Introduction: roadmap

Ø  What is the Internet?

Layering 1
Protocol “layers”
Networks are complex, Question:
with many “pieces”: is there any hope of
•  hosts organizing structure of
•  routers network?
•  links of various
media …. or at least our
•  applications discussion of networks?
•  protocols
Layering is one of the
•  hardware, most important organizing
software principles of computer networks

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Organization of air travel
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

Ø  A series of steps

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Layering of airline functionality

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket

baggage (check) baggage (claim baggage

gates (load) gates (unload) gate

runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing

airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing

departure intermediate air-traffic arrival

Layers: each layer implements a service

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Why layering?
Dealing with complex systems:
Ø  Explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of complex system’s pieces
•  layered reference model for discussion
Ø  Modularization eases maintenance, updating of
system
•  change of implementation of layer’s service
transparent to rest of system
•  e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect rest of
system

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 An Example: No Layering
Telnet FTP HTTP

Applications
Transmission
Media Ethernet Optical Wireless
Fibre

Ø  Each new application has to be re-implemented

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 An Example: With Layering

Telnet FTP HTTP

Applications

Intermediate Layer

Transmission Wireless
Ethernet Optical
Media Fibre
Ø  An intermediate layer provides a common
abstraction application for various network
technologies
Ø  Each layer can evolve independently Layering 7
Protocol and Layers
Ø  A protocol talks virtually with its peer

Ø  A protocol utilizes the services of another

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Advantages of Layering
Information hiding and reuse
•  Each layer has a well defined interface and
clear responsibilities
•  Application layer don’t worry about how signals are
represented

802.11 802.11
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Advantages of Layering
Information hiding to connect different systems

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Reference Models
Ø  How many layers?
Ø  What functionality should we implement in
which layer?
Ø  A reference model provides a framework for
guidance.

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Internet protocol stack (TCP/IP)
Ø  Application: supporting network
applications
•  FTP, SMTP, HTTP application
Ø  Transport: process-process data
transfer transport
•  TCP, UDP
network
Ø  Network: routing of datagrams
from source to destination
link
•  IP, routing protocols
Ø  Link: data transfer between physical
neighboring network elements
•  Ethernet, 802.11, PPP
Ø  Physical: bits “on the wire”
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ISO/OSI reference model
Ø  Presentation: allow applications
to interpret meaning of data, application
e.g., encryption, compression,
machine-specific conventions presentation
Ø  Session: synchronization, session
checkpointing, recovery of data transport
exchange
network
Ø  Internet stack “missing” these
layers! link
•  these services, if needed, must be physical
implemented in application

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Internet protocol stack

application

transport

network

link

physical

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 message M
source
application
Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

PDU: Protocol Data Unit switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application
Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical

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De-multiplexing
Have to decide which upper layer should get the PDU

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De-multiplexing
Use de-multiplexing keys in protocol headers

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