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Separation of Mixtures

This document discusses various techniques for separating mixtures into their pure components. It defines homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures and explains that separation processes transform mixtures into distinct products using different properties of the components. Techniques described include magnetism, decantation, evaporation, filtration, centrifugation, distillation, chromatography, and crystallization. Distillation is further broken down into simple, fractional, steam, and vacuum distillation. The document provides examples for each technique to illustrate how it separates mixtures.

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Yumie Yamazuki
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199 views25 pages

Separation of Mixtures

This document discusses various techniques for separating mixtures into their pure components. It defines homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures and explains that separation processes transform mixtures into distinct products using different properties of the components. Techniques described include magnetism, decantation, evaporation, filtration, centrifugation, distillation, chromatography, and crystallization. Distillation is further broken down into simple, fractional, steam, and vacuum distillation. The document provides examples for each technique to illustrate how it separates mixtures.

Uploaded by

Yumie Yamazuki
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Separation of Mixtures

PRESENTED BY:
Claudette Joyce Mendina
April Joy Ozaeta
Kimberly Ronda
What is a Mixture?
• A mixture is a combination of two or more pure substances that are
not chemically combined.

A homogeneous mixture has the same


uniform appearance and composition
throughout its mass.

A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly


different substances or phases. A
heterogeneous mixture does not have a
uniform composition throughout its mass.
Separation of Components of Mixtures

- a separation process is used to transform a mixture into two or


more distinct products. This is done by considering that different
components of the mixture may have different properties such as size,
density, solubility, electric charge, and boiling point.
TECHNIQUES OF SEPARATING MIXTURES
MAGNETISM

• Is a process in which magnetically susceptible


material is extracted from a mixture using a
magnetic force.

• A magnet can be used to separate a magnetic


substance from a non-magnetic substance.

A magnet being used to


separate iron filings from finely
crushed Sulphur.
DECANTATION

• Used to separate a liquid from an insoluble solid. The solid stays in


the bottom.

For example:
We can use decantation to
separate two liquids with different
density, such as oil and water.
Decantation of a Mixture of Water and Soil
EVAPORATION

• Evaporation is the process by which water (and other liquids) changes


from a liquid state to a vapor or gas state.

For example:
To get the salt back from the salt
water, the solution is heated to
boiling point. As it boils, the water
escapes as vapor (gas). After some
time, all the water evaporates,
leaving a layer of salt at the
bottom of the beaker.
In many parts of the world, table salt is obtained from the evaporation of sea
water. The heat for the process comes from the sun. Once the sea water in
these evaporation ponds has evaporated, the salt can be harvested.
FILTRATION

• is used for the separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by


interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass.

For example: A beaker


containing a mixture of
insoluble solid and liquid.
There is filter paper in a
filter funnel above another
beaker.
FILTRATION

The mixture of insoluble


solid and liquid is poured
into the filter funnel.
FILTRATION

The liquid particles are small enough


to pass through the filter paper as a
filtrate. The solid particles are too
large to pass through the filter paper
and stay behind as a residue.
CENTRIFUGATION

• Centrifugation used to separates solids from liquids, or separates two


immiscible liquids, on the basis of density.
• Involves the use of the centrifugal force. More dense components
migrate away. Solid particles remain on the bottom.
DISTILLATION

• is a widely used method for


separating mixtures based on
differences in the conditions
required to change the phase
of components of the mixture.
TYPES OF DISTILLATION

In this process, the liquids are separated by


evaporating and capturing them at various points in
their cooling cycle, and then immediately
channeled into a condenser.
Simple distillation is used for a mixture in
which the boiling point of the components differ by
at least 158°F (70°C).
TYPES OF DISTILLATION

Fractionating column is used to separate


constituents whose volatility is nearly similar or
differs by 77°F (25°C, at 1 atmosphere pressure)
and which cannot be separated by simple
distillation.
Fractional distillation is used for the alcohol
purification and gasoline purification in petroleum
refining industries.
TYPES OF DISTILLATION

Steam distillation is used for the purification of


mixtures in which the components are temperature
or heat sensitive; for example, organic compounds.
Steam distillation is widely used for large-scale
separation of essential oils, fats, waxes, and
perfumes.
TYPES OF DISTILLATION

Vacuum distillation is a special method of


separating compounds at pressure lower than the
standard atmospheric pressure.
CHROMATOGRAPHY

• is a method for separating dissolved substances from one another.


It is often used when the dissolved substances are colored, such as
inks, food colorings and plant dyes.

A pencil line is drawn, and spots of


ink or plant dye are placed on it.
There is a container of solvent, such
as water or ethanol.
CHROMATOGRAPHY

The paper is lowered into the


solvent. The solvent travels up
through the paper, taking some of
the colored substances with it.
CHROMATOGRAPHY

As the solvent continues to travel up the paper,


the different colored substances spread apart. In
this example, the colors separated substances
are yellow, red and black.
CRYSTALLIZATION

• is the solidification of atoms or


molecules into a highly
structured form called a
crystal.
• can also refer to the solid-
liquid separation and
purification technique in which
mass transfer occurs from the
liquid solution to a pure solid
crystalline phase.
REFERENCES:

http://chem-
fuuast.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/8/9/12894433/separation_techniques_by_dr._sana_mustafa.pdf

https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/uoh_sep_mixtures_less1

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zgvc4wx/revision/1

www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8Ent5CXhfY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0iHbY9sjDc
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!

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