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Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Basic Concepts

Thermodynamics deals with heat, work, and their relation to properties of substances. The first law of thermodynamics relates heat and work based on observations, while the second law concerns the direction of heat flow from hot to cold and the impossibility of 100% heat to work conversion. Engineering applications involve analyzing systems like steam power plants and engines using thermodynamic concepts of systems, surroundings, boundaries, and the flow of mass and energy across boundaries for both closed and open systems.

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163 views

Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Basic Concepts

Thermodynamics deals with heat, work, and their relation to properties of substances. The first law of thermodynamics relates heat and work based on observations, while the second law concerns the direction of heat flow from hot to cold and the impossibility of 100% heat to work conversion. Engineering applications involve analyzing systems like steam power plants and engines using thermodynamic concepts of systems, surroundings, boundaries, and the flow of mass and energy across boundaries for both closed and open systems.

Uploaded by

Kamaruz Danial
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THERMODYNAMICS

CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION

• THERMODYNAMICS IS THE SCIENCE THAT


DEALS WITH HEAT AND WORK AND
PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES RELATED TO
HEAT AND WORK

• THERMODYNAMICS DEALS WITH THE


NECESSARY METHODS FOR CONVERTING
HEAT ENERGY FROM AVAILABLE
RESOURCES (SUCH AS CHEMICAL FUEL) TO
MECHANICAL WORK

• RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HEAT, WORK AND


THE PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES ARE
EXPRESSED IN THE FORM OF BASIC LAWS
KNOWN AS THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

• THE BASIS OF THERMODYNAMICS IS


EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION
• IT CAN BE OBSERVED THAT HEAT AND WORK
ARE TWO FORMS OF ENERGY THAT ARE
CLOSELY RELATED TO EACH OTHER AND
THIS OBSERVATION PROVIDES THE BASIS
FOR THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

• IT CAN ALSO BE OBSERVED THAT HEAT


FLOWS FROM A HIGH TEMPERATURE OBJECT
TO A LOW TEMPERATURE OBJECT AND THE
REVERSE PROCESS IS ONLY POSSIBLE WITH
SOME HELP (IN THE FORM OF WORK). THIS
CONCEPT IS IMPORTANT IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS

• EXAMPLES OF ENGINEERING PLANT WHICH


INVOLVES THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS ARE
THE STEAM POWER PLANT, THE INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE, REFRIGERATION
SYSTEMS, ETC.
1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

• SYSTEM:
o A thermodynamic system is defined as a
quantity of matter or a region in space chosen
for study
• SURROUNDINGS:
o The mass or region outside the system
• BOUNDARY:
o The surface that separates the system from its
surroundings
o Boundaries can be fixed or movable
o Boundaries can be real (cylinder walls and
piston surfaces in an internal combustion
engine)
o Boundaries can also be imaginary (cross
sections of pipes at the entrance and exit of
turbines)

Weights/load

Piston

Gas System’s boundary


(system)

Figure 1. Example of a closed system


• CLOSED SYSTEM

o Consists of a fixed amount of mass

o No mass can cross its boundary

o No mass can enter or leave a closed system

o Volume does not have to be fixed

o But energy, in the form of heat or work can


cross the boundary

o Example as in Figure 1 where the gas in the


cylinder is considered the system

o If a Bunsen burner is placed under the


cylinder, the temperature of the gas will
increase and the piston will rise

o As the piston rises, the boundary of the system


moves

o Heat and work crosses the boundary of the


system during this process but not mass

o In the special case where even energy is not


allowed to cross the boundary, that system is
called an ISOLATED SYSTEM
• OPEN SYSTEM OR CONTROL VOLUME

o A properly selected region in space

o Used when the analysis involves devices with


mass flow into and/or out of the device such as
a compressor, turbine, nozzle, heat exchanger,
etc.

o The procedure in such an anlaysis is to specify


a control volume that surrounds the device
under consideration

o The boundaries of a control volume are called


a control surface

o Mass as well as heat and work can flow across


the control surface

o Figure 2 shows an example of an open system.


Air in Heat Air out
(low pressure) (high pressure)

control surface AIR COMPRESSOR work MOTOR

Figure 2. Example of a Control Volume

• MICROSCOPIC POINT OF VIEW

o Considers behaviours of individual molecules

o Involves a large number of equations to


explain the behaviour of a system

• MACROSCOPIC POINT OF VIEW

o Concerned with the gross or average effects of


many molecules

o These effects can be perceived by our senses


and measured by instruments such as a
pressure gauge
• CONTINUUM

o We are concerned with systems that contains


many molecules

o Since we are not concerned with the behaviour


of individual molecules, we can treat the
substance as being continuous and this is
called a continuum

o This is valid as long as the size of the system


we deal with is large relative to the space
between the molecules

Not valid in high-vacuum technology

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