurology, 73(6), 743-749.
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Tharmaratnam, T., Iskandar, M. A., Tabobondung, T. C., Tobbia, I., Gopee-Ramanan, P.,
& Tabobondung, T. A. (2018). Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in professional
American football players: where are we now? Frontiers in neurology, 9, 445.
