SOLUTIONS MANUAL

TO ACCOMPANY

ENGINEERING
THERMODYNAMICS
Fourth Edition

M. David Burghardt
James A. Harbach

400 Selected Problems

 Solutions Manual, 400 Selected Problems, to Accompany
Engineering Thermodynamics, Fourth Edition

ISBN 978-0-9854936-0-8
©2012
Introduction:

We hope that you find the Solutions Manual helpful in developing your
understanding Engineering Thermodynamics. Doing multiple problems
will help you develop your engineering modeling abilities, modeling
thermodynamic systems. The Solutions Manual follows the same
forinat for problem solution that the text does-each step clearly
delineated-stating what is given, what must be found, a sketch with the
given data, the assumptions made, and the analysis of the problem.

We hope you find the Solutions Manual and Engineering

Thermodynamics 4e, beneficial.

Dave Burghardt
Jim Harbach
 Chapter I - INTRODUCTION

CHAPTERI

Problem 1.1

Compare the operating costs of a home refrigerator that uses 700 kwh electricity
annually to one that uses 1900 kwh. The cost of electricity is $0.10 kwh. If this were
enacted nationally, such that 10 million refrigerators were effected, what would be
the total savings in kilowatt-hours?

Given: The annual electrical power consumption of refrigerators and the cost of
electricity.

Find: The savings in kw-h of electricity by using an energy efficient model.

Sketch & Given Data:

'700 kWh
l'ZOO '2.W ~
Co::1t °+" e.l-eci-r",c., ~

Analysis: ~ :;_-;: } 1200 kwh savings/unit annually

Cost Savings = (1200 kwh)(0.10 $/kwh) = $12/yr

Savings in annual kwh = (1200:~) (10 x 10' unils) = 1.2 x 101• kwb

1-1
 Chapter I - INTRODUCTION

Problem l.S

Consider a subset of the American automotive fleet that comprises one million cars
that are driven 10,000 miles annually. The average gasoline consumption for this
fleet rises from 26 mpg to 31 mpg over a 5-year period. Calculate the total fuel
savings annually and cumulatively over this time.

Given: The estimated rise in an automotive fleet's miles per gallon over a five-year
period.

Find: The total fuel savings and the annual fuel savings over the five-year period.

Analysis: 1 millions cars 10,000 mi/yr

26 mpg - 31 mpg over 5 years
Savings per mpg
10000 mi
' = 384.62 gal/car-year
26 mi/gal

lO,OOO = 370.37 A1 = 14.25

27
lO,OOO = 357.14 Ai = 13.23
28
lO,OOO = 344.83 A3 = 12.31
29
lO,OOO = 333.33 A4 = 11.50
30
lO,OOO = 322.58 As = 10.75
31

Year Savings/Million cars Cumulative Savings

(gallons)

1 14,250,000 14,250,000

2 13,230,000 27,480,000

3 12,310,000 39,790,000

4 11,500,000 51,290,000

5 10,750,000 62,040,000

1-5
 ..-
------- --···-•

Chapter II .. DEFINmONS AND UNITS

CHAPTER 2

Problem 2.1

Referring to Figure 2.10, the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa, and the pressure gages
A and B read 210 kPa (gage). Determine the absolute pressures in boxes A and B
in (a) kPa; (b) mm Hg absolute.

Given: Atmospheric pressure and readings of gages A and B.

Find: The absolute pressures in boxes A and B.

Sketch and Given Data:

210 kPct
Psurr = 100 kPa
6
A

Assumptions: None

Analysis: Determine pressures A and B in kPa, then convert to mmHg absolute.

(a) pBabs = pBgagc + psurr

= 210 kPa + 100 kPa = 310 kPa
PAabs = PAgage + PsurrA but PsurrA = PBabs
= 210 kPa + 310 kPa = 520 kPa

(b) lmmHg = 0.1333 kPa

PB = 310 kPa x lmmHg = 2325.6 mmHg absolute
abs 0.1333 kPa

PA = 520 kPa x lmmHg = 3901 mmHg absolute

abs 0.1333 kPa

2-1
 Chapter II • DEFINITIONS AND UNITS

Problem 2.5

A pump discharges into a 3-m-per-side cubical tank. The flow rate is 300 liters per
=
-trlir-.cde. and the fluid has a density 1.2 times that of water ( density of water 1000.0
kg/m 3). Determine (a) the flowrate in kilograms per second; (b) the time it takes
to fill the tank. -

Given: Dimensions of tank, flowrate and fluid density.

Find: Flowrate and time to fill tank.

Sketch and Given Data:

p = (1.2)(1000 kg'.· /m3) = 1200 kg/m3

•
W\ - - - ; ~

Assumptions: None

Analysis: (a) Converting volume flowrate to mass flowrate.

(3oo I/min) x (1200 kg/m3) x ( 1 . ) = 6 kg/s

(1000 f/m 3) 60 s/mm

(b) Calculating time by dividing volume by volume flowrate.

t = (3m)3 x (1000 f/m3) = 90 min

300 I/min

2-5
 Chapter II. DEFINITIONS AND 1JNITS

Problem 2.9

An automobile has a 1200-kg mass and is accelerated to 7 m/s2• Determine the force
required to perform this acceleration.

Given: Automobile undergoing acceleration.

Find: Required force.

Sketch and Given Data:

1.00 "-'
F

Assumptions: 1) Neglect friction.

2) Horizontal movement.

Analysis: Calculate force to accelerate automobile.

F = ma = (1200 kg)(7 m/s2) = 8400 N

2-9
 Chapter II • DEFINITIONS AND UNITS

Problem 2.13

A new temperature scale is desired with freezing of water at 0°X and boiling at
atmospheric pressure occurring at 1000°X. Derive a conversion between degrees
Celsius and degrees X. What is absolute zero in degrees X?

Given: Values in °X at boiling and freezing points of water.

Find: Conversion to °C.

Sketch and Given Data:

T oc
'\ °X
100 1000
boil."
0 0
~t.

-'213,IS'

Assumptions: None

Analysis: Determine change for- each system between boiling point and freezing point.

(100°C - 0°C) = (l0Q0PX - 0°X)

100°C = 1000°X or 1°C = 10°X

absolute zero = -273.15°C x 10 •x = -2731.s•x

·c

2-13
 Chapter II • DEFINITIONS AND UNITS

Problem 2.17

For the situation sketched below, the following information is known:

PH2o = 1000.0 kg/m 3

P88 = 13590.0 kg/m3
g = 9.8 m ·s·2
p 1 = 500 kPa
Determine pll.

Given: Pressure at I, fluid densities, elevations.

Find: Pressure at II.

Sketch and Given Data:

flit,, = \3 S"fo "' /,..s

L ~ = 'I. S °""/S 'l.

Assumptions: None

Analysis: Pressure at II is equal to pressure at I plus 2 m column of water minus 0.5

column of Mercury plus 0.4 m column of water.

p II = PI + pLg - pLg + pLg

= 500 kPa + (1000 kg/m3)(2m)(9.8 m/s2)

(1000 Pa/kPa)

(13590 kg/m3)(0.5 m)(9.8 m/s2)

(1000 Pa/kPa)

+ (1000 kg/m3)(0.4 m)(9.8 m/s2)

(1000 Pa/kPa)

PII = 456.9 kPa

2-17
 Chapter II • DEFINITIONS AND UNITS

Problem 2.21

A diver descends 100 m to a sunken ship. A container is found with a pressure gage
reading 100 kPa (gage). Atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. What is the absolute
pressure of the gas in the container? {The density of water is 1000 kg/m 3.)

Given: Gage pressure reading of container at 100 m water depth.

Find: Absolute pressure of gas in container.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2.

Analysis: Absolute pressure in container is gage reading plus absolute pressure of

surroundings.

Pc = 100 kPa + Psurr

Surroundings pressure is surface pressure plus pressure of 100 m column of

water.

3 2
psurr = p atm + pLg = lOO kPa + (1000 kg/m ){100 m)(9.8 m/s )
(1000 Pa/kPa)

= 1080 kPa
Pc= 100 kPa + 1080 kPa
= 1180 kPa

2-21
 Chapter H • DEFINITIONS AND UNITS

Problem 2.25

A tank has a vacuum gage attached to ie indicating 20 kPa (vacuum). where the
atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. Determine the absolute pressure in the tank.

Given: Tank vacuum gage reading and atmospheric pressure.

Find: Tank absolute pressure.

Sketch and Given Data:

,-....----- A+-"o~p~r:, l'?rcs511r,e = lOO k\'Q

2.0 l:P,.,
, ,.V,_C.U~M

Pab.s

Assumptions: None

Analysis: The tank absolute pressure is atmospheric pressure minus vacuum gage
reading.

. P.""""abs
__,_ =P SUIT
- P838C = 100 kPa - 20 kPa = 80 kPa

2-25
 Chapter II • DEFINITIONS AND UNITS

Problem 2.29

A submarine is c11.1ising 200 m :below the ocean's surface. Determine the pressure on
the submarine's surface if atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa and the density of
seawater is 1030 kg/m3• g = 9.8 m/s2•

Given: Submarine cruising at given depth.

Find: Pressure on submarine.

Sketch and Given Data:

f:: 1030 kj/hl3

zoo""
5 = <t. t rn/S,.
D

Assumptions: None

Analysis: Pressure on submarine is surface pressure plus pressure of column of

seawater.

3
Psub = Psurr + pLg = 101 kPa + (1030 kg/m )(200 m)(9.8 m/s)
(1000 Pa/kPa)

= 2119.8 kPa

2-29

--- - --- - - ---~----------------·-·· ~~

 Chapter II. DEFINITIONS AND UNITS

Problem 2.33

A pressure co,oker operates by cooking food .at· a higher pressure and temperature
than is possible at atmospheric conditions. Steam is contained in the sealed pot, with
a small vent hole in the middle of the cover, allowing steam to escape. The pressure
is regulated by covering the vent hole wi~h a small weight, which is displaced slightly
by the escaping steam. Atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa, the vent hole area is 7 mm2,
and the pressure inside should be 250 kPa. What is the mass of the weight?

Given: Pressure cooker with weighted vent.

Find: Mass of vent weight.

Sketch and Given Data:

25'0 &:Pa

Assumptions: 1) Acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2•

Analysis: Write balance of vertical forces on vent weight (forces up = forces down).

(250,000 Pa)(7 x 10-6 m2) = (100,000 Pa)(7 x 10-6 m2) + (m)(9.8 m/s2)

m = 0.107 kg

2-33
 Chapter II • DEFINITIONS AND UNITS

.Problem *2.1

Referring to Figure 2.10 in the text, the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa and the
pressure gages A and B read 25 psig. Determine the absolute pressures in boxes A
and Bin (a) psia; (b) in. Hg absolute.

Given: Atmospheric pressure and readings of gages A and B.

Find: The absolute pressures in boxes A and B.

Sketches and Given Data:

B PS&lrr = I oo k Pea
A

Assumptions: None

Analysis: Convert atmospheric pressure to psia.

(100 kPa) ( 1 psi ) = 14.5 psia ·

6.8948 kPa

Determine pressures A and B in psia, then convert to in Hg absolute.

a) p Babs = p Bgage + psurr

= 25 psia + 14.5 psia = 39.5 psia

pAabs = pAgage + psurrA but psurrA = pBabs

= 25 psia + 39.5 psia = 64.5 psia

1
b) PB = (39.5 psia) ( inHg ) == 80.42 in Hg absolute
abs . 0.4912 psia

1
PA
abs
= (64.5 psia) ( 0.4912
inHg ) = 1313 in Hg absolute
psia

2-38
 Chapter II - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS

Problem *2.5

A spring scale is used to measure force and to determine the mass of a sample of
moon rocks on the moon's surface. The springs were calibrated for 8c· The scale
reads 10 lbf and the moon's gravitational attraction is 5.40 ft/sec 2• Determine the
sample mass. What would be the reading on a beam balance scale?

Given: Reading of spring scale weighing mass on the moon.

Find: Sample mass.

Sketch and Given Data:

t 10 lbf

9 = S.4 fi/s"&.
li

Assumptions: None

Analysis: Determine mass that will exert 10 lbr under an acceleration of 5.40 ft/sec2•

(10 lbc)(32.1739 lbm -ft!lbr-sec2)

· F gc
m=-= . . .
g (5.40 ft/sec2)
= 59.58 lbm

With balance scale, reference mass and measured mass are both subjected to
the same gravitational acceleration, therefore reading will be:

m = 59.58 lbm

2-42
 Chapter II • DEFINITIONS AND UNITS

Problem *2.9

A beer barrel has a mass of 20 lbm and a volume of 5 gallons. Beer's density is 62.4
lbm/ft'. Determine the total mass and weight of the barrel when it is filled with beer.

Given: Mass and volume of beer barrel and density of beer.

Find: Total mass and weight.

Sketch and Given Data:

W\ barrel '= -z. t> lb~

Assumptions: 1) Acceleration of gravity is 32.1739 ft/sec 2•

Analysis: Total mass is mass of barrel plus mass of beer.

.
mtota1 = mbaml + mbeer = 20 lbm + (5 gallons) (- -
lft
3
l
- - (62.4 lbm/ft')
7.481 gallons

= 61.7 lbm
Weight is force exerted by acceleration of gravity on total mass.

ma (61.7 lbm)(32.1739 ft/sec2) = 61.7 lbc

F=
(32.1739 lbm-Mbc-sec2)

2-47
 Chapter II - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS

Problem *2.13

A barometer can be used to measure an airplane's altitude by comparing the

barometric pressure at a given flying altitude to that on the ground. Determine an
airplane's altitude if the pilot measures the barometric pressure at 27.55 in. Hg.
absolute while ground reports it to be 29.92 in Hg. absolute. and where the average
air density is 0.077 lbm/ft'. g = 32.174 ft/sec 2•

Given: Pressure at altitude and on ground.

Find: Airplane's altitude.

Sketch and Given Data:

P=- 1. 7. S'S i"'. 1-1.,.

fair = o. 071 lb""/ fi3

L :, ~ 32. • l 74 f+ /sec. z..
t
Assumptions: None

Analysis: Pressure change is due to column of air at average density.

.6.P = pLg/gc

912 144 2 32.174 lbm-ft

______________
(29.92 inH - 27.55inH ) ( .4
g
psi) ( in )
2
_
g 1 inHg ..;,._1 ft___;,__._ _____
lbr-sec2
(0.077 lbm/ft2)(32.174 ft/sec2)

= 2177.1 ft

2-51
 Chapter II - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS

Problem *2.17

A vertical, frictionless piston/cylinder, · similar to the one illustrated from Problem

2.31, contains a gas at an unknown pressure. The piston has a mass of 20 lbm and
a cross-sectional area of 50 in2• In addition the spring exerts,a downward force of
15 lbf on the piston and atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia. Determine the pressure
of the gas.

Given: Piston with spring force and gas pressure acting on it.

Find: Gas pressure in cylinder.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Acceleration of gravity is 32.174 ft/sec2•

Analysis: Write balance of vertical forces on piston (forces up = forces down).

pgas ~istoo =p SUIT ~istoo + m.! + Fspring

gc

2
(P8as)(50 in2) = (14.7 psia)(50 in2) + (20 Ibm) (32·174 ft/sec ) + 15 lb~
32.174 lbm-ft)
( lbt-sec2
P 8as = 15.4 psia

2-55
 Chapter II • DEFINITIONS AND UNITS

Problem C2.1

Compute the weight of a 50 kg mas at different heights above the earth's surface.
At sea level g = 9.8 m/s2 and decreases by 0.000913 m/s 2 for each 300 m of ascent.
Consider a total ascent of 2.5 km with increments of 100 m.

Given: Mass of 50 kg at different heights above earth.

Find: Weight at various heights to 2.5 Km.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: None

Analysis: The change in acceleration of gravity with height can be calculated as follows:

g = 9_8 - (L)(0.00913) m/s2

300

Weight at each height is thus

F= mg

Using a spreadsheet program, enter the following.

C2.l
- Mass= 50
g@SL= 9.8

Height g Weight
0 9.8-A6*0.000913/300 +$B$2*B6
+A6+100 9.8-A?*0.000913/300 +$B$2*B7
+A7+100 9.8-AS*0.000913/300 +$B$2*B8

I
Cory C.orr ~ 0 rr
-t t t
+A29+100 9.8-A30*0.000913/300 +$B$2*B30
+A30+100 9.8-A31*0.000913/300 +$B$2*B31

2-63

--- - - - - - - - - -
Chapter II - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS

This yields the following results.

02.1
Mass= 50
g@SL= 9.8

Height G Weight
0 9.8 490
100 9.799695 489.9847
200 9.799391 489.9695
300 9.799087 489.9543
400 9.798782 489.9391
500 9.798478 489.9239
600 9.798174 489.9087
700 9.797869 489.8934
800 9.797565 489.8782
900 9.797261 489.8630
1000 9.796956 489.8478
1100 9.796652 489.8326
1200 9.796348 489.8174
1300 9.796043 489.8021
1400 9.795739 489.7869
1500 9.795435 489.7717
1600 9.795130 489.7565
1700 9_. 794826 489.7413
1800 9.794522 489.7261
1900 9.794217 489.7108
2000 9.793913 489.6956
2100 9. 793609 489.6804
2200 9.793304 489.6652
2300 9.793000 489.6500
2400 9.792696 489.6348
2500 9.792391 489.6195

2-64
 Chapter Ill - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

CHAPTER THREE

Problem 3.1

The weight of a bridge crane plus its load equals 100 metric tons (1 metric ton =
1000 kg). It is driven by a motor and travels at 1.17 mis along the crane rails.
Determine the energy that must be absorbed by the brakes in stopping the crane.

Given: A moving crane is braked to a stop.

Find: The energy absorbed by the brakes.

Sketch & Given Data:

.,,. - - ....
'"' \ 'i3ovfl'.Ju-~
--(~
I

'

Assumptions: 1) The crane, load and brakes are considered a closed system.
2) There is no heat transfer or work done.
3) The change in potential energy is zero.

Analysis: The first law for a closed system is:

Q = .L\U + ·AKE + .L\PE + W

Applying assumptions 2, 3 yields

.L\U = -AKE = KE1 -KE2

KE = !mV~ = 1 (100000 kg)(l.17m/s) 2

1
2 2 (l000J/kJ)

KE1 = 68.4kJ

.L\U = 68.4kJ
Comment: 1) If the brakes are not considered part of the system, frictional heating
must be accounted for as the mechanism for transferring heat to the
brakes.

3-1
 -- -·---·

Chapter III. CONSERVATION OF MASS AND.ENERGY

Problem 3.5

A student is watching pilings being driven into the ground. From the size of the pile
driver the student calculates the mass to be 500 kg. ,The distance that the Pile driver
is raised is measured to be 3 m. Determine the potential energy of the pile drive at
its greatest height (the piling is considered the datum). Find the driver velocity just
prior to impact with the piling.

Given: The mass of a pile driver and the distance it falls.

Find: The pile driver's velocity just before impact.

Sketch & Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) The pile driver is a closed system.

2) There is no heat or work.

3) The change of internal energy is zero.

4) The gravitational acceleration is constant at 9.8 m/s2•

Analysis: The first law for a closed system is:

Q = .dU + .6.KE + ME + W

Apply assumptions (2) & (3), yielding:

.6.KE = -.dPE

The initial velocity is zero and the final distance z2, is zero.

v2 = 7.67 m/s

3-5
 Chapter ID - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem 3.9

An elastic sphere of 0.5 m diameter contains a gas at 115 kPa. Heating of the sphere
causes it to increase to 0.62 m and during this process the pressure is proportional
to the sphere diameter. Determine the work done by the gas.

Given: The gas in a sphere is heated. During the heating process the pressure is
proportional to the expanding diameter.

Find: The work done by the gas in the expansion process.

Sketch & Given Data:

~o" ..._J a.t'.j

P, = ((S ~?~
d, = o,Sm
ol"Z. = o, "2 m

Assumptions: 1) The gas in the sphere is a closed system.

2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.

3) The expansion process is a quasi-equilibrium one.

Analysis: The mechanical work for a closed system is:

Change variables from volume to radius.

dV = 4nr2dr

3-12
 Chapter Ill • CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

The pressure is p = 2ar; at state 1:

P1 = 2at1

(115 kPa) = (2)(a kPa)(0.25 m)

m

kPa
a=230-
m

W1-2 = Jo.31(2ar)(4nr2)dr = 8nafo.31r3dr

0.25 0.25

w,_, = (&r)(230~a) [ r!~r:m•]

w1_2 = (2n-)(230)[o.31 4 -0.254] = 1.1 kJ

3-13
 Chapter m - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem 3.13

A centrifugal pump compresses 3000 liters/min of water from 98 kPa to 300 kPa.
The inlet and outlet temperatures are 25°C. The inlet and discharge piping are on
the same level, but the diameter of the inlet piping is 15 cm, whereas that of the
discharge piping is 10 cm. Determine the.pump power in kilowatts.

Given: A pump raises the pressure of a known volume flowrate. The piping ·
diameters into and out of the pump are known.

Find: The power required for the pump.

Sketch & Given Data:

3000 lrf/*,..,
98 -
!LP.a
> ____ ,3001,.p,.
dr. = ,o C n-,
d,: ISc.m (2.)

Assumptions: 1) The pump is an open, steady state system.

2) Neglect changes in potential energy.

3) Neglect changes in internal energy as the water's temperature

does not change.

4) The heat transfer is zero.

5) Water is incompressible and has a density of 1000 kg/m 3•

Analysis: The first law for a steady-state open system is:

Q + m[u+p/p+ke+pe]1 = W + m[u+p/p+ke+pe1

It is necessary to convert from liter/min to kg/sec. There are 1000 liters per
cubic meter and the density of water at 25°C is essentially 1000 kg/m3• hence,
the mass flowrate is 3000 kg/min which by dividing by 60 sec/min, yields:

m = so kg/s

3-19
Chapter m - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Apply assumptions 2, 3, and 4 to the first law, yielding:

Since the mass flowrate is known, as well as the diameter (hence· area) and
the water's density, the velocity may be calculated from the conservation of
mass.

V1 = 2.83 m/S

(50 kg/s) = (1000 kg/m3){'\o.10)2 m2)(v2 m/s)

. A

v2 = 6.37 m/s

Substitute in the first law, yielding:

3 2
(50 kg/s) [( 98 kN)
m2
(-l_m )
1000 kg
+ (2.83 m/s) ] = W +
(2)(1000 J/k:J)

(50 kg/s) [(3ookN)

m
(-l_m3)
1000 kg
2
+ (6.37 m/s)2 ]
(2)(1000 J/k:J)

W = -10.9 kW

3-20
 Chapter m - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem 3.17

A soap bubble with a 15 cm radius is formed by blowing through a 2.5-cm-diam wire

loop. Assume that all the soap film goes into making the qubble. The surface
tension of the film is 0.02 N/m, find the total surface work required to make the
bubble.

Given: A soap bubble is created by blowing through a wire loop. The initial wire
loop and final bubble diameters are known.

Find: The surface work required.

Sketch & Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) The soap film is a closed system.

2) The surface tension is constant.

Analysis: From equation 3.20, the surface work is:

W = -f odA
2

. 1

A, = 1d' = (1) (0.025 m)

2
= 0.0004909 2
m

~ = 4nr2 = 4n(0.15 m) 2 = 0.28274 m2

W = -a(~ -Ai) = -(0.02 N )(0.28274-0.00049 m2)

m

W = -0.0056 J

3-26
 Chapter III • CONSERVATION OF MASS AND' ENERGY

Problem 3.23

Air and fuel enter a furnace used for home heating. The air has an enthalpy
of 302 kJ/kg and the fuel an enthalpy of 43 027 kJ/kg. The gases leaving the
furnace have an enthalpy of 616 kJ/kg. There are 17 kg air/kg fuel. Water
circulates through the furnace wall receiving heat. The house requires 17.6
kW of heat. What is the fuel consumption per day?

Given: A furnace receives air and fuel, combustion occurs, with heat being used for
home heating and combustion gases leave the furnace.

Find: The daily fuel consumption necessary to satisfy the heating requirements.

Sketch & Given Data:

An·
ho..= 302 b.;Y'':5 '
I IMc!
t

' ' h~: '-''- la.~(":5

~~ (

\.,1 = 4 ~ oZ'I' ~ .;._e._\-:~------------' 1'7 ~-c-

r.i_ ~ -fue..l
-:r- I'!,(, la.W'
Assumptions: 1) The furnace is steady-state open system.

2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.

3) The work is zero.

Analysis: The first law for the furnace with two fluids entering and one leaving is

Apply assumptions 2 & 3, yielding

From the conservation of mass, :rh8 = riJ. + :rhr 3

3-35
Chapter m - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Divide the equation by me

Substitute in known values:

-17.6kJ/s + (11 kg air ) (302 kJ ) + (43027 kg ~e1.)

(fir kg fuel/s) kg fuel kg air

= (is kgkg gas) (616 kg

fuel
kJ ·)
gas

fir = 0.0004747 kg/s = 41 kg/day

3-36
 Chapter ID - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem 3.27

Steam with a flowrate of 1360 kg/h enters an adiabatic nozzle at 1378 kPa, 3.05 mis,
with a specific volume of 0.147 m3/kg, and with a specific internal energy of 2510
kJ/kg. The exit conditions are p = 137.8 kPa, specific volume = 1.099 m3/kg, and
internal energy = 2263 kJ/kg. Determine the exit velocity. ·

Given; Steam flows steadily through an adiabatic nozzle from a known inlet state to
a known exit state.

Find: The exit steam velocity from the nozzle.

Sketch & Given Data:

fi.. =- 137, s 1c.r.
~ = 13,0 "-,/A _,\,T"z. : f, Of Cf YH 'J /½
P, :: 1378 /e.f~ I C.C..t.:::. z.zi. 3 1,.'J"°/',s
..,, = s .os )',\ls o>'
~ = o,t4'7 f1'l 3/ ' , ~:--~---------~ : ~ - -

Lt.1 = 2 s-,o le. ~1":5

Assumptions: 1) The nozzle is an open steady state system.

2) Neglect changes in potential energy.

3) Heat and work are zero.

Analysis: The first law for a steady state open system is:

Q + m(u+pv+ke+pe)1 = W + Iil(u+pv+ke+pe)2
Apply assumptions 2 & 3, yielding:

m(u+pv+ke)1 = m(u+pv+ke)2

.Divide by the mass flowrate and substitute in data values:

3 2
3 5
2510kJ) + (1378kN] (o.147m ] + ( .o m/s)
( ·kg m2 kg 2(1000 JfkJ)
3 2
2
= (2263 kJ) + (137.skN] (1.099m ] + (v m/s)
kg m2 kg 2(1000 JfkJ)

v2 = 772.2 m/s

3-42
·chapter m - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem 3.31

The torque of an engine is found to be, -r = 200 sin( nw /2000) J, when w varies
between 500 and 1000 rpm and nw /2000 is expressed in degrees. Determine the
power at these two rpm's.

Given: The variation of torque with engine speed.

Find: The power produced at two different engine rpms.

Sketch & Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) The shaft rpm and torque are constant for any given rpm.

2) The engine shaft is a closed system.

Analysis: From the expression for power from a rotating shaft

w= 1:(J)

·we can determine the power for the two cases in this problem.

At 500 rpm:

w = (
5oo rev)
60 s
('br rad)
rev
= 52.36 rad/sec

52 36 360
-r = 200 sin ( · *1"&* ) = 98.8 J
2000

•
W = ( 98.8-
J ) ( 52.36-
rad) = 5.17 kW
rad sec

3-48
 Chapter m - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem 3.35

A gas expands in a piston from an initial pressure of 1000 kPa and an initial volume
of 0.15 m3 to a final pressure of 200 kPa while following the process descnbed by
p = a V + b where a = 1000 kPa/m3 and b is a constant. Calculate the work
performed.

Given: · Gas in a piston/cylinder expands from an initial state to a final state.

Find: The work done by the gas in the expansion process.

Sketch & Given Data:

to oo la.Pc' CL c 100 0 t..P.a/,.,,. 3

Assumptions: 1) The gas is a closed system.

2) The expansion is a quasi-equilibrium one.

Analysis: The work is found by integrating

W= J:rctv = J:(lOOOV+b)dV = ,l~V:bV[

We need to find b. Substitute into the equation for pressure at the initial
state.

3
p1 = aV1 +b = 1000 kPa = (1000::) (0.15m ) + b kPa

b = 850 kPa

The final volume may be determined:

3-54
 Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

The cuive may be plotted on rectangular graph paper.

~ - p v·
-,
: I I
I I
I.,
I
I /
I
,
I
I I I
I I !
I I I
I
I
I
I ~ I

:, 1,
l'\..I
I I I
11 I I
I
I
I
I I

I .. , I
r...-1
I
I•
I
A I
r I
i I i
I
!

I I I
I
! i
I I : I
I i I !
I I I I :
I
I
" I
! i
I
:
ri,~ ·-
'
" . I I
"f.l
-j I
i ! i I I " -
,, ,..,_
,_ I :
I
I I
I I I I I ""' I
I
I I .~11: J.·' I
I
I

-
'' ....
I
I I
l I
I I
I "" )i;.
I
I"'
I
~ . I
I
I I

"" '
I
I
I ""
I "" I
I
I
i
I
I
I
"' i
T
I
. I I
' I I

'
,,.. ,~. 11
"'
,. r"!
/ I "' I

I
I I
I I
I

I
l
"" I
I
'"'
-~- . , I
I

I I I
I
I I I I ~ '" I I I
I
I

I I
I I
I
I I I I I
I I I
I I I I i
I I I
I I I I
I
I I I !
' I
i I I : I I ,..._ n
i I I

I
i / I
I I
=I
I
I
7i1

l,
,.
f ~
....
......
d) I.Cl I
I I
' I
I
I
I
I I l I I l l I I I I I I I l I I I

The area under the cuive is:

A =W = +o.4-0.1 m')(300:,) -(0.4-0.1 m')(100:,)

A= W = -75 kJ

where the minus sign was used because the work is into the gas.

3-53
 Chapter m - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem 3.39

Determine the time to accelerate a 1000 kg automobile from rest to 80 km/h if it has
an engine rated at 90 kW.

Given: An automobile is accelerated from rest to a final state with an engine of

known power.

Find: The time required to accelerate the automobile.

Sketch & Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) The automobile is a closed system.

2) There is no heat transfer or change of internal or potential

energies.

Analysis: To determine the time we must first find the work required to move the car
from state 1 to state 2 and then use the relationship between work and power
to determine the time. For a closed system, the first law is:

Q = ~U + .6.KE + APE + W

Applying assumption 2, this reduces to:

.m(v~-v~)
-W = .6.KE = - - -
2

-W = (1000kg) (22.222 -0 m2/s2) = 246 _9 kJ

2 (1000 J/kJ)
W = -246.9 kJ

The relationship between power and work is:

. w
W=-
t

3-60
 Chapter Ill - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem 3.43

Fill in the missing data for a closed system changing from state 1 to state 2 in the
table below. ·

__O_(kJ_) ------~(~2-------~L(~l-------~t(~l-------~-(~---------
-20 -5 -25 10 -15
--- ----------------------------------------------------------------
23 -7 7 37 30
------------·-- ---------------------------------------·-- --------------
36 15 18 39 21
-----
-- --
------~------------------------------------------------------------------------
25 10 15 30 15
----------------------------------------------------------------
40 24 19 35 16
Analysis: Apply the first law for a closed system to the values in each row.

Q=E-E+W
2 1

and LIB = E2 - E 1

3-67
 Chapter m - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem 3.47

The heater in problem 3.46 is now located in a non•adiabatic room of the same size.
The heat loss from the room is found to be 120 kJ/min. Determine the time for the
room to reach 25 C from the initial 15 C.

Given: The heater in problem 3.46 is located in a non•adiabatic room.

Find: The time required to heat the room to the final temperature.

Sketch & Given Data:

---------
'2
v0O b
.. ~ c::ii.,r -1,=-1.rc.1
~
1
I 1'1- ::.. Z. ,S- C.

-J_ -

Assumptions: 1) The air in the room is a closed system.

2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.

3) The fan/heater is an open system.

Analysis: From problem 3.46 we know that the air needs to receive 3300 kJ to reach 25
C. The fan/heater provides 3:67 kW of heat to air and the air loses 2 kW to
the surroundings. Thus, the net heat flow to the air is 3.67 · 2.0 = 1.67 kW
for the air:

Qt= Q

( l.67~) (ts) = 3300 kJ

t = 1976 s = 32.9 minutes

3.72
 Chapter Ill - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

To achieve the amount of heat entering the air in 15 minutes requires an

energy flux of:

Q = 33ookJ = 3 67 kW
(15min)(60 s/min) ·

The reason energy flux is used is because the fan provides some frictional
heating to the air. The first law for the heater, an open system, is ( applying
assumption 3):

Q + m(h ~e~1 = w + m(h ~;,e) 2

O+ m(h1) = w + m(h2)

Also,

Q - W = 3.67 kW

Q - ( -0.2 kW) = 3.67 kW

Q = 3.47 kW

Comments: 1) In the problem we do not know the temperature of the air leaving the
heater; however, it is not at 25 C. The problem requires that we
convert the rate of heat and work transfer into a total quantity over a
given time period.

3-71
 Chapter ill - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem 3.51

A 10 kg mass slides down a ramp inclined at 30 degrees from the horizontal a total
vemtal distance of 3 m., Determine the velocity of mass when it reaches the bottom,
neglecting friction and air resistance.

Given: A block slides down a frictionless inclined ramp.

Find: The velocity of the block when it reaches the bottom.

Sketch & Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) The block is a closed system.

2) The work, heat and change of internal energy are zero.

Analysis: In the first law for the block between states (1) and (2) for a closed system is:

Q = AU + AKE + APE + W

Apply assumption (2)

0 =AKE+ APE
AKE= -APE

The initial velocity is zero.

2
V2
2 = +g(zl -2i)

{v; m /s
2 2
) = (2)(9.8m/s2)(3m)

v2 = 7.67 m/s

3-78
 Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem 3.55

The following table illustrates the variation of pressure and volume in the cylinder
of an internal combustion engine during the expansion process.
Data Point Pressure (kPa) Volume (cm 3)
1 2000 400
2 1000 400
3 1200 620
4 990 730
5 600 1120
6 300 1930

Plot the data on a p-V and determine the work done in kJ. Is this exact or
an estimate? Why?

Given: A table of pressure and volume data representing the variation of p vs. V
during the expansion stroke of an automotive engine.

Find: A plot of the data and a determination of the work done from the data.

Sketch & Given Data:

'
..
,...
., . --·~
- I

I
'
1

I
I
,
\

-·- I

I
I

I
I'"'
-- !

\ I

-- ...,,..
f
r; J 7
.. rz. J
'
\

\ I I

'\ I
I ........ ,_
,.. I
I I ! 1 •1-1 I ... 1 I
I I
I
,,
\
I
I
I I
I
rl
.......... I
I

I
I
I~-•
-
_.,.
'

I -- ..,_
,...,...
I
'

-.
I I
I ""r-
I I

I I
- . I
I
I I
I I
I I I / I I
I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
I I
I I
"
I"! I I I
I I 1·1, ~ 0 'Ill• 'c., ,.., I I
I I I I I r I I I I
I I I I I ~'-I I I i I I I
I I I 'U ._ C 'T /I I I I ' I I I I I
I I I I I I I
I I I I I
'
Chapter m - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Assumptions: 1) The gas in cylinder is a closed system.

2) Neglect kinetic and potential energy changes.

Analysis: The work is estimated by determining the area under the curve connecting the
data points. This is an estimate in that we do not have a continuous function
descnbing pressure versus volume, nor do we know if the process is a quasi-
equilibrium one.

Finding the area under curve may proceed in several ways: 1) Use rectangles
(as illustrated) to determine the area; 2) determine the ''best fit" equation
connecting the points and integrate that.

The area is found by summing p.w for each rectangle. 1:.. V = 100 cm = 0.000 I
3

m3.

W = :Ep1:..V and for 1:.. V = 0.0l)O}

W = ll.V:Epi
= (0.01)[1710 + 1350 + 1100 + 950 + 800 + 730 + 650

+ 575 + 525 + 475 + 425 + 380 + 350 + 330 + 300]

W = ( 0 ~3)(10650 kN/m 2)
w = ;,o,~kJ

3-86
 Chapter m · CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem 3.59

A windmill produces on average 6 kW of electrical power over an eight hour period.

The electricity is used to charge .storage batteries. In the charging process the
batteries increase in temperature causing them to lose heat to the surroundings at a
rate of 0.5 kW. Determine the total energy stored in the batteries during this 8 hour
period.

Given: Batteries are charged at a give rate over an eight hour period. During the
charging heat is lost to the surroundings at a known rate.

Find: The total energy stored in the batteries.

Sketch & Given Data:

G}
a,Sla..\,,,J
I

' - "" - ......

I

Assumptions: 1) Rates of charging and heat loss are constant over the eight hour
period.

Analysis: An energy balance on the batteries indicates that 6 kW are entering and 0.5
kW are leaving at any moment in time. Thus a net instantaneous energy gain
of 5.5 kW occurs.

E= (s5~)<s h)(3600Ji)
E = 158400 = 158.4 MJ

3-90
 Chapter Ill • CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem 3.63

A closed system containing a gas undergoes a cycle composed of three processes.

The system's initial state is at 100 kPa, 1.Sm3, and an intel'llal energy of 510 kJ. The
gas is compressed according to p V = C until th~ pressure is 2000 ~a and the
internal energy is 685 kJ. In the final process returning the system to the initial state
the work is SO kJ. Determine the heat transfer for first and last process~s.

Given: A gas undergoes a 3-process cycle. The processes are given as well as
information about the heat and work for the processes.

Find: The heat transfer in process 1-2 and process 3-1.

Sketch & Given Data:

U, = s,o 1a.o-
(Ll. ==- , iS k. '1"

p W,-1 = so "'-J"

Assumptions: 1) The system is closed.

2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.

Analysis: Calculate the heat transfer for process 1-2. From the first law:

Q = AU + AKE + APE + W

Apply assumption (2)

Q =AU+ W

3-96
 Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

wl-2 = (1ookN) (1.5m3)ln (

m2 ·
lOO)
2000
= -449.4 kJ

.6.U = (685-510 kJ) = 175 kJ

01.2 = 175 - 449.4 = -274.4 kJ

For the process 2-3, 0 2•3 = -150kJ and W 2•3 = 0.
For the process 3-1, W3•1 = 50kJ and 03-1 = ?

For any cycle, l':Q = l':W

-274.4 - 150 + 03-1 = -449.4 + 0 + 50

03-1 = +25 kJ

3-97
 Chapter III • CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem 3.67

A power plant produces 750 MW of electric power while operating with an efficiency
of 42%. The heat rejected from the cycle goes into cooling water supplied from an
adjacent river. The water's enthalpy increases by 45 kJ/kg as it receives the heat
rejected. Determine the mass flowrate of water required.

Given: A power plant produces a given amount of power at a known efficiency. In

doing so the heat flow from the plant enters a river.

Find: The flowrate of water required for cooling.

Sketch & Given Data:

Wru.f: ::: 7SOMW

.------1------1=:::::;:--:,... 2 '
M' ~ -: '4-A 1~

Assumptions: 1) The cycle is a closed system.

2) Neglect changes in kinetic and .potential energy of the cooling

water and there is no work done in the cooling process.

Analysis: For a power producing cycle,

Qin = 1785.7 MW

3-101
Chapter ID - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

For any cycle:

w net =Q·.in +"\.lout

750 MW = 1785.7 + Qout MW

<tut = -1035.7 MW

From a first law analysis on the cooling water (where the heat is entering the
cooling water, hence positive from the water's view)

0 + m(h +ke+pe) 1 = W + m(h +ke+pe)2

Apply assumption (2)

(1035700 kW) = (Iil kg/s) (45:)

mcooling = 23,016 kg/s

water

3-102
 Chapter ID - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problems (English Units)

Problem *3.1

A system undergoes a cycle where 10 Btu of heat are removed and 15~000 ft-lbf of
work are done by the system during the first process. In the second· process 15 Btu
of heat are added. What,is the work necessary to complete the cycle? ·

Given: A system undergoes a cycle with heat and some work interactions denoted.

Find: The work necessary to complete the cycle.

Sketch & Given Data:

Gz-, = IS'Blv t - - - - -,- - g),-2. = -10 a'2/v

I 1
~ I
-
W2.-,-- ·'?---1l
,-=--W,-~ ~ ,s-,.t)oof-t:-1~
I

Assumptions: 1) System is a closed system.

Analysis: For any cycle,

"£W =EQ

Convert 15,000 ft-lbr into Btu:

l 5000 = 19.28 Btu

778.16
+19.28 + w2. , -10 + 15

W2.t -14.48 Btu

The negative sign indicates work into the system.

3-106
 Chapter III • CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem *3.5

An air compressor handles 300 ft'/min of air with a density of 0.079 lbm/ft' and a
pressure of 14.7 psia, and it discharges at a pressure of 75 psia with a density of 0.305
lbm/ft'. The change in specific internal energy across the compressor is 35 Btu/Ihm,
and the heat loss by cooling is 10 Btu/Ihm. Neglecting changes in kinetic and
potential energies, find the power in Btu per hour, horsepower, and kilowatts.

Given: A compressor receives a steady flow of air through it. The inlet and discharge
are given.

Find: The power required.

Sketch & Given Data:

Y, ::: sO't> ft1/~II\

Ii.= 'TSl$ld
~ -= o ,o'1q lb~( ft 3
I --"'!!II ez. = o , Jo s- ,,14( /fc. 3
Ce.)
(u...~-c.<..,) =- 3S ?,N//£..,
- --- I
,.,,,..

Assumptions: . 1) The compressor is a steady-state open system.

2) Neglect kinetic and potential energies.

Analysis: The first law for a steady-state open system is:

Q + m(u+pl,o+ke+pe)1 = W + m(u+pl,o+ke+pe)2

Apply assumption (2):

· Q + m(u+p/,o) 1 = W + m(u+p/,o)2
0 + mp1/,o1 = W + Iil[(u2-u1)+p/P2l

3-111

---- ----------------
Chapter ID - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

The mass fl_owrate is not given, so it must be found from volume flowrate.

The heat flux, is Q = mq. Substitute data in the first law equation.

(-10::) (23.7:) (23.7!:) (14.7::) (144;) (o.~79!::) (77/1::-lb.)

+ =

2
W+ (23,7lbm) [(s9.7lbc) (144 in ) ( lft3 ) ( !Btu ) + (35 Btu/lbm)]
. min in2 ft2 0.305 lbm 778.16 ft-lbc

W = -1540Btu = -92,415Btu = -36.3 hp = -27.1 kW

min hr ·

3-112
 Chapter Ill - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem *3.9

A gas expands in a piston from an initial pressure of 1000 psia and an initial volume
of 0.15 ft' to a final pressure of .200 psia while following the process descnbed by
p = aV + b where a = 1000 psia/ft' and b is a constant. Calculate the work
performed.

Given: Gas in a piston/cylinder expands from an initial state to a final state.

Find: The work done by the gas in the expansion process.

Sketch & Given Data:

(
/(S'0"0

Assumptions: 1) The gas is a closed system.

2) The expansion is a quasi-equilibrium one.

Analysis: The work is found by integrating:

We need to find b. Substitute into the equation for pressure at the initial
state.

P, = av, + b = ( 1000P:) (0.15 ft') + b = lOOOpsia

b = 850 psia

3-119
Chapter ill - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

The final volume may be determined:

C P2 ·= a~2 + b = (200 psia)· = (1ooopsia] (V2 ft 3) + (850 psia)

ft3
v2 = o.65 ft 3

The integral may now be evaluated.

w lb /in
= 5007
(
l( '
2
144;2] (0.652 -o.1s2 ft6}

+ ( 850 ::) ( 144::) (0.65-0.15 ft')

W = 90,000 ft-lbr

3-120
----:.....:---------·· ' .

Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem *3.13

Determine the time to accelerate a one ton automobile from rest to 60 mph if it has
an engine rated at 60 horsepower.

Given: An automobile is accelerated from rest to a final state with an engine of

known power.

Find: The time required to accelerate the automobile.

Sketch & Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) The automobile is a closed system.

2) There is no heat transfer or change of internal or potential

energies.

Analysis:· To determine the time we must first find the work required to move the car
from state 1 to state 2 and then use the relationship between work and power
to determine the time. For a closed system, the first law is:

Q = LlU + LlKE + LlPE + W

Applying assumption 2, yields:·

-W = LlKE = ~ m(v~-v~) = 1 <2000 lbm) (882 -0 ft 2/sec2) = 240691 ft-lbc

2&: 2 (32.174 lbm-ft )
lbc-sec2

The relationship between power and work is W= W

t

Ignoring the sign on the work and power yields:

(60hp) (sso ft-lbf) = (240691ft-lbf)

sec-hp (t sec)
t = 7.29 seconds

3-125
Chapter m · CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem *3.17

Fill in the missing data for a closed system changing from state l to state 2 in the
table below;
\

Q(Btu) W(Btu) E1(Btu) :Ei(Btu) .AE(Btu) Ii

5 20 25 10 -15
30 -7 37 74 37
15 -6 18 39 21
25 10 0 15 15
40 24 19 35 16

Analysis: Apply the first law for a closed system to the values in each row.

and

3-132
 Chapter III -CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem *3.21

The heater in problem 3.20* is now located in a non-adiabatic room of the same size.
The heat loss from the room is found to 120 Btu/min: Determine the time for the
room to reach 80 F from the initial 60 F.

Given: The heater in problem 3.20* is located in a non-adiabatic room.

Find: The time required to heat room to the final temperature.

Sketch & Given Data:

( \

: ~( =z.ot> '4/ ~;:: '3, 'H.tJ !

\ 21~t4~ :
-------'
Assumptions: 1) The air in the room is a closed system.

2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.

3) The fan/heater is an open system.

Analysis: From problem 3.20* we know that the air needs to receive 3500 Btu to reach
80 F. The fan/heater provides 4.1 kW of heat to air and the air loses 2.1 kW
to the surroundings. Thus, the net heat flow to the air is 4.1 - 2.10 = 2.0
kW. For the air

6 t = o
(2.0kW)(t sec) = ( 3SOOBtu)
{1.055kW/Btu/sec)
t = 1846.2 sec = 30.8 minutes

3-137
 Chapter III • CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem *3.25

A 10 pound mass slides down a ramp inclined at 45 degrees from the horizontal a
total vertical distance of 10 feet. Determine the velocity of mass when it reaches the
bottom, neglecting friction and air resistance.

Given: A block slides down a frictionless inclined ramp.

Find: The velocity of the block when it reaches the bottom.

Sketch & Given Data:

/0 ft.

Assumptions: 1) The block is a closed system.

2) The work, heat and change of internal energy is zero.

Analysis: In the first law for the block between states (1) and (2) for a closed system is:

Q = .6.U + .6.KE + .6.PE + W

Apply assumption (2)

0 = .6.KE + .6.PE :. .6.KB = -.6.PE

The initial velocity is zero.

2
V2
2 = g(z1-z2)

~(v2 ft/sec)2 = (32.174 ft/sec2)(10-0ft)

v2 = 25.4 ft/sec

3-143
 Chapter ill - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem *3.29

The following table illustrates the variation of pressure and volume in the cylinder
of an internal combustion engine during the expansion process.

Data Point Pressure (psia) Volume (in3)

1 350 25
2 280 31
3 210 39
4 175 50
5 110 70
6 50 120
Plot the data on a p-V and determine the work done in ft-lbf. Is this exact
or an estimate? Why?

Given: A table of pressure and volume data representing the variation of p vs. V
during the expansion stroke of an automotive engine.

Find: A plot of the data and a determination of the work done from the data.

Sketch & Given Data:

i JI\
I I I I

[ 1 ! ! i
l
1
!f
t
\ !
\1 l
1
!
i r I !
l \j
'-
I
i I
!
'l l ;
!_ I
I i 't
i I I
I
!
'
~
I
I
i t
!
I i i'-..I
!
I I
I
!
!
!

I
i
,._, ! I '
I .- .- - :
I •

' i
I
i i
'.
!
-
...

I i 7 ', -1: l I
I
li !I
 Chapter III • CONSERVATION OF MASS AND; ENERGY

Assumptions: 1) The gas in cylinder is a closed system.

2) NeglecHdnetic and potential energy changes.

Analysis: The work is estimated by determining the area under the curve connecting the
data points. This is an estimate in that we do not have a continuous function
descnbing pressure versus volume, nor do we know if the process is a quasi-
equilibrium one.

Finding the area under curve may proceed in several ways: 1) Use rectangles
(as illustrated) to determine the area; 2)determine the "best fit" equation
connecting the points and integrate that.

The area is found by summing p fl. V for each rectangle.

fl. V = 10 in 3
= 0.005787 ft3.

W = 11 vJ p.1 = (0.005787 ft3)

290+220+170+140+110) 16]
_r
[( +95+75+68+58+1/2(55) in2

w = (0.005787 ft') (12535:: l( l

144;

W = 1044.6 ft-lbr

3-151
 Chapter III • CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem *3.33

A windmill produces on average 6 kW of electrical power over an eight hour period.

The electricity is used to charge storage batteries. In the charging process the
batteries increase in temperature causing them to lose heat to the surroundings at a
rate of 500 Btu/hr. Determine the total energy stored in the batteries during this 8
hour period.

Given: Batteries are charged at a give rate over an tx eight hour period. During the
charging heat is lost to the surroundings at a known rate.

Find: The total energy stored in the batteries.

Sketch & Given Data:

-t:. = B Jir-

'
,_ - - ---
I l

Assumptions: _ 1) Rates of charging and heat loss are constant over the eight hour
period.

Analysis: An energy balance on the batteries indicates that 6 kW are entering and 500
Btu/hr are leaving at any moment in time. Thus a net instantaneous energy
gain of 5.85 kW occurs.

E (5.85~) (8h) (3600~)

=

E = 168480 kJ

3-155
 Chapter ill - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem *3.37

A closed system containing a gas undergoes a cycle composed of three processes.

The system's initial state is at 14.7 psia, 53.0 ft', anq an internal energy of 540 Btu.
The gas is compressed according to pV = C until the pressure is 290 psia and the
internal energy is 723 Btu. The next process is constant volume and the heat loss is
160 Btu. In the final process returning the system to the initial state the work is
41300 ft-lbf. Determine the heat transfer for first and last processes.

Given: A gas undergoes a 3-process cycle. The processes are given as well as
information about the heat and work for the processes.

Find: The heat transfer in process 1-2 and process 3-1.

Sketch & Given Data:

u, = 5"70 8 lu
U2- .:. 72. 95 8+v

(yi-J : - /foO f$f\J

v-J,-, = 41 '300 ,f-t/,hf
\4,11
.3

Assumptions: 1) The system is closed.

2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.

Analysis: Calculate the heat transfer for process 1-2. From the first law

a = au + aKE + ME + w

3-162
 Chapter Ill • CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem *3.41

A power plant produces 500 MW of electric power while operating with an efficiency
of 45%. The heat rejected from the cycle goes into cooling water supplied from an
adjacent river. The water's enthalpy increases by 20 Btu/lbm as it receives the heat
rejected. Determine the mass flowrate of water required.

Given: A power plant produces a given amount of power at a known efficiency. In

doing so the heat flow from the plant enters a river.

Find: The flowrate of water required for cooling.

Sketch & Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) The cycle is a closed system.

2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy of the cooling

water and there is no work done in the cooling process.

Analysis: For a power producing cycle,

Wnet
1'J = --
Th Qin

0.45 = 500
Qin

Qin = 1111.1 MW

3-167
Chapter ID - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

For any cycle:

Wnet = Qin + Qout

·500 = 1111.1 + Qout

Qout = -611.lMW

Qout = (-611.lMW) (1000 kW) (3412.2 Btu ) = 2.0852 x 109 Btu

MW hr-kW hr

From a first law analysis on the cooling water (where the heat is entering the
cooling water; hence positive from the water's view).

Q + m(h +ke+pe)1 = W + m(h +ke+pe)2

Apply assumption (2)

Q + mh1 = mh2

2.0852 x 109 Btu) = (m.· lbml (20Btul

( hr · · hr lbm

riJ: = 1.042 x 108 lbm

hr

3-168
 Chapter ID • CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Problem C3.1

Develop a spreadsheet template or computer program that will determine the exit
conditions for the adiabatic mixing of up to five inlet streams· characterized by area,
mass flowrate, velocity, density, pressure, and specific internal energy. The outlet
stream should have the same characteristics. Test it using the information from
problem 3.14.

Given: Adiabatic mixing of up to five streams.

Find: Exit conditions.

Sketch and Given Data:

A A
tn
V :, \/
f'
f 4
p
r s IA

"'
Assumptions: 1) Changes in potential and kinetic energies are negligible.

Analysis: Enter the data, continuity equation, and first law equations into the
spreadsheet as shown below. In addition to the data from problem 3.14,
values for pressure and input enthalpies are entered.
~ f, •

• • • • • • • • • • • · • • • • . • • .. A/ •••••.••• B/ •.•.••••• C/ .
1 Problem C3.l
2
3 Fluid l Fluid 2
4 INPUTS
5 Density {kg/m3) 1.6 1/0.502
6 Area (m3) 0.05 0.04
7 Velocity (m/s) 130 110.9
8 Pressure {kPa) 100 100
9 Int. Energy (kJ/kg) 300 500
10 OUTPUTS
11 Mass Flowrate (kg/s) +B5*B6*B7 +C5*C6*C7
12 Specific Vol.(m3/kg) l/B5 l/C5
13 Enthalpy (kJ/kg) +B9+B8*Bl2 +C9+C8*Cl2
14
15 Outlet
16 INPUTS
17 Density {kg/m3) 1/0.437
18 Area (m3) 0.065
19 Pressure (kPa) 100
20 OUTPUTS
21 Velocity (m/s)-- --- +B22/(Bl7*Bl8)
22 Mass Flowrate (kg/s) @SOM ( Bll •• Fll)
23 Specific Vol.(m3/kg) l/Bl7
24 Int. Energy (kJ/kg) (Bll*B9+Cll*C9+Dll*D9+Ell*E9+Fll*F9)/B22
25 Enthalpr (kJ/k~) (Bll*Bl3+Cll*Cl3+Dll*Dl3+Ell*El3+Fll*Fl3)/B22
3-174
 Chapter III • CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

This will yield the following results.

Problem C3.l
Fluid l Fluid 2 Fluid 3 Fluid 4 -Fluid 5
INPOTS
Density (kg/m3) 1.6 1.992031 l l l
Area (m3) 0.05 0.04 0 0 0
Velocity (m/s) 130 110.9 0 0 0
Pressure (kPa) 100 100 0 0 0
Int. Energy (kJ/kg) 300 500 0 0 0
OUTPUTS
Mass Flowrate (kg/s) 10.4 8.836653 0 0 0
Specific Vol.(m3/kg) 0.625 0.502 1 l l
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) 362.5 550.2 0 0 0
Outlet
INPUTS
Density (kg/m3) 2.288329
Area (m3) 0.065
Pressure (kPa) 100
OUTPUTS
Velocity (m/s) 129.3295
Mass Flowrate (kg/s) 19.23665
Specific Vol.(m3/kg) 0.437
Irit. Energy (kJ/kg) 391.8730
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) 448.7228

Comment: The back-solving capabilities of TK Solver would permit the development of

a model that would be much more fleXIble as to which variables are inputs and
which are outputs.

3-175
 Chapter IV • PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

CHAPTER FOUR

Problem 4.1

A 2-m3 tank contains a saturated vapor at 40°C. Determine the pressure and mass
in the tank if the substance is (a) steam; (b) ammonia; (c) R 12.

Given: Tank containing saturated vapor at 40°C.

Find: Vapor pressure and mass.

Sketch & Given Data:

2. \W\,
40°c

Assumption: 1) The substances are in equilibrium.

Analysis: (a) From Appendix AS at 40°C.

p = 7.389 kPa V
8
= 19.511 m /kg
3
.

3
m =V = Zm = 0.1025 kg
V8 19.511m3/kg

(b) From Appendix A9 at 40°C.

p = 1554.33 kPa v8 = 0.0833 m /kg 3

m =V = 2m3 = 24.0 kg
v8 0.0833m3/kg

(c) From Appendix All at 40°C.

p = 0.9607 MPa v8 = 0.018171 m3/kg

3
V Zm = 110.07 k
m = V = 0.018171m3/kg g
8

4-1
 Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem 4.5

Complete the following table for water.

T(°C) p(kPa) x(%) h(kJ/kg) u(kJ/kg) v(m3/kg)

(a) 200 852.4
(b) 150 1000.0
(c) 300 1000
(d) 200 5000
(e) 250 0.8500
(f) 300 80
(g) 1000 90

Indicate for each state whether the state is subcooled liquid, saturated liquid, mixture,
saturated vapor or superheated vapor.

Given: Two independent steam properties.

Find: Remaining properties and state of steam.

Assumption: 1) The water is in equilibrium.

Analysis:
(a) Using Saturated Steam Temperature Table (AS), he= 852.59 kJ/kg at 200°C,
therefore, water is a very slightly subcooled liquid. Using data for saturated
steam at 200°c:

p = 1554.7 kPa
X = 0.0%
V = Ve= 0.0011562 m3/kg

U = Uc= 850.79 kJ/kg

4-7
Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

(b) Using Saturated Steam pressure Table (A.6), for 150 kPa steam, u = 1000
Id/kg is between Ur and u8• Water is thus a mixture. Interpolating to obtain
150 kPa data:

T = lll.3°C u=uc+xufs

Uc = 467.2 kJ/kg 1000 kJ/kg = 467.2 kJ/kg + (x)(2052.6 kJ/kg)

Uc8 = 2052.6 kJ/kg X = .2596 = 25.96%

he= 467.3 kJ/kg

hc8 = 2226.3 kJ/kg = 467.3 kJ/kg + (.2596)(2226.3kJ/kg)

Ve = 0.001053 m3/kg = 1045.2 kJ/kg

Vc8 = 1.1584 m /kg

3
V = V c + X V fg = (.001053 m3/kg)
+ (.2596)(1.1584 m3/kg) = 0.3018
(c) Since temperature is greater than saturation temperature at 1000 kPa, steam
is superheated. Interpolating data in Appendix A.7.

h = 3051.6 kJ/kg
u = 2793.5 kJ/kg

V = 0.25806 m /kg 3

( d) Since temperature is below saturation temperature at 5000 kPa, water is

subcooled. Using Appendix AS.

h = 853.9 kJ/kg
u = 848.1 kJ/kg
V = 0.00153 m /kg 3

( e) Since specific volume is greater than v 8 at 250 kPa, the steam is superheated.
Interpolating data in Appendix A.7.

T = 194°F
h = 2855.4 kJ/kg
u = 2642.9 kJ/kg

4-8
 Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem 4.9

A rigid steel tank contains a mixture of vapor and liquid· water at a temperature of
65°C. The tank has a volume of 0.5 m3, the liquid phase occupying 30% of the
volume. Determine the amount of heat added to the system to raise the pressure to
3.5 MPa.

Given: Tank with mixture of saturated vapor and liquid.

Find: Heat added to raise pressure to 3.5 MPa.

Sketch & Given Data:

~.7 X OS'11t3
.,.: ,s,c_

Assumption: 1) Tank is in equilibrium.

Analysis: From Appendix AS, interpolating to 65°C.

Ve= 0.0010199 m3/kg Uc = 272.71 kJ/kg

Uc8 = 2181.7 kJ/kg
3
V g "'."" 6.328 m /kg

From Appendix A6 at 3500 kPa:

.--1rf = 0.0012342 m /kg 3

Uc = 1045.8 kJ/kg
V8 = 0.057079 m /kg 3
Uc8 = 1557.9 kJ/kg

Calculate initial quality:

(0.7)(0.5m3)
mv (6.328m3/kg)
Xi = m +m' = - - - - - - - - -3 - = 0.000376
---v, ., (0.7)(0.5m3 ) + (0.3)(0.5m )
3
(6.328m /kg) (0.0010199m3/kg)

Initial specific volume equals final specific volume.

_...-·Vi = -Vt~
c vn + x1 veg1 = v 12 + :is vc82 --= .J/}
·-----··
4-15
 Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

ISj, ~ = (0.0010199 m3/kg) + (0.000376)(6.328 - 0.0010199 m3/kg)

.t.f"r : : : . . ~ ;::; (0;0012342 m3/kg) + (x2)(0.057079 - 0~0012342 m3/kg) ·

X2 = 0.03876

0
Q = m ~u + y(

= (mtota1)Cu2 - U1)
= (11\,1 + mn)[(ua + X2 Uc82) - (un +xi Uc81)]
~ (147.07 kg) [(1045.8 kJ/kg + (0.03876)(1557.9 kJ/kg))

- (272.71 kJ/kg + (0.000376)(2181.7 kJ/kg))]

Q = 122 458 kJ

4-16
 ..
--~---.........- - · - .. ~-

Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem 4.13

A 500-liter tank contains a saturated mixture of steam and water at 300°C.

Determine (a) the mass of each phase if their volumes are equal; (b) the volume
occupied by each phase if their masses are equal.

Given: Tank with.saturated mixture at 300°C.

Find: Mass for equal volumes, and volume for equal masses.

Sketch & Given Data:

(b)
tSO ..(

Assumption: 1) Mixture is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Using Appendix A5 at T = 300°C.

Vc= 0.0014038 m3/kg V8 = 0.021648 m3/kg
(a)
- V, - 0.25m3 = 178.09 k
m, - v - 0.0014038m3/kg g
1

m = Vv = 0.25m2 = 11.55k
v V
8
0.021648m3/kg g

(b) m=m
I V
v, + v~ = 0.5 m3

V, _ Vv _ 0.5-V,
---- - - -
v,v 8
= v,(0.5-V,)

(V,)(0.021648m3/kg) = (0.0014038m3/kg)(0.5m 3-V,)

V, = 0.03045m3 Vv = 0.46955m3

4-21
 Chapter IV • PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem 4.17

Three kilograms of steam initially at 2.5 MPa and a temperature of 350°C have '2460
kJ of heat removed at constant temperature until the quality is 90%. Determine (a)
T-v andp-v diagrams; (b) pressure when dry saturated steam exists; (c) work.

Given: Steam being cooled at constant temperature.

Find: Pressure at saturation and process work.

Sketch & Given Data:

© ©
ZS-00 kP._ T = c. 3S'0°C.
35'0 °C.. i= o.cro

Assumption: 1) Steam is in equilibrium.

. Analysis: (a)

T p

(b) Pressure when dry saturation exists is saturation pressure corresponding

to 350°C. Using Appendix AS.

p = 16 527 kPa
(c) Using Appendix A 7 to find initial internal energy.

U1 = 2852.9 kJ/kg
4-27
Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

From Appendix A.5.

Ur= 1641 k:J/kg Ur8 = 777.48 k:Jf,kg

U2 = Ur + x Urs = .1641 k:J/kg + (0.9)(777.48 k:J/kg) ·

= 2340.7 .kJfkg

Writing the first law equation for a closed system.

- 2460 kJ = (2340.7 kJ/kg-2852.9 kJ/kg) + w

3 kg

w = -307.8 kJ/kg
Comment: 1. Negative sign for work indicates work is supplied to the system during
the process.

4-28
 Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem 4.21

The main steam turbine of a ship is supplied by two steam generators. One steam
generator delivers steam at 6.0 MPa and 500°C, and the other delivers steam at 6.0
MPa and 550°C. Determine the steam enthalpy and temperature at the entrance to
the turbine.

Given: Two steam generators supplying steam to a turbine.

Find: Enthalpy and temperature entering turbine.

Sketch & Given Data:

#I

Assumptions: 1) Steam is in equilibrium.

2) Steam generators are delivering equal flows.

Analysis: Using Appendix A.7, interpolating as necessary.

h 1 = 3423.2 kJ/kg h2 = 3540.4 kJ/kg

Writing first law equations.

(a)

= 3423.2kJ/kg +3540.4kJ/kg = 3481.SkJ/kg

2

(b) From Appendix A.7, interpolating as necessary. T = 524.9°C.

Comment: 1. Using SHTSTM.TK will eliminate the need to interpolate.

4-34
 Chapter IV- PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem 4.25

A throttling calorimeter is connected to a main steam line where the pressure is 1750
kPa. The calorimeter pressure is 100 mm Hg vacuum and 105°C. Determine the
main steam quality.

Given: Throttling calorimeter attached to steam line.

Find: Steam quality.

Sketch & Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Steam is in equilibrium.

2) Atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg.

Analysis: Find calorimeter pressure.

1333
P2 = 760mmHg - l00mmHg = (660mmHg) ( 0lmmHg
· kPa) = 88kPa

From Appendix A. 7 at 88 kPa and 105°C, interpolating as required.

h2 = 2687 kJ/kg

From Appendix A.6 at 1750 kPa, interpolating as required.

he = 878.4 kJ/kg heg = 1918.1 kJ/kg

Steam enthalpy in line equals enthalpy in calorimeter.

2687 kJ/kg = 878.4 kJ/kg + (x)(1918.1 kJ/kg)

X = 0.943

4-40
 Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem 4.29

Refrigerant 12 is expanded steadily in an isothermal process. The flow rate is 13.6

kg/min with an inlet state of wet saturated vapor with an 80% quality to a final state
of 70°C and 200 kPa. The change of kinetic energy across the device is 3.5 kJ/kg and
the heat added is 21.81 kW. Determine the system power.

Given: R 12 being expanded isothermally with heat addition and change in kinetic
energy.

Find: Power.

Sketch & Given Data:

T=C. 1a., ks/"'

I
Akt. • 3.S" kJ/"5
Q
Assumptions: 1) R 12 is in equilibrium.

2) Change in potential energy is negligible.

Analysis: Using Appendix All to find initial enthalpy.

he = 107.067 kJ/kg heg = 104.255 kJ/kg

h1 = hr + X hrg = 107.067 kJ/kg + (0.8)(104.255 kJ/kg)

= 190.471 kJ/kg
Using Appendix A12 to find exit enthalpy.

h2 = 234.291 kJ/kg
Writing first law equation for the open system.

13 6
= 21.81kw + ( · kg/m) (190.471kJ/kg-234.291kg/kg)
60s/m

+ ( 13.6kg/m) ( _3 _SkJ/kg)
60s/m
=11.08kw
4-46
 Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem 4.33

An adiabatic steam turbine receives 5 kg/s of steam at 1.0 MPa and 400°C and the
steam exits at 50 kPa and 100% quality. Determine: (a) the power produced; (b)
the exit area in m2 if the exit velocity is 250 m/s.

Given: Adiabatic turbine expanding steam with specified inlet and exit conditions.

Find: Power and exit area.

Sketch & Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Steam is in equilibrium.

2) Changes in kinetic and potential energy are negligible.

Analysis: Find inlet enthalpy using Appendix A.7.

h1 = 3263.9 kJ/kg

Find exit enthalpy and specific volume using Appendix A.6.

h2 = hg = 2645.9 kJ/kg
(a) Writing first law equation for the open system.

W = m(h1 -~) = (5kg/s)(3263.9kJ/kg-2645.9kJ/kg)

= 3090kw

(b) Using continuity equation.

Ai = mv2 = (5kg/s)(3.2408m3/kg) = 0_0648 m3

V (250m/s)

4-52
Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem 4.37

Determine the quality of a two phase mixture of: (a) water at 180°C and a specific
volume of 0.15 m3/kg; (b) R 12 at 745 kPa and a specific volume of 0.020 m3•

Given: Mixtures of saturated water and R 12.

Find: Quality.

Sketch & Given Data:

(Q) - ----
Wo.+e... R 12.
180° C 74G' kPa
o.,s- "''I/kt, o.oi ""'/ks

Assumption: 1) Water and R 12 are in equilibrium.

Analysis: (a) Using Appendix A.Sat 180°C.

Ve = 0.0011274m3/kg v8 = 0.1939lm 3/kg

v = v1 + x(v8 -v1)

x = (v-v,) = (0.15m3/kg-0.0011274m3/kg)
(v8 -v1) (0.19391m 3/kg-0.0011274m3/kg)
= 0.7715
(b) Using Appendix A.11 at 745 kPa.

Ve = 0.000774m3/kg Veg = 0.022734m3/kg

x = v-ve = (0.020m3/kg-0.000774m 3/kg)

Veg 0.022734m3/kg
X = 0.8457

4-56
Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem 4.41

Regrigeration tubing is 2 cm in diameter and 3 m long and contains R 12 · as a

saturated vapor at 0°C. What is the mass of R 12 in the tubing?

Given: Tubing containing saturated R 12 vapor.

Find: Mass of R 12.

Sketch & Given Data:

3"' ______
_, _j_
Q o•c. ) 2c~
T
Assumptions: 1) R 12 is in equilibrium.

2) Tube diameter is inside.

Analysis: Find volume inside tubing.

V ":'-L ■
= [ (n)(0402m)'] (3m) • 0.0009425m'

Using Appendix A.11 at 0°C.

v 8 = 0.055389m3/kg

m = V = (0.0009425m3) = 0.017016kg
V (0.055389m3/kg)

4-60
 _.---'-

Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem 4.45

A rigid tank contains three kilograms of saturated steam at pressure of 3000 kPa.
Because of heat transfer to the surroundings, the pressure decreases to 1000 kPa.
Determine the tank's volume and the quality of steam at the final state.

Given: Tank containing saturated steam is cooled.

Find: Tank volume and steam quality.

Sketch & Given Data:

Pi. • looo kl\

Assumption: 1) Steam is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Initial and final specific volumes will be equal.

From Appendix A6 at 3000 kPa.

Vg = 0.066694 m3/kg

From Appendix A.6 at 1000 kPa.

Ve= 0.0011272 m3/kg Vg = 0.19444 m3/kg

0.066694 m3/kg = 0.0011272 m3/kg + (x)(0.19444 m3/kg - 0.0011272 m3/kg)

X = 0.3392

V = m v = (3 kg)(0.066694 m /kg) = 0.2 m

3 3

4-64
 Chapter IV· PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem 4.49

Two kilograms of steam is compressed at constant pressure in a piston/cylinder from

an initial state of 500 kPa and 300°C to a saturated vapor. Determine the work for
the process.

Given: Superheated steam compressed at constant pressure to a saturated vapor.

Find: Work for the process.

Sketch & Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Steam is in equilibrium.

2) Changes in kinetic and potential energy are neglected.

Analysis: From Appendix A 7 at 500 kPa and 300°C.

U1 = 2802.9 kJ/kg h1 = 3064.2 kJ/kg

From Appendix A6 at 500 kPa.

U2 = Ug = 2561.5 kJ/kg . h2 = hg = 2749 kJ/kg

Writing first law equation for the closed system.

a= au+ w
Since h = u + pv, for constant pressure closed system process, q = ah.
First law equation can thus be rewritten as.

W=Q-aU

= (2kg)(2749 kJ/kg - 3064.2 kJ/kg) - (2kg)(2561.5 kJ/kg - 2802.9 kJ/kg)

= -147.6 kJ

4-69
 Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem 4.53

R 12 initially a saturated vapor at 10°C is compressed adiabatically to a pressure of

2.5 MPa and 100°C. Determine the work per unit mass, neglecting changes in
potential and kinetic energies.

Given: Saturated R 12 vapor being compressed.

Find: Work per unit mass.

Sketch & Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) R 12 is in equilibrium.

2) Compressor is an open system.

Analysis: From Appendix A.11 at 10°c.

h1 = h8 = 191.602 kJ/kg

From Appendix A.12 at 2.5 MPa and 100°C

h 2 = 229.852 kJ/kg

Writing the first law equation for the open system.

w =h 2 - h1 = 229.582 kJ/kg - 191.602 kJ/kg •37.98 kJ/kg

Comment: 1. If a closed system had been assumed, the work would have been equal
to the change in internal energy.

4-76
 Chapter IV • PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem *4.1

Fill in the data omitted in the following table for water.

Pressure Temperature Specific volume Enthalpy Quality

(psia) (OF) (ft'/lbm) (Btu/lbm) x(%) State
(a) 500 0.650
(b) 250 1000
(c) 600 700
(d) 800 1399.1
(e) 300 90
(f) 1000 200

Indicate for each state whether the state is subcooled liquid, saturated liquid, mixture,
saturated vapor or superheated vapor.

Given: Two independent steam properties.

Find: Remaining properties and state of steam.

Assumption: 1) The water is in equilibrium.

Analysis: (a) Using Appendix A15 at 500 psia, specific volume is between Ve and
v 8, therefore this is a mixture. From Appendix A15.

T = 467.02°P hr= 449.67 Btu/lbm

v c = 0.019739 ft'/lbm heg = 755.64 Btu/lbm

v8 = 0.92849 ft'/lbm

0.65 ft'/lhm = 0.019739 ft'/lhm + x(0.92849 ft'/lhm - 0.019739 ft'/lhm)

X = 0.694

h = he + x hc8 = 449.67 Btu/Ihm + (0.694)(755.64 Btu/Ihm)

= 974.1 Btu/Ihm

4-79
 ..
---

Chapter IV- PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

(b) Using Appendix A.14 at 250°F, enthalpy is between he and h1,

therefore, this is a mixture. From Appendix A.15.

P = 29.864 psia he = 218.66 Btu/Ihm

v e = 0.017005 ft3/lbm hes = 94S.S9 Btu/lbm

vs = 13.808 ft'/lbm

1000 Btu/lb = 218.66 Btu/lbm + (x)(945.59 Btu/lbm)

X = 0.826
v = v, + x(v, - v,) = 0.01700S ft'/lbm
+ (0.826)(13.808 ft'/lbm - 0.017005 ft3/lbm)

= 11.41 ft'/lbm
(c) From appendix A.16, since temperature is above saturation for 600
psia, this is a superheated vapor.

V = 1.0732 m3/kg h = 1351.4 Btu/lbm

(d) From appendix A.16, since enthalpy is above h1 for 800 psia, this is a
superheated vapor.

T = 800°F v = 0.87629 ft 3/lbm

(e) Since quality is given, this is a mixture. From Appendix A.14.

p = 67.078 psia hr= 269.64 Btu/lbm

v c = 0.017453 ft3/lbm hr8 = 910.64 Btu/lbm

V8 = 6.4627 ft3/lbm
v = Ve+ x(v 8
- v,) = 0.017453 ft'/lbm + (0.9)(6.4627 ft3/lbm - 0.017453 ft'/lbm)
= 5.818 ft'/lbm

4-80
 Chapter IV • PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem *4.5

One pound mass of a steam-water mixture at 160 psia is co~tained in an inflexible

tank. Heat is added until the pressure rises to 600 psia and the temperature to
600°F. Determine the heat added.

Given: Heat is added to tank containing a mixture, increasing the pressure.

Find: The heat added.

Sketch & Given Data:

l U,"'
Q _ _,... 160 psi•

Assumption: 1) Steam is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Using Appendix A15 at 160 psia.

Ve= 0.01815 ft'/lbm Ur= 335.51 Btu/lbm

v 8 = 2.8359 ft'/lbm Urs = 776.52 Btu/lbm

Using Appendix A15 at 600 psia and 600°F,

v = 0.94626 ft'/lbm u = 1185 Btu/lbm

Since initial and final specific volumes are equal, solving for quality.

Ve+ (x)(v 8 - v,) = v2

0.01815 ft'/lbm + (x)(2.8359 ft'/lbm - 0.01815 ft'/lbm) = 0.94626 ft'/lbm
X = 0.329

Solving for the initial internal energy.

U1 = Uc + X Urg
= 335.51 Btu/lbm + (0.329)(776.52 Btu/lbm)

= 591 Btu/lbm

4-87
Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

0
Q = AU + Yf = m(u2 - U1)

= (1 lbm)(1185 Btu/lbm - 591 Btu/lbm)

= 594 Btu

Comments: 1. Linear interpolation for v 2 introduces errors. Using SHTSTM.TK will

produce more accurate results.

4-88
 Chapter IV • PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem *4.9

A rigid steel tank contains a mixture of vapor and liquid water at a temperature of
150°F. The tank has a volume of 15 ft', the liquid phase occupying 30% of the
volume. Determine the amount of heat added to the system to raise the pressure to
500 psia.

Given:. Tank with mixture of saturated vapor and liquid.

Find: Heat added to raise pressure to 500 psia.

Sketch & Given Data:

........ ---
_. - - - _...-
-
30'1. lit..t.f

Assumption: 1) Tank is in equilibrium.

Analysis: From Appendix A.14, interpolating to 150°F

v c = 0.016341 ft'/lbm Uc = 118.28 Btu/lbm

v 8 = 96.901 ft'/lbm ueg = 940.97 Btu/lbm

From Appendix A15 at 500 psia

v c = 0.019739 ft'/lbm Uc = 447.85 Btu/lbm

v8 = 0.92849 ft'/lbm Uc8 = 671.56 Btu/lbm

Calculate initial quality.

(0. 7)(15ft3)
mv 96.901ft3/lbm
X1 = ' =---- ------ = 0.000393
~ . +m,, (0.7)(15ft3) + (0.3)(15ft3)
96.901ft3/lbm 0.016341ft3/lbm

Initial specific volume equals final specific volume.

4-93
Chapter IV- PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

(0.016341 ft'/lbm) + (0.000393)(96.901 ft'/lbm - 0.016341 ft3/lbm) =

(0.019739 ft'/lbm) + (x2)(0.92849 ft3/lbm - 0.019739 ft'/lbm)

X2 = 0.03816

0
Q=mA.u+W
= (mtotal)(u2-u1)

= (mr, + mv)[(uf:i + "zUr&z)-(ur +x1u,.,)]

1

= (275.5lbm)[(447.85Btu/lbm+(0.03816)(671.56Btu/lbm))

- (118.28Btu/lbm -(0.000393)(940.97Btu/lbm))]

Q = 97,755 Btu

4-94

- - - -----------------
Chapter IV • PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem *4.13

Determine the quality of a two phase mixture of: (a) water at 400°F and a specific
volume of 0.55 ft'/lbm; (b) R 12 at 350 psia and a specific volume of 0.025 ft'/lbm.

Given: Mixtures of saturated water and R 12.

Find: Quality.

Sketch & Given Data:

(Q) 1'2.
H1 o R
3'0 p1i.
o.oi.r- ftS~
Assumption: 1) Water and R 12 are in equilibrium.

Analysis: (a) Using Appendix A.14 at 400°F.

v c = 0.018633 ft'/lbm v 8 = 1.8645 ft' /lbm

x = (v-v,) = (0.55ft3/lbm-0.018633ft3/lbm)
(v8 -v1) (1.8645ft3/lbm-0.018633ft3/lbm)
= 0.288
(b) Using Appendix A.11 at 350 psia.

v c = 0.01536 ft3/lbm v rs = 0.08794 ft'/lbm

x = v-vc = (0.025ft3/lbm-0.01536ft3/lbm)
Vc8 0.08794ft3/lbm
X = 0.1096

4-98
 Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem *4.17

Refrigeration tubing is 2 inches in diameter and 10 ft. long and contains R 12 as a

saturated vapor at 0°F. What is the mass of R 12 in the tubing?

Given: Tubing containing saturated R 12 vapor.

Find: Mass of R 12.

Sketch & Given Data:

---~~f +
o_______
~ to~
o_0 _F_ _ _ _ __,,,)-2.-i~-.
f
Assumptions: 1) R 12 is in equilibrium.

2) Tube diameter is inside.

Analysis: Find volume inside tubing.

2
V = nd2 •L =[ (n)(2in) ] (10ft) = 0.2182ft3
4 02
(4)(144i /ft 2)

Using Appendix A20 at 0°F.

v 8 = l.6089 ft3/lbm

m =V = (0.2182ft3) = 0.1356lbm
v (1.6089ft3/lbm)

4-102
 Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem *4.21

A rigid tank contains three pounds of saturated steam at pressure of 500 psia. Heat
transfer to the surroundings occurs and as a result the pressure decreases to 100 psia.
Determine the tank's volume and the quality of steam at the final state.

Given: Tank containing saturated steam is cooled.

Find: Tank volume and steam quality.

Sketch & Given Data:

SAi, 1tUtl\
$'00 p1111
'a Ib"'

Assumption: 1) Steam is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Initial and final specific volumes will be equal.

From Appendix A.15 at 500 psia.

v8 = 0.92849 ft'/lbm
From Appendix A15 at 100 psia.

vr = 0.017738 ft'/lbm v 8 = 4.4339 ft'/lbm

0.92849 ft'/lbm = 0.017738 ft3/lbm + (x)(4.4339 ft3/lbm - 0.017738 ft'/lbm)

X = 0.2062
V = mv = (3 lbm)(0.92849 ft'/lbm) = 2.7855 ft'

4-106
 -'--

Chapter IV • PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem *4.25

Two lbm of steam are compressed at constant pressure in a piston/cylinder from an

initial state of 400 psia and 500°F to a saturated vapor. Determine the work for the
process.

Given: Superheated steam compressed at constant pressure to a saturated vapor.

Find: Work for the process

Sketch & Given Data:

(j) ==-0 . 2. lb~

.. 400psi-
t. 111111
400pai.t

Assumptions: 1)
---=----
soo0F

Steam is in equilibrium.
- ki.Vtlpor-

2) Changes in kinetic and potential energy are neglected.

Analysis: From Appendix A16 at 400 psia and 500°F.

u1 = 1150 Btu/lbm h 1 = 1245 .1 Btu/lbm

From Appendix A.15 at 400 psia.

u2 = u8 = 1119.4 Btu/lbm h2 = h8 = 1205.4 Btu/lbm

Writing first law equation for the closed system.

Q =AU+ W

Since h = u + v, for constant pressure closed system process, q = ah.

First law equation can thus be rewritten as:

W=Q-.6.U

= (2 lbm)(1205.4 Btu/lbm - 1245.1 Btu/Ihm)

- (2 lbm)(1119.4 Btu/lbm - 1150 Btu/Ihm)

= -18.2 Btu

4-111
 Chapter IV· PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem *4.29

Ammonia initially a saturated vapor at 30 psia is compressed adiabatically to a

pressure of 200 psia and 280°F. Determine the work per unit mass, neglecting
changes in potential and kinetic energies.

Given: Saturated R 12 vapor being compressed.

Find: Work per unit mass.

Sketch & Given Data:

aoo i,

\I)

Assumptions: 1) R 12 is in equilibrium.

2) Compressor is an open system.

Analysis: From Appendix A18 at 30 psia.

h1 = h8 = 611.6 Btu/lbm

From Appendix A.19 at 200 psia and 280°F.

h2 = 752.5 Btu/lbm

Writing the first law equation for the open system.

w = h 2 - h1 = 752.5 Btu/lbm - 611.6 Btu/lbm = 140.9 Btu/lbm

Comment: 1. If a closed system had been assumed, the work would have been equal
to the change in internal energy.

4-117
 Chapter IV- PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem C4.3

Using the TK Solver model R 12SAT.TK, determine the pressure of a mixture of R

12 with a quality of 50 percent and an enthalpy of 125 k.T/kg.

Given: R 12 mixture with given quality and enthalpy.

Find: Pressure.

Assumption: 1) R 12 is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Enter the equation for the enthalpy of a mixture in the Rule Sheet of R
12SAT.TK.

Enter the values of quality and enthalpy into the Variable Sheet, and solve.

==---======= VARIABLE S H E E T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - = - -
St Input- Name- Output- Unit-- C o m m e n t - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
***Saturated Rl2 Properties***
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 4/E
M. David Burghardt & James A. Harbach
P.sat 561.78 kPa Pressure (kPa,MPa,psia)
Tsat 19.654 degC Temperature (degK,degC,degR,degF)
vf .00075135 m3/kg Liquid Specific Volume (m3/kg,ft3/lbm)
vg .031076 m3/kg Vapor Specific Volume (m3/kg,ft3/lbm)
hf 54.496 kJ/kg Liquid Enthalpy (kJ/kg,BTU/lbm)
hg 195.5 kJ/kg Vapor Enthalpy (kJ/kg,BTU/lbm)
sf .20648 kJ/kg-K Liquid Entropy (kJ/kg-K,B/lbm-R)
sg .68802 kJ/kg-K Vapor Entropy (kJ/kg-K,B/lbm-R)
125 h
.5 X

4-122
Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Problem C4.7

Use the model developed for problem C4.6 to determine the maximum moisture that
can be measured by a throttling calorimeter exhausting to atmosphere for line
pressures of 200 kPa, 2000 kPa, 10000 kPa and 20000 kPa. Assume a minimum
superheat of 3°C in the calorimeter.

Given: Throttling calorimeter exhausting to atmosphere.

Find: Maximum moisture for various line pressures.

Sketch & Given Data: See Problem C4.6.

Assumptions: 1) Steam is in equilibrium.

2) Process is adiabatic.

Analysis: Entering the data into the Rule Sheet of the model developed for C4.6
produces the following results.

200 kPa x = 0.98833 (moisture = 1.167%)

2000 kPa x = 0.93731 (moisture = 6.269%)
10000 kPa = =
x 0.9665 (moisture 3.35%)
20000 kPa x = 1.4619 (not possible!)

Comments: 1. For line pressures above 12000 kPa, a throttling calorimeter cannot be
used to determine the moisture. A quick look at the Mollier chart
(Appendix B.la) will indicate why.

4-128
 Chapter V • IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

CHAPTER FIVE
Problem 5.1

An unknown gas has a mass of 1.5 kg and occupies 2.5 m3 while at a temperature of
300°K and a pressure of 200 kPa. Determine the ideal gas constant for the gas.

Given: Mass, volume, temperature and pressure of unknown gas.

Find: Ideal gas constant.

Sketch and Given Data:

1.S k,
'Z.S" lot\.,
300°~
2.oq ki>q

Assumptions: 1) The gas is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Solving the ideal gas equation for R.

3
R = pV = (200 kPa)(2.5 m ) = 1.lll kJ/kg-K
mT (1.5 kg)(300°K)

5-1
 Chapter V • IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Problem 5.5

A 5-m3 tank contains chlorine at 300 kPa after 3 kg of chlorine has been used.
Determine the original mass and pressure if the original temperature was 315°K.

Given: 3 kg removed from tank containing chlorine at known pressure and

temperature.

Find: Original mass and pressure.

Sketch and Given Data:

CD
Cl.lori"t C"lorif\t
S' a-1" s- .....
31.s-°1£ 300°K
"''1 + 3"9 300kl'q

Assumptions: 1) Gas is in equilibrium.

Analysis: From Appendix A.1, R = 0.1172 kJ/kg-K.

Using ideal-gas equation.

m2 = P2V2 = (300 kPa)(5 m3) = 42.66 kg

RT2 (0.1172 kJ/kg-K)(300°K)

m1 = m2 + 3 kg = 42.66 kg + 3 kg = 45.66 kg
Pi = m1RT1 = (45.66 kg)(0.1172 kJkg-K)(315°K) = 337_1 kPa
Vt (5 m3)

5-5
 Chapter V • IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Problem 5.9

Helium is assumed to obey the Beattie-Bridgeman equation of state. Determine the

pressure for a temperature of 500°C and a specific volume of 5.2 m 3/kg. Compare
with the ideal-gas equation of state.

Given: Temperature and specific volume of helium.

Find: Pressure using Beattie-Bridgeman and ideal-gas equations.

Sketch and Given Data:

HtliMW\
s-oo c
0

S-.1. "'"/k,

Assumptions: 1) Gas is in equilibrium.

Analysis: From Table 5.2, Beattie-Bridgeman constants are.

Ao= 2.1886 B0 = 0.014 C= 0.0040 X 104

a= 0.05984 b = 0.0

Substituting into Beattie-Bridgeman equation.

Where: A = Ao(l - a/;;:;)

v = Mv
C
E=
v T3
p = 309.0 kPa
Substituting into the ideal-gas equation, with gas constant from Appendix Al.

p = RT = (2.077 kJ/kg-K)(773.15°K) = 308.8 kPa

V (5.2 m3/kg)
5-9
Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Problem 5.13

For a certain ideal gas, R = 0.270 kJ/kg-K and k = 1.25. Determine (a) cP; (b) c11 ;
(c) M.

Given: Gas constant and specific heat ratio.

Find: Specific heats and molecular mass.

Sketch and Given Data:

R•0.17 kJAc,•k
k= 1.ir

Assumptions: 1) Gas is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Using equations 5.22 and 5.19.

C
cP - c;, = R = 0.270 kJ/kg-K ..!
CV
= k = 1.25

Cp = 1.25 Cy

(b) 1.25 c;. - c;. = 0.270 kJ/kg-K

c;, = 1.08 kJ/kg-K

(a) cP = 1.25 Cy = 1.35 kJ/kg-K

(c) M = R = 8.3143 kJ/kgmol-K = 30_79 kg/kgmol

R 0.270kJ/kg-K

5-14
 Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Problem 5.17

An empty, opened can is 30 cm high with a 10-cm diameter. The can, with the open
end down, is pushed under water with a density of 1000 kg/m3• Find the water level
in the can when the top of the can is 50 cm below the surface. Thermal equilibrium
exists at all times.

Given: Empty can forced underwater.

Find: Amount water level rises into can.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Air is in equilibrium.

2) Atmospheric pressure is 101.325 k.Pa.
3) Acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2•

Analysis: . For constant temperature process, PtV1 = p2V2

Pt = 101.325 k.Pa

V1 = 1 d' L = (1) (0.1 m)' (0.3 m)

V, = (1) (0.1 m)' (0.3 m-h m)

= + L = lOl.325 k.Pa + (1000 kg/m 3)(0.8 m-h m)(9.8 rn/s

2
)
P2 Pt p g (1000 Palk.Pa)

= 101.325 kPa + (0.8 m-h m)(9.8 k/s2)

Substituting and solving resulting quadratic equation.

h = 0.021 m or 11.4 m
h = 2.1 cm is only physically possible solution.

5-18
 Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Problem 5.21

A 1-kg gaseous system is in a piston-cylinder and receives heat at a constant pressure

of 350 kPa. The internal energy increases 200 kJ, and the temperature increases
70°K If the work done is 100 kJ, determine (a) cP; (b) the change in volume.

Given: Closed system receiving heat at constant pressure. Internal energy increase,
temperature increase and work is given.

Find: Specific heat and volume change.

Sketch and Given Data: ·

Q
AU c Z.00 ~J
\~
350 kPca AT= 70°K

Assumptions: 1) Gas is in equilibrium.

2) Change in potential and kinetic energy is negligible.

Analysis: For a constant pressure process, Q = AH. Writing first law equation for a
closed system.

Q=AU+W=AH=mCp AT

(a) 200 kJ + 100 kJ = (1 kg)(Cp)(70°K)

CP = 4.286 kJ/kg-K
Using definition of work for a closed system.

W = f pdV = p AV for p = c
(b) AV = W = lOO kJ = 0.286 m3
p 350 kPa

5-22
 Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Problem 5.25

Determine the size of a spherical balloon required to lift a payload of 1360 kg. The
gas to be used is helium at 101.3 kPa and 23°C. The surrounding air is 101.3 kPa
and 10°C.

Given: Helium-filled spherical balloon is to lift a 1360 kg payload.

Find: Diameter.

Sketch and Given Data:

Ai,-
lOI.:, kPo
to•c

Assumptions: . 1) Gasses are in equilibrium.

Analysis: Difference between mass of air displaced and mass of helium is equal to 1360
kg payload.

From Appendix A.l, for air R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K

for helium R = 2.077 kJ/kg-K
RT (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(283.15°K) = 0 _8022 m 3/kg
Vair= - =
p (101.3 kPa)

v _ = RT = (2.077 kJ/kg-K){296.15°K) = 6 _072 m3fk

helium p {101.3 kPa) g

1360 kg = mair - mhelium = :!_ -

Vair
~
helium
V
= V (...!_ - -
Vair
1
helium
V
-l
4
V = 1257.1 m 3
V = _j(,.S = 1257.1 m 3
3

r = 6.695 m d = 13.39 m

5-27
 Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Problem 5., Z.•'i

__,.

Given the equation pv = RT, show that the following equations may be derived from
it:

(a) pV = mRT (b) pV = nRT (c) pv = RT (d) pv = RT/M

Given: The ideal gas equation, pv = RT.

Find: Four other forms.

Assumptions: None

Analysis:
(a) pv = RT
Multiply both sides by m, with vm = V.
pvm = mRT
pV = mRT
(b) pV = mRT

From Section 5.1: R = -R and m = nM

M

pV = (nM) (!)T = n.RT

(c) pv = RT

Since v =v
- R
and R = -
M M

pv = RT

(d) pv = RT

5-33
Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Since R = R
M

5-34
Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Problem:sS3B
A typicai adult breathes 0.5 liters of air with each breath and has 25 breaths per
minute. At 101.3 kPa and 22°C, determine the mass of air per hour entering a
person's lungs. This person now is skiing on a mountain where the air is -lOOC and
the pressure is 89 kPa. How many breaths per minute are required if the mass of air
per hour entering the lungs is to be constant?

Given: Adult breathing at sea level.

Find: Breaths per minute on a mountain for same mass flow.

Sketch and Given Data:

0 0.5.f •25'1-r/~
IOI .3 kl\ 89 kPca
'Z. 2.-c.. -10°c.

Assumptions: 1) Air is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Use ideal gas law and determine mass flowrate.

From Appendix Al, R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K.

ri1 = pV = (101.3 kPa)(12.5 e/m) = 0.01495 kg/m

3
RT (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(295.15°K)(1000 e/m )

Calculate mass per breath on the mountain.

m = pV = (89 kPa)(0.5 f) = 5_892 x 10.4 kg

RT (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(263.15°K)(1000 e/m3)

Breaths/m = 0.01495 kg/m = 25.37

5.892 x 10-4 kg

5-38
Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Proble~.i r-r
An adiabatic tank has an internal partition that separates two gases. On one side of
the partition is air-1.5 kg at 500 kPa and 350°K; on the other side is ammonia--3.0
kg at 200 kPa and 500°K Imagine now that the partition is free to move and allows
the conduction of heat from one side to the other. Determine the final temperature
and pressure of each gas, assuming that the ideal gas laws, constant specific heats,
may be used.

Given: Adiabatic tank with. air on one side of movable partition and ammonia on the
other. The partition allows heat conduction.

Find: Final temperature and pressure.

Sketch and Given Data:

Air
- NH 3
3.0 ",
1.5 "'
GOO Ii.Pa 200 kPa
3.S"O•k' !ioo•k'
----
\ Q-0
-
Assumptions: 1) Gases are in equilibrium.

Analysis: Use ideal gas law to calculate initial volumes.

From Appendix Al, R 1 = 0.287 kJ/kg-K and R 2 = 0.4882 kJ/kg-K

V1=
m1R1T1
= (1.5 kg)(.0287 kJ/kg-K)(350°K) = o.30l35 m3
P1 (500 kPa}

~R2T2 (3.0 kg)(0.4882 kJ/kg-K)(500°K)

V2 = = = 3.6115 m3
P2 (200 kPa}

Final temperature and pressure of the air and ammonia will be equal. The
ideal gas equation for the air and the ammonia, and the first law equation can
be written.

5-42
 Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

This is three equations with three unknowns (p, T and a V). The first law
equation can be solved for T.

T = 472.5°K
Substituting T into the first two equations and solving simultaneously
yields. -·

fl.V = 0.599 m 3

p = 225.96 kPa
Comment: 1) The three simultaneous equations can be easily solved using TK solver.

5-43
Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Problem *5.1

Determine the change of enthalpy for air and carbon dioxide when the temperature
changes form 70°F to 1000°P. Use equations from Table 5.4.

Given: Air and CO2 changing temperature from 70° to 1000°P.

Find: Change of enthalpy using equations for variable specific heat.

Assumptions: 1) Gases are in equilibrium.

Analysis: Calculate change in enthalpy using the following equation.

h2 - h 1 = 1:p(T) dT Ti = 294.3°K
I T2 = 810.7°K

Integrating the equation for air from Table 5.4.

Substituting values of Ti and T 2 in the above.

h 2 - hi = 540.19 kJ/kg = 232.23 Btu/lbm

Integrating the equation for CO2 from Table 5.4.

Substituting the values of Ti and T 2 in the above.

h2 - h1 = 534.96 kJ/kg-K = 229.98 Btu/lbm

5-46
Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Problem *5.5

Carbon dioxide at 537°R and 14.7 psia has a density of 0.1123 lbm/ft'. Determine (a)
the gas constant; (b) the molecular weight based on the gas constant.

Given: Temperature, pressure and density of carbon dioxide.

Find: Gas constant and molecular weight.

Sketch and Given Data:

CO2,
5'37°R
,.... 7 p,i..
o.112?. lb-./{¼'

Assumptions: 1) Gas is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Using ideal-gas equation.

1
pv = RT V = - p = pRT
p

2 2
(a) R = .E._ = (14.7 psia)(144 in /ft ) = 35 _1 ft-lbf/lbm-R
3
pT (0.1123lbm/ft )(537°R)

(b) R = MR M = R = (1545.32 ft-lbf/pmol-R) = 44 _03 lbm/pmol

R (35.1 ft-lbf/lbm-R)

5-50
 Chapter V • IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Problem *S.9

A mountain is measured by finding the change in pressure at constant temperature.

A barometer at the base of the mountain reads 28. 74 in. Hg, while at the top it reads
19.14 in. Hg. The average local gravitational acceleration is 31.2 ft/sec2• Determine
the height if the temperature may be assumed constant at 70°F.

Given: Barometer readings at base and top of mountain.

Find: Height of mountain.

Sketch and Given Data:

9 =3 l. 2. ft /s~,t.
T'= 70°f

Assumptions: 1) Air is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Calculate average air density based on average air pressure and ideal-gas
equation. From Appendix A.1, R = 53.34 ft-lbf/lbm-R.

Pave = (28·74 inHg ; 19·14 inHg) (0.4912 psi/inHg)(144 in2/ft 2) = 1693.3 lbf/ft2

- pave (1693.3 lbf/ft2) = 0.05993 lbm/ft3

Pave = RT = (53.34 ft-lbf/1bm-R)(529.67°R)

.6. p = p Lg/&

.6. (28.74 inHg - 19.14 inHg)(0.4912 psi/inHg)(144 in2/ft 2) 32.1739 lbm-ft

L = pgc == lbf-:s
2

pg (0.05993 lbm/ft3)(31.2ft/sec2)

= 11,703 ft

5-55
Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Problem *5.13

An unknown gas ·has a mass of 3.3 lbm and occupies 25 ft' while at 540°R and 30
psia. Determine the gas constant.

Given: Unknown gas, with mass, volume, temperature and pressure given.

Find: Gas constant.

Sketch and Given Data:

S.'3 lb,,,
,S' f½")
S'.f.0°R
30 p11Cl

Assumptions: 1) Gas is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Using ideal-gas equation.

pV = mRT

R = pV = (30 psia)(144 in2/ft2)(25 ft3)

mT (3.3 lbm)(540°R)

= 60.61 ft-lbf/lbm-R

5-60
 Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Problem *5.17

A rigid 40 ft' tank contains 30 pmol of an ideal gas at 120°F with a molecular weight
of 24 lbm/pmol. (a) Determine the gas pressure; (b) Heat transfer occurs, and the
temperature decreases to 60°F. What is the pressure?

Given: Rigid tank contains an ideal gas.

Find: Pressure before and after heat transfer.

Sketch and Given Data:

49 fli
30 ptr1ol
l'l.0°F
M: 2.-4 11,-/pNI

Assumptions: 1) Gas is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Using the ideal gas equation, equation 5.5.

(a) pV = nRT
_ nRT _ (30 pmo1){1545.32 ft-lbf/lbm-R)(579.67°R)
P- v - (
40 ft 3)

= 671,832 lbf/ft~
= 4665.5 psia

Recalculating for T = 60°F.

(b) p = (30 pmo1)(1545.32 ft-lbf/lbm-R)(519.67°R) = 602,292 lbf/ftZ

(40 ft3)

= 4182.6 psia

5-64
Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Problem *5.21

Determine the pressure range for air in psia for 0.95 < Z < 1.05 at temperatures of
2Tc, 3Tc and 4Tc, where Tc is the critical temperature.

Given: Air at two, three, and four times critical temperature.

Find: Pressure range for z between 0.95 and 1.05.

Assumptions: 1) Air is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Using Figure 5.4 for Tr = 2, 3, and 4, for 0.95 < Z < 1.05.

2Tc (Tr = 2) p,.ranges from Oto 7.25

3Tc (Tr = 3) Pr ranges from O to 4.25

4Tc (Tr = 4) pt"ranges from O to 3.25

From Table 5.3, Pc= 3.76 MPa = 545.34 psia, therefore, pressure ranges for
0.95 < Z < 1.05 are.

2Tc - p from O to 3954 psia

3Tc - p from O to 2318 psia

4Tc - p from Oto 1772 psia

Comment: 1) For T = > 2Tc, Z is always above 0.95. The upper limit on pressure
is limited by Z > 1.05.

5-68
 Chapter V • IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Problem *5.25

Air expands in a piston/cylinder from 30 psia, 2.0 ft 3 and 540°R to a final state of 4.0
ft3 and 720°R. The pressure varies linearly with volume during the process.
Determine the work and the heat transfer.

Given: Air expanding in piston-cylinder, with pressure varying linearly with volume.

Find: Work and heat transfer.

Sketch and Given Data:

<D
.--
30psi" IS' psi.
i.o f+' .f..0 ps;a
S"4D 0 R 7-Z.0 "R
-
Assumptions: 1) Air is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Calculating mass using ideal gas law. From Appendix A.1, R = 53.34 ft-
lbf/lbm-R.

m = pV = (30 psia)(144 in2/ft2)(2.0ft )

3
= 0.30 lbm
RT (53.34 ft/lbf/lbm-R)(540°R)

Calculate work using W = fpdV. Since pressure varies linearly with volume,
p V = constant.

w = 12 pdV = f21 P1V1

5 dV
V = P1V1 In (Vvl2)

ft'ft')]
4
= (30 psia)(144 in2/ft2)(2.0 ft') [In ( .0 = 5989 ft-lbf
2.0

5-73
Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

From Appendix Al, cv = 0.1714 Btu/lbm-R.

~U = me;, ~T = (0.30 lbm)(0.1714 Btu/lbm-R)(720°R - 540°R)

= 9.2556 Btu = 7202 ft-lbf
First law equation for closed system.

Q = dU + W
Q = 7202 ft-lbf + 5989 ft-lbf
= 13,191 ft-lbf

5-74
 Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Problem CS.I

Compute the pressure of air at a temperature 100°C and a specific volume of 0.2
m 3/kg using (a) the ideal-gas law, (b) the van der Waals equation, (c) the Beattie-
Bridgeman equation, (d) the Redlich-Kwong equation.

Given: Air at 100°C and 0.2 m3/kg.

Find: Pressure using four equations of state.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Air is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Using Tl{ Solver, enter the ideal-gas, van der Waals, Beattie-Bridgeman, and
Redlich-Kwong equations into the Rule Sheet. Enter the input data into the
Rule Sheet and solve.

================ RULE SHEET======-======-=---================-====---=====

S Rul@-----------------------------------
pl*vbarl=8. 31434*Tl "Perfect Gas Law
M*vl=vbarl

p2=8.31434*T2/(vbar2-b2)-a2/vbar2"2 "van der Walls Equation

M*v2=vbar2
a2=27/64*(8.31434)"2*(Tc)"2/pc
b2=(8.31434)*Tc/(8*pc)
p3=8.31434*T3*(1-E)/vbar3"2*(vbar3+B)-A/vbar3"2 "Beattie-Bridgeman Equation
M*v3=vbar3
A=Ao*(l-a3/vbar3)
B=Bo*(l-b3/vbar3)
E=c3/(vbar3*T3"3)

p4=8.31434*T4/(vbar4-b4)-a4/(T4".5*vbar4*(vbar4+b4)) "Redlich-Kwong Equation

M*v4=vbar4
a4=29.55l*Tc"2.5/pc
b4=.720354*Tc/pc

5-75
 Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

VARIABLE SHEET
St Input-- Name- Output- Unit Comment
Problem CS.l
28.97 M kg/mole Molecular Mass
3760 pc kPa Critical Pressure
133 Tc degK Critical Temperature
Perfect Gas Law
pl 535.47 kPa
100 Tl degC
.2 vl m3/kg
vbarl 5.794 rn3/kgmole
van der Walls Equation
p2 534.8 kPa
100 T2 degC
.2 v2 rn3/kg
vbar2 5.794 rn3/kgmole
b2 .036762
a2 137.2
Beattie-Bridgeman Equation
p3 535.74 kPa
100 T3 degC
•2 v3 rn3/kg
vbar3 5.794 rn3/kgmole
E .00014417
B .046119
A 131.4
131.84 Ao
.01931 a3
.04611 Bo
-.001101 b3
43400 c3
Redlich-Kwong Equation
p4 535.37 kPa'.
100 T4 degC
.2 v4 rn3/kg
vbar4 5.794 rn3/kgmole
b4 .025481
a4 1603.3

Comment: This problem can also be easily solved using a spreadsheet problem.

5-76
 Chapter V . IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Problem CS.5

Compute the compressibility factor for nitrogen using the Redlich-Kwong equation
for temperatures of 300°K and 150°K and a range of pressures between 100 kPa and
30 MPa. Plot the results and compare them to Figure 5.5.

Given: Nitrogen at temperatures of 300°K and 150°K, and pressures between 100 kPa
and 30 MPa.

Find: Compressibility factor using Redlich-Kwong equation. Plot.

Assumptions: 1) Gas is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Enter the Redlich-Kwong equation and definition of compressibility factor in

the Rule Sheet of TK Solver. Enter the constants for Nitrogen, and input
pressure and temperature into the Rule Sheet. Use the List Solver to
calculate the compressibility factor for the combinations of pressure and
temperature. Plot the results using the Plot Sheet.

=--=============--- VARIABLE S H E E T - - = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - =
St Input- Name- Output- Unit--- C o m m e n t - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Problem cs.s
28.013 M kg/mole Molecular Mass
3390 pc kPa Critical Pressure
126.2 Tc degK Critical Temperature

Redlich-Kwong Equation
L 20 p4 MPa
L 150 T4 degK
v4 .0018041 m3/kg
L vbar4 .050539 m3/kgmole
b4 .026817
a4 1559.6
L Z4 .81047 Compressibility Factor

================== RULE SHEET=========-=-=-====-====-=======-===-============

S Rule------------------------------------
p4=8. 31434*T4/ (vbar4-b4)-a4/ (T4~. S*vbar4*(vbar4+b4)) "Redlich-Kwong Equation
M*v4=vbar4
a4=29.55l*Tc~2.S/pc
b4=.720354*Tc/pc
Z4=p4*v4/((8.31434/M)*T4)

5-81
Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

-
c::,
c::,

___ l ___ l ___ l ___ l____ !___ I___

0
I I I I I I 1..11

I I I
I
I I I
---i---i-- R:
I I :'
z
w e-
(!) · - -
0
~
!-
H
-,- -

I
-1
I
--1---1---1--
1 I -
0

z
~ ___ , ___ 1
u, C
·o
~
w._
~
~
~,
~

~I
I
I
QJ
'-
(.!) :,
<C I I I (0
(0
H ------ ----------- N QJ
0 I I I I '-
0.
I I. I I

- - -!- - - - - -1- - -1- - -1- - -1- - - L11

I I I I
I
I
___ I ___ J__ I I I
I _ _ _ I_ _ _ I___ I__ _
I I/ I I I i N
j I I I I I
, _ _ I_ _
1 __ 1_ _1 _ _,_ _ _
1 __, _ ____.I_
N ...--t 0, c:c lD U"l

..--i ...--t

5-82
 Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

Problem CS.9

Using the equation in Table 5.4, compute and plot curves of specific heat ratio (k)
versus temperature in the range of 300°K to 1500°K for (a) methane; (b) ethane;
(c) propane.

Given: Methane, ethane, and propane at temperatures from 300°K to 1500°K.

Find: Specific heat ratio. Plot data.

Assumptions: 1) Gases are in equilibrium.

Analysis: Specific heat at constant pressure (cp) is calculated at each temperature using
the equations in Table 5.4. The specific heat ratio is calculated as follows.

Enter the equations into the cells of a spreadsheet or the Rule Sheet of TK
Solver. The results calculated using a spreadsheet program are shown below.

Problem C5.9

Cp k
deg C methane ethane propane methane ethane propane
300.0000 2.1951 1.7703 1.7077 1.3091 1.1851 1.1242
400.0000 2.5875 2.1972 2.1388 1.2505 1.1440 L0967
500.0000 2.9574 2.5935 2.5365 1.2125 1.1193 1.0803
600.0000 3.3049 2.9592 2.9008 1.1860 1.1031 1.0695
700.0000 3.6299 3.2943 3.2317 1.1666 1.0916 1.0620
800.0000 3.9325 3.5988 3.5292 1.1518 1.0832 1.0565
900.0000 4.2126 3.8727 3.7933 1.1403 1.0769 1.0523
1000.0000 4~4702 4.1160 4.0240 1.1312 1.0720 1.0492
1100.0000 4.7054 4.3287 4.2213 1.1238 1.0682 1.0468
1200.0000 4.9181 4.5108 4.3852 1.1178 1.0653 1.0449
1300.0000 5.1083 4.6623 4.5157 1.1129 1.0630 1.0436
1400.0000 5.2761 4.7832 4.6128 1.1089 1.0614 1.0426
1500.0000 5.4214 4.8735 4.6765 1.1057 1.0601 1.0420

5-89
 Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES

1.40 , - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
!
I
!
!
!
1, 30 · .................................... .!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i.......................................
""
.x 1
!
l
:
1
!
V : : i
: : :
! : :
0 ! ! !
~
aC
!
:
j
:
j
:
'" ! : !

~
..c
1. 20 ···························· ........ .l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
:
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
1.: ...................................... :
'"
a, !l l!
:I ;
!
i
!
: :
0 : !
IH !
4t
IH
0- . r.--+---e--_j
~ 1,10 ······· ... ••••••.•••••••••..•.•••••.•••.•..• i••.•..•••.••••.•••. ,••••••.••••.••..•.. i., .................................... .
i j
U) : I
!

1.00
300,0"'---------------~-------=---------'
900,0 1200,0 1500,0
600,0
DEGREES H·
◊ Methane +Ethane □ Propane

S--90
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 6

Problem 6.1

An insulated box containing carbon dioxide gas falls from a balloon 3.5 km above the
earth's surface. Determine the temperature rise of the carbon dioxide when the box
hits the ground.

Given: An insulated box containing a gas falls to the ground.

Find: The temperature of the gas after hitting the ground.

Sketch and Given Data:

-' .. -
I

Assumptions: 1) The gas in the container is a closed system.

2) The heat and work are zero.
3) The charge of kinetic energy is zero.
4) Carbon dioxide is an ideal gas.

Analysis: The first law for a closed system is.

Q = A. U + A. KE + A.PE + W
Apply assumptions 2 & 3, yielding
.6.U = A.PE
m(u2 - u1) = -mg(Zi - Z1) = mg(Z1 - Zi)
• U2 - U1 = g(Z1 - Zi)

The equation of state for internal energy of an ideal gas is

A. u= c;,.6. T
c;,( A. T) = g(Z1 - Zi)

(
0.6552 ~1 kg.K
(.6. T K) = (9.8 m/s2)(3.5 - 0 km)

6-1
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.5

A closed rigid container has a volume of 1 m3 and holds air at 344.8 kPa and 273 K.
Heat is added until the temperature is 600 K. Determine the heat added and the
final pressure.

Given: Air is contained in a tank and heat is added, raising its temperature. The
initial and Final states are known.

Find: The heat added and the final pressure.

Sketch and Given Data:

- - .. - - - __.,
: l \'\'\'A
A,c- '
' '3,A4, e, !&.Pct t
r 21Bfe. < J

Assumptions: 1)
f_ - - - - - J.D
--io u ""-

The air in the tank is a constant volume closed system.

""j

2) The syst~m work is zero.

3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
4) Air is and ideal gas.

Analysis: The first law for a closed system is

Q = l::..U + l::..KE + l::..PE + W

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

Q= l::..U

The ideal gas equation of state for internal energy is

In this equation, the mass needs to be determined from the ideal gas law.

344.8 kN (1 m3)
2
m = pV =
RT
(
0.287
m
~i
kg.K
(273 K)
= 4.4 kg

6-8
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

The internal energy change is

au= (4.4 kg) (o.7176 ~ ) (600 - 273K) • 1032.s kJ

kg.K
and the heat is

a) Q = au= 1032.5 kJ
The final pressure may be found from the ideal gas law.

(4.4 kg) 0.287 ~ (600 K)

P2= _m_RT_2 =------k~g_.K_____
v2 (1 m3)

p2 = 758 kPa

6-9
 Chapter VI • ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.9

A nozzle receives 5 kg/s of steam at 0.6 MPa and 350°C and discharges it at 100 kPa
and 200°C. The inlet velocity is negligible, the heat loss is 250 k.T/kg. Determine the
exit velocity;

Given: Steam flows steadily through a nozzle which is an open system.

Find: The exit steam velocity.

Sketch and Given Data:

~kd\'h

c,)I~ (?.)
I > ----- I '?

I~
t-: - 2so ~"""/~
Assumptions: 1) The nozzle is a steady-state open system.
2) The work is zero.
3) The change of potential energy is zero.
4) The inlet kinetic energy is zero.
5) Steam is a pure substance.

Analysis: The first law for an open system is

Q + m(h + ke + pe) 1 = W + rh (h + ke + pe)2

Apply assumptions (2), (3), and (4).

Divide by m
The enthalpy of steam is found from the steam tables.

h1 = 3165.6 kJ/kg h2 = 2875.1 kJ/kg

Substitute in the first law equation.

(-250 kJ/kg) + (3165.6 kJ/kg) = (2875.1 kJ/kg) + (2)~:~; ;:s;~

v2 = 284.6 mis
6-14
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.13

Air in a piston-cylinder occupies 0.12 m3 at 552 kPa. The air expands in a reversible
adiabatic process,doing work on the piston until the volume is 0.24 m3• Determine
(a) the work of the system; (b) the net work if the atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa.

Given: Air in a piston/cylinder expands in a reversible adiabatic process. The initial

and final states are known.

Find: The system work and the net work.

Sketch and Given Data:

-- -- - -- -. - \/
1
= o, I a ~ • fl = SS-2. t.. Pa.
' A,~
I
I
I
\,/,z,,. = O, z4~!t
I -r
I I

'-- - - C - P.a~ = ,o l l-.P.a

Assumptions: 1) The air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system

2) The process is reversible adiabatic, pyt = C.
3) The heat flow is zero.
4) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
5) Air is an ideal gas.

Analysis: From equation 6.19b the work for a reversible adiabatic process is

For pyk = C,

(l
k
14
Vl 0.12 "
p2 = P1 - = (552 kPa) ( - ) = 209.2 kPa
v2 o.24

(209.2 kN/m2)(0.24 m3) - 552 kN (0.12 m3)

m2
W=---------~-~----
1 - 1.4

a) W = 40.1 kJ

6-20
 Chapter VI • ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

The net work is

W.., = P,1m {V2 - V,) = ( 101 ~) (0.24 - 0.12 m')

Wacm = 12.1 kJ

b) WDCI = 40.1 - 12.1 = 28 kJ

6-21
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.17

An adiabatic device looks like an inverted T with 3.03 kg/s of steam at 4 MPa and
600°C entering from the top, and two streams, one at 0.5 kg/s, 0.2 MPa, and 6°C
exiting horizontally, and the other at 0.2 MPa and an unknown temperature, also
exiting horizontally. Determine the unknown temperature.

Given: Steam flows through an adiabatic open system splitting into two streams at the
exit.

Find: The temperature of one of the exit streams.

Sketch and Given Data:

(t)
_____ .,,,.. __ ~

J l
I '

Assumptions: 1) The device is an adiabatic open system with steady flows into
and out of it.
2) Heat and work are zero.
3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
4) Steam is a pure substance.

Analysis: Perform a first law analysis on the system

Apply assumptions (2) and (3)

From the steam tables h 1 = 3672.9 kJ, h2 = 24.6 k:J/kg

kg

From the conservation of mass, rn.1 = m2 + ~,

rn.3 = 3.03 - 0.5 = 2.53 kg/s

6-28
 Chapter VI . ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Substituting the first law yields

(3.03 kg/s)(3672.9 kJ/kg) = (0.5 kg/s)(24.6 kJ/kg) + (2.53 kg/s)(h3)

h3 = 4393.9 kJ/kg

p3 = 200 kPa

From the superheat steam tables

T3 = 900,2°C

6-29
·-- ------------- - - - --------- - - - -
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.21

A pneumatic lift system is being demonstrated at a sales show. The total load is 70
kg, and the lift piston is 15.2 cm in diameter and has an 20.2-cm stroke. A portable
air bottle with an initial pressure of 20 MPa and a temperature of 23°C is to be used
as the pneumatic supply. A regulator reduces the pressure from the bottle to the lift
system. Neglecting all volume in the lines from the bottle to the piston, determine
the number of times the piston can operate per air bottle if the air in the bottle
remains at 23°C and the volume of the bottle is 0.05 m3•

Given: A piston/cylinder contains air at a constant pressure used to raise a lift system.
The air is supplied from a storage tank of known volume, temperature and
pressure.

Find: The number of lifts that can occur until insufficient supply air is available.

Sketch and Given Data:

d = lS,2.c:.rv"I

-- .... -

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

Analysis: In this problem, air leaves the air bottle, is reduced in pressure and enters the
piston/cylinder. If we determine the total mass of air available in the air
bottle and divide this by the air used lifting cycle, we can find the number of
lifts possible.

The pressure in the piston/cylinder is found by dividing the force acting on the
piston by its area and adding atmospheric pressure.

F = ma = (70 kg)(9.8 rn/s2) = 0.868 kN

(1000 n/kN)

A = n d2 = n (0.154)2 = 0.01863 m2
4 4

6-36
 Chapter VI • ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

p = 101.3 kPa + 0·686 kN = 138.1 kPa

0.01863

V = iD,.2L := :(0.154)2(0.202) = 0,003762 m3

m = ~ = {138.1 kN/m 2)(0.003762 m ) = 0 _006116 kg/lift

3

RT (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(296 K)

The mass in the tank is

3
~ = pV = (20000 - 138 kN/m 2)(0.05 m ) = ll.69 kg
RT (0.287kJ/kg.K)(296K)

The number of lifts is.

N = (ll. 69 kg) . = 1911.3 or 1911 lifts

(0.006116 kg/lift)

Comments: 1) It is necessary to subtract the cylinder pressure from 20 MPa as

air cannot flow from the bottle to the lift at a pressure less than
this.

6-37
 Chapter VI· - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.25

An ideal gas with a molecular weight of 6.5 kg/Kgmol is compressed in a reversible

manner from 690 kPa and 277 K to a final specific volume of 0.47 m 3/kg according
to p = 561 + 200v + 100v 2, where p is the pressure in kPa and ti is the specific
volume in m 3/kg. The specific heat at constant volume is 0.837 kJ/kg· K. Determine
(a) the work; (b) the heat; (c) the final temperature; (d) the initial specific volume.

Given: An ideal gas is compressed in a reversible process from initial to final states.
The gas constants are given.

Find: The work of compression, the heat transfer, the final temperature and the
initial specific volume of the gas.

Sketch and Given Data:

,------t,
I
•
GA-S
, ,qokP.s ,
I
I
~ = 0,4'7
M= ,
j½
(VI'S

, s ¼ I 1a., ,-,,-e
2.77f<.
I

------
I
I
I f' = s-, I+ z<.m ,'J"'+ IC-0 P-z k?ci
Cv= o,857 A.'J"/',-1<

Assumptions: 1) The gas is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.

2) The process is reversible.
3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.

Analysis: Determine the individual gas constant.

R = R = (8.3143 kJ/kg mol-K) = 1.279 ~

M (6.5 kg/kg mol) kg.K

From the ideal gas equation of state.

RT (1.279 ~ ) (277 K)
d) v1 =_ 1
= kg K = 0.5135 m 3/kg
P1 (690 kN/m 2)

p2 = 561 + 200v + 100 v 2 kPa

p2 = (561) + (200)(0.47) + (100)(0.47)2 = 677.1 kPa

6-44
 Chapter VI • ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

3
p (677.1 kN/m 2) 0.47 m
c) T2 = 2v 2 = . kg = 248.8 K
R (1.279 kJ/kg-K)

The work is found by integrating the p( v) function from v to 1J

1 2•

w = fpdv = f 0 47
'
0.S13S
(561 + 200v + 100v 2 kN/m2)(dv m 3/kg)

. ] 047
a) w = [:561v = 100v2
+ 33.3v3 :
0 5135
= -29.7 kJ/30kg
The first law for a closed system is

Q = .6.U + .6.KE + .6.PE + W

Apply assumptions (3) and divide by m, yielding

q = .6.u + w

For an ideal gas .6.u = <;,(T2 - T1)

. . kJ
q = <;,(T2 - T1) + w = (0.837 kJ/kg-K)(248.8 - 277 K) - 29.7 kg

b) q = -53.3 kJ/kg

6-45
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.29

One kilogram of air expands at a constant temperature from a pressure of 800 kPa
and a volume of 2 m3 to a pressure of 200 kPa. Determine (a) the work; (b) the
heat; (c) the change of internal energy; (d) the change of enthalpy.

Given: One kilogram of air expands at constant temperature between two known
states.

Find: The heat and work and the change of enthalpy and internal energy.

Sketch and Given Data:

P,-= ec:ro 1i=.ra

"( = 2 t'V" ~
P-z.. = z.c-0 12.?.

Assumptions: 1) The air is a closed system.

2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
3) Air is an ideal gas.
4) The process is reversible and isothermal.

Analysis: For an ideal gas AU = mcv (T2 - T 1) and AH = mcp(T2 - T 1). If the
temperature is constant, as it is in this problem,

d) AH= 0

c) AU= 0

From equation 6.9

w= (soo kN)
m
(2
2
3
m )ln (
800
200
)

a) W = 2218 kJ

6-52
 Chapter VI· ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

From the first law

Q = .6.U + .6.KE + .6.PE + W

Apply assumptions (2) and result (c).

b) Q = W = 2218 kJ

6-53
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.33

Two cubic meters per second of helium at 277 Kand 101 kPa are compressed to 404
kPa in a reversible adiabatic manner. Determine (a) the final temperature; (b) the
power required.

Given: A compressor has a steady volume flowrate of helium enter it and leave at a
higher pressure, reversibly and adiabatically.

Find: The discharge temperature of the helium and the power required for
compression.

Sketch and Given Data:

I
q=-o
Z ""'~/s ------
(

He (1) (i.)

277K
/0 ( k-i:3

Assumptions: 1) The compression is an open system with steady flow through it.
2) The heat flow is zero.
3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
4) Helium is an ideal gas.

Analysis: A reversible adiabatic process for an ideal gas relates temperature and
pressure variation as

a) T2 = (277 K) ( : ) ::::: = 482.1 K

The power required may be found from Equation 6.23 or from a first law
analysis. The equation is

•
W = -k •
mRT1
k-1

6-60
 Chapter VI · ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

The mass flowrate is determined from the ideal gas law

m = P1V1 = (101 kN/m 2)(2 m3/s) = 0_3511 kg/s

RTl (2.077 kJ/kg.K)(277 K)

The power becomes

w= ~::: (o.3m kg/sX2.011 kJ/kg-K)(211 K)[ 1 - (:) ~J

W= -374.2 kW

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 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.37

Helium expands polytropically through a turbine according to the process p V 1•5 = C.

The inlet temperature is 1000 K, the inlet pressure is 1000 k:Pa, and the exit pressure
is 150 k:Pa. The turbine produces 1 x 105 kW. Determine (a) the exit temperature;
(b). the heat transferred (kW); (c) the mass flowrate.

Given: Helium, an ideal gas, expands steadily through a turbine in a polytropic

process from inlet to exit states.

Find: The exit helium temperature, the heat flux and the mass flowrate.

Sketch and Given Data:

\-te

Assumptions: 1) Helium, an ideal gas, flows steadily though the open system
formed by the gas turbine.
2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.

Analysis: The problem is a steady-state system. Determine the exit temperature from
the polytropic temperature and pressure relationship.

a) T2 = (1000 K) ( 5
l 0)
1000
~ = 531.3 K
The power from the turbine is given by Equation 6.23.

6-68
 Chapter VI • ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

(+ l x lOs kW) = 1.5 (Ihkg/s)(2.077 kJ/kg-K)(1000 K) [ l _ ( ~ )

0.5 1000
~J
c) rh = 34.24 kg/s

The first law for a steady-state open system is

Q + m(h + ke + pe)1 = W + m(h + ke + pe)2

Apply assumption (2).

For an ideal gas, Ah = cP AT

Q = (1 x 105 kW) + (34.24 kg/s)(5.1954 kJ/kg.K)(531.3 - 1000 K)

b) Q = 16 623 kW (heat in)

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 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.41

In the previous problem the atmospheric pressure is 100 k.Pa. Determine the net
system work.

Given: The atmospheric pressure against which the piston is Problem 6.40 expands.

Find: The net work.

Sketch and Given Data:

------- ....
I fea M t
1S 1 t>~~::: \Q-Q k.P"
I 3~ -r
I I
v..l$'(S = 38~. \ ~'J"
--·---.._
I I

Assumptions: 1) The air pressure remains constant at 100 kPa.

Analysis: From the previous problem we found the system work to be 383.1 kJ. The
net work is

wsurr = fPsurr dV = Psurr (V2 - V1) = mpsurrCV2 - Vi)

Using the data values from Problem 6.40,

wSllrr = (3 kg)(l00 kN/m2)(1.0316 - 0.6059 m3/kg)

Wsurr = 127.7 kJ
WDet = 383.1 - 127.7 = 255.4 kJ

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 Chapter VI · ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.45

Two kilograms of helium operate on a three-process cycle where the processes are;
constant volume (1-2); constant pressure (2-3); and constant temperature (3-1).
Given that p 1 = 100 kPa, T1 = 300 K, and vifv 3 = 5, determine (a) the pressure,
specific volume and temperature around the cycle; (b) the work for each process;
(c) the heat added.

Given: Helium, an ideal gas, is a closed system that operates on a three-process cycle.
The processes and certain states are defined.

Find: The temperature, pressure and volume for each state point and the work for
each process as well as the total heat added.

Sketch and Given Data:

?, = \O't> lie=. rd.
T, ~ :sac l<.

~'/)]'"3 ~ s-
2 '2-, t(cl,\,vn

Assumptions: 1) Helium is a closed system

2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
3) Helium is an ideal gas.
4) The processes are reversible.

Analysis: The first law for any process is

Q = .6. U + .6.KE + .6.PE + W

Apply assumption (2).

Q = .6.U + W
For an ideal gas .6. U = me;, (T2 - T 1)

Determine T, p and v at each state.

6-85
Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

State 1

p1 = 100 kPa T1 = 300 K

v
1
= RT1 = (2.077 kJ/kg-K)(300 K) = 6_231 m3/kg
· P1 (100 kN/m2)

State 3

a) p
3
= RT3 = (2.077 kJ/kg-K}(300 K) = 500 kPa
V3 (1.246 m3/kg)

State 2

T
2
= p V2 = (500 kN/m 2)(6.231
2
m3/kg) = 1500 K
R (2.077 kJ/kg-K)

Determine the work for each process.

W 1_2 = 0 as dV = 0

w,_, = mP,(v, - v,) = (2 kg) (soo :}1.246 - 6.231 m'!kg)

b) W 2_3 = -4985 kJ

WH = p3V3 In(~:) = mRT, In(::)

W3_1 = (2 kg){2.077 kJ/kg-K}(300 K)ln(5) = 2005.7 kJ

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 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

For an isothermal process, Q = W for an ideal gas;

03-1 = W3.1 = 2005.7 kJ

0 1. 2 = AU +W= ~U as W1•2 = 0

01.2 = mCy(T2 - T1) = (2 kg)(3.1189 kJ/kg-K)(1500 - 300 K)

01.2 = 7485.4 kJ

02.3 = -12469 kJ
The total heat added is

c) Om= 2005.7 + 7485.4 = 9491.1 kJ

Comments: 1) As a check on your work, notice That IQ = IW. In this case
IO = -12469 + 9491.1 = -2977.9 kJ and IW = 0 - 4985 +
2005.7 = -2979.3. The difference in the values is because of
round-off errors.

2) The work is negative -because this is a power consuming cycle.

Notice · it proceeds in a counter-clockwise direction. Power
producing cycles proceed in a clockwise direction.

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 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.49

The tank in the preceding problem is now heated so that the temperature remains
constant at 325 K. Determine the heat added.

Given: An adiabatic tank at known temperature and pressure is heated as it

discharges so the air temperature in the tank is constant.

Find: The heat required.

Sketch and Given Data:

'f\ =. "3 <S'O'O la\'o

-,-, = gz.{ K
\'2.. ='3Z.f'~
r_....,,. ___ _ f i.. =. ScsO le. Pa

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
3) The final tank pressure is 500 kPa.

Analysis: It is very complicated to analyze the instantaneous heat needed to maintain

the air's temperature at 325 K. Consider, however, the process in two stages.
The first stage is the discharge of the tank and the second stage is the heating
of the air to 325 K.
Let state 1 be the initial state, state 2 be the state before reheating and state
3 the state where the air has been heated to 325 K and the pressure 500 kPa.
Since the final pressure is 500 kPa, which occurs after heat has been added at
constant volume. The pressure before heat addition is less than this. Find the
mass at the final state.

The initial tank volume is

Vi = _m_RT_1 = (2 kg)(0.287 kJ/kg-K)(325 K) = 0 _06218 m3

p1 (3000 kN/m2)

At the final. state

2 3
ID3 = p3v3 = (500 kN/m )(0.06218 m ) = 0.3333 kg
RT3 (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(325 K)

6-92
 Chapter VI • ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

At the intermediary state, state 2, m2 = m3• Find the temperature at state 2.

The first law for a closed system, the air being reheated is a closed system, is

Q = AU+ AKE+ APE+ W

Apply assumption (2), and W = 0 for V = c.

Q = AU

AU = mc;.(T3 - T 2) = (0.3333 kg) (0,7176 ~ ) (325 - 158.7 K)

kg-K

AU= 39.8 kJ

Q = 39.8 kJ

6-93
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.53

Air, initially at 120 k:Pa and 320 K, occupies 0.11 m3 and is compressed isothermally
until the volume is halved and then compressed at constant pressure until the volume
decreases to one-quarter the initial volume. Sketch the processes on a p-V diagram,
determine the total heat and total work for the two processes.

Given: Air, a closed system and ideal gas, is compressed in two stages.

Find: The total heat and work required.

Sketch and Given Data:

p~ : \ 'Z-0 ~ pd.
'T,:: 32..-0\<.
\/ 1 = ocllV\'\ 3

Yz = o,S\/,
\/3-= O, 2.s-J,
y

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas and forms a closed system.

2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
3) The processes are reversible.

Analysis: The first law for a closed system is

Q = 1l U + ilKE + ilPE + W

Apply assumption (2)

Q = ilU + W

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 Chapter VI • ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

The work for an isothermal process where V2 = 1/2V1 is

For an isothermal process for an ideal gas

For a constant pressure process for an ideal gas

TN= C, hence

T, = T, (~:) = (320 K)(½) = 160 K

For p = c,

The mass is

3
m = _Piv_1 = (120 kN/m2)(0.11 m ) = 0 _1437 kg
RTl (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(320 K)

Q = (0.1437 kg)(l.0047 k.T/kg-K)(160 - 320K) = -23.1 kJ

The work may be found from the first law.

L\U = mcv{T3 - T 2) = (0.1437 kg)(0.7176 k.T/kg-K)(160 - 320 K)

L\U = -16.5
Q = L\U +W
-23.1 = -165 + W
W = -6.6 kJ
Qtotal = -23.1 - 9.15 = -32.35 kJ
w,ota! = -9.15 - 6.6 = -15.75 kJ

6-101
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.57

A piston/cylinder containing 1.5 kg of water vapor operates on a three process cycle.

At state 1 the water is a saturated vapor at 10 MPA, it expands adiabatically to a
pressure of 1000 kPa and a quality of 0.7817. At this point a constant pressure
process occurs until the specific volume at state 3 equals that at state 1. Finally from
state 3 to state 1 constant volume heating occurs. Sketch the cycle on a T-v diagram.
Determine the work and heat for each process as well as the net work for the cycle.

Given: Steam, a pure substance, forms a closed system which undergoes a three
process cycle. The processes are known as are the state points.

Find: The heat and work for each process and the net work for the cycle.

Sketch and Given Data:

S./earv-, t,S ½
fr= toMPa
.:Jd. f 1/dftYr

/2- ::. I rrot) k. f tA

Xz. ::. 0 I ?SI? T
(y,- 2. -= 0
~::: ,.o--,
f'3 :;:;. ~
~

Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and is a closed system.

2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
3) All processes are reversible.

Analysis: Locate the cycle state points form the steam tables.

p1 = 10 MPa p2 = 1000 kPa x2 = 0.7818

h1 = 2725.2 kJ/kg h2 = 2338.2 kJ/kg
U1 = 2544.9 kJ/kg U2 = 2186.2 kJ/kg
= 0.018029 m3/kg V 2 = 0.15224 m /kg
3
V1
p = 1000 kPa v 3 = v 1
3
h 3 = 938.8 kJ/kg
U3 = 920.7 kJ/kg
X3 = 0.0874

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 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

For process 1-2, 0 = 0. The first law is

0 = .6. U + .6.KE + .6.PE + W

Apply assumption (2).

W1.2 = .6. U = m(u2 - u1) = (1.5 kg)(2186.0 - 2544.9 k.T/kg)

W1.2 = 538.4 k.T
For process 2-3, the pressure is constant

02.3 = .6.H = m(h3 - h2) = (1.5 kg)(938.8 - 2338.2 k.T/kg)

02.3 = -2099 .1 kJ

.6. U = m(u 3 - u2) = (1.5 kg)(920.7 - 2186.0 k.T/kg)

.6. U = -1898.0 k.T
0 = .6.U + W
-2099.1 = -1898 + W
W2.3 = -201.1 kJ
For the process 3-1, V = c, hence W3-1 = 0 and
Q3.1 = .6. U = m(u1 - u3) = (1.5 kg)(2544.9 - 920.7 k.T/kg)
Q3.1 = 2436.3 k.T
The net work is

wnet = r,w = 538.4 -_201.1 = 337.3 kJ

A check is that Wnet = Oner
Qnet = 0 - 2099.1 + 2436.3 = 337.2 kJ
The difference is due to round-off errors.

6-111
 -------···· ---·------· ······· ·-

Chapter VI · ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.61

An adiabatic compressor receives 1.5 m3/s of air at 30 C and 101 kPa. The discharge
pressure is 505 kPa and the power supplied is 325 kW, what is the discharge
temperature?

Given: Air is compressed in an adiabatic compressor steadily. The power, flowrate

and initial conditions are known.

Find: The discharge temperature.

Sketch and Given Data: I

~:o
30°c
/,.5 M3/5 A.'r
,- -_- _- -__,-,
..---"Y

(<) I (e)
_ ___,;:=-i,I
101/t...P~

Assumptions: 1) The compressor is a steady-state open system

2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
3) The heat flow is zero.
4) Air is an ideal gas.

Analysis: The first law for a steady-state open system is

Q + m(h + ke + pe) 1 = W + m(h + ke + pe)2

Apply assumptions (2) and (3)

For an ideal gas L\.h = cPL\. T and

2 3
m= p 1V1 = (101 kN/m )(1.5 m /s) = 1.742 kg/s
RT1 (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(303 K)

(-325 kW) = (1.742 kg/s)(l.0047 kJ/kg-K)(L\. T K)

L\. T = -185.7°C T2 = 215.7°C
6-117
 Chapter VI · ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.65

A pump delivers 50 liters/sec of water. The intake to the pump is 75 m below the
final discharge. The inlet and discharge pressure is essentially atmospheric and the
temperature of the water remains constant at 20 C during the process. Determine
the power required by the pump.

Given: Water flows steadily. through a pump which is an open steady system. Intake
occurs 75 m below the discharge; temperature is constant.

Find: The power required.

Sketch and Given Data:

(' - ... ) (2.)
-I ✓, -: : so 1t+1~-ec.
i\ /
75mi
T: 20°C
1
I f
~ = 't 1 s f'A-1~-z..
I
I f
c,__ I(\)

Assumptions: 1) The pump is an open system with water flowing steadily through
it.
2) The heat flow is zero.
3) The change of kinetic energy is zero.
4) The temperature remains constant, hence the change of
enthalpy of the water is zero.

Analysis: The first law for a open steady system is

6+ rh (h + ke + pe)1 = W + rh (h + ke + pe)2
Apply assumptions (2), (3), and (4) yields

The specific volume of water from the steam tables is

V = 0.001002 m /kg
3

rh = _vl - (0.050 m3/kg) = 49.9 kg/s

(0.001002 m3/kg) ·

6-124
 Chapter VI · ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

W = -36.7 kW

Comment: Physically, the pump would have to have several stages·to lift water 75 m. A
more typical arrangement is to have the pump near the water supply and the
discharge at the elevation req:tJ.ired.

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 Chapter VI · ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.69

An adiabatic counterflow heat exchanger receives 0.3 m3/s of R12 at 2000 kPa and
90°C and discharges it as a saturated liquid at 2000 kPa. Water enters at 25°C and
leaves at 40°C. Determine the water flowrate in kg/s and the heat transfer form the
refrigerant to the water in kW.

Given: An adiabatic heat exchanger is a steady, open system. Water cools condensing
R12.

Find: The heat transfer to the water and the water flowrate.

Sketch and Given Data:

- - -, }+i..O
I
( (.q) "'\o°C
I
(

--
I
- --'
4Sc!+, d
\ \ i U\
Assumptions: 1) The heat exchanger is a steady open system.
2) There is no heat ion to the surroundings.
3) The work is zero.
4) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
5) Water and R12 are pure substances.

Analysis: The first law for the R12's control volume is

Apply assumptions (3) and (4)

From the R12 Tables.

h1 = 228.1 kJ/kg h2 = 110.1 kJ/kg

V1 = 0.009 406 m /kg
3

= (0.3 mJ/s) = 31.9 kg/s

3
(0.009 406 m /kg)

6-131
Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Q = (31.9 kgls)(ll0.1 - 228.1 kJ/kg) = -3764.2 kW

The heat into the water is +3764.2 kW.

The first law for the water's control volµme is

Q+ mw(h + ke + pe)3 = W+ mw(h + ke + pe)4

Apply assumptions (3) and (4). From the steam tables

h3 = 104.0 kJ/kg h4 = 167.3 kJ/kg

( +3764.2 kW) =(mw kg/s)(167.3 - 104.0 kJ/kg)

rllw ~ 59.5 kg/s

6-132
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6. 73

A direct contact heat exchanger operates by combining 20 kg/s of water at 5 MPa and
100 degrees with saturated steam at 5 MPa to produce a saturated liquid at 5 MPa.
Determine the total mass flowrate leaving the heat exchanger.

Given: A heat exchanger is an open system where the mixing of two streams, one
steam and the other water, produces a saturated liquid output.

Find: The total flowrate leaving the heat exchanger.

Sketch and Given Data:

------- I

Assumptions: 1) The direct contact heat exchanger is a steady, open system.

2) The heat and work are zero.
3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
4) Water is a pure substance.

Analysis: The first law for a steady-state open system is

Apply assumptions (2) and (3)

From the conservation of mass, m3 = m1 + m2

From the steam tables

h1 = hg @ 5 MPa = 2794.6 kJ/kg h2 = he @ 100°C = 419.6 kJ/kg

h3 = he@ 5 MPa = 1154.5 kJ/kg

6-138
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Substituting in the first law yields

(m 1 kg/s)(2794.6 kJ/kg) + (20 kg/s)(419.6 kJ/kg) = (m 1 + 20 kg/s)(1154.5 kJ/kg)

m1 = 8.97 kg/s
m3 = 20 + 8.97 = 28.97 kg/s

6-139
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANAl.,YSIS OF OPEN AND CL0SED SYSTEMS

Problem 6. 77

An adiabatic pressure reducing valve has equal inlet and exit diameters of 4 cm and
receives 5 kg/s of steam at saturated ·steam at 10 MPa and reduces the pressure to
1000 kPa. Determine the exit velocity and temperature of the steam leaving the
valve.

Given: A valve receives steam and reduces it pressure. There is a velocity change
across the valve.

Find: The steam's exit velocity and temperature.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) The valve is a steady, open system.

2) The heat and work are zero.
3) The change os potential energy is zero.
4) Steam is a pure substance.

Analysis: The first law for a steady-state open system is

Q + m(h + ke + pe)1 = W + m(h + ke + pe) 2

·Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

From the steam tables h1 = 2725.2 ~ v 1 = 0.01803 m3/kg

6-143
Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

From the conservation of mass

n 0.042 m2 (vm/s)
m = _Av = -4- - - - -
3
- - = (5 kg/s)
V (0.01803m /kg)

v1 = 71.7 m/s
2
7 7
h1 + ke1 = (2725.2 kkJg) + ( 1. m/s) = 2727.8 kJ
(2)(1000 J/kJ) kg

1 (3978 V 2) 2
h2 + - = 2727.8 kJ/kg (A)
2 (1000)

The pressure, p 2, is 1000 kPa. This requires that a quality is assumed, the
specific volume and enthalpy calculated until Equation (A) is satisfied.

For example, x2 = 0.90

. m3 kJ
h2= 2576.7 kJ/kg, v2 = 0.1751 -,h2
kg
+ ke 2 = 2819.4 -
kg
X2 = 0.865

h2 = 2506.2 kJ/kg) v2 = 0.1683 m3/kg)h2 + ke2 = 2730.2 kJ/kg

which is close enough.

v2 = (3978)(0.1683) = 669.5 m/s

6-144
 Chapter VI · ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6. 79

A gas turbine compressor unit receives 32.6 m3/min of air at 98 kPa and 295 K and
compresses it in a reversible adiabatic process to 450 kPa. Determine the power
required to do this.

Given: A compressor is a steady open system, compressing air in a reversible

adiabatic process.

Find:. The power required.

Sketch and Given Data:

,A tC ,
3t,, )'\'\ 1""'" ,- --- - ..... I
'f~ i..P. ( 1') I Ct..)
z. ~S' \< ----,r,.il c.o.,_f<csse-{...-_...,,
(

I - _,

Assumptions: 1) The compressor is a steady open system.

2) The heat flow is zero.
3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
4) Air is an ideal gas.

Analysis: The first law for a steady-state open system is

Q + m(h + ke + pe) 1 = W + m(h + ke + pe)2

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

For an ideal gas, dh = cpd T and

3
Ill = P1 vl 2
= (98 kN/m X0.543 m /s) = 0.629 kg/s
RTl (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(295 K)

6-147
Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS
7
For a reversible adiabatic a process with an ideal gas.

The power is

W = rhcp{T1 - T2) = (0.629 kg/s) (t.0047 ~i

kg-K
(295 - 456 K)

W = -101.7 kW

6-148
 Chapter VI · ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.83

An initially evacuated 250 m3 adiabatic tank is charged with dry saturated steam at
5000 kPa until th~ pressure in the tank is 5000 kPa. Determine the mass is steam in
the tank and its temperature when the pressure is 5000 kPa.

Given: A tank, initially empty, is filled with steam from a constant pressure supply.

Find: The mass of steam in the tank and its final temperature for a given pressure.

Sketch and Given Data:

- ..... - ... _....I p,-=-c

,..."' 3 I Fz. = S"ooo 1'.Pa
' 2.::,vfY\ I
+-----A19----lr
I
I

----- ----.
I I

Assumptions: 1) There is no heat or work transfer.

2) The tank forms a control volume.
3) The initial and final steam states are equilibrium states.

Analysis: From equation 6.36

From the steam tables

hL h8 @ 5 MPa = 2794.6 k.T/kg

Therefore u2 = 2794.6 k.T/kg. The pressure is 5 MPa.

From the steam tables (superheat region), find that T 2 = 342.3°C. The
specific volume is v 2 = 0.05102 m 3/kg. Hence, the mass in the tank is.

m = V = (250 m3) = 4900 kg

V (0.05102 m3/kg)

6-155
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem *6.1

A constant-pressure insulated closed system receives paddle work. The pressure is

100 psia and the paddle turns 10,000 revolutions with an average torque of 0.5 ft-lbf.
The piston moves 0.2 ft'. Find the change of internal energy of the fluid in Btu's.

Given: A closed system receives paddle work and expands at constant pressure. The
torque of the paddle wheel is given.

Find: The change of internal energy of the system.

Sketch and Given Data:

\,Jty'I

~
I
I
I
I
M = 10 1 ooo rev,
I
(
t. = o, s f c-,~
- - - - ---'
I I

.,6. \( = C, Z ft 3

Assumptions: 1) The substance in the system is a closed system.

2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
3) The heat flow is zero.
4) The pressure is constant at 100 psia.

Analysis: The first law for a closed system with paddle work is

Q = .6.U + .6.KE + .6.PE + Wm + WP

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

6-158
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem *6.3

One pound of air is compressed at a constant temperature of 75°F from 15 to 100

psia. Determine: (a) the change of internal energy: (b) the work in ft-lbf; (c) the
heat in Btu's.

Given: Air forms a closed system and is compressed isothermally.

Find: The change of internal energy, the work and the heat.

Sketch and Given Data:

T=C
?, : (rrrt•
f'2. ':\a-0 ~SlcS

Assumptions: 1) Air is a closed system.

2) Air is an ideal gas.
3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.

Analysis: For an ideal gas, Au= CyA T. The process is

a) constant temperature, hence AU = 0.

For an isothermal process the work is from Equation 6.9

w= p,v,m(~:) = mRT, m(::)

W = (1 lbm)(53.34 ft-lb/lbm-R)(535 R) (~)
100

b) W = -54137.9 ft-lbr
The first law is Q = AU+ AKE+ APE+ W

Apply assumptions (3), plus AU = 0.

-(54 137.9 ft-lbr)
Q = W = ------ = -69.57 Btu
(778.16 ft-lbr /Btu)

6-162
 Chapter VI • ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem *6.7

A steel tank has a volume of 0.6 ft' and is filled with saturated steam at 14.7 psia.
The tank is cooled to 100°F - determine the final pressure and heat transfer.

Given: A tank containing steam is cooled.

Find: The final pressure and the heat transferred.

Sketch and Given Data:

Ti..-=100 F -,-

Assumptions: 1) The steam in the tank is a closed system.

2) The work is zero (V = C).
3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
4) Steam is a pure substance.

Analysis: The first law for a closed system is

Q = -fl U + llKE + /lPE + W

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

From the steam tables at state 1 find

v1 = v8 4.7 psia = 26.78 ft'/lbm

u1 =u 8
@ 14.7 psia = 1077.6 Btu/lbm
The mass of steam in the tank is

Vl 0.6 ft 3
m =- = - - - 3- - = 0.0224 lbm
v1 26.78 ft /lbm

6-167
Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

The specific internal energy at state 2 is found by knowing the specific volume
and temperature.

u2 = 142.7 Bttl/lbm x2 = 0.0765

and p 2 = Psac = 0.95 psia

The heat transfer is

Q = (0.0224 lbm)(142.7 - 1077.6 Btu/lbm) = -20.9 Btu

6-168
 Chapter VI. ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem *6.11

Ethylene is compressed according to p V1·15 = C from 200 psia and 900 R to 450 psia.
The mass of ethylene is 3 lbm. Determine the final, temperature, the work and heat
for the process.

Given: Ethylene, an ideal gas, is compressed polytropically.

Find: The final temperature, the work required and the heat transfer.

Sketch and Given Data:

__ __ -,
,

'Pa -= 2.<ro r"~

,' 3 lbM 1,1\
t
'Ti = ~
I -)
~

F\} =C
~O()

~
Fz. -= ~S'o f ••
~- - - - I

Assumptions: 1) Ethylene is a closed system.

2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
3) Ethylene is an ideal gas.
4) The process is reversible.

Analysis: For a polytropic process.

a) T, = (900 R) ( ~:) ~::: = 1000.4 R

The work for a polytropic process, closed system is given by Equation 6.19b.

W = mR(T2 - T 1) = (3 lbm)(55.09 ft-lbr /lbm-R)(l000.9 - 900 R)

1-n (-0.15)(778.16 ft-lbr /Btu)

b) W = -142.2 Btu
The first law for a closed system is

Q = ~U +~KE+ ~PE+ W

6-173
Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Apply assumption (2)

a= au+ w
For an ideal gas

aU = mc;,(T2 - T 1) = (3 lbm) (0,2946 Btu ) (1000.4 - 900 R)

lbm-R

au = 88.7 Btu

The heat transfer is

Q = 88.7 - 142.2 = -53.5 Btu (heat out)

6-174
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.15*

A system holds 2 lbm of neon in a poston cylinder where the initial pressure is 25
psia and the initial temperature is 80 F. The system operates on a three-process
cycle is comprised of the following processes: 1-2 constant volume heating unitl the
pressure is 100 psia; 2-3 expansion according to pVt.67 = C; 3-1 constatn pressure
compression. Sketch the cycle on a p-V diagram and determine the net work and
heat added.

Given: Neon, an ideal gas and closed system, operates on a three-process cycle. The
processes and certain states are given.

Find: The net work and heat added.

Sketch and Given Data:

2 (b""' Neon /00

f 1 :. 2 S rs,a..
T, = eo1=
f2-:::. \00 ps<a

Assumptions: 1) Neon is and ideal gas and forms a closed system.

2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
3) The processes are reversible.

Analysis: The first law for a closed system is

Q = .6.U + .6.KE + .6.PE +W

Apply assumption (2)

Q = .6.U + W

6-181
. Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

For a constant volume process for an ideal gas T/p = C

01.2 = I::.. u + w = I::.. u

For an ideal gas

I::.. u = mCy(T2 - T1) = (2 lbm) (o,1476 l

Btu (2160 - 540 R)
lbm-R

= 478.2 Btu
01.2 = 478.2 Btu
For process 2-3, n = k Thus 0 2. = 0 and
3

p3v3 - P2v2 MR(T3 - T2)

W2.3 = - -1-n
-- = ----
1-n

25) 0.67
T3 = (2160 R) lOO 1.67
(
= 1238.5 R

(2 lbm) (0.0984 Btu ) (1238.5 - 2160 R)

W2 3 = lbm-R = 270.7 Btu
• (-0.67)

For process 3-1, the pressure is constant, hence

!::..H = (21bm)(0.246 Btu/lbm-R)(540 - 1238.5 R) = -343.7 Btu

0 3•1 = -343.7 Btu

6-182
 Chapter VI • ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

The work is

W3. 1 = (2 lbm)(0.0984 Btu/lbm-R)(540 - 1238.S R) = -137.5 Btu

The net work is

W0 cc = 270.7 - 137.5 = 133.2 Btu

The heat added is

Ql-2 = 478.2 Btu

Comments: The net work equals the net heat transfer within the round-off error created
by k = 1.67 rather than 1.6666.

6-183
 Chapter VI · ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.19*

A four process cycle using 2 lbm of water operates with the following processes: 1-2
constant volume heating from 80 psia and 320 F to 400 psia; 2-3 constant pressure
cooling until the water is a saturated vapor; 3-4 constant volume cooling; 4-1
isothermal expansion where Q4•1 = 1395 Btu's. Sketch the cycle on the T-v diagram.
Determine the specific volume and internal energy at each state and the net work
and total heat added for the cycle.

Given: Steam, a pure substance, forms a closed system and operates on a four process
cycle. The processes are reversible.

Find: The specific internal energy and volume at each state and the net work and
total heat added for one cycle.

Sketch and Given Data:

2 tbw.. ,l.,.o
?, = 'BOfs,a
-r, = 32.--01= T
fz, : ;fcJO f$ld
~4-t = (3'1( Bfu

Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and forms a closed system.

2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
3) All processes are reversible.

Analysis: Locate the cycle state points from the steam tables.

p1 = 80 psia Tl= 320 F p2 = 400 psia

Btu
u1 = 1105.3 Btu/lbm u2 = 2525,0_
lbm

V1 = 5.543 ft'/lbm T2 = 3256. F

6-191
Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Btu
h2 = 2935.4 - Btu
lbm
u.. 3 = "\ct. 4'\ s+'1 I,\,.....,
p3 = 400 psia sat vapor
11!; = 1.162 ft3/lbm u 4 = 480.4 Btu/lbm

h3 = 1205.4 Btu/lbm p4 = 89.7 psia

The first law for a closed system is

0 = AU + .6.KE + .6.PE + W
Apply assumption (2)

0 = .6.U + W

For process 1-2, V = c, hence W1•2 = 0

01. = m(u u 1) = (2 lbm)(2525.0 - 1105.3 Btu/lbm) = 2839.4 Btu
2 2 -

For process 2-3, p = c, hence

0 2•3 = m(h3 - h2) = (2 lbm)(1205.4 - 2935.4 Btu/lbm) = -3460 Btu

lb ·
~2
I I 2 ( 3
400 _c 144 (2 lbm) 1.162 - 5.543 ..!!._)
_ in2 ft lbm
(778.16 ft-lbc /Btu)

W2•3 = -648.6 Btu

For process 3-4, V = c, hence W3_4 = 0

Q34 = m(u4 - u 3) = (2 lbm) (480.4 - 1119.4 Btu) = -1278 Btu

lbm

For process 4-1, Q4-1 = 1395 Btu

fl U = m(u1 - u4) = (2 lbm) (1105.3 - 480.4 Btu) = 1249.8Btu

lbm

6-192
 Chapter VI • ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

The first law

Q =AU+ W

1395 = 1249.8 +W
W 4-t = 145.2 Btu

The net work is

Wne1 = LW = 0 - 648.6 + 0 + 145.2 = -503.4 Btu

The net heat is

Qnet = 10 = 2839.4 - 3460 - 1278 + 1395 = -503.6 Btu

The heat added is

Qin = 2839.4 + 1395 = 4234.4 Btu

6-193
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.23*

A refrigeration compressor receives R12 at 20 psia and 20 F and discharges it at 150

psia and 140 F. The refrigerant flowrate at inlet conditions is 20 ff/min. The heat
transfer from the compressor to the surroundings is 2.5 Btu per lbm of refrigerant.
Determine the power required and the volume flowrate at exit conditions.

Given: A refrigeration compressor is an open system with R12 flowing steadily

through it. The refrigerant flow and heat transfer are known.

Find: The power required and the volume flowrate at exit conditions.

Sketch and Given Data:

f2' '2..
2o~s,a - ~- - - -,
-z..o ' F (,) II /1 I
I
(V

2.0 ft'1/'"-';"' ----'!I--': '- r

0 M. i'c=-,sp.._...,,._
I

- - - --'
1=-2.s- ~~~#f,f

Assumptions: 1) The compressor is a steady-state open system.

2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
3) R12 is a pure substance.

Analysis: The first law for a steady open system is

Q + m(h + ke + pe) 1 = W + m(h + ke + pe) 2

Apply assumption (2)

From the R12 property tables

h1 = 80.4 Btu/lbm h2 = 93.5 Btu/lbm v2 = 0.298 ft'/lbm

v1 = 2.039 ft3/Ihm

6-200
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

The mass flowrate is

Ill = vl = (20 ft3/min) = 9.81 lbm/min

vi (2.039 ft 3/lbm)

w = mg+ m(h 1- h2) = (9.81 lbm/min)(-2.5 + (80.4 - 93.5) Btu/lbm]

W = -153.0 Btu/min = -3.6 hp

The volume flowrate at exit is

V2 = mv 2 = (9.81 lbm/min)(0.298 ft3/lbm) = 2.92 ft'/min

Comments: Note that the volume flowrate is not constant, is not conserved; only mass
flowrate is consumed.

6-201
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.27*

An oil transfer pump uses 1 hp of power in transferring 13.75 lbm/s of oil through
a 1.5 inch diameter pipe. The change in kinetic and potential energies is essentially
zero and the process is adiabatic. Additionally, there is no appreciable temperature
change in the oil which has a density of 93 lbm/ft3. Determine the change in pressure
from inlet to exit.

Given: An oil pump adiabatically raises the pressure of oil continuously.

Find: The pressure rise across the pump.

Sketch and Given Data:

~ ~ ,~., <" l~""'-f ~ec.. _..--=--=----.....,.-C-z..)

d. :: ,,, 1\,\cl, (,) /
e::: T~ lb~ft~
~,
Assumptions: 1) The heat flow is zero.
2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
3) The oil is incompressible.
4) The change of internal energy is zero.
5) The pump is a steady, open system.

Analysis: The first law for a steady-state open system is

Q + m(u + p/p + ke + pe)1 = W + m(u + p/p + ke + pe)2

Apply assumptions (1), (2), (3), and (4).

- 13.75 lbm (.6.p lb /in2xl44 in2/ft2)

-(1 hp) 550 ft-lbc = se_c..1-_ _r_ _ _ __
......l..._ _

( hp-sec ) (93 lbm/ft3)

Ap = 25.8 psi

6-208
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND. CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.31*

An air conditioning system cooling unit is a heat exchanger that has air pass over
coils that have refrigerant flowing through them. In one home 1700 ff/min of air
enters the heat exchanger at 100 F and atmospheric pressure. It leaves at 68 F and
atmospheric pressure. The cooling is accomplif~ed by R12 evaporating at a
temperature of 40 F and an initial quality of 50%,Yathrated vapor. Determine the
refrigerant flowrate the heat transfer between the air and refrigerant.

Given: A heat exchanger is an open, steady flow system. Air is cooled by flowing
over coils in which R12 is evaporating.

Find: The R12 flowrate and the heat transfer air to R12.

Sketch and Given Data:

e.,z. 7° - - - - ~ - ~ lt12.
_c~_)_: ~ ~~. ' 1
c4
_ __)_ -s•""' .J•,rn--
- - - - - -''
Assumptions: 1) The heat exchanger is a steady, open system.
2) The work is zero.
3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
4) Air is an ideal gas.
5) R12 is a pure substance.
6) The heat transfer to the surroundings is zero.

Analysis: The first law for an open system is

Apply assumptions (2), (3), and (6) yields

Air is an ideal gas, hence .6.h = cPL\ T and

6-215
Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

ma= -p1V1
RTl
=
(
53.34
ft-lb
lbm-R
l '
(14.7 lbt /in2)(144 in2/ft2)(1700 ft3/min)

r (560 R)
.·
.
.
= 120.5
lbm/: .
mm

From the R12 tables

h3 = 49.4 Btu/lbm h4 = 81.4 Btu/lbm

• _ (120.5 lbm/minX0.24 Btu/lbm-R)(560 - 528 R)

IDR12 - -'---------------------------
(81.4 - 49.4 Btu/lbm)

mRt2 = 28.9 lbm/rnin

The first law from the air's control volume subject to assumptions (2) and (3)
is

Q = Iilacp(T2 - T1) = (120.5 lbm/min)(0.24 Btu/lbm-R)(528 - 560 R)

Q = -925.4 Btu/min (heat out of air's CV)

6-216
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.35*

The steam entering a steam turbine flows through a control valve that regulates the
flow. The steam entering the valve has a pressure of 3000 psia and a temperature
of 1000 F. The pressure downstream of the valve is 2000 psia. What is the steam
temperature downstream of the valve?

Given: Steam flows steadily through a regulatory valve and decreases in pressure.

Find: The steam temperature exiting the valve.

Sketch and Given Data:

-,-
'- - J

Assumptions: 1) The valve is a steady, open system.

2) The heat and work are zero.
3) The change of kinetic and potential energies are zero.
4) Steam is a pure substance.

Analysis: The first law for a steady open system is

Q + m(h + ke + pe) 1 = W + m(h + ke + pe) 2

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

The process is a throttling process. From the steam tables. h1 = 1442.6 Btu/lbm
Using h2 = h 1 and p 2 = 2000 psia, enter the steam tables and find T 2 = 949°F.

6-223
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS
I

Problem 6.39* l
An adiabatic axial flow compressor receives 4250 ft'/min of air at 14.6 psia and 65 F
and compresses it to 80 psia and 435 F. The air leaves the compressor and enters
an aftercooler where the temperature decreases to 170 F. Determine the compressor
power in horsepower and the heat removed in the aftercooler in Btu/min.

Given: An air compressor is a steady open system receiving air at known conditions
and discharging it at known conditions. An aftercooler reduces the air's
temperature.

Find: The compressor power and heat rejected in the aftercooler.

Sketch and Given Data:

A~./-e<coc k~
-"/Z')O .ft3/... ,o ,- - - - - - ~- - 7{ P2- = ~0 r~•-
T-z.. = .c:J3f F
14, Co fs,a __c_,)-=iM' C~ ~ f ~' (2) l (3)
-,- ~ J-;o F
')f ( l 3

\;J l
,_ - - ,..__ ,...__ ,,.._
e;,>..
- --.. .,,,,... -.'
Assumptions: 1) The compressor and aftercooler are each steady open system.
2) The heat is zero in the compressor.
3) The work is zero in the aftercooler.
4) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.
5) Air_ is an ideal gas.

Analysis: Consider the compressor. The first law for a steady open system is.

Q+ m(h + ke + pe)1 = W + m(h + ke + pe)2

Apply assumptions (2) and (4).

Air is an ideal gas, hence, .6.h = cP.6. T. The mass flowrate is.

lb
14.6 ~ (4250 ft3/min)(144 in2/ft2)
m= =

(
m

53.34 ft-lb t (525 R)

lbm-R
l = 319.1 lbm/min

6-228
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

W = mcp(T1 - T2) = (319.1 lbm/min) (0,24 Btu ) (525 - 895 R)

lbm-R

W= -28336 B~ = -668.3 hp
mm

Consider the aftercooler. The first law is

6 + m (h + ke + p~)2 = w + m (h + ke + pe) 3

Apply assumptions (3) and (4).

Q = (319.1 lbm/min)(0.24 Btu/1bm-R)(630 - 895 R)

Q = -20,294.8 Btu/min

6-229
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem 6.43*

A 3.5 ft' adiabatic tank contains air at 375 psia and 200 F. The tank develops a small
leak and air escapes. Determine the mass remaining when the pressure is 35 psia and
the temperature of the remaining air.

Given: A tank contains air at a high pressure. A leak occurs and air escapes.

Find: The mass of air remaining when the pressure in 35 psia. The temperature of
the air in tank at this pressure.

Sketch and Given Data:

~- - - -- ...,
! 3,S' ,f.t I 5

, '3'TS' f s,-a : fa= 3S' rsca

_______
I
I
2.00F I
...,I -ri.=?
,

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) No heat or work occurs.
3) Change of kinetic and potential energies are zero.

Analysis: Determine the mass of air in the tank initially.

I
lb
' I
. 2'
375 _r 144 ~ (3.5 ft')
in2

l
P1V1 ft2
m= = = 5.37 lbm
RTl
(53.34 ft-lb r (660 R)
lbm-R

From Equation 6.34 ~

ml
=
(:f 1
35 14
m2 = (5.37 lbm) ( ) · = 0.987 lbm remaining
375

From the reversible adiabatic relationships

(l
T2 = Tl ::
k-1
k = (
660 R) ( 375
35 0.4 l
1.4 = 335.2°R = -124.8°F
i

6-236
 Chapter VI · ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Problem C6.1

Air at 100 kPa and 300°K is compressed in a piston•cylinder to 10% of its initial
volume. Develop a spreadsheet or TK Solver model to compute the final
temperature and pressure for a range of polytropic coefficients between 0 and 2.0.
Plot the final pressure and temperature as a function of n, first with linear scales and
then with log-linear scales.

Given: Air compressed in a piston-cylinder to 10% of its initial volume.

Find: Final temperature and pressure for a range of polytropic coefficients.

Sketch and Given Data:

G) - ® -
100 kP"
0.1 v,
300°K
- -
Assumptions: 1) The air is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Using TK Solver, enter the polytropic process equation, the ideal-gas equation
for the initial and final points, and the relationship between initial and final
volumes in the Rule Sheet. Use the List Solver for a range of polytropic
coefficients and plot the results.

=.....,=---====- RULE SHEET=----======--==--==-=--====--=====

S Rul~------------------------------
"Calculation Units are SI: kPa, degK, rn3/kg, kJ/kg, kJ/kg-K
Pl*vl"'n=P2*v2"'n
Pl*vl=R*Tl
P2*v2=R*T2
v2=vl/CR

6-240
 Chapter VI • ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

=================-=-== VARIABLE SHEET =-=====-=-===----=-=-=--====--===============

St Input- Name- Output- Unit--- Comment---------------
Problem C6.l
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 4/E
M. David Burghardt & James A. Harbach
10 CR Compression Ratio
L 1 n Polytropic Coefficient
.287 R kJ/kg-K Gas constant
.7176 CV kJ/kg-K Constant Volume Specific Heat
1 m kg Mass
100 Pl kPa Initial Pressure
vl .861 m3/kg Initial Specific Volume
300 Tl degK Initial Temperature
L P2 1000 kPa Final Pressure
v2 .0861 m3/kg Final Specific Volume
L T2 300 degK Final Temperature

POLYTROPIC COMPRESSION
10000
I I
I I I I I I I I
9000 ---, --,---~,-- I -- , -- ,---,- I I
I I I I . I I I I I
8000 - - -, - - - I- - - I - - I - - I - - I - - -,- - - I- - - I
I I I I · I I I I I
7000 - - -, - - - ,- - - r - - r - - -,- - -. 7 - - -,- - - r - - r; - -
p I I I I I I I I
2 6000 - - -, - - - ,- - - t- - - -t- - - ;- - - "i - - - , - - - ,- - - t- - -
a
I I I I I I I I I
n 5000 - - _,_ - _,_ - - I- - - +- - - -+ - - --t - - _,_ - -1"-
d I I I I I I I I I
T 4000 - - -1 - __ 1- __ L __ L - _ .l __ J __ -1 _ - - - - L - -
2 I I I I I I I I I
___ I ___ I___ I __ I _ _ I __ ~ · ___ I_ _ I_ _ _ L __
3000
I I I I I I I I
___I ___ I___ I __ I _ _ I _ _ I_ I
2000
I I I I I
I I I I
1000 - - -, . ·- - ,- - - I - - - - -

0
0 .2 .4 .6 .8· 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
n

6-241
 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CWSED. SYSTEMS

POLYTROPIC COMPRESSION
10000
. I I· I .
I ·I I I I I
5000 I I I - I - - I ·- - I. - - -, - -
3000 -___
- -r- - _ ,_ - - 1- - - + - -
I ___ I___ I __ · 1 _ .
-1- - -
J. _
--r....:
2000
I I I I

p
1000 -------------I
I,
1
I
I
I
I -------
1
I
I
2.. · ·- I · - · · .1 · ·• ·· I I ·· · I ·· · .... · ···
a
500 I . -I . - -1- - - I- - - r--
n - - _1 __ · __ ...J ___ I_-:__ _ L __ L - -
300
d I I I I I
200 - - I - - . I - - -1- - -, - - I -
T
2 I I -I .. I I I·
100 r-- I - - I - - I - - -,- - -,- - - I - -
I I I I I I I
50 - - ,- - - r - - r - - , - - 7 - - -1- - - ,- - - r - -
__ - ' - __ 1__ . _ I · _ -· I _ _ I _ _ I ___ I ___ I __ L __
30
I I I I I I I · I I
20 - - -, - - - I- - - r-- I - - I - - I - - -,- - - I - - I - -
I I I I I I
10
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
n

Comments: 1) Using log-linear scales results in a linear plot. An examination of the

polytropic process equation will indicate why.

6-242
 Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

CHAPTER SEVEN

Problem 7.1

A Carnot engine operates with 0.136 kg of air as the working substance. The
pressure and volume at the beginning of isothermal expansion are 2.1 MPa and 9.6
liters, respectively. The air behaves as an ideal gas, the sink temperature is 50°C, and
the heat added is 32 kJ. Determine (a) the source temperature; (b) the cycle
efficiency; (c) the pressure at the end of isothermal expansion; (d) the heat rejected
to the sink per cycle.

Given: A Carnot engine operates on air where states are specified.

Find: The high cycle temperature, the efficiency, the heat out and the pressure at
the end of heat addition.

Sketch and Given Data

M = 0, \ '3 <. \,.~ o..~r

(? I -::. 'Z • I 11--\ ~ c\.

'-J, o, <
-=~•IC>,~ 1~ . = 3
0 ,oo'\(c,v,,,

0
Tc. = So C.

~1111 =- 32 \a.~

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) The cycle operates on sketch shown.

Analysis: From the ideal gas knowing p1 = 2100 kPa, V1 = 0.0096 m3

Ti= ~V = (2100 kN/m

· 2)(0.0096 m)
3 = 516 _5 K
(a)
mR (0.136 kg)(0.287 kJ/kg-K}

The cycle efficiency is

T 323 -, .
(b) 'f/Th =1 - _c =1 - -- = 0.375 or 37.5%
TH 516.5

7-1
 Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

Problem 7.5

A Carnot engine operates between temperatures of 1000°K and 300°K The engine
operates at 2000 revolutions per minute and develops 200 kW. The total engine
displacement is such that the mean effective pressure is 300 kPa. Determine (a) the
cycle efficiency; (b) the heat supplied (kW); (c) the total engine displacement (m3).

Given: A Carnot engine, its power, temperature limits and mean effective pressure.

Find: The cycle efficiency, heat input and total engine displacement volume.

Sketch and Given Data:

T\+::: , ~ K
Tc:.. :::. 3 oo \C.
2 O O O r" f"""'
. ~l ~t = -z..c:ro 1,a,.W

"""' =- 50-0 ~ P~

Assumptions: 1) The engine follows ideal Carnot cycle.

Analysis:. The efficiency of a Carnot cycle is.

(a) r]Th = 1 - TTC = 1 - 300 = 0.70

H 1000 -

The heat added is found from the efficiency.

(200 kW)
(b) 0.70 = Qin = 285.7 kW
Qin
The work per cycle is

(Wnet kW) = {N cycles/sec)(W0 ci kJ/cycle)

(200 kW) = (33.33 cycles/sec)(W0 ec kJ/cycle)

Wnel = 6 kJ

7-7
 Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

The mean effective pressure is

Pm
= -w net

VPD

(c) V PD = 0.020 m3 = 20 liters

7-8

--
..
--------------
. .
- - - -- ----- - - - - - - . - - - -- ----------------
 Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF fflERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

Problem 7.9

A Carnot engine operates between temperature limits of 1200°K and 400°K, using 0.4
kg of air and running at 500 rev/min. The pressure at the beginning of heat addition
is 1500 kPa and at the end of heat addition is 750 kPa. Determine (a) the heat
added per cycle; (b) the heat rejected; (c) the power; (d) the volume at the end of
heat addition; ( e) the meat effective pressure; (f) the thermal efficiency.

Given: A Carnot cycle engine, its temperature limits, rpm and mass of air.

Find: The heat flow in and out of the engine, the power produced, the efficiency
and mean effective pressure and V2•

Sketch and Given Data:

/5°0 0 '* = ~2.tSO K

Tc:,. = .:\OO\~

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) The cycle operates on sketch shown.

Analysis: The cycle thermal efficiency is.

Tc 400
(f) ,,'lb = 1 - -
TH
=1 - -
1200
= 0.667

The heat added occurs in process 1 - 2,

Q,_, = w,_, = ~v,1n(~:) = mRT,In(::)

(a) 0 1•2 = (0.4 kg) 0.287 - kJ ) (1200 K) In (1500)
- = 95.5 kJ/cycle
( kg-K 750

7-12

. . -- ----- --- --------------·

..
---·-------------·-
-········ ------- - ------------ ---------- - -
 Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

The work per cycle is.

wnet = 1]1b Qin = (0.667)(95.5 kJ) = 63.7 kJ/cycle

The power is.

(c) .-
W - N*Wnet - - (8.333 -eye)
sec
(63.7 -eye
kJ ) = 530.8 kW

The heat rejected per cycle is

(b) Oout = 63.7 - 95.5 = -31.8 kJ/cycle

The process for heat addition is constant temperature; for an ideal gas this
is descnbed by p V = C.

(0.4 kg) 0.287 ~ (1200 K)

V1 = _m_RT_1 = kg-K = 0.0918 m3
P1 (1500 kN/m2)

. (d) V, = V, ( ::) = 2V1 = 0.1837 m'

The volume at the end of expansion or BDC is needed to find the mean
effective pressure. The process 2 - 3 is reversible adiabatic, hence,

(T) r-r
1

V3 = V 2 ~
T
= (0.1837 m3) ( 1200 ) lr.41 = 2 8636 m3
400 .
3

Vi,0 =V 3 -. V1 = 2.8636 - 0.0918 = 2.7718 m3

(e) p _ Wnet _ 63.7 k(N m) = 23 _0 kPa

m - VPD - (2.7718 m3)

7-13

. . ..-
----- --- - - - . - - - - -
--------- ---·
 Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

Problem 7.13

A nonpolluting power plant can be constructed using the temperature difference in

the ocean. At the surface of the ocean in tropical climates, the average water
temperature year-round is 30°C. At a depth of 305 m, the temperature is 5.4°C.
Determine the maximum thermal efficiency of such a power plant.

Given: The temperature difference for a ocean thermal difference power plant.

Find: Maximum power plant efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

~ =- S",'\C.
Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown.

Analysis: The maximum thermal efficiency would be that of a Carnot cycle operating
between this temperature limits.

"To = 1 - Tc = 1 - 277.5 = 0.084 = 8.4%

., TH 303 -

7-19

..
~.----·--· ....
 Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

Problem 7.17

A Carnot refrigerator rejects 2500 kJ of heat at 80°C while using 1100 kJ of work.
Find (a) the cycle low temperature; (b) the COP; (c) the heat absorbed.

Given: A refrigerator runs on the reversed Carnot cycle with known heat flow and
work required.

Find: The cycle low temperature, the COP and the heat ~put.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown.

Analysis: From the conseivation of energy for the cycle.

QiD - 2500 = -1100 kJ

(c) QiD = 1400 kJ

(b) (COP)c = 01n = 1400 = 1.27

wnet 1100 -

(a)

7-24

,---------------
. .
------ ---------------- ------
..
- -·-. ·--··-·--·-----~~----·-------- -- -------------·--·------
 Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

Problem 7.21

A Carnot heat pump is being considered for home heating in a location where the
outside temperature may be as low as -35°C. The expected COP for the heat pump
is 1.50. To what temperature could this unit provide heat?

Given: A reversed Carnot cycle acts as a heat pump. The low temperature and
(COP)h are known.

Find: The high cycle temperature.

Sketch and Given Data:

\J 1M.t e~" ~ c .
- ~ c~o't
~i'"-"-
~111\ ~ -3sc

Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown.

Analysis: The (COP)b for a reversed Carnot cycle is.

Ta=714K

7-28

..
. -~-~------·--,-···-
 Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

Problem 7.25

Derive the expression for the .(COP)h for a heat pump operating on the reversed
Carnot cycle.

Given: A reversed Carnot cycle acting as a heat pump.

Find: Derive (COP)h

Sketch and Given Data:

V
Assumptions: 1) Substance is an ideal gas.

2) The cycle operates on sketch shown.

Analysis:

Heat is rejected from 4 - 1.

~ = p,V,ln(~:) = mRTHln(~:)
Heat is added from 2 - 3.

7-32

---- ------------·--------···
.. ---· -- ---------------···-·
 Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

For reversible adiabatic processes, 1 - 2, and 3 - 4.

TH
-Tl -- - -
T2 Tc (~:r
TH
-T4 -- - -
T3 Tc (~:r
... -
v2 - v3
-- or
v1
---v2
Vl v4 v4 Y3

7-33

. . . . ..
- -- - - - - - --- --- --- -- -- -------~.
 Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

Problem 7.29

A Carnot heat engine receives 1000 kJ of heat from a heat reservoir at an unknown
temperature and rejects 400 kJ of heat to a low temperature reservoir at 25°C.
Determine the high temperature and the thermal efficiency.

Given: A Carnot engine receives a known amount of heat and rejects a known
amount of heat at 25°C.

Find: The cycle efficiency and the high cycle temperature.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown.

Analysis: For a Carnot engine, the thermal efficiency is

1000 - 400 = 0.60

1000 -

0.6 = 1 - 298
TH

TH= 745 K

7-37

l-~,---
1_~~~
. .
------------~--------· -- .
..
·-----~
 Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

Problem 7.33

A 8 kW heat pump is designed to maintain a house at 21°C when the outside

temperature is -5,C. The heat loss from the house is estimated to be 85 000 kJ/h for
these temperature conditions. Can the heat pump provide the necessary heat?

Given: A heat pump, the cycle temperature limits and the heating requirements.

Find: Whether heat pump has sufficient capacity.

Sketch and Given Data;

I
t-..1 r..c..t
e1ia.w

Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown.

Analysis: Determine the (COP)h for the actual unit and for a reversed Carnot cycle heat
pump. If the actual (COP)b is less than the Carnot cycle heat pump, then it
is possible to provide the cooling.

Actual (COP) = Qout = (23.61 kW) = 2.95

b Wnet (8 kW) -

Carnot (COP)b = TH = 294 = 11.3

TH - Tc 294 - 268

Yes, the heat pump can provide required heat.

7-41

. . . . ..
- -------------------------~------------·-·
-- - -- - - ------·--··· ----·-- --·-----·------ -
 Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

Problem 7.37

Show for a Carnot cycle engine using an ideal gas as the working substance that
V4V2 = V1V3.

Given: A Carnot cycle using an ideal gas.

Find:

Sketch and Given Data:

V
Assumptions: 1) Substance is an ideal gas.

2) The cycle operates on sketch shown.

Analysis: For the reversible adiabatic processes.

-Tl -- -TH --
T2 Tc (~:r
-T3T4 -- TH
Tc
=
(~:r

7-46

• ~------ •••-••-,---
.. - r - ~ - --
Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

Problem 7.41

A reversed Carnot engine operates between 250 Kand 300 Kand receives 100 kW
of heat at the lower temperature. The power to drive the reversed engine comes
from a Carnot engine operating between 900 K and 300 K Determine the heat input
to the Carnot engine.

Given: A Carnot engine drives a reversed Carnot engine. The heat input to the
reversed engine is known as are the temperature limits of both engines.

Find: The heat supplied to the Carnot engine.

Sketch and Given Data:

300K

3001<.. lOO b.\,/ e 2.SO\(.

Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown.

Analysis: For the reversed cycle engine,

(COP) Tc 250 =5.0

c = T H - T C = 300 - 250

(COP)c = Qin = 100 kW = 5

wnet wnet
Wnec = 20 kW
This is equal to the power output from the Carnot engine.

1/n = 1 - Tc =1 - 300 = 0.667

TH 900

1/n = 0.667 = _w_nec - 20 kW

Qin Qin

7-52
 Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

Problem *7.1

A Carnot engine rejects 1000 Btu/min at 50°F and produces 40 hp. Determine the
temperature of heat addition and the amount of heat flow into the engine.

Given: A Carnot engine, the heat out, temperature out and power produced.

Find: The high cycle temperature and the heat added.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown;

Analysis: Convert the power to Btu/min

Wnet = (40 hp) (42.4 ~tu ) = 1696 Btu/min

mm-hp

Qin = 1696 + 1000 = 2696 BttlJ'rnin

'IJTh = Wnet = 1696 = Q.629

Q.m 2696

TH = 1375°R = 915°F

7-55
 Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

Problem *7.5

The engine in problem *7.4 is used to drive a heat pump which receives 250 Btu's
from the low temperature heat reservoir. It rejects heat at 100°F; determine the
temperature of the heat that is added.

Given: A Carnot engine drives a reversed Carnot engine. Acting as a heat pump.
The heat in is given as the high temperature.

Find: The low temperature of the reversed Carnot engine.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown.

Analysis: Determine the (COP)h from the energies, then find Tc.

Qout = Wnet + Qin = 328.7 Btu

328 7
(COP)b = · = 4.18
78.7

TC = 426°R = -34°F

7-59

·-
- .
----------
- ..
-------··
Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

Problem 7.9*

Determine .the minimum power required to provide 180 Btu/min of cooling at 0°F
while the surrounding air is at 75°F.

Given: A reversed Carnot cycle, the cooling load and the temperature limits.

Find: The power required.

Sketch and Given Data:

~l~-t \Gi...i~ eJ
----; ~ t
~,,IA.~
Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown.

Analysis: For a reversed Carnot cycle.

Tc 460 = 6.13
(COP)c = T - T = 535 -460
H c

(COP)c = 6_13 = Qm = (180 Btu/min)

wnct wnct

Wnct = 29.36 B~ = 0.69 hp

mm

7-64

. .
- - - - ~ ---------··-- ·-· ··--· -----------·-----·-· -····
..
I

I
J Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

Problem 7.13*

The inventor of a new refrigerator claims to have maintained at cooled space at 32°F
in surrounding air of 77°F while maintaining a COPc of 7.0. Is this reasonable?

Given: The (COP)c of a refrigerator and the temperature limits it operates between.

Find: Whether the (COP)c is reasonable.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown.

Analysis: Find the (COP)c of a reversed Carnot cycle. If the actual refrigerator is less
than this, the claims are reasonable.

(COP) =T Tc
- T
=. 492 = 10.9
C
H C
537 - 492

Therefore, claims are reasonable.

7-68

..
·--·------------···---~ -----· -----------·-· --
 Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

Problem 7.17*

It is desired to double the (COP)c of a reversed Carnot engine by raising the

temperature of heat addition for a fixed high temperature. What percent must the
low temperature be raised?

Given: A reversed Carnot engine with a fixed high temperature and a variable low
temperature.

Find: The percent Tc must be raised to double the (COP)c•

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown.

Analysis: The (COP)c is

(COP)c = T
H
~T C

T"
10.0 = C

T H - T"C

The percent change in Tc is % change = (o.9o9 - 0, 833)(lOO) = 9.1 %

0.833

7-72

.. . .. --,----------
 Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

Problem 7.21*

A Carnot cycle engine using 1 lbm of air has the following conditions: heat addition
beginning at 2200 psia and 2200 R and continuing until the pressure is 1400 psia;
isothermal compression from 14.7 psia and 540 Rand continuing until the pressure
is 23.1 psia. Determine:

a) the heat transfer into the cycle;

b) the heat transfer from the cycle;
c) the work for each of the processes;
d) the cycle efficiency.

Given: A Carnot engine with its cycle state points.

Find: The heat flows, the process work and the cycle efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

I lb- a~r
P, -= 2. -z.o-o r' ca.
T, :::. "2,..2..0C le!.
P2. =- ,..q co r-s,~
p 3 ::: \-1,7 psta
T"!. = S4cR
p.q :::. 2 '3.,l f's,a•

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) The cycle operates on sketch shown.

Analysis: The Carnot cycle efficiency is.

Tc 540
d) rJTh = 1 - - =1 - - = 0.755
TH 2200 -

Proceed around the cycle, solving for the heat and work terms. The process
1 - 2 is constant temperature.

7-76
 Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

Problem 7.25*

A reversed Carnot engine operates between 440 R and 540 R and receives 500
Btu/min of heat at the lower temperature. The power to drive the reversed engine
comes from a Carnot engine operating between 1600 R and 540 R. Determine the
heat input to the Carnot engine.

Given: A Carnot engine drives a reversed Carnot engine. The heat input to the
reversed engine is k?own as are the temperature limits of both engines.

Find: The heat supplied to the Carnot engine.

Sketch and Given Data:

Wiu.~ Re.ve.--s~
;- --i-:~ Cwut:
~,He..

Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown.

Analysis: For the reversed cycle engine,

T 440
(COP)c = TH ~ T = 540
C
- 440 = 4.4

(COP)c = Qin = 500 Btu/min = 4.4

. wnet wnet

Vinet = 2200 Btu/min

This is equal to the power output from the Carnot engine.

Qin = 3318 Btu/min

7-84
I
I ~.--
 Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

Problem C7.1
I
I
',

Develop a TK Solver or spreadsheet model to analyze the Carnot cycle. For the
cycle conditions in Example 7.3, vary the heat supplied to the cycle between 25 and
300 kJ/kg and plot the pressures at the end of the heat addition and expansion
processes.

Given: Carnot cycle operating on air between temperatures of 940°K and 300°K

Find: Pressures at end of heat addition and expansion processes for a range of heat
supplied between 25 to 300 kJ/kg.

Sketch and Given Data:

Tt, = '140°1(
Tc :: 3oo°K
3

Assumptions: 1) Air is in equilibrium.

2) Air behaves as an ideal gas.

Analysis: Using TK Solver, enter the cycle equations as shown on the Rule Sheet below.
The equations include the ideal gas equation for each point, equations, for the
constant temperature and reversible adiabatic processes, and the first law
relationships. Using the List Solver, P2 and P3 are calculated for a range of
heat inputs. Plot results.

7-87

. . ..·-··
-- ------- -
--~--------·--·-- ---·--
 Chapter VII- SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE

VARIABLE SHEET
St Input-- Bame--- Output- Unit Conment
Problem C7.l
ENGIBEERIBG 'lBERMODYBAMICS 4/E
M. David Burghardt & James A. Harbach
.287 R kJ/kg-K Gas Constant
1.4 k Specific Heat Ratio
940 Th degK Temperature - High
300 Tc degK Temperature - Low
L 84 012 kJ/kg Heat Supplied
Q34 -26.809 kJ/kg Heat Rejected
Wnet 57.191 kJ/kg Bet Work
Eth .68085 Thermal Efficiency
COPref .46875 COP of Refrigeration System
COPhp 1.4688 COP of Heat Pump System
8400 Pl kPa Pressure
vl .032117 m3/kg Specific Volume
Tl 940 · degK Temperature
L P2 6152.6 kPa Pressure
v2 .043848 m3/kg Speeific: Volume
T2 940 · degK Temperature
L P3 112.99 kPa Pressure
v3 .76203 m3/kg Specific Volume
T3 300 degK Temperature
P4 154.26 kPa Pressure
v4 .55814 m3/kg Specific: Volume
T4 300 degK Temperature

- - - - - - - - - - RULE SHEET ---------================-==

S Rule-----------------------------------
Pl*vl=R*Tl
P2*v2=R*T2
P3*v3=R*T3
P4*v4=R*T4
Ql2=Pl*vl*LR(v2/vl)
Q34=P3*v3*LB(v4/v3)
P2*v2"'k=P3*v3"k
P4*v4"'k=Pl*vl"'k
Tl='l'2
T3='1'4
'l'h='l'l
Tc:='1'3
Wnet=Ql2+Q34
Eth=('l'h-'l'c)/Th
COPref=Tc/(Th-'l'c)
COPhp=Th/('l'h-'l'c)

7-88
- --- - - - - - - · - ---···· - -- ---
..
-----------··
Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND TIIE CARNOT CYCLE

Problem C7.1
8000 . - - - - I- - - - -I - - - - -I
- - - -I- - - - -I - - - ~

7500 - - - - - I - - - - L - - - - · ' - - - - - L - - - - .l - - - - -
I I I I I
7000 - - - - - - - - - - ..L - - - - -' - - - - - L - - - - .1. - - - - -
I I I I I
6500 - - - - - J - - - l. - - - - - - - - L - - - - .1. - - - - -
_J -
I I I I I
6000 - - - - - ,_ - - - ..!.. - - - - -I - - - - - I- - - - - -l. - _ _ _ _
I I I I
p 5500 -----G----~----~-----~----4-----
1 I I I I
2
5000 -----1-----+--- ~- . - - - 1 - - - - - - + - - - - -
I I I I
4500 - - - - - I- - - - - +- - - - -1 -
I I I I
4000 - - - - - ,- - - - - t- - - - - -r - - - - - - - - - -t - - - - -
I l I I I
3500 - - - - - 1- - - - - t" - - - - -, - - - - - r- - - -
I I I I I
3000 - - - - - r - - - - T - - - - , - - - - - r - - - - ,- - -
2500 .___ _ _ _
I _ _ _ _I_ _ _ _ _
I ____I _ _ _ _ _ _ _____J
0 so 100 150 200 250 300
Oin

C7.l Problem
150 r---------------------------
1
140 - - , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -,- - - - -
I

I I I
I I
130 - - - - .- I - - - - - ,- - - - - I - - - - -,- - - - -
I I I I I
120 - - - - - r - - - i - - - - -1- - - - - T - - - - -,- - - - -
. I I I I I
110 - - - - -:- t- - - - -t - - - - - ,- - ___ -t ____ -,- -·- ·- _
I I I I
p 100
3 - :- - - - 1-· - - .- -. -I- -. - - -1- - - - - -+ - - - - -1- - - - -
. I I I I I
90 - - - - - L - - ._ - .J - - - - 1- - - .:._ - ..I. - - - - _f_ - - - -
I I I I I
80 - -: - - - L - - - _ .1 _____ I_ _ _ _ J. _____ I ____ _
I I I I I
I I I I
70 I I - ,- - - - - I - - - - - ,- - - - -
I I · . .. ... I I I
60 - - - - - ,- - - - - 1 - - - - - ,- - - -- - 1· - - - - -,
I I I·· I
50 0 '---------------------------..:::::::l
50 100 150 200 250 300
Oln

7-89

-~~------~-
..
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

CHAPTER EIGHT

Problem 8.1

Two kilograms of a gas are cooled from 500°C to 200°C at constant pressure in a
heat exchanger. Determine the change of entropy for (a) air; (b) carbon dioxide;
(c) helium.

Given: An ideal gas is cooled at constant pressure.

Find: The entropy change.

Sketch and Given Data:

-r
..:,0-0

Assumptions: 1) The gases are ideal gases.

2) The process is constant pressure.

Analysis: The change of entropy of an ideal gas is

for constant pressure

S2 - S1 = mc, In(~:)
(a) Air

473
S2 - S1 = (2 kg) (1.0047 ~ ) In ( ) = -0.987 kJ
kg-K 773 K

8-1
Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

(b) Carbon dioxide

473
(S2 - S1) = (2 kg) (o.844 ~ ) In (
kg-K 773
) = -0.829 kJ
K

(c) Helium

(S2 - S1) = (2 kg) (5.1954 ~i

kg-K
In (
473
773
) = -5.104 kJ
K

Comments: 1) The change of entropy is negative because the heat leaves the
system reversibly. The change of entropy varies dramatically
from substance to substance for the same temperature limits.

8-2

- -
..
···-------------------------··-------
. .- - - -----------·.
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.5

A piston-cylinder arrangement has been developed to compress air adiabatically from

30°C and 100 kPa with 120 kJ/kg of work. Is this possible?

Given: Air is supposedly compressed adiabatically between two states.

Find: If the process is possible.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) The process is illustrated in the sketch.
3) Air is a closed system.
4) Q= 0
5) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.

Analysis: The first law for a closed system

q =Au+ w

Au = -w = -( -120) = +120 kJ/kg

For an ideal gas.

Au = cv (T2 - T 1) = (0.7176 kJ/kg-K)(.6.T K) = 120 kJ

kg

AT = 167.2 K
T 2 = 470.2 K

Knowing the temperatures and pressures at both states, calculate the entropy
change. It must be greater than or equal to zero for the process to be
possible.

8-8

-------·---- ------
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

S2 - S1 = 0.01 kJ/kg-K

hence the process is possible.

8-9
I
Chapter VIII - ENTROPY
I·
1
Problem 8.9

When air is throttled, there is an entropy increase. For 2 kg/s of air the entropy
increases by 0.06 kW/K. Determine the pressure ratio of final to initial for this to
occur.

Given: Air is throttled across a valve and the entropy change is given.

Find: The pressure ratio across the valve.

Sketch and Given Data:

(:52: 5 t) = 0 , 0 (o ~w
t.C
( l) ' - - - - I (-z.)

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
3) The heat is zero.
4) The system is a steady-state open system.

Analysis: The expression for the entropy change for an ideal gas is

For a throttling process, h2 = h1, and for an ideal gas cP T2 = cP T1, hence
T2 = T1,

m(s, - s,) = -m R In (::)

(0.06 k;') = -(2 kg/s)(0.287 k.J/kg-K) In ( ::)

p2 = 0.90
P1

8-16

- .
----~-----•-····-----~----···--·-----------------···
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.13

Two kilograms of an ideal gas, R = 317 J/kg K and k = 1.26, are contained in a rigid
cylinder; 21.1 kJ of heat are added to the gas, which has an initial temperature of
305°K. Determine (a) the final temperature; (b) the change of entropy; (c) the
change of enthalpy; (d) the change if internal energy.

Given: An ideal gas is contained in a constant volume cylinder and heat is added.

Find: The change of entropy, enthalpy, internal energy and the final temperature.

Sketch and Given Data:

T-z.
~ = o, S 1 'c '2.,l/h1 -K
T k.::.f,'2..~
aos Wl=-z_~

9 =- 2.1. \ L~

Assumptions: 1) The gas is ideal.

2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
3) The system is closed.
4) The work is zero (V = c)

Analysis: The first law for a closed system is

Q = .6.U + .6.KE + .6.PE + W

Apply assumptions 1, 2 and 4.

R = 0.317 kJ/kg-K = cP - Cy cP = 1.5362 kJ/kg-K

I
k = 1.26 = Cp/Cy Cv = 1.2192 kJ/kg-K
!

Q = m(u2 - u 1) = mev(T2 - T1)

(21.1 kJ) = (2 kg)(l.2192 kJ/kg-K)(T2 - 305)

(a) T2 = 313.6 K

(d) .6.U = Q = 21.1 kJ

8-21
. i

Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

(c) L\H = 26.4 kJ

(b) L\S = (2 kg) (1.2192 ~i

kg-K
In (
313 6
· )
305
= 0.068 kJ
- ·- K

8-22
 Chapter VIII· ENTROPY

Problem 8.17

If 2.06 kilograms of steam expand adiabatically from a volume of 0.234 m 3 and a

temperature of 300°C to a pressure of 125 kPa, determine (a) for reversible adiabatic
expansion the work, the initial pressure, and the final quality; (b) for irreversible
expansion--where the final quality is 100%--find the work, the initial pressure, and
the change of entropy.

Given: Steam expands adiabatically in a closed system from an initial to a final state.

Find: The work done, the initial pressure and final steam quality for isentropic
expansion. Find the work, initial pressure and entropy change for an
irreversible process.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and a closed system.

2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
3) The heat is zero.

Analysis: The specific volume at state 1 is

v = V = (0.234m3) = 0.1136 m3fkg

1
m (2.06 kg)

From STEAM.TK or the superheat tables, knowing T 1 = 300°C

U1 = 2769.0 kJ/kg S1 :.: 6.7160 kJ/kg-K

P1 = 2197.8 kPa
The first law for a closed system is

Q = AU + AKE + APE + W

8-27

-
..
---···------------~------·-·····-· ----
Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Apply assumptions 2 and 3

The final steam state is found knowing p2 and s2 = s1• From the saturated
region, or using STEAM.TK.

U2 = 2314.9 kJ/kg
W = -(2.06 kg)(2314.9 - 2769.0 kJ/kg) = +935.4 kJ
(b) For the irreversible case where p 2 = 125 kPa
U2 = U8 = 2513.6 kJ/kg S2 = s8 = 7.2834 kJ/kg-K

The initial state is the same as part (a). The work is,

W = -AU = -m(Ui - u 1) = -(2.06 kg)(2513.6 - 2769.0 kJ/kg)

W = +526.1 kJ
AS = m(s2 - s1) = (2.06 kg)(7.2834 - 6.7160 kJ/kg-K)

AS = 1.1688 kJ/K

8-28
Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.21

A natural gas pipeline distributes gas throughout the country, pumped by large gas-
turbine-driven centrifugal compressors. Assume that the natural gas is methane, the
pipe diameter is 0.2 m, and the gas enters the compressor at 300°K and 105 kPa.
The velocity of the methane entering the compressor is 4 m/s. The compression
process is isentropic and the discharge pressure is 700 kPa. Determine (a) the
discharge temperature; (b) the mass flowrate; (c) the power required.

Given: Methane is compressed isentropically between two states in a steady flow

compressed.

Find: The discharge temperature, flowrate and required power.

Sketch and Given Data:

C\+~
d,=0,2.rY>
I (z.\
300(<
/ o :s la.Pa
~ 'M/'!>
}
- - ..__,...
I
~-=o
.,,,,_= C
Assumptions: 1) Methane is an ideal gas.
2) The compressor is a steady, open system.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
4) The heat is zero.

Analysis: For an isentropic process for an ideal gas.

k-t 0321

(a) T2 = T 1 p 2
T = (300 K) (?OO) r.m = 475.7 K
( p 1) 105

The conservation of mass equation is

rll = Aviv

The specific volume at state 1 is

v = RT1 _ (0.5183 kJ/kg-K)(300 K) = 1.481 m3/kg

1
P1 (105 kN/m 2)

8-34

----------·--- ---------·- ·-··· ___ -__.-

___ - - _=-------·--...._...._...._....._....._.._-__-_________
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

(b) Ii::t = (.n)(0.2 m)2(4 m/s) = 0.0848 kg/s

(4)(1.481 m3/kg)

The first law for an open steady system is

Q + IiI (h + ke + pe) 1 = W = IiI (h + ke + pe) 2

Apply assumptions 3 and 4

W = m(h1 - h2) = IiI cp (T1 - T2)

W = (0.0848 kg/s)(2.1347 kJ/kg-K)(300 - 475.7 K)

(c) W = -31.8 kW

8-35
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.25

Two kg/s of saturated steam at 200°C are condensed to a saturated liquid. The
coolant is R12, which is vaporized at 30°C. Determine (a) the mass flowrate of R12
vaporized; (b) the change of entropy of the steam and of Rl2.

Given: Steam is steadily condensed in a heat exchanger by R12 which vaporizes.

Find: The R12 flowrate, the entropy change of the steam and R12.

Sketch and Given Data:

2 te, {.s .s-bh-\

(r) 2.0"'0 "'C ~o1• v"frr
~\C.
-s-.a+. '''b· I
I 12\'2.
30°c----:~--
(3) I , ( 1 ) sa.+vd.pcr
I I 30°L

Assumptions: 1) Steam and R12 are pure substances.

2) The heat exchanger is a steady open system.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
4) The heat is zero.
5) The work is zero.

.Analysis: From the R12 tables for saturated refrigerant.

. kJ
h3 = 64.539 - h4 = 199.475 kJ/kg
kg

kJ
S3 = 0.2397 -
kg-K
S4 = 0.6848 kJ/kg-K
From the steam tables for saturated steam.

h1 = 2793.3 kJ/kg h2 = 852.6 kJ/kg

S1 = 6.4312 kJ/kg-K s2 = 2.3295 kJ/kg-K

8-40

--··-·
..
-------------~---·-·---------------~~
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

The first law for steady open systems is

+ mR12 (h + ke + pe)4

Apply assumptions 3, 4, and 5.

mR12 = ms (ht - ~)
h4 - h3

(a) (2 kg/s)(2793.3 - 852.6 kJ/kg) = 28 _76 kg/s

(199.475 - 64.539 kJ/kg)

The steam entropy change is.

(b) A$,tm = m 5
(s2 - s1) = (2 kg/s) (2.3295 - 6.4312 ~i
kg-K
= -8.20 kW
K

The R12 entropy change is.

(b) .6.SR12 = mR12 (s4 - s3) = (28.76 kg/s) (o,6848 - 0.2397 ~ ) = +12.80 kW
kg-K K

The net entropy change is.

8-41
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.29

A Carnot cycle receives 1000 kJ of heat while operating between temperature limits
of 1000°K and 500°K Determine the entropy change during heat addition.

Given: A Carnot cycle receives heat at a known temperature.

Find: The entropy change during heat addition.

Sketch and Given Data:

T
/000

(k)

:s
Assumptions: 1) The process is illustrated in the sketch.

Analysis: For isothermal heat addition.

Q = TaS

as = Q = 1000 kJ = 1.0 kJ
T 1000 K - K

8-47

. . ..- - - - - - -
-----~--~------ ----- - ~ - -- - - - - -
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.33

An adiabatic tank is partitioned into two equal volumes, one containing 0.5 kg of
saturated steam at 200 kPa and the other totally evacuated. The partition is
removed. What is the entropy change of the steam?

Given: An adiabatic tank contains two compartments, one holding saturated steam
and the other empty. The partition between the compartments is removed.

Find: The steam's entropy change.

Sketch and Given Data:

-- - .,,,... - - - ... (
0 ,S" ~~
'
) S<.\.f • S~a. '°"'
l
I
( ~o--o k.Pa \

-
t
)

Assumptions:
I

1)
-- - - ·--· ....
)

The two compartments form a constant volume closed system.

2) Steam is a pure substance.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
4) Heat and work are zero.

Analysis: Determine the steam properties at state 1.

U1 = 2529.6 kJ/kg S1 = 7.1267 kJ/kg-K V1 = 0.8858 m3/kg

The total system volume is

V = 2 mv, = (2)(0.5 kg) (0.8858 :; ) = 0.8858 m'

The specific volume at state 2 is

3
V
2
= V2 = (0.8858 m) = 1.7716 m3/kg
m (0.5 kg)

The first law for a closed system is

Q = AU + AKE + APE + W

Apply assumptions 3 and 4.

8-53

-
..
. ---~-·-----------·-··· .
Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Therefore state 2 is defined by knowing u2 and v 2 • From the superheated

steam tables, find

S2 = 7.4440 p2 = 100 kPa

The entropy change is

dS = m(s2 - s1) = (0.5 kg)(7.4440 - 7.1267 kJ/kg-K)

dS = 0.159 kJ/K

8-54
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.37

A direct contact heat exchanger receives saturated steam at 300 kPa and 20 kg/s of
water at 300 kPa and 80°C. Water leaves the heat exchanger as a saturated liquid
at 300 kPa. Determine the entropy production.

Given: A direct contact heat exchanger with steam and water states given.

Find: The entropy production.

Sketch and Given Data:

,3cso 4Pa
.:5of 1/c:lDO"r
-- -
I (.I)

-9"°/,.f?A
8~t - '
ci5 ; I
--------
Assumptions: 1) Water is a pure substance.
2) · The heat and work are zero.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
4) The heat exchanger is a steady, open system.

Analysis: Determine the enthalpy and entropy values at the three condition.

kJ
h 1 = h3 @ 300 kPa = 2725.5 - Si= s,@300 kPa = 6.9919 k:J/kg-K
kg

h2 = h,@ 80°C = 335.7 kJ/kg S2 = Sr @ 80°C = 1.0751 k:J/kg-K

kJ
h 3 = hr @ 300 kPa = 561.2 kJ/kg s3 = Sr @ 300 kPa = 1.6698 - -
kg-K

Determine the steam flowrate from a first law analysis on the control volume.

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

8-61

, -. . .
--- -------------··-------------------- -
---------,-
. :-.
Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

(ril 1 kg/s)(2725.5 kJ/kg) + (20 kg/s)(335.7 kJ/kg) = (20 + Ii1 1 kg/s)(561.2 kJ/kg)

ril3 = 22.08 kg/s

Applying Equation 8.41

dS"' =Ln _Qi + m.

_
. s. - m. s + ~.:,
AC'
rod
dt . T. m m out out p
I=l I

for steady-state, adiabatic conditions this reduces to

ll.Sprod = (22.08 kg/s)(l.6698 kJ/kg-K) - (20 kg/s) (t.0751 ~i

kg-K

- (2.os kJ)s (6,9919 ~ )

kg-K

kW
ilS rod
P
= 0.824 -
K

8-62
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.41

A non-adiabatic nozzle accelerates R12 from negligible inlet velocity to an exit

velocity of 250 m/s. The inlet pressure is 600 kPa and inlet temperature is 100°C.
The exit pressure is 100 kPa. The exit temperature of the refrigerant is 50°C. What
heat must be added to the nozzle during the expansion process?

Given: A non adiabatic nozzle accelerates R12 to a final velocity while receiving heat.

Find: The heat added per unit mass.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) The nozzle is an open, steady system.

2) R12 is a pure substance.
3) Change of potential energies are zero.
4) The work is zero.

Analysis: Determine the R12 property values from the tables.

h1 = 251.2 kJ/kg h2 = 222.6 kJ/kg

The first law analysis yields

Q + Ih (h + ke + pe) 1 = W = m (h + ke + pe) 2

Apply assumptions 3 and 4.

Q = m[(h2 - h1) + ke2J

q = (h2 - h1) + ke 2
(250 m/s)2
q = (222.6 - 251.2 kJ/kg) + (2)(1000 J/kJ)

q = 2.65 kJ/kg
8-69

. --·--·---·-·----·--·-· --------
..
-------------···- ·- -- - - - ---~ - -
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.45

A two kilogram adiabatic container has an average specific heat of 3.5 kJ/kg-Kand
an initial temperature of 300°K and is dropped 2 km from a balloon. Determine the
change of entropy of the container.

Given: An adiabatic container is dropped from an elevation and hits the ground.

Find: The entropy change of the container.

Sketch and Given Data:

J
Assumptions: 1) The container is a closed system.
2) The change of kinetic energy is zero.
3) The heat and work are zero.

Analysis: From a first law analysis find T2•

Q = AU + AKE + APE + W

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

0 =AU+ APE

0 = (3.5 kJ/kg-K)(T2 - 300 K) + (9.8 m/s2)(0 - 2000 m)

(1000 J/kJ)

T2 = 305.6 K

as = m C In (;:) = (2 kg)(3.5 k:K) In ( 3!o6)

AS = 0.129 kJ/K

8-75
Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.49

A 7.5 kW compressor handles 2.4 kg/min of air from 100 kPa and 290 K to 600 kPa
and 440 K The surroundings temperature is 290 K. Determine: a) the entropy
change of the air in the compressor; b) the entropy change of the surroundings; c)
the entropy production.

Given: An air compressor steadily compresses air between two states. The
surroundings temperature is known.

Find: The entropy change of air passing through the compressor, the surroundings
entropy change and the entropy production.

Sketch and Given Data:

~ = 290 .k.
A-,'t"
-Z,4 lcalk1i,\ ---------..
/0-0 k...Pci
21/ok
---
Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.
2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
3) The compressor is a steady-state, open system.

Analysis: The compression process may not be assumed reversible as the actual power
used is known. The first law for an open system may be used to find the heat
transfer.

Q + m (h + ke + pe)1 =W = m (h + ke + pe) 2

Apply assumption 2

Q = -(7.5 kW)
_
+ ( Z.4 kg) (t.0047
60 s
_E_)
kg-K
( 440 - 290 K)

8-80

.
-
.
--------·-··· - --------
..
-
-------- - --------···---·-···
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Q = -1.47 kW (heat out)

The entropy change of the air is

L\S., = m(s, - s1) = Ih c, ln (;:) - Ih R In (::)

440
8Sair = (0.04 kg/s) (1.0047 ~ ) ln (
kg-K 290
)

6
- (0.04 kg/s)(0.287 kJ/kg-K) ln ( 00)
100

(a) 8Sair = -0.0038 kW/K

The entropy change of surroundings is

(b) 8S = Q = +l.47 kW = 0.0051 kW

surr T 290 K K

(c) 8Sprod = L 8$i = +0.0051 - 0.0038 = 0.0013 kW

K

8-81
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.53

A piston/cylinder contains 0.1 kg of steam at 1000 kPa and 300°C and expands
adiabatically to 100 kPa. What is the maximum work that the steam can produce in
the expansion process?

Given: A piston/cylinder contains steam and expands adiabatically between two states.

Find: The maximum work.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and forms a closed system.

2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
3) The heat is zero.

Analysis: The maximum work occurs where the process is reversible adiabatic, or
isentropic. The first law is

Q = .6.U + .6.KE + .6.PE + W

Apply assumptions 2 and 3

U1 = 2793.5 kJ/kg s1 = 7.1228 kJ/kg-K

kJ kJ
82 = S1 = 7.1228 - -
kg-K
U2 = 2424.9 -
kg
X2 = 0.961
-W = (0.1 kg)(2424.9 - 2793.5 kJ/kg)

w = +36.9 kJ

8-87
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.57

During the heat addition process of a Carnot Engine, the cycle temperature is 800°K
and the reservoir supplying the heat is· constant at 1000°K 1500 kJ of heat are
transferred. Determine the entropy change of the system, the reservoir and the
entropy production.

Given: A constant temperature reservoir provides heat to a Carnot engine.

Find: The entropy change of the reservoir and engine and the entropy production.

Sketch and Given Data:

-r a..
/000

I t - - - - + I- - - - 'Z..

~\11'-t..
11+.::.Bao K " " - - - - - ,- - i "5
I I 1
,I- ~
cJ a e s
Assumptions: 1) The heat transfer occurs at constant temperature.

Analysis: For T = C heat transfer AS = Off.

AS = -1500 kJ = -1.5 kJ/K.

res 1000 K -

AS + l 500 kJ = +1 875 kJ/K.

camot = 800 K ---•---

ASProc1 = '{""
L.i
AS.J = 1.875 - 1.5 = +0.375 kJ
K

Note areas abed and 12ed must be equal (first law). They can be only if there
is a net entropy increase.

8-91

. . ..
--------·
----------- --- ----------------·· -
Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.61

Air is flowing through an adiabatic, horizontal duct. Measurements at the "A" end
indicate a temperature of 340°K, a pressure of 105 kPa and a velocity of 75 m/s. At
the "B" end of duct the temperature is 300°K, the pressure is 90 kPa and the velocity
is 305 m/s. What is the flow direction, A to B or B to A?

Given: Air is flowing through a duct from A to B with various properties given at
each location.

Find: The flow direction.

Sketch and Given Data:

A,e.. "A' ~=O 's'

I
... =-
I 3aoK
340\<
9o k.Pti
l o.s re.Pd
7S IM./s
aos- (1,\/s
-- - - - - - - -- - .
I
I I
-=

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) The change in potential energy is zero.
3) The heat is zero.

Analysis: The flow could be expansive or compressive. Find the entropy change A to.
B. It must be greater than or equal to zero in the direction of flow for
adiabatic flow from the second law.

300
SB - SA = (1.0047 ,2:!__)
kg-K
In (
340
) - (o.287 ,2:!__)
kg-K
In (~)
105

SB - SA = -0.082 kJ/kg-K

The flow is not from A to B, rather it is compressive from B to A.

8-98
Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.65

A compressor receives 0.2 m3/s of air at 27°C and 100 kPa and compresses it 700 kPa
and 290°C. Heat loss per unit mass from the compressor surface at 100°C is 20
k:J/kg. Determine the power required, neglecting changes in potential and kinetic
energies. Determine the entropy production for the compressor.

Given: Air is steadily compressed between two states. Heat transfer occurs from the
compressor.

Find: The power required and the entropy production.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) The compressor is a steady, open system.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.

Analysis: Perform a first law analysis to find the power. One cannot assume the process
f
is reversible and evaluate the work from - vdp. The first law is.

Q + :ri1 (h + ke + pe)1 = W • :ri1 (h + ke + pe)2

Apply assumption 3.

2 3
:ri1 = P1V = (100 kN/m )(0.2 m /s) = 0232 kg/s
RT1 (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(300 K)

8-104
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

W = (0.232 kg/s) (t.0047 ~ ) (300 - 563)

kg-K .

+ (.232 kg/s)(-20 kJ/kg)

W = -65.9 kW
From the second law for steady open systems, Equation 8.42

m(s, - s,) = m c, In (;:) - m R In (::)

. 2
m(s - s1) = ( .232 -kg) ( 1.0047· - kJ ) In (563)
s kg-K
-
300

700
- (0.232 kg) (o.287 ~ ) In ( )
s kg-K 100

Q = (0.232 kg/s)(-20 kJ/kg) = _ _ kW

0 0124
T (373 K) K

A$proc1 = 0.0172 + 0.0124 = 0.0296 kW

K

.. - --- - ------ ----------------· -·-

Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem *8.1

Oxygen is heated at constant volume from 50 psia and 100°F to 500°F. Determine
the change of entropy per unit mass.

Given: A unit mass of oxygen is heated at constant volume.

Find: The change of entropy.

Sketch and Given Data:

T
/(Jc)F

Assumptions: 1) Oxygen is an ideal gas with constant specific heats and forms a
closed system.

Analysis: The change of specific entropy for an ideal gas is

I)

(~ • ~) = c, m (;;) + ~ ~'.)

960
.6.s = (0.1573 Btu ) In ( ) = 0.0848 Btu
lbm-R 560 lbm-R

8-108
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem *8.5

Air is contained in a 1 ft3 tank at 2000 psia and 200°F. It is cooled by the
surroundings until it reaches the surrounding temperature of 70°F. Considering the
tank and the surroundings as an isolated system, what is the net entropy change?

Given: Air is cooled at constant volume. The surroundings temperature is known.

Find: The entropy production.

Sketch and Given Data:

_____ ..... --,
• A,r -1~ = 70° F
' f-(:.~ 7;::::: 70'1=
1
zazro fSta' 1
f zo-oF I
- ....... -.-..._...l.

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
3) The work is zero.
4) The air forms a closed system.

Analysis: Find the mass of air in the tank and then its entropy change. The heat
transferred is needed to find the surroundings entropy change.

(2000 lb/in2)(144 in2/ft 2)(1 ft 3) ·

= - - - - - - - - - - - = 8.1 8 lbm
53.34 ft-lbr ) (660 R)
( lbm-R

(;:) + m ~ o

530
ASair = (8.18 lbm) (0,1714 Btu ) in ( ) = -0.308 Btu
lbm-R 660 R

The heat transfer is found from the first law

Q = AU + AKE + APE + W

8-113

.. ------~---
----- - - - - - - - - -------------·---- ----- -·· .---------
Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

Q = 8U = m cV (T2 - T 1)

= (8.18 lbm) (o.1714 l

Btu (530 - 660 R)
lbm-R

Q = -182.3 Btu
The amount of heat flows into the surroundings or

Qsurr = +182.3 Btu

8S = Q = (182.3 Btu) = +0.344 Btu

surr T (530 R) R

Btu
8Sprod = 0.344 - 0.308 = +0.036 R

8-114
Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem *8.9

A chemical process requires 5000 lbm/hr of hot water at 180°F and 25 psia. Steam
is available at 100 psia and 90% quality, and water is available at 100 psia and 70°F.
The steam and water are mixed in an adiabatic chamber, with the hot water exiting.
Determine the net entropy change.

Given: The adiabatic mixing of steam and water produces hot water at desired
conditions. The steam and water states are known.

Find: The entropy production.

Sketch and Given Data:

/ITO f ,,~ (1) - -- - - -
;it::::. fo?o 1
C ~A\IA8ete-1 ls)
,----
1
,.S-0'1)-0

(900
//;,1>-1,/~,-
0 z. ~~Id
l

'
Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance.
2) The mixing chamber is a steady open system.
3) The heat and work are zero.
4) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.

Analysis: Determine the enthalpy and entropy at states 1, 2, 3, steam at states 2 and 3
is a subcooled liquid.

h2 = he @ 70°F = 37.7 Btu/lbm S2 = Sc @ 70°F = 0.0735 Btu

lbm-R

h3 = h1 @ 180°F = 148.4 Btu/lbm S3 = Sc @ 180°F = 0.2631 Btu

lbm-R

. Btu
h1 = 1098.9 Btu/lbm S1 = 1.4904 - -
lbm-R

Perform a first law analysis to find the ·mass flowrates into the mixing
chamber.

8-120
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Apply assumptions 3 and 4.

(
5000 - IDi lbml (1098.9 Btu)
hr lbm
+ (m 2 lbml (37.7 Btu)
hr lbm

- (sooo lbm) (148.4 Btu)

hr lbm

~ = 4478.4 Ihm rh1 = 521.6 lbm

hr hr

The second law for open steady systems is

L\S
prod
= (sooo Ihm) (o.2631
hr lbmBtu-RJ
- (521.6 lbml
hr
(1.4904 Btu
lbm-R
l
- (4478.4 lbml
hr
(o,0735 Btu )
lbm-R

Btu
L\Sprod = +208.9 -
hr-R

8-121

..
-----------·····
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.13*

In a home refrigerator, 5 lbm/min of R12 enter the evaporator coil as a saturated

liquid at 35.7 psia and leave as a saturated vapor at the same pressure. The
refrigerated space is maintained at a constant temperature of 40°F. Determine the
rate of entropy change of the refrigerant and of the refrigerated space.

Given: R12 flows steadily through an evaporator at constant pressure, receiving heat
from a space at 40°F.

Find: The rate of R12 entropy change and the rate of the entropy change in the
refrigerated space.

Sketch and Given Data:

A-,

Assumptions: 1) R12 is a pure substance.

2) The evaporator is a steady, open system.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
4) The work is zero.

Analysis: The entropy change of the refrigerant is

llSR12 = Ih(s2 - s1) = (5 lbm/min) (o.17102 - 0.00983 Btu )

lbm-R

Btu
S
fl Rl 2 = 0.806 - .-
mm-R

The heat flow into the refrigerant is found from the first law

Q + Ih (h + ke + pe) 1 = W = Ih (h + ke + pe) 2

8-127

..
~~~~~· --------
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Apply assumptions 3 and 4.

Q = Iil(h2 - bl)
Q = (5 lbm/min)(75.11 - 4.236 Btu/lbm) = 354.4 B~
mm

The entropy change of the refrigerated space occurs at constant temperature,

hence

-354.4 Btu
aS = Q = ___m_i_·n = -0 709 Btu
space T 500 R . min-R

8-128

..
----------- ------··-·---·--
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.17*

An insulated R12 container develops a leak. The refrigerant before the leak is at 70
psia and 60°F. Determine the per cent mass of refrigerant remaining when the
pressure is 30 psia.

Given: A insulated, constant volume container, holds R12. A small leak develops.

Find: The percent R12 remaining when the pressure is 30 psia.

Sketch and Given Data:

-----,
: Rt z ,
T

i 7Df''8 f
I fo0 /: I

- -- -
J
....
I

Assumptions: 1) R12 is a pure substance.

2) The heat loss is zero.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.

Analysis: Refer to the discussion in Chapter 6 regarding to the discharge of a tank.

The conditions in this problem· match those in the development. The process
is a reversible adiabatic process, or isentropic. Determine the initial states'
entropy and specific volume and that of the final state, knowing s2 = s1•

s1 = 0.16556 Btu/lbm-R v 1 = 0.58088 ft 31bm

At 30 psia, s = Sr + x Sr3
0.16556 = 0.245 + (x2)(0.1434)
X2 = 0.9837

v 2 = 0.0112 + (0.9837)(1.2853) = 1.276 lbm

Assume that the initial mass is 1 lbm. Hence

V1 = m1v 1 = (1 lbm)(0.58088 ft 3/lbm) = 0.58088 ft 3

8-133
Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

The volume remains constant, V2 = V1•

m =
2
v2 = (0.58088 ft3) = 0.455
v2 (1.276 ft3/lbm)

The percent of mass remaining is

m2) (100) = (0.455 ) (100) = 45.5%

( m1 1.00

8-134

--------~------ - ---·------
. .
---- - -----------------
..
··-······-··- .------
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.21 *

A 10 · lbm copper ingot, cP = 0.10 Btu/lbm-F, is heated to 900°F and dropped into
a 125 lbm adiabatic tank of water, initially at 70°F. Determine the entropy change
for the water, the copper and the total entropy production.

Given: A copper ingot is quenched in an adiabatic tank of water.

Find: The entropy change of the copper, the water and the entropy production.

Sketch and Given Data:

-- - - - -
\
--.. .,
<

I
I
,___
I - - IC t\,IM. Cl.A.. C? 't'OO r

Assumptions: 1) The copper and water in the tank form an isolated system.
2) The heat and work are zero.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
4) Water is a pure substance.

Analysis: The equilibrium temperature of the copper and water is found from a first law
analysis.

Q = AU + AKE + APE + W

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

AU= 0

U final - Uinitial = 0

llwt = Ur @ 70°F = 37.7 Btu/lbm

Swt = Sc@ 70°F = 0.0735 Btu/lbm-R

8-141

- --·--------·
..
---···--·---------------··
Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

' Combine the terms and solve for the equilibrium temperature.

(125 lbm)(u2 - 37.7 Btu/lbm) + (10 lbm) (0.10 Btu .) (T2 - 1360 R) = 0
lbm-R

In this procedure, T2 is guessed and u2 looked up. The procedure iterates

until it converges. A good first guess may be found by assuming the c;, = cP
of water is 1.0 Btu/lbm-R. The first guess at T 2 is 76.6° Fand the equation
essentially balances.

u2 = 44.3 Btu/lbm s2 = Sr @ 76.6°F = 0.0859 Btu/lbm-R

aSw =.ffiw(S2 - s1) = (125 lbm)(0.0859 - 0.0735 Btu/lbm-R) = 1.55 Btu/R

2 536 6
as~ = me In (T ) = (10 lbm) (0.10
~
Btu ) In (
llim~ uro· ) = -0.93 Btu/R
.

asprod = Li asj = 1.55 - o.93 = o.62R

Btu

8-142
Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.25*

A room with dimensions of 13 ft x 10 ft x 20 ft contains air at 55°F and 1 atmosphere

pressure. A 1-kW electric heater is placed in the room and turned on for 1 hour.
What is final air temperature assuming the room is adiabatic? What is the air's
change of entropy?

Given: An adiabatic room contains air which is heated by an electric heater for a
fixed time.

Find: The final air temperature and its' entropy change.

Sketch and Given Data:

:-z,-;;ft;;
ss;=-
A-,,,--
I a. I,,,,
-·----""'-

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas and forms a closed system.

2) The heat and work are zero.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
4) The process is constant volume.

Analysis: Determine the mass of air in the room from the ideal gas law.

l
(14.7 lb/in2)(144 in2/ft2)(2600 ft3) b

= (s3.34 ft-lbf (515 R) = 2003 I m

lbm-R

The first law for a closed system is

Q = Au + AKE + APE + w + weIectnc•

Apply assumptions 3 and 4.

0 = AU + Welectric

8-148

_____:_'__________________=--===============---_.....__...._...._...._....__
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

The electric work is

W...,.., = - (1 ~) (3600 ~) (1 h) = -3600 kJ = 3412 Btu

LlU = 3412 Btu

(200.3 lbm)(0.1714 Btu/lbm-R)(T2 - 515 R) = 3412 Btu

T2 = 614.3 R = 154.3°F

The entropy change is

0

as = rn c, In ( ;:) + rn ~ = rn c, In ( ;:)

614 3
LlS = (200.3 Ihm) (0.1714 Btu ) ln ( · ) = 6.05 Btu
lbm-R 515 R

8-149
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.29*

A 10 hp compressor handles 5.0 lbm/min of air from 14.7 psia and 60°F to 90 psia
and 330°F. The surroundings temperature is 60°F. Determine: a) the entropy
change of the air in the compressor; b) the entropy change of the surroundings; c)
the entropy production.

Given: An air compressor steadily compresses air between two states. The
surroundings temperature is known.

Find: The entropy change of air passing through the compressor, the surroundings
entropy change and the entropy production.

Sketch and Given Data:

A, ....
S.o 1b~1Nt1tt
---------,
~i;r,1~ (1) I
I
I
C,l'IA.r"1Strr
I
I (z)
I
l I

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
3) The compressor is a steady-state open, system.

Analysis: The compression process may not be assumed reversible as the actual p·ower
used is known. The first law for an open system may be used to find the heat
transfer.

0 + rh (h + ke + pe) 1 = W = rh (h + ke + pe)2

Apply assumption 2.

0 + m hl = w+ m~

8-156
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Q = (-10 hp)(42.4 Btu/hp-min)

+ 5 lbm/min (0.24 Btu.) (790 - 520 R)

lbm-R

Q = -100 Btu/min {heat out)

The entropy change of the air is

dS., = m(s, - s1) = m c, In (;:) - m R In (::)

d$,. = (5lbm/min)(0.24 Btu/lbm-R) In (~:)

(5 lbm/min)(53.34 ft-lb/lbm-R) ( 90 )
- - - - , - - - - - - - - - ln -
(778.16 ft-lb/Btu) 14.7

(a) ASai, = -0.119 Btu/min-R

The entropy change of surroundings is

(b) AS = Q = +100 Btu/min = 0.192 Btu/min-R

surr T · 520 R -

(c) ASprod = LAS; = 0.192 - 0.119 = 0.073 ~tu

mm-R

8-157

.. - - - - - -- -- -------------- ·-
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.33*

A piston/cylinder contains 0.4 lbm of steam at 200 psia and 550°F and expands
adiabatically to 14.7 psia. What is the maximum work that the steam can produce
in the expansion process?

Given: A piston/cylinder contains steam and expands adiabatically between two states.

Find: The maximum work.

Sketch and Given Data:

l
I
-----m:
: 5./eam
I

I
\
(
.
kl
o ,4 tbiM.
ft .: 2-0'C
T, :SSO
('>

f'z. = t~,1 ,~,~

'° I a
F
,t__ - - --L

Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and forms a closed system.

2) Neglect change~ in kinetic and potential energies.
3) The heat is zero.

Analysis: The maximum work occurs where the process is reversible adiabatic, or
isentropic. The first law is

Q = AU + AKE + APE + W

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

-W = AU = m(u 2 - u 1)

u1 = 1188.8 Btu/lbm s1 = 1.6513 Btu/Ihm

s2 = s = 1.6513 Btu/lbm
1 u2 = 1012.3 Btu/lbm X2 = 0.927
W = -(0.4 lbm)(l012.3 - 1188.8 Btu/lbm) = 70.6 Btu

8-163
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.37*

A tank contains 3 lbm of air at 14.7 psia and 900 R. Heat is transferred until the air
temperature is 1440 R from a constant temperature heat reservoir at 1800 R. The
system's boundary was a constant temperature of 1500 R during the heat transfer
process. Determine the system entropy production.

Given: A constant volume tank containing air receives heat from a constant
temperature reservoir. The system boundary remains at 1500 R during the
transfer process.

Find: The system entropy change.

Sketch and Given Data:

Pe,er-v~ r ·- 3fb: -~;,

1800 (< ~ 11n f''a
--+.',.,. qO'O
1

- -'I
---t----'=-> ~
-- - .-..

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas and forms a closed system.

2) The work is zero.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.

Analysis: The first law analysis allows us to calculate the heat required.

Q = AU + AKE + APE + W

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

Q = AU

AU = (3 lbm)(0.1714 Btu/lbm-R)(1440 - 900 R) = 277.7 Btu

Q = 277.7 Btu

8-167

-
~~~----~--- - .
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

From Equation 8.28

Q.
S2 - S1 = + L~.S
_1 .
T. prod
J

S2 - S1 = m c, In ( ;:) + m R In ( ~:)

S2 - S1 = (3 lbm)(0.1714 Btu/lbm-R) In (1440/900) = 0.242 Btu

R

Qi = 277.7 Btu = 0.185 Btu/R

Ti 1500 R

ASprod = 0.242 - 0.185 = 0.057 Btu/R

'
'
''

8-168

. ----
..
--- - - - - - - - - - - - ----,----- -- -
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.41 *

400 lbm/min of helium at 74 psia and 80°F enter an insulated device where the work
performed is zero. The fluid divides into two equal streams leaving the device, each
at 15 psia, and one at 185°F and the other at a unknown temperature. Neglecting
changes in kinetic and potential energies, what is the exit temperature of the second
stream? Is it possible for the device to operate?

Given: Helium flows steadily into a device and splits into two different streams at
different states.

Find: Whether the device is possible?

Sketch and Given Data:

lie /,'u..,., /S-t s:._a
c!,V,
-1'0-0 IJ"'/~1111 (8S-/-
?f'" s10 (t) I 2t:TO I b i,w./ ~, 'v..
BoF
l
;- - - I
,~)
~=o / 5°rs1a
Zao //,11-1/,,,._ ,'fll.
~=O
T-=:?
,
Assumptions: 1) Helium is an ideal gas.
2) The device is a steady open system.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
4) The heat and work are zero.

Analysis: Perform a first law analysis to find T3• Then perform a second law analysis.
For the device to be possible, there should be positive entropy production.
The first law is

Apply assumptions 3 and 4

(400 lbm/min)(540 R) = (200 lbm/min)(645 R) + (200 lbm/min)(T3 R)

T3 = 435 R = -25 F
8-174

------------------·-- -
. .
----·~-----·- -- -
..
--------------· -----
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

From Equation 8.41 applied to steady adiabatic flow

Find the entropy change 1-2 and l-'3 and add together.

ril,(S, - s,) = ril, c, In (;:) - ril, R In (::}

645
111i(s2 - s1) = (200 lbm/min)(l.241 Btu/lbm-R) In ( )
540

200 lbm 386 ft-lbr

min lbm-R (15)
------------ft--1-b-r- - In 75
778.16 -
Btu

mis3 - s1) = (200)(1.241) In (435) - (200)(386) In (1155)

540 778.16

Btu
6.$prod = 203.8 + 106.0 = 309.8 -m-in--R-

The device is possible according to second law analysis. A device that

performs this function is called a vortex tube.

8-175

..
---------~---
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem 8.45*

A 20 ft' tank is initially evacuated. A valve connecting it to a very large supply of

steam at 80 psia and 600°F is opened and steam flows into the tank until the pressure
is 80 psia. If the process is adiabatic, determine the final steam temperature in the
tank and the entropy produced in the tank.

Given: An initially evacuated adiabatic tank is filled with steam.

Find: The final steam temperature in the tank and the entropy production.

Sketch and Given Data:

vieaW'\ 80 rstc\ I - '5 - - - -(
'-00 F 1 :zo f-1:. 1
-----;-""I I
r I
I
- - _l

Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance.

2) The heat and work are zero.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.

Analysis: Refer to Chapter Six on charging a tank. For the conditions in this problem.
U2 = hlinc = h1
h1 = 1330.6 Btu/lbm
s1 = 1.7835 Btu/lbm-R

At 80 psia and u2 = 1330.6 Btu/lbm, find from the steam tables that

Btu
s2 = 1.9068 - - and v 2 = 10.06 ft3/lbm
lbm-R
T2 = 897.4°F
The mass of steam in the tank is

_ v2 _ 20 ft 3
m - - - --- - = 1.99 lbm
v2 10.06 ft 3/lbm

From the second law (Equation 8.28)

ASprod = (199 lbm)(l.9068 - 1.7835 Btu/lbm-R)

AS od = 0.245 _Btu
pr - R

8-181
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem CS.I

Using the ideal-gas relationships, develop a TK Solver or spreadsheet model to

calculate the values of entropy function, relative pressure, and relative specific volume
for air. Assume constant specific heat and that at 273°K the relative pressure is 1.0
and the entropy function is 2.42. Produce a table for temperatures between 300°K
and 1500°K in increments of 50°K and compare your results with values in Table A.2.
Explain any differences.

Given: Air between 300°K and 1500°K.

Find: Entropy function, relative pressure, and relative specific volume using ideal-gas
relationships.

Assumptions: 1) The air is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Using a spreadsheet program, enter equations based on the following.

RT
Vr =

•••••••• A/ ••••••••• a/ .............•..•.•.•........ c/ ......... D/ ••••••••••••• E/ ••••••••••••.•••••••••• r/

l Problem 8, l Reference · Point
2 T= 273 R= 0.287
3 pr• l Cp= 1.0047
Cv= 0.7176
54 -= 2.42
6 ·T h pr u vr
7
8 273; +A8*$P$3· +D3 +A8*$F$4 +$F$2*A8/C8 +D4
9 300 +A9*$F$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((P9•$D$4)/$F$2)) +A9*$F$4 +$F$2*A9/C9 +$F$3*@LN(A9/$D$2)+$D$4
10 350. +Al0*$P$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((Pl0•$D$4)/$F$2)) +Al0*$F$4 +$F$2*Al0/Cl0 +$F$3*@LN(Al0/$D$2)+$D$4
11 400, +All*$P$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((Fll•$D$4)/$F$2)) +All*$F$4 +$F$2*All/Cll +$F$3*@LN(All/$D$2)+$D$4
12 450: +Al2*$P$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((Fl2·$D$4)/$F$2)) +Al2*$F$4 · +$F$2*Al2/Cl2 +$F$3*@LN(Al2/$D$2)+$D$4
13 500: +Al3*$F$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((F13•$D$4)/$F$2)) +Al3*$F$4 +$F$2*Al3/Cl3 +$F$3*@LN(Al3/$D$2)+$D$4
14 550 +Al4*$P$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((Fl4•$D$4)/$F$2)) +A14*$P$4 +$F$2*Al4/Cl4 +$F$3*@LN(Al4/$D$2)+$D$4
15 600: +Al5*$P$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((Fl5•$D$4)/$F$2)) +Al5*$F$4 +$F$2*Al5/Cl5 +$F$3*@LN(Al5/$D$2)+$D$4
16 650. +A16*$F$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((Pl6•$D$4)/$F$2)) +Al6*$P$4 +$F$2*Al6/Cl6 +$F$3*@LN(Al6/$D$2)+$D$4
17 700 +Al7*$P$3 +$D$3*(@BXP((Fl7•$D$4)/$F$2)) +Al7*$F$4 +$F$2*Al7/Cl7 +$F$3*@LN(Al7/$D$2)+$D$4
18 750. +A18*$F$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((Pl8•$D$4)/$P$2)) +Al8*$F$4 +$F$2*Al8/Cl8 +$F$3*@LN(Al8/$D$2)+$D$4
19 800 · +Al9*$1!'$3 +$D$3*(@BXP((Fl9•$D$4)/$P$2)) +Al9*$P$4 +$F$2*Al9/Cl9 +$F$3*@LN(Al9/$D$2)+$D$4
20 850 . +A~9*$f$~ +*D*3*(fEXP((F20•$D$4)/$F$2)) +A20*$F$4 +$F$2*A20/C20 +$F$3*@LN{A20/$D$2)+$D$4
21 900 +A21*$P$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((P21•$D$4)/$F$2)) +A21*$P$4 +$F$2*A21/C21 +$F$3*@LN(A2l/$D$2)+$D$4
22 950 +A22*$P$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((F22•$D$4)/$F$2)) +A22*$F$4 +$F$2*A22/C22 +$F$3*@LN(A22/$D$2)+$D$4
23 1000: +A23*$P$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((F23•$D$4)/$F$2)) +A23*$F$4 +$F$2*A23/C23 +$F$3*@LN(A23/$D$2)+$D$4
24 1050, +A24*$P$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((P24·$D$4)/$F$2)) +A24*$F$4 +$F$2*A24/C24 +$F$3*@LN(A24/$D$2)+$D$4
25 1100' +A25*$F$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((P25·$D$4)/$P$2)) +A25*$F$4 +$F$2*A25/C25 +$F$3*@LN(A25/$D$2)+$D$4
26 1150 +A26*$F$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((P26·$D$4)/$P$2)) +A26*$F$4 +$F$2*A26/C26 +$F$3*@LN(A26/$D$2)+$D$4
27 1200· +A27*$F$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((F27·$D$4)/$P$2)) +A27*$F$4 +$F$2*A27/C27 +$F$3*@LN(A27/$D$2)+$D$4
28 1250, +A28*$P$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((F28·$D$4)/$F$2)) +A28*$F$4 +$F$2*A28/C28 +$F$3*@LN(A28/$D$2)+$D$4
29 1300 +A29*$P$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((F29•$D$4)/$F$2)) +A29*$F$4 +$F$2*A29/C29 +$F$3*@LN(A29/$D$2)+$D$4
, 30 1350' +A30*$F$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((F30•$D$4)/$F$2)) +A30*$P$4 +$F$2*A30/C30 +$F$3*@LN(A30/$D$2)+$D$4
131 1400' +A31*$F$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((F31•$D$4)/$F$2)) +A31*$F$4 +$F$2*A31/C31 +$F$3*@LN(A31/$D$2)+$D$4
32 1450, +A32*$F$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((F32•$D$4)/$F$2)) +A32*$F$4 +$F$2*A32/C32 +$F$3*@LN(A32/$D$2)+$D$4
33 1500 +A33*$F$3 +$D$3*(@EXP((P33·$D$4)/$P$2)) +A33*$F$4 -t:$F$2*A33/C33 +$F$3*@LN(A33/$D$2)+$D$4

8-184
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

This will produce the following output.

Problem 8.1 Reference Point

T= 273 R= 0.287
pr= 1 Cp= 1.0047
¢= 2.42 Cv= 0.7176

T h pr u vr ¢

273 274.2831 1 195.9048 78.351 2.42

300 301.41 1.391181 215.28 61 .. 88985 2.514753 ·
350 351.645 2.386404 251.16 42.09260 2.669629
400 401.88 3.808520 287.04 30.14293 2.803788
450 452.115 5.752091 322.92 22.45270 2.922124
500 502.35 8.317808 358.8 17.25214 3.027980
550 552.585 11.61213 394.68 13.59353 3.123738
600 602.82 15.74702 430.56 10.93540 3.211158
650 653.055 20.83963 466.44 8.951693 3.291577
700 703.29 27.01213 502.32 7.437399 3.366034
750 753.525 34.39149 538.2 6.258815 3.435351
800 803.76 43.10931 574.08 5.325995 3.500193
850 853.995 53.30165 609.96 4.576780 3.561102
900 904.23 65.10892 645.84 3.967197 3.618529
950 954.465 78.67572 681.72 3.465490 3.672851
1000 1004.7 94.15072 717.6 3.048303 3.724385
1050 1054.935 111.6865 753.48 2.698175 3.773404
1100 1105.17 131.4398 789.36 2.401859 3.820143
1150 1155.405 153.5707 825.24 2.149172 3.864804
1200 1205.64 178.2432 861.12 1.932190 3.907563
1250 1255.875 205,6251 897 1. 744679 3.948577
1300 1306.11 235.8874 932.88 1.581686 3.987982
1350 1356,345 269.2047 968,76 1.439239 4.025900
1400 1406,58 305.7550 1004.64 1.314123 4.062439
1450 1456.815 345.7196 1040,52 1.203720 4.097695
1500 1507.05 389.2832 1076.4 1.105878 4.131756

Comment: A comparison with Table A.2 shows some significant differences. They can
largely be explained by the use of constant values for specific heat since h, u,
<l>, Pr and vr are all affected by it.

8-185

--
..
- ---
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

Problem C8.5

One lbm/sec of steam expands isentropically in a nozzle form 1000 psia and 1000°F
to 50 psia. Modify STEAM.TK to compute the nozzle area as a function of pressure.

Given: Steam expanding isentropically in a nozzle.

Find: Nozzle area as function of pressure.

Sketch and Given Data:

1000 p~i.
1000°F
[_
----
J---••
_
l tb.,,./scc.
so psit.

Assumptions: 1) Steam is in equilibrium.

2) Change in potential energy is negligible.

Analysis: Load STEAM.TK into TK Solver. Enter the following equations into the
Rule Sheet.

-----==-====== RULE SHEET=================

S RulA----------------------
mdot=A*V/v
V=(2*lOOO*(ho-h))~.s
s=so

Enter SI units in the Variable Sheet for the new variables, and then change
all units to English. Enter values for the inlet enthalpy and entropy. Use the
List Solver for a range of pressures to compute the nozzle areas. The results
are as follows.

8-191

..
-- ·- -- ---------- -- ------------------
 Chapter VIII - ENTROPY

========== VARIABLE SHEET=====================

_St Input-- Name- Output-- Unit--- C o m m e n t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 4/E
M. David Burghardt & James A. Harbact
***Single Point Steam Properties***
L 100 p psia Pressure (kPa, MPa, psia)
T 401. 24 degF Temperature (degK, degC, degR, degF)
V 4.9453 ft3/lbm Specific Volume (m3/kg, ft3/lbm)
h 1228.l BTU/lbm Enthalpy (kJ/kg, BTU/lbm)
s 1.6525 B/lbm-R Entropy (kJ/kg-K, B/lbm-R)
X 1 Quality
1 mdot lbm Mass Flow
L A .004349 ft3 Area
V 1137.1 m/s Velocity
1506 ho BTU/lbm Enthalpy at Inlet
1.6525 so B/lbm-R Entropy at Inlet

Problem ca.5 PROBLEM CB.5

P(psia) A(ft3)
.007 ----------------------1----,
. 0065 - _II ___ II___ II - - 1
I -- 1
I -- II ___ I ___ II___ II ...
-.·
950 .0045085 I I I I I I I I I
900 .0032947 . 006 - - 1- - - 1- - - r - - r - - .,. - - 7 - - - i - - - 1- - - r- -
850 .0027838 I I I I I I I I I
800 .0024998 .oo5s - - -,- - -1- - - r - - r - - ,- - - 7 - - -1- - -1- - - r - -
750 .0023239 I I I I I I .. I I I
700 .0022112 .005 1- - -,- - -t- - - t- - - -t -:-. - "i - - -1- - -1- - - t-- -
650 A I I I I I I I I I
.0021406
600 ~ .0045 - - -1- - - I- - - +- - - -+ - - -I - - -1- - - I- - - I- - -
.0021016 A I I I I I I I I
550 .0020889 .004 - - -1 - -1- - - I.. - - .L - - ..I. - - ...J _ - -1- - - L .- - L -
500 .0021004 I I I I I I I I I
450 .0021362 . 0035 - - _1 - - I_ - - L _ . .L _ _ I _ _ I ___ 1___ I_ _ _ _ _
400 .0021993 I I I I I I I I
350 I I I I I I I I
.0022955 .003 I I I---- 1-- I I -
300 .0024355 I I I I I I I
250 .002639 .0025 - - -1- - -1- - - - - I.- - I - - I - - -1- - -
200 .0029443 I I
150 .003436 .002
. 0- - -
100 - -
200 - - - -
- ---------------'
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
100 .004349
50 .0067753 PRESSURE

8-192
 Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

CHAPTER NINE

Problem 9.1

Determine the availability of a unit mass for each of the following assuming the
system is at rest, at zero elevation and T 0 = 27°C and p 0 = 1 atmosphere.
a. Dry saturated steam at 5 MPa.
b. Refrigerant 12 at 1 MPa and 90°C.
c. Air at 500 K and 1000 kPa.
d. Water as a saturated liquid at 100°C.
e. Water as a saturated liquid at 10°C.

Given: Various substances and TO and p 0 •

Find: The specific availability.

Assumptions: 1) The kinetic and potential energies are zero.

Analysis: The specific availability is

Applying assumption (1) yields.

(a) Steam at 5 MPa. For steam at T0 and p0 is a saturated liquid at 27°C.

From the steam tables.

kJ
U0 = 112.4 kJ/kg S0 = 0.3908 -
kg-K
V0 = 0.001 m3/kg

u = 2597.3 -kJ S = 5.9726 -

kJ
V = 0.03945 m3/kg_
kg kg-K

a = (2597.3 - 112.4 kJ/kg) + (101.3 : ) (0.03945 - 0.001 m'/kg)

- (300 K)(S.9726 - 0.3908 kJ/kg-K)

a = 814,2 kJ/kg
(b) R12 at 1 MPa and 90°C. R12 at T O and p 0 is a subcooled liquid with
properties similar to those of a saturated liquid at T 0 •

9-1
Chapter IX AVAILABILI1Y ANALYSIS

u0 = 61.7 k:J/kg S0 = 0.2307 k:J/kg-K v0 = 0.00076 m3/kg

u = 218.0 k:J/kg s = 0.7900 k:J/kg-K V = 0.02225 m3/kg

a = (218 - 61.7 k.J/kg) + (1013 : ,) (0.02225 - 0.00076 m3/kg)

- (300 K)(0.7900 - 0.2307 k:J/kg-K)

a = -9.3 k:J/k,g
(c) Air at 500 K and 1000 kPa.

u - u0 = c;,(T - T = 0) (0.7176 ~ ) (500 - 300 K)

kg-K
= 143.5 k:J/kg

v = RT = (0.287 k:J/kg-K)(500 K) = 143_5 k:J/k

p (1000 kN/m2) g

Vo = RT = (0.287)(300) = 0_850 m3/kg

0

p0 (101.3)

p0 (v - vJ = (101.3 :,) (0.1435 - 0.850 m'!kg) = -71.6 k.J/kg

s-s 0 = c• bl ( :.) - R bl (:.) = (t.0047 kg~K) In (~:)

1000
- (o.287 ~ .
kg-K) in ( 101.3)
s-s 0 = -0.1439 k:J/kg-K
-To(s - s0 ) = (300 K)(-0.1439 k:J/kg-K)
= +43.2 k:J/kg
a = (143.5) + (-71.6) + (43.2) = 115.1 k:J/k,g

(d) Water as a saturated liquid at 10°C.

a = 41.1 k:J/kg s = 0.1459 k:J/kg-K V = 0.001 m3/kg

a = (41.1 - 112.4) + (101.3)(0.001 - 0.001) - (300)(0.1459 - 0.3908)
a= 2.2 kJ/kg

9-2
 Chapter IX AVAILABILI1Y ANALYSIS

Problem 9.5

The availability of a tank filled with air at 600 K and 500 kPa is 8000 kJ. Determine
the tank's volume if T 0 = 300 Kand p0 = 100 kPa.

Given: The availability of a tank of air is known as are the air's other properties.

Find: The volume of the tank.

Sketch and Given Data:

------,
lA. . ) :::: Boo o k. .:r
/ IY- I
t b- I
I ~tS'O/'\. I 7c ==- 3CSO k
I S-6t>l~ I
l I Po :=: I 0-0 ~
'------

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) The changes is kinetic and potential energies are zero.

Analysis: The availability is

A= m [(u - u.) + p0 (v - v.) - T0 (s - s.) + ~ gz]

+

Apply assumptions 1 and 2.

(u - u0 ) = c;.(T - T0 ) = (0.7176 kJ/lcg-K)(600 - 300 K) = 215.3 kJ/kg

s • s0 = c, In (:.) - R In ( :.)

s - s0 = (1.0047 kJ/kg-K) In (
600
300
) - (0.287
kg-K
~i In (
500
100
)

s - s0 = 0.2345 kJ/kg-K

v = RT = (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(600 K) = 0 _344 m3/kg

p (500 kN/m2)

9-9
Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

v = RTo = (0.287)(300) = 0_861 m3/kg

o Po (100) .

poCv - v 0
) = (100 kN/m2)(0.344 - 0.861 m3/kg) = -51.7 kJ/kg ,

-To(s - s 0) = -(300 K)(0.2345 kJ/kg-K) = -70.4 kJ/kg

8000 kJ = (m kg)(215.3 - 51.7 - 70.4 + 0 + 0 kJ/kg)

m = 85.84 kg

V =mv = (85.84 kg+.344 : ) = 29.5 m'

9-10
 Chapter IX AVAILABILI1Y ANALYSIS

Problem 9.9

Air at initial conditions of 450°C and 300 kPa undergoes a process to a final state of
280 K and 80 kPa. TO = 300 K and p0 = 100 kPa. Determine the availability per
unit mass at the initial state and at the final state.

Given: A unit mass of air changes state.

Find: The specific availability at the initial and final states.

Sketch and Given Data:

to= 360/C
Pc, :: I (ft:) e.R:J

T 7j = .,s-0°C
,P, ::: .3e;o "-~
/~ ::: Z 8'0 k..
~ :::. 80 le..~

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) Neglect potential and kinetic energies.

Analysis: The specific availability is

Applying assumptions 2 eliminates the last two terms.

U1 - u0 = cvCT1 - T0 ) = (0.7176 _E._)

kg-K
(723 - 300 K) = 303.5 kJ
kg

~ -s 0 = c, In ( ;:) - R In ( ::]

·
= (1.0047 _E._)
kg-K 300 kg-K
300
In (~) - (o.287 ~ ) In ( )
100

Si - S0 = 0.5684 kJ/kg-K

To(s1 - s0 ) = (300 K)(0.5684 kJ/kg-K) = 170.5 kJ/kg

9-15
Chapter IX AVAILABILI'IY ANALYSIS

v = RT1 = (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(723 K) = 0_6917 m3/k

1
P1 (300 2kN/m ) g

v = RTo = (0.287)(300) =
0_861 m3/kg
o Po 100

At the, initial state, the specific availability a1 is

a = (303.5 kJ/kg)
1 + (100 kNl
m2
(0.6917 m3/kg)
.
- (170.5 kJ/kg)

a1 = 116.1 kJ/kg
At the final state

Ui - Uo = Cv(T2 - To) = (0.7176)(280 - 300) = -14.4 kJ/kg

s,-So= c,ht (;:J-Rln (::)

= (1.0047) ht (:) - (0.287) ht ( 18!)
S2 - S0 = -0.00527 kJ/kg
To(s2 - s0 ) = (300)(-0.00527) = -1.581 kJ/kg
v = RT2 = (0.287)(280) = 1.0045 m3/kg
2 P2 (80)

VO = 0.861 m3/kg
poCv2 - V0 ) = (100)(1.0045 - 0.861) = 14.4 kJ/kg
~ = -14.4 + 14.4 - 1.581 = -1.581 kJ/kg

9-16
 Chapter IX AVAILABILI1Y ANALYSIS

Problem 9.13

An adiabatic container has two compartments of equal volume, one containing 0.2
kg helium at 750 kPa and 330 K and the other completely evacuated. A valve
connecting the two compartments is opened and the helium expands throughout both
compartments. Determine the final temperature and pressure of the helium and the
irreversibility. T 0 = 300 Kand p 0 = 100 kPa.

Given: An adiabatic container has two compartments of the same volume. One holds
helium and the other is empty. The partition is removed.

Find: The final helium T and p and the irreversibility.

Sketch and Given Data:

---- ,... _...., - -- ---- - '-11..::: 'I,
ro = 3tr0/<
Po = /(SO le.~

Assumptions: 1) Helium is an ideal gas.

2) Neglect potential and kinetic energies.
3) The heat and work are zero.

Analysis: Determine the volume of compartment 1.

. mt RTt (0.2 kg)(2.077 kJ/kg-K)(330 K) = _1828 m3

Vt= - - - = 0
2
Pt (750 kN/m )

Perform a first law analysis

Q = AU + AKE + APE + W

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

0 = AU u final = uinitial
...
The total volume, V3 = 2Vt = 0.3656 m3• The final pressure is

(0.2 kg)(2.077 kJ/kg-K)(330 K) = kPa

375
3
(0.3656 m )

9-23
Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

The entropy change is

AS = m c• ~ : m R In (::) = - m R In (::)

375
AS = -(0.2 kg)(2.077 kJ/kg-K) In ( ) = 0.288 kJ/K
750

For the adiabatic case, AS = ASprod.

9-24
 Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

Problem 9.17

An insulated cylindrical rod, except for its ends, is connected to two constant
temperature reseivoirs; one maintained at 800 K and the other at 400 K The heat
transfer rate through the rod is 8 kW. Determine the rod's irreversibility rate.
T0 = 300 K

Given: A cylindrical rod is insulated except for. its ends which are maintained at
different constant temperature.

Find: The irreversibility rate.

Sketch and Given Data:

$(SO K, _ _ _ _~ =-_ ~ ~~_ _ _ 4et:>K.
( 1\ - - ,_ - - - - - - - -{ (z..)

Assumptions: 1) The heat flow is steady, with· the same numerical value at each
end.

Analysis: Determine the heat's availability transfer rate (HAT) at each end.

(1 - ~:) Q = (1 - oo)
3
800
(8 kW) = 5 kW

(HAT)2 =
(1 - ~:) Q = (1 - oo)
3
400
(-8 kW) = -2 kW

From Equation 9.15 where W 111 0 and po(dV/dt) = 0 an dNdt =0

9-31
Chapter IX AVAILABILI1Y ANALYSIS

Problem 9.21

Steam flows at a velocity of 300 m/s, at a temperature of 500°C and a pressure of

1000 kPa and at an elevation of 100 m. Determine the specific flow availability if
T 0 = 300 Kand p 0 = 100 kPa and g = 9.8 m/s2•

Given: Steam flows steadily at an elevation, a velocity and with state properties
known.

Find: The specific flow availability.

Sketch and Given Data:

.::5 lea-m to== '3a"OK'
3t:s0 M(-.,
~co c 0

1 cn:ro I!:. Po
f Po -=- 10-0 k f.1
I trO l'Y'\

t
Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and the states are equilibrium ones.

Analysis: The specific flow availability is

Locate the steam property values in the steam table, noting that at 300 K and
100 kPa the steam is a subcooled liquid.

h 1 = 3477.8 kJ/kg s1 = 7.7585 kJ/kg-K

h0 = 111.7 kJ/kg s0 = 0.3887 kJ/kg-K

\JI = (3477.8 - 111.7 kJ/kg) + (9.8 mfs2)(100 - 0 m)

1
(1000 J/kJ)

(300 m/s)2
+ (2)(lOOO J/kJ) - (300 K)(7.7585 - 0.3887 kJ/kg-K)

q,1 = 1201.1 kJ/kg

9-38
 Chapter IX AVAILABILI'IY ANALYSIS

Problem 9.25

30 kg/s of steam flow through a throttling valve where the inlet conditions to the
valve are 5 MPa and 300°C and the exit conditions are 500 kPa. TO = 300 K and p0
= 100 kPa. Determine the specific flow availability change and the irreversibility rate
across the valve.

Given: Steam flows steadily through a throttling valve where an adiabatic pressure
drop occurs.

Find: The irreversibility rate and the change in specific flow availability across the
valve.

Sketch and Given Data:

.ska'tYI ,.. le = S'<SOK

(301'ff /,
S-~fd
&. ::: / tJO "'-~

3cso C

Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and the states are equilibrium ones.
2) Neglect potential and kinetic energies.
3) Heat and work are zero.
4) The valve is a steady open system.

· Analysis: Determine the steam exit state from the valve. For a throttling process h 2 =
h 1• From the steam tables h 1 = 2925.2 kJ/kg s1 = 6.2085 kJ/kg-K. Knowing
= =
that h2 2925.2 kJ/kg and p 2 500 kPa, find from the tables that s2 = 7.2021
kJ/kg-K. The irreversibility rate is

i = m ToCs2 - S1) = (30 kg/s)(300 K)(7.2021 - 6.2085 kJ/kg-K)

1 = 8942.4 kW

Solve Equation 9.22 for {'P1 - 'P.2) noting that Q and W are zero.

q,1 - 'P2 = i = (8942.4 kJ/s) = 298.1 kJ/kg

(30 kg/s) -

9-45
Chapter IX AVAilABILI1Y ANALYSIS

Problem 9.29

A compressor receives 0.2 m3/s of air at 27°C and 100 kPa and compresses it to 700
kPa and 290°C. Heat loss per unit mass from· the compressor surface at 100°C is 20
kJ/kg. Determine the change in the air's availability across the compressor and the
availability transfer rate of the heat. T O = 300 K and p 0 = 100 kPa.

Given: A compressor compresses air between two states. Heat loss from the surface
occurs.

Find: The air's availability change and the availability transfer rate of the heat.

Sketch and Given Data:

A,'r
() (2 '(Y\ ?> ( '$ I
7;.::: 3d"Ok...
(1) : : (2.)
27c : 6, Mrs ~ J I: = /0-0 '-""
(<rO P..Po
I - - - ~ - _J

--8 =: -z.a, v/'-j e 1c-o•c

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.
2) Neglect potential and kinetic energies.
3) The compressor is a steady, open system.

Analysis: Determine the mass flowrate of air

Ih = p 1V1 = (100 kN/m2)(0.2 m3/s) = 0 _232 kg/s

RT1 (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(300 K)

0 = Ih q = (0.232 kgls)(-20 kJ/kg) = -4.64 kW

Apply assumption 2.

m(h2 - h1) = (0.232 kg/s) (1.0047 ~ ) (563 -300 K)

kg-K
= 61.30 kW

9-52
 Chapter IX AVAILABILI'IY ANALYSIS

563
Iil ToCs2 - s1) = (0.232 kg/s)(300 K) [(1.0047 ~ ) In (
kg-K 300
)

700
-(0.287 ~ ) In ( )]
kg-K 100

The heat's availability transfer rate {HAT) is

HAT = 1 - ~
T] Q.
· = (1 - -300) ( -4.64 kW) = -0.91 kW
( Ti J 373

9-53
 Chapter IX AVAILABILI'IY ANALYSIS

Problem 9.33

An evaporator, a counterflow heat exchanger, in a refrigeration system receives 5 kg/s

of R12 at 30% quality and -10°C and evaporates it at constant pressure until it is a
saturated vapor. 20 kg/s of air enter the evaporator at 60°C and 1 atmosphere and
are cooled at constant pressure. TO = 300 K and p0 = 1 atmosphere. Determine the
availability changes of both the air and refrigerant and the irreversibility rate.

Given: An evaporator uses R12 as the cold source and air as the warm source. Both
fluid states and flows are given across the heat exchanger.

Find: The availability change across the evaporator for each fluid and the
irreversibility rate.

Sketch and Given Data:

s ',Is ,e12-
lo= "500k,
x:=3o % c,) ( -- ....
' (2.) .:1d,f lld/D-¥'
-10°C Fo = I ;).fa.,,_
(
A1t"' l I (~)
C-i) I
-z.o ~/?
I
~0°C
9=0 14::::0

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) Neglect potential and kinetic energies.
3) R12 is a pure substance and the states are equilibrium ones.
4) The heat and work are zero.
5) The heat exchanger is a steady, open system.

Analysis: The air exit conditions may be found from a first law analysis. Then find the
change of availability for each substance. The first law is

Apply assumptions 2 and 4.

9-60
 Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

From the R12 tables

h1 = 26.86 + (0.30)(156.33) = 73.76 kJ/kg

s1 = 0.1079 + (0.30)(0.5940) = 0.2861 kJ/kg-K
h2 = 183.2 kJ/kg s2 = 0.7019 kJ/kg-K
Substitute in first law expression.

(20 kg/s)(l.0047 kJ/kg-K)(333 - T4 K) = (5 kg/s)(183.2 - 73.76 kJ/kg)

T4 = 305.8 K
The specific flow availability for R12 applying assumption 2 is

'P, - 'Pl = (h, - h1) - T.(s, - Si) = (183.2 - 73.76 : )

- (300 K) (0,7019 - 0.2861 ~ )

kg-K

rhR12('P2 -'¥1) = (5 kg/s)(-15.31 k:J/kg) = -76.5 kW

The air availability change is ·

~i
'¥4 - '¥3 = (t.0047 kg-K (305.8 - 333 K)

- (300 K) (t.0047 ~i
kg-K
In (
305 8
· )
333

9-61
Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

The irreversibility rate in the absence of heat and work is.

i = T L\$prod
0

mR1 i{s2 - s1) = (5)(0.7019 - 0.2861) = 2.079 kW/K.

m.(s, - s,) = (20)(1.0047) In ( ~::t)

3
= -1.712 kW/K.

L\Sprod = 2.079 - 1.712 = 0.367 kW/K

i = (300 K)(0.367 kW/K) = 110.1 kW
Comments 1) The availability changes of the R12 is negative because the R12
temperature is less than the surroundings.
2) When different substances flow through the same open system, you
cannot add unit mass values of these substances with one another.

9-62
 Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

Problem 9:37

Referring to the previous problem another engineer suggests expanding the steam
through an adiabatic turbine tot he desired pressure and then heating or cooling the
steam to the desired temperature. Investigate the availability destruction in this
scenario. What assumptions are necessary?

Given: Steam is reduced in pressure from one state to another using a turbine and
a heat exchanger.

Find: The availability destruction per unit mass.

Sketch and Given Data:

To.:= 31/0 ~
(r::,~Pd, - -- - - ',, fo = /(SO k..?ci
sanoc.t ,·, \
I ~W ,_

\ z:S"'CIO~
\
'-
....
--. - -- -
Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and the states are equilibrium ones.
2) Neglect potential and kinetic energies.
3) The turbine ·and heat exchanger form a steady, open system.

Analysis: Determine the enthalpy and entropy value at state 2. For the best situation,
the flow through the turbine is irreversible adiabatic, or isentropic, and s2 =
s1• In this situation where s2 = s1 = 6.5983 kJ/kg-K and p 2 = 2500 kPa, find
from the steam tables that h2 = 2983.7 kJ/kg and T 2 = 289.2°C. Thus, the
steam would need heat added to raise its temperature to 400°C. The enthalpy
and entropy values are:

h1 = 3376.5 kJ/kg S1 = 6.5982 kJ/kg-K

h 2 = 2983.7 kJ/kg

h3 = 3240.2 kJ/kg S3 = 7.0145 kJ/kg-K

The heat added per unit mass at constant pressure is

q = (h3 - h2) = (3240.2 - 2983.7 kJ/kg) = 256.5 kJ/kg

9-69
Chapter IX AVAILABILTIY ANALYSIS

Assume that the average temperature of heat addition is halfway between

289°C and 400°C or 345°C. From Equation 8.42

= (7.0145 - 6.5982 kJ/kg-K) - (2565 kJ/kg)

(618 K)

dsprod = 0.0013 kJ/kg-K

i =T 0
dsprod = (300 K)(0.0013 kJ/kg-K) = 0.39 kJ/kg

Comment: 1) The dramatic reduction in irreversibility is because heat is added in this

problem. The availability of the added heat reduces the irreversibility.

I
I

9-70 I
0
 Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

Problem 9.41

Determine the available energy per unit mass of furnace gas, cP = 1.046' kJ/kg-K,
when it is cooled from 1260 K to 480 K at constant pressure. The surroundings are
at 295 K

Given: Gas from a furnace is cooled at constant pressure between two temperatures.

Find: The available energy of the heat transferred.

Sketch and Given Data:

(I\ (
I --- -I -✓~ :;:: z 'I("/<.
Jka.-f I ca.)
'., 18of::.
~
";.. I
I # dtcUJ-e-r ~ c.
r'
=-/. o.i/6
~-I<
I
- - --- I

Assumptions: 1) The gas is an ideal gas.

2) Neglect potential and kinetic energies.
3) The work is zero.
4) The furnace is an open steady system.

Analysis: The first law for an open system is

0 + m(h + ke + pe)1 = W +·m(h + ke + pe)2

Apply assumptions 2 and 3 and divide by lil.

q = h2 - h1 = cp(T2 - T1)

The available energy is

• I

(a,e1)u = q -T 0 (s, - s1) = q - T+ In (;:) - ~ : ) ]

(
1.046 2=!_)
kg-K
(480 - 1260 K)
- (295 K)(l.046 _1q_)
kg-K
In (
4
so )
1260

9-77
Chapter IX AVAILABILI1Y ANALYSIS

Problem 9.45

A constant-volume container holds air at 102 kPa and 300 K. A paddle wheel does
work on the air until the temperature is 422 K. The air is now cooled by the
surroundings (at 289 K) to its original state. Determine (a) the paddle work required
(adiabatic) per kilogram; (b) the available portion of the heat removed per kilogram.

Given: Air in a constant volume tank receives paddle work adiabatically. The air is
then cooled to the original state.

Find: The paddle work and the available energy of the heat rejected.

Sketch and Given Data: ____ ...., __

7i = 5tSO f< I, A,e
ft = /() 2. 1,./il I' ~ = 7,
I
10 = zfff K. ---- -----
I

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) Neglect potential and kinetic energies.
3) The mechanical work is zero.
4) The heat is zero where paddle work is added.
5) The volume is constant.
6) Air forms the closed system.

Analysis: The first law for a closed system is

Q = au + ~KE + ~PE + w + wp
Apply assumptions 2, 3 and 4 and divide by m.

0 =au+ wp

a) wP = (0.7176 kJ/kg-K)(300 - 422 K) = -87.5 kJ/kg

The cooling of the air is at constant volume, hence

The available portion of the heat is

9-82
 Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

3
- (289 K) (0.7176 ~ ) In ( 00)
kg-K 422

9-83
 Chapter IX AVAILABILI1Y ANALYSIS

Problem 9.49

A boiler produces dry saturated steam at 3.5 MPa. The furnace gas enters the tube
bank at a temperature of 1100°C, leaves at a temperature of 430°C, and has an
average specific heat, cP = 1.046 kJ/kg-K, over this temperature range. Neglecting
heat losses from the boiler and for the water entering the boiler as a saturated liquid
with a flowrate of 12.6 kg/s, determine for T0 = 21°C (a) the heat transfer, (b) the
loss of available energy of the gas; (c) the gain of available energy of the steam; (d)
the entropy production.

Given: Water enters a boiler with a given flowrate as a saturated liquid and leaves as
a saturated vapor. It is boiled by combustion gases at known inlet and exit
temperatures.

Find: The heat transfer to the water, the available energy changes of the gas and
water and the entropy production.

Sketch and Given Data:

3, S r,,t~
lz.) .sa.f, va.pa-r
- - -, ,,_ .....

-- .... I

(I)

Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and the states are equilibrium ones.
2) Neglect potential and kinetic energies.
3) Heat loss to surroundings is zero _as in the work.
4) The boiler is a steady, open system.

Analysis: Determine the steam states from the steam tables.

h1 = 1050.1 k:J/kg s1 = 2.7240 k:J/kg-K

h2 = 2803.5 k:J/kg s2 = 6.1239 k:J/kg-K
From a first law for an open system, find· the gas flowrate.

Q + m,(h + ke + pe) 3 + m.(h + ke + pe) 1

= W + m,(h + ke + pe)4 + m,(h + ke + pe)2

9-89
Chapter IX AVAILABILI1Y ANALYSIS

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

m = ms<11z - h1) = (12.6 kg/s)(2803.5 - 1050.1 kJ/kg) = 3 1.5 kg/s

8
(~ - hJ (t.046
kg-K
~1
(1373 - 703) K

Consider a control volume which only is on the steam side of the boiler. The
first law is

Apply assumption 2 and that the work is zero.

= (12.6 kg/s) (2803.5 - 1050.1 :1 = 22 093 kW

c) (AE)stm = (22093 kW) - (12.6 kg/s)(294 K) (6.1239 - 2.7240 ~1

kg-K

= 9498 kW

(aAE)885 = Q - m.8 ToCs4 - s3)

s, _ s, = c, m (;:) -v1~r- ( 1.046 ~1.

kg-K
In (
7 3
o
1373
l
kJ
= -0.7002 - -
kg-K

b) (AB)
~
= (-22093 kW) - (31.5 kg/s)(294 K) (-0.7002 ~i
~~

= -15 608 kW

9-90

..
----------------···--
 Chapter IX AVAILABILI1Y ANALYSIS

~Sprod = (31.5 kg/s) (-0.7002 ~ )

kg-K

+ (12.6 kg/s)(6.1239 - 2.7240 kJ/kg-K)

d) ~$prod = 20.78 kW/K

Also, note that (UE)net = T ~$prod

0

(AE)nec = -15608 + 9498 = -6110 kW

(UE)net = -(AE)net = +6110 kW

~S = 6110 kW = 20_78 kW
prod 294 K K

9-91

. .. -------·· -
.. ---
-- - ~ ~ ------- - - - ~ -- - - - - - - -
Chapter IX AVAILABILI'IY ANALYSIS

Problem 9.53

Air expands from 825 kPa and 500 K to 140 kPa and 500 K. Determine (a) the
Gibbs function at the initial conditions; (b) the maximum work; (c) the entropy
change.

Given: Air expands between two known states.

Find: The Gibbs function at state 1, the maximum work possibly done by the air
between the states and the entropy change.

Sketch and Given Data:

i----. r, = ez.~ fa Pa
t A, 'r ~ ---
1
T1 -::. SISO l<.
1 I T-z.. =-T1
- ---- I
I (:>"2...:.. ~"\Ok.~-

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) Neglect potential and kinetic energies.

Analysis: The Gibbs function per unit mass is g = h - Ts. To evaluate g @ T 1, use the
air tables to find the value of s1 and h 1•

~=~ I - l
R ln ( :: = (3.0328 kJ/kg-K) - (0,287 ~ ) In (
kg-K
825
101.3
)

s1 = 2.4309 kJ/kg-K

a) g1 = (503.02 kJ/kg) - (500 K) (2.4309 ~ ) = -712.43

kg-K

s2 = ~, - RIn (::) = (3.0328 kg~K) - (0.287 kg~K) ln ( l~~~3)

S2 = 2.9400 kJ/kg-k

C) ( S2 - S1) = 2.9400 - 2.4309 = 0.5091 kJ/kg

82 = (503.02) - (500)(2.9400) = -966.98 kJ/kg

kJ
Wmax = -(82 - g1) = -(-966.98 • (-712.43)} = 254.55 -
kg

9-98
 Chapter IX AVAILABILI1Y ANALYSIS

A parabolic collector receives 1.1 kW of solar radiation at 200°C. This energy is used
to evaporate R12 from a subcooled liquid at 30°C and 3.34 MPa to a saturated vapor
at 3.34 MPa. T O = 30°C. Determine (a) refrigerant flowrate; (b) entropy
production; (c) second-law efficiency.

Given: A parabolic collector is a heat exchanger, receiving solar energy and using this
to evaporate R12 at constant pressure.

Find: The R12 flowrate, the entropy production and the second law efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) The R12 is a pure substance and the states are equilibrium
ones.
2) The heat is supplied at constant temperature.
3) Neglect potential and kinetic energies.
4) The collector is a steady, open system.
5) The work is zero.

Analysis: From the R12 tables, find that

h1 = 64.7 kJ/kg S1 = 0.2403 kJ/kg-K

h2 = 209.6 kJ/kg Si = 0.6435 kJ/kg-K
The first law for a steady, open system from the R12 view is

Apply assumptions 3 and 5.

a) (1.l kW) = 0.00759 kg/s

(209.6 - 64.7 kJ/kg)

9-105
Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS
.....--
:•; . .;!~ 7:,!~-ri.,
.-..a, ., i::

1 ·The entropy change of the heat source is

a$ =Q = -1.l kW = -0.002326 kW
source T 473 K K

The entropy change of the R12 is

a$R12 = m(s2 - s1) = (0.00759 kg/s)(0.6435 - 0.2403 kJ/kg-K)

. kW
asR12 = 0.003060 _
K

The entropy production is

b) · kW
as rod = +0.003060 - 0.002326 = +0.000734 -
P K

The change in availability of the R12 is

m(W2 - W1) = 1.1 kW - (303 K)(0.003060 kW) = +0.1728 kW

K

The change in availability of the heat supplied is

6-'P= = 0(1 - ~l = (1.1)(1 - !~!) = -0.3953 kW

0 1728
c) 112 = · = 0.437 or 43.7%
0.3953

9-106
Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

Problem 9.1*

Determine the availability of a unit mass for each of the following assuming the
system is at rest, at zero elevation and TO = 77°F and p = 1 atmosphere.
0

a. Dry saturated steam at 500 psia

b Refrigerant 12 at 200 psia and 200°F.
c. Air at 900 R and 150 psia.
d. Water as a saturated liquid at 212°F.
e. Water as a saturated liquid at 40°F.

Given: Various substances and TO and p0 •

Find: The specific availability.

Assumptions: 1) The kinetic and potential energies are zero.

Analysis: The specific availability is

Applying assumption (1) yields

(a) Steam at 500 psia. Steam at T0 and p 0 is a saturated liquid at 77°F.

From the steam tables.

Btu
U0 = 44.7 - s0 = 0.0867 Btu/lbm-R VO = 0.01607 ft 3/lbm
lbm

u = 1119.4 Btu/lbm s = 1.4641 Btu v = 0.9285 ft3/lbm

lbm-R

a = (1119.4 - 44.7 Btu/lbm)

(14.7 lb/in2}(144 in2/ft2)(0.9285 - 0.01607 ft 3/lbm)

+---------------- (778.16 ft-lb/Btu)

- (537 R}(l.4641 - 0.0867 Btu/lbm-R)

a = 372.1 Btu/lbm

9-112
 Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

b) R12 at 200 psia and 200°F. R12 at T 0 and p 0 is a subcooled liquid with
properties similar to those of a saturated liquid at T 0 •

u = 93.4 Btu/lbm s = 0.18311 Btu v = 0.2486 ft'/lbm

lbm-R

Btu
u0 = 25.5 Btu/lbm S0 = 0.0536 -- Vo = 0.0122 ft'/lbm
lbm -R

a = (93.4 - 25.5) + (14.7)(144)(0.2486 - 0.0122) - (537)(0.18311 - 0.0536)

(778.16)

a = -1.0 Btu/lbm

c) Air at 900 R and 150 psia

u - u0 = cvCT - T 0 ) = (0.1714 Btu ) (900 - 537 R)

lbm-R

= 62.2 Btu/lbm
RT (53.34 ft-lb/lbm-R)(900 R) 3
v = - = - - - - 2- - -2 - 2
- = 2.222 ft /lbm
p (150 lb/in )(144 in /ft )

v
0
= RTo = (53.34)(537) = 13.532 ft'/lbm
p0 (14.7)(144)

(v _ v ) = (14.7 lb/in2)(144 in2/ft2)(2.222 - 13.532 ft 3/lbm)

Po O
(778.16 ft-lb/Btu)

Btu
= -30.8 -
lbm

- R In (1:]
P0
= (o.24 Btu ) In (
lbm-R
900
537
)

(53.34 ft-lb/lbm-R) In l 50
14.7
(778.16 ft-lb/Btu)

s - s0 = -0.0353 Btu/lbm-R

9-113
Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

To(s - s0 ) = -(537 R)(-0.0353 Btu/lbm-R) = 18.9 Btu/lbm

a = 62.2 - 30.8 + 18.9 = 50.3 Btu/lbm

d) Water as a saturated liquid at 212°F. The "o" values are the same as
part a.

u = 180.4 Btu/lbm s = 0.3120 Btu v = 0.0167 ft'/lbm

lbm-R

a = (180.4 - 44.7) + (14.7)(144)(0.0167 - 0.01607) - (537)(0.3120 - 0.0867)

(778.16)

a = 14.7 Btu/lbm

e) Water as a saturated liquid at 40°F. The "o" values are the same as
part a.

u = 7.8 Btu/lbm s = 0.0152 Btu v = 0.01602 ft'/lbm

lbm-R

a = (7.8 _ 44 _7) + (14.7)(144)(0.01602 - 0.01607) _ (537)(0.0l52 _ 0 _0867)

(778.16)

a = 1.5 Btu/lbm

9-114
 Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

Problem 9.5*

The availability of a tank filled with air at 620°F and 75 psia is 8000 Btu. Determine
the tanks volume if TO = 77°F and p 0 = 14.7 psia.

Given: The availability of a tank of air is known as are the air's other properties.

Find: The volume of the tank.

Sketch and Given Data:

,- -A- - -- ,
I ,, I
A_=- Bo«> 8-fu
! 6 z.of" ~ To = 77 F
, 7Sf'5 /d 1
: : Pc= l-1,?t~'c
-------
Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.
2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero.

Analysis: The availability is

m[(u - u.) + p0 (v - v.) - T,(s - s.) + ~ gz]

+

Apply assumptions 1 and 2

= (0.1714 Btu ) (1080 - 537 R) = 93.1 Btu

lbm-R lbm

I
s • s, = c, In (:.) - R m (:.)

9-121
Chapter IX AVAILABILI1Y ANALYSIS

ft-lb
53.34 r
s - s0 = (0.24 Btu/lbm-R) In (-~~-~) - Ib_=--~-:.J...)
....i..(_ _ In ( 1:\)
778.16 Btur

s - s0 = 0.056 Btu/lbm-R

RT (53.34 ft-lb/Jbm-R)(1080 R) A3
v =- = - - - -2- - -
2
-- = 5.334 u /lbm
P (75 lb/in )(144 in /ft2)

v = RTo = (53.34)(537) = 13.532 ft'/lbm

0
p0 (14.7)(144)

(14.7 lb/in2)(144 in2/ft 2)(5.334 - 13.532 ft3/lbm)

PiV - v 0 ) = (778.16 ft-lb/Btu)

-To(s - s0 ) = -(537 R)(0.056 Btu/lbm-R)= -30.1 Btu/lbm

(8000 Btu) = (m lbm) [93.1 - 22.3 - 30.1 + 0 + 0 Btu]

lbm

m = 196.6 lbm

V = mv = (196.6 lbm)(5.334 ft3/lbm) = 1048.7 ft 3

9-122
Chapter IX AVAILABILI'IY ANALYSIS

Problem 9.9*

A piston/cylinder contains steam at 100 psia and 400°F cools at constant pressure
until the temperature is equal to that of the surroundings. Find, per unit mass, the
heat, the work and the availability transfer with the heat and work. The surroundings
are at TO = 70°F and p0 = 1 41 psia.

Given: A unit mass of steam expands at constant pressure until T 2 =T 0•

Find: The heat, work and availability transfer.

Sketch and Given Data:

lo .:::77 ,=
I l<m10''~ I Pc.:;- 14,i(ff'c
I ..-cic.rt>F I
-
t _.,... ,.. __I

Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and the states are equilibrium ones.
2) Neglect potential and kinetic energies.

Analysis: Determine the steam properties at the initial and final states. The final state
is a subcooled liquid.

u 1 = 113.1 Btu/lbm h1 = 1227.4 Btu/lbm s1 = 1.6517Btu/lbm-R

u2 = 37.7 Btu/lbm v1 = 4.937 ft'/lbm s2 = 0.0735 Btu

lbm-R

h2 = 37.7 Btu/lbm v1 = 0.01605 ft'/lbm

For a constant pressure process.

q = Ah = (~ - h 1) = (37.7 - 1227.4) = -1189.7 Btu/lbm

(u2 - u1) = (37.7 - 1136.1) = -1098.4 Btu/lbm

The first law for a closed system subject to assumption 2 is

q =Au+ w

9-130
 Chapter IX AVAILABILI1Y ANALYSIS

-1189.7 = -1098.4 + w
w = -91.3 Btu/lbm
The availability transfer accompanying work (WAT) is

WAT = -91.3 Btu

lbm

(14.7 lb/in2)(144 in2/ft2)(0.01605 - 4.937 ft 3/lbm)

ft-lb)
(778.16 Btu r

Btu
WAT= -77.9 -
--1bm

The availability transfer accompanying heat (HAT) is

HAT = J'. (1 - ; ) Oq

HAT = q - To(s2 - s1)

HAT = -1189.7 - (530)(0.0735 - 1.6517)

Btu
HAT = -353.2 -
lbm

9..131
 Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

Problem 9.13*

A rigid tank contains 1 lbm air at 260°F and 15 psia and receives heat from a
constant temperature reservoir at 1000°F until the air temperature increases to 620°F.
The tank surface temperature during the heat addition process is 1000°F. Determine
the heat transferred, its availability transfer and the irreversibility for the process.
T0 = 77°F and p 0 = 14.7 psia.

Given: A constant volume tank containing air receives heat from a constant
temperature heat reservoir. The tank surface temperature is 1000°F during
the heat transfer process. The final air temperature is 620°F.

Find: The heat transfer, the heat's availability transfer and the irreversibility.

Sketch and Given Data:

-r; = 77 ,-=-
Po :: /~, 7 fSI~

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) Neglect potential and kinetic energies.
3) The work is zero, the volume is constant.

Analysis: Perform a first law analysis to determine the heat transferred.

Q = .6.U + .6.KE + M>E + W

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

= (1 lbm) (0,1714 Btu ) (1080 - 720 R)

lbm-R

Q = 61.7 Btu

9-138
 Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

The heat's availability transfer (HAT) is

HAT = (1 - T
0
) Q = (1 - 537 ) (61.7 Btu) = 39 Btu
T 1460

The entropy change for the air is

0

AS_.= mc,In (~:) + m R ~

= (1 lbm)(0.1714 Btu)
lbm-R
In (lOBO)
720

.dSsys = 0.0695 Btu/R

The entropy change of the source is

.dS = Q = - 61.7 Btu = -0.0423 Btu/R

source T 1460 R

The entropy production is

.dSproc1 = 0.0695 - 0.0423 = 0.0272 Btu/R

I = T0 AS,... = (537 R) (0.272 B:) =14.6 Btu

9-139
 Chapter IX AVAILABILI1Y ANALYSIS

Problem 9.17*

An electric kiln uses wire as a heating element. A steady state condition occurs when
the wire is at a temperature of 3000 R, the kiln walls at a temperature of 1500 R and
the electrical power through the wire is 10 kW. T0 = 77°F.
a) Considering the wire as the system, determine its irreversibility rate;
b) Considering the space between the wire and the kiln walls as the system,
determine its irreversibility rate.

Given: The wire in an electric kiln radiates heat to the walls at another constant
temperature. The power dissipated as heat is known.

Find: The irreversibility rate of wire; of the space between the wall and the wall
that the heat passes through.

Sketch and Given Data:

to=: 77F

Assumptions: 1) The temperatures are constant.

2) All the power is dissipated as heat.

Analysis: (a) The heat transfer availability rate {HAT) is

(HAT)= (1 - ~) Q = (1 - ~)(-10 kW)= -8.2 kW

The work availability transfer rate (WAT) is -10 kW as it is entering the
system. The irreversibility rate is found from Equation 9.15.

~- (1 - T
/cit= T
0
) Q - W+p /4 - i
/Tt
i = -8.2 kW - (-10 kW) = 1.8 kW

b) The space between receives heat at 3000 R and transfers heat at 1500
R. There is no work transfer, hence W = 0.

9-145
Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

537
(HAT)m = (1 - ;:) Q = (1 -
3000
) (10 kW) = 8.2 kW

(HAT)out = 537 l( -10 kW) = -6.4 kW

(1 -;:) Q· = (1 - -1500
From Equation 9.15

; { : 8.2 - 6.4 - 0 + 0 - I

i = 1.8 kW
Comments: 1) Electrical energy is considered to have 100% availability. In case (a),
of the 10 kW supplied, heat transfer irreversibilities reduced it by 1.8
kW. In case (b), irreversibilities reduced the availability of 10 kW of
heat, not work, by 1.8 kW.

9-146
Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

Problem 9.21 *

A steam turbine receives at 150 ft/sec, 800 psia and 700°F and it exits as a saturated
vapor at 240°F with a velocity of 300 ft/sec. Heat transfer from the turbine casing is
10 Btu/lbm of steam and the casing is at a temperature of 400°F. Determine per unit
mass of steam flowing through the turbine and for T0 = 77°F and p 0 = 14.7 psia;

a) the work done by the steam;

b) the heat's availability transfer;
c) the irreversibility.

Given: Steam flow steadily through a turbine performing work. Heat is lost from the
turbine casing.

Find: The work, the heat's availability transfer and the irreversibility per unit mass.

Sketch and Given Data:

(;ka 14-1 .1 I So f -J;;ec.
8 <r0 f g/d T;;"-=77F
70-0F ~ = I~, 7l°st~

Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and the states are equilibrium ones.
2) Neglect potential energy.

Analysis: Perform a first law analysis to find the turbine work. For a steady open
system.

0 + :rb(h + ke + pe)1 = W + m(h + ke + pe)2

For steam

h1 = 1339.0 Btu/lbm s1 = 1.5475 Btu/lbm-R

h2 = 1160.7 Btu/lbm s2 = 1.7139 Btu/lbm-R

Divide by :rb, apply assumption 2 and solve for w.

9-152
 Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

) ~. w= (-10 Btti/lbm) + (1339.0 - 1160.7 Btu/lbm)

(1502 - 3002 ft2/sec2)

+ ----'---------'---
(2) (32.174 lbm-ft) (778.16 ft-lbc)
lbc-sec2 Btu

Btu
w = 167.0 -
lbm

The heat's availability transfer (HAT) is

537
HAT = (1 - Tol
T q
= (1 -
860
) (-10 Btu)
lbm
= -3.8 Btu/lbm

The change in specific flow availability is

'111 - '112 = (1339.0 - 1160.7 Btu/lbm)

- (537 R)(l.5475 - 1.7139 Btu/lbm-R)

+ (1502 - 3002 ft 2/sec2)

l
(2) (32.174 lbm -ft (778.16 ft-lb
lbc-sec2 Btu
fl
'111 - '112 = 266.3 Btu/lbm
From Equation 9.22

i • (1 _ ~ l q _ w + ('P, _ lp,)

i = -3.8 - 167.0 + 266.3 = 95.5 ::

9-153
 Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

Problem 9.25*

5 lbm/sec of air enter an adiabatic compressor at 77°F and 14.7 psia and are
compressed to 75 psia and 475°F. T 0 = 77°F and p 0 = 14.7 psia. Determine the
power required and the change of availability of the air.

Given: Air flows through a compressor from state 1 to state 2. There is no heat loss.

Find: The power required and the change of the air's availability.

Sketch and Given Data:

'3/
I
w
,4,'r S- 11,M.(JeC - -- - -
l'
=O

' 7S°f 1ld

7 ; : 77r,:-
.
'i?F (1) C {'l.)
Pc := /"f, 7f1~~d
I//, 7/SliJ
I
I
I
I ~1r~r:=
--- - -
I (

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) Neglect potential and kinetic energies.
3) The heat is zero.
4) The compressor is a steady, open system.

Analysis: Determine the power required from a first law analysis. For a steady, open
system.

0 + m(h + ke + pe) 1 = W + m(h + ke + pe) 2

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

W = m(h1 - ~) = IiJ. cp(Tt - T2)

W= (5 lbm/sec) (0.24 Btu ) (537 - 935 R) = -477.6 Btu/sec

lbm-R

The change of availability in the absence of changes in kinetic and potential

energies is

9-159
Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

935
Iil T0 (s2 - s1) = (5 lbm/sec)(537 R) [(o.24 Btu ) In (
lbm-R 537
)

ft-lb
53.34 c
lbm-R ( 75)
--(--ft--lb-£...) ln 14.7
778.16 Btu c

m(W2 - '¥1) = 477.6 - 57.4 = 420.2 Btu/sec

Comments: 1) Not all the work supplied is converted into raising the air's availability,
some of it is lost through irreversibilities. In this· case, of the 477.6
Btu/sec supplied, the theoretical maximum that can be converted back
into work is 420.2 Btu/sec.

9-160
 Chapter IX AVAILABil,TIY ANALYSIS

Problem 9.29*

Hydrogen enters an adiabatic nozzle with a flowrate of 15 lbm/sec, a temperature of

900°F, a pressure of 120 psia and a velocity of 45 ft/sec. It exits at 20 psia·and 375°F.
T 0 = 77°F and p0 = 14.7 psia. Determine the gas's exit velocity and the change in
availability.

Given: Hydrogen flows steadily through an adiabatic nozzle.

Find: The hydrogen's exit velocity and change of availability.

Sketch and Given Data:

7o = 77F
I

Po = /~, ?/$/;J

Assumptions: 1) Hydrogen is an ideal gas.

2) Neglect changes in potential energy.
3) The heat and work are zero.
4) The riozzle is a steady, open system.

Analysis: Perform a first law analysis to find the exit velocity. For a steady, open
system.

Q + m(h + ke + pe)1 = W + m(h + ke + pe) 2

Apply assumptions 2 and 3 and divide by Iil

(2) (32.174 lbm -ft) (778.16 ft-lbr) (2) (32.174 lbm-ft) (778.16 ft-lbr)
lbr-sec2 Btu lb/sec2 Btu

+ (3.419 Btu ) (1360 - 835 R)

lbm-R

...Y2 = 9481 ft/sec

9-167
Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

The change of availability, neglecting potential energy, is

(v~ - Vi)
lp - W1 = (h - h) + _ _ - T (s -s )
2 .. "2 .., 2 gc o 2 1

The change of enthalpy and kinetic energy terms add out from the first law.

ft-lb
766.54 r
W2 - W1 = -(537R) (3.419 Btu ) In ( 835) - _.___ _ Ib_m_-_R_,_ In (~)
lbm-R 1360 ( ft-lbr) 120
778.16 Btu

Btu
w2 - WI = -52.19 -
lbm

m(W2 - 'P1) = (15 lbm/sec) (-52.19 Btu) = -782.8 Btu

lbm sec

Comment: 1) The hydrogen's availability decreases by 782.8 Btu/sec due to fluid flow
irreversibilities.

9-168
Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

Problem 9.33*

A manufacturing process requires 800 gpm of water at 175°F and one atmosphere.
This can be obtained by mixing dry saturated steam a one atmosphere with subcooled
water at 65°F. Determine for T0 = 77°F and p0 = 1 atmosphere.
a) the water and steam flowrates;
b) the irreversibility of the process.

Given: Steam and water mix to form hot water.

Find: The steam arid water flows and the irreversibility.

Sketch and Given Data:

1:57'-o-M ,-- -- - --
I I,_ . T
~
-, '
To= ,7 F
( i) I C
eoo cl pwo Po =- ( a hM.
~ G-,. c 1+,w.>GE2 1
I C (!.) ns F
I
J I

Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and the states are equilibrium ones.
2) Neglect potential arid kinetic energies.
3) The heat and work are zero.
4) The heat exchanger is a steady, open system.

Analysis: Determine the enthalpy and entropy values for the steam and water, then
perform a first law analysis

h1 = 1150.5 Btu/lbm s1 = 1.7563 Btu/lbm-R

h2 = 32.7 Btu/lbm s2 = 0.0639 Btu/lbm-R

h3 = 143.4 Btu/lbm s3 = 0.2552 Btu/lbm-R

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

9-176
 Chapter IX AVAILABILI1Y ANALYSIS

For isothermal open system, Q = W = -1464.4 Btu/min (heat out). The

heat availability transfer rate (HAT) is

HAT = 0
(1 - T ) Q.1 = (1 - 537) ( -1464.4) = -60.1 Btu/min
T.1 560

The work availability transfer rate (WAT) is

WAT= - W· - p -dV) = -W
· as -dV = 0
( 0
dt dt

WAT= (-1464.4) = +1464.4 Btu/min

The change in availability is

Iil(s1 - s2) = -Q = -(-l 464.4) = 2.615 Btu/min-R

T 560

Ih{'P1 - 'P2) = -(537 R)(2.615 Btu/min-R) = -1404.3 Btu/min

From Equation 9.22

i = -60.1 + 1464.4 - 1404.3 = 0

9-175
Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

Problem 9.37*

35 lbm/sec of air enter an adiabatic compressor at 17.4 psia, 68°F and with a velocity
of 180 ft/sec and exits at 58 psia, 320°F and with a velocity of 250 ft/sec. T O = 77°F
and p 0 = 14.7 psia. Determine the power required, the change of availability and the
second law efficiency.

Given: A compressor adiabatically compresses air between two states.

Find: The power required, the air's change of availability and the second law
efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data: w'

as ,t,, . . . J~4!.c r---- To = 77F
A-,i- I ss r''~
I 32.0 F ?o :.. 14, 7I S'/d
/7,1 f'~ld (11 ,
,eF -----~-
' Z'f"t>ft/sec
/ Bo ft/sec.
Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.
2) The change in potential energy is zero.
3) The heat flow is zero.
4) The compressor is a steady, open system.

Analysis: Perform a first law analysis to find the power. For a steady-state open system.

Q + Iil(h + ke + pe) 1 = W + Iil(h + ke + pe)2

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

+ (1802 - 2502 ft2/sec2)

(2) (32.174 lbm-ft) (778.16 ft-lbt)

lbt-sec Btu

9-184
 Chapter IX AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

W = -2138 Btu
sec

The change of availability is

ft-lb
53.34 r
s2 - s1 = (0.24 Btu/lbm-R) In ( 780) lbm-R I ( 58 )
528 - (778.16 ft-lb/Btu) n 17.4

Btu
S2 - S1 = 0.0111 --
lbm-R

Ii1 ToCs2 - s1) = (35 lbm/sec)(537 R) (0.0111 Btu )

lbm-R

Btu
m(W2 - W1) = +2138 - 208.6 = 1929.4 _
sec

The second law efficiency is

" = m(W2 - 'Pi) = 1929·4 = 0.902 or 90.2%

2
'l c V/ 2138
compr

9-185
 Chapter IX AVAILABILI1Y ANALYSIS

Problem 9.41 *

A tank contains water vapor at a pressure of 13 psia and a temperature of 210°F.

Heat is added to the water vapor until the pressure is tripled. The lowest available
temperature is 60°F. Find the available portion of the heat added.

Given: A tank contains a slightly superheated water vapor at known conditions. Heat
is added and the pressure triples.

Find: The available energy of the heat added per unit mass.

Sketch and Given Data:

I
I
-::,
I -;, r~ •l~ , T
1
I
Z.10 F I
I
To ::-S20 le
I I
I
-------I
/tr"
Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and the states are equilibrium ones.
2) Neglect potential and kinetic energies.
3) The volume is constant, work is zero.
4) The steam in the tank forms a closed system.

Analysis: The first law for a closed system is

Q = AU + AKE + APE + W

Apply assumptions 2 and 3 and divide by the mass.

From the steam tables.

Btu Btu
u1 = 1076.9 lbm s1 = 1.7694 -b--
1 m-R
V1 = 30.26 ft3/lbm

The process from 1-2 is V = C, hence v2 = v 1 and p2 = 39 psia. From the

steam tables.

Btu
U2 = 1596 4 Btu
. lbm s2 = 2.1878 .,.,..b-m--R-- T2 = 1522°F
1

9-193
Chapter IX AVAILABILTIY ANALYSIS

q1_2 = (1596.4 - 1076.9 Btu/lbm) = 519.5 Btu/lbm

= (519.5 Btu) - (520 R) (2.1878 - 1.7694 Btu )

lbm lbm-R

9-194
Chapter IX AVAILABILI1Y ANALYSIS

Problem C9.1

Air is compressed isentropically in a compressor from atmospheric conditions of 100

kPa and 300°K to various discharge pressures. Develop a computer model for the
compressor to determine the change of availability of the air for discharge pressures
of 500 kPa, 1 MPa, 5 MPa and 10 MPa. You may use the TK Solver model AIR.TK.

Given: Air compressed isentropically to various discharge pressures.

Find: Change in availability.

Sketch and Given Data:

.s =C..
300°1(

Assumptions: 1) Change in kinetic and potential energy is negligible.

Analysis: Using AIR.TK, enter the inlet temperature and pressure, the discharge
pressure, and zero for DELs. Since the process is isentropic, DELh is the
change in availability. A List Solve produces the following results.

Problem C9.l

P2 T2 DELh
500 470.5 172.43
1000 570.97 276.31
5000 879.25 609.4
10000 1046.4 798.72

9-202
 Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSIDPS

CHAPTER TEN

Problem 10.1

Derive an expression for the change of internal energy of a gas using the van
der Waals equation of state.

Given: The van der Waals equation of state for a gas.

Find: The expression for the change of internal energy of the gas.

Assumptions: 1) The gas obeys van der Waals equation of state.

Analysis: The change of internal energy is deferred from Equation 10.29 as

du= c,dT + h!i). -+•

van der Waals Equation of State is:

RT a
p = - - -2
v-b v

du= cdT +
v
IIT
[ -v-b - -RT + -
v-b
a] dv
v2

adv
du= cdT + -
V v"

10·1

---·----------
. . ------------
..
 Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS

Problem 10.5

Using the Maxwell relation in equations (10.22) and (10.11), develop the three
remaining relations given in equation (10.23).

Given: Equations 10.22 and 10.11.

Find: Remaining relations in Equation 10.23.

Analyais: From Equation 10.22

(aT)
av s
= -(ap)
as v
I

The variables ares, v, T.

Equation 10.11 is

Let p = y, v = z and s = x

Substitute relationship I in

( : ) . ( : ) . ( : ) . = +1

(!~).(:). = 1

(:). = (:). II

Use variables s, v, T.

10-5

·- _,, _____________ - - - - - - - - - ------

. . .. ·---
..
- - - - - - - - - - -------- --
Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS

Substitute in relationship I

(:),(:;),(:!), = +1

(avas) (aT)
T ap v
= 1

(:J, (!i),
= III

Use variables T, p, s

(!;).(:),(:;). = -1

From relationship II

IV

10-6

-
..--
---------
 Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSIDPS

Problem 10.9

Derive an expression for the change of entropy of a gas that obeys the van der
Waals equation of state.

Given: · A gas that obeys van der Waals equation of state.

Find: The expression for the change of entropy.

Assumptions: 1) The gas obeys van der Waals equation of state.

Analysis: The change of entropy may be found from Equation 10.36.

dT
ds=c-+
v T
(ap)
-
aT
dv
V
•
van der Waals equation of state is:

RT a
p =- - - 2
v-b v

( : ) . - (v~b)

dT R
ds = c - + --dv
v T (v-b)

Integrate assuming Cv and R are constant.

10-11
 Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS

Problem 10.13

Compute the coefficient of thermal expansion for methane at 32°C and 1400
kPa using (a) the ideal-gas equation of state; (b) the van der Waals equation
of state.

Given: Two gas equations of state and the expression for the coefficient of thermal
expansion.

Find: The coefficient's value for methane.

Assumptions: 1) The gas obeys the appropriate equation of state.

2) The expression for a is available from problem 10.12.

Analysis: (a) For an ideal gas

a = .!_ = l = 0.00328 K -l
T 305.151'

(b) For a van der Waals gas, p = RT - ~

v-b v2

Rv 2(v-b)
a = -(RTv3-2a(v-b)2)
---------

For methane from Table 5.1

a = 228.5 (m3/kgmol) 2

b = 0.0427 (m3/kgmol)

R = 8.3143 kJ/kgmol · k T = 305.15k

p = 1400kPa

Solve the van der Waals equation for v at this state. This is a trial and error
solution or use TKSOLVER. The value for vis 1.761 m3/kgmol.

3
8.3143 kJ (1.761 m3/kgmol) 2 1.761-0.0427 m
kgmol-K kgmol
a=~--~-~------~----~-~ A

10-17

-
..
---------------
Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS

3
3
A = [(8.3143 kJ ) (305.151') (1.761 m ) -
kgmol-K kgmol

(2)(228.5 m6/kgmol2)(1.761-0.0427 m3/kgmo1)2]

a = 0.0035 K- 1

10-18
Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS

Problem 10.17

Determine the average Joule-Thomson coefficient for steam that is throttled

from 1.1 MPa and 280°C to 140 kPa.

Given: Steam is throttled between 2 states.

Find: The average Joule-Thomson coefficient.

Sketch & Given Data:

:s-ka.W'I
(1)
\
I
-tM
-- -- \
<
>1 ~ '

Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and the states are equilibrium ones.

Analysis: The Joule-Thomson coefficient is deferred as

µ = (aT)
op h

For a throttling process, h = C; let

For state 1 p2 = 1100 kPa T 1 = 280°C h1 = 3005.5 kJ/kg

h2 = h 1 p2 = 140kPa T 2 = 266.4°C
(553-539.4 K) = 0_0142 K/kPa
(1100-140 kPa)

10-24
 Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS

Problem 10.21

The specific volume of steam at 350°C is 2.5 m3/kg. Determine the pressure
using the ideal gas equation of state, van der Waals equation of state and the
Redlich-Kwong equation of state. Compare the results with that found from
the steam tables.

Given: The specific volume of steam at a given temperature.

Find: The pressure using various equations of state and the steam tables.

Assumptions: 1) Steam obeys the appropriate equation of state.

Analysis: Ideal gas law

p = RT = (0.4615 kJ/kg-K)(623K) = 115 kPa

V (2.5 m3/kg)

Steam tables, superheat region, p = 114.8 kPa

van der Waals

m3
Ve = 0.568---,.
kgmol
RT a
p = - - - pc = 22.09 MPa
v-b v7 2
a = 27 b Pc
Tc = 647.3K

a = 27W~ = (27)(8.3143)2(647.3) 2 = 553 (kPa)(m6/kgmol2)

64 Pc (64)(22090)

b = RTc = (8.3143)(647.3) = 0 030 m3/kgmol

8pc (8)(22090) •
3
v = Mv = (18.015 kg ) (2.5 m3/kg) = 45.04 m
kgmol kgmol

p = (8.3143 kJ/kgmol-K)(623K) _ (553 kPa(m6/kgmol2))

(45.04-0.030 m3/kgmol) (45.04 m3/kgmol)2

p = 114.8 kPa

10-29

..
------------ ------------
---- ---- - - - - -
Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS

Redlich-Kwong

RT a
p=-----
v-b T'hv"(v+b)
25
kJ
'WT;5 (0.42748) 8.3143 kgmol-K
0.42748
(647.3K) ·
a = - - - - = - - - -(22090
- - -kN/m
-- 2 ----
)

a = 1715.2
RT (0.08664) 8.3143 kJ (647.3K)
b = 0.08664 _c = kgmol-K
Pc (22090 kN/m 2)

b = 0.021

_ (8.3143)(623K) _ (1715.2)
p - (45.04-0.021) 0
(623) .5(45.04)(45.04+0.021)

p = 115.0 kPa

10-30

..
----~-~-·--·----------- ---~------ - - - - - ~
Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS

Problem 10.25

Two kilograms of air occupy a volume of 0.05 m3 at a temperature of 318°C.

The air expands isothermally until the pressure is 1390 kPa. Using van der
Waals equation of state determine the initial pressure, the final volume and
the work.

Given: Air expands isothermally from state 1 to state 2.

Find: The initial pressure and final volume using van der Waals equation of state
and the work done.

Sketch & Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) The gas obeys van der Waals equation of state.

2) The process is isothermal.

Analysis: Using van der Waals equation of state find p 1 and V2•

a = 135.8 kPa(m 3/kgmol) 2

p =RT a
- __
v-b i? b = 0.0364 m3/kgmol

v = V = 0.05 m3 = 0.025 ml/kg

1
m 2 kg

v 1 = Mv 1 = (28.97 kg/kgmol)(0.025 m3/kg) = 0.7242 m3/kgmol

P = (8.3143 kJ/kgmol-K)(591K) _ {135.8 kPa(m6/kgmol2))

1
(0.7242-0.0364 m3/kgmol) (0.7242 m3/kgmol) 2

p 1 = 6885 kPa

1390 = (8.3143)(591) _ (135.8)

(v;-0.0364) (vJ 2

10-38
 Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSIIlPS

Solve by trial and error

v2 = 3.5442 m3/kgmol V- -M
v2---3.5442
2 - - -- .0 122mg
28.97
3fk

V2 = mv 2 = (2)(0.122) = 0.244
The expression for isothermal work must be evaluated using van der Waals
equation of state not the ideal gas law for T = C.

w = fpdv = f (~ -~) dv
v-h v1

3 5442 364 1
= (8 3143)(591)ln ( · -0·0 ) - (135 8) ( - l )
w • 0.7242-0.0364 . 3.5442 0.7242

w = 8155kJ/kgmol

W = (2 kg)(8155 kJ/kgmol) = 563 kJ

(28.97 kgtkgmol)

10-39

I ..
I__ ---- ------··----------·-- ·--· ··- . ,. --------- --------. -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - ------- --
 Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS

Problem 10.29

The maximum density for liquid water at atmospheric pressure occurs at a

temperature of 4°C. What can you determine about as/op)T at temperatures
of 3°C, 4°C, and 5°C?

Given: The maximum density of water occurs at 4°C.

Find: What happens to (as/ap)T at 3, 4 and 5 °c.

Analysis: From Maxwell's relations

At 4°C the maximum value of p occurs, before and after this point p is a
lesser value. At 4°C, (iJp/aT)P = O as ap is zero. At 3°C, ap and aT are
positive, hence ( as/ap h is positive. At 5°C, ap is negative and aT is positive,
hence ( ap /fJT)p is negative as is ( as/ap)T.

10-43

..
-----~------~~ ------------------·-- ···-------
Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS

Problem 10.33

A gas's p-v-T behavior at certain states can create a compressibility factor of

Z = 1 - ApT4 where A is a constant. Derive an expression for the difference
in specific heats, cP - cv.

Given: A gas's compressibility factor.

Find: An expression for cP - Cv.

Analysis:

c - c = -T ( av) 2 ( ap)
p v aT p
av T

pv = ZRT

v = ~T(1 -~l RT
=- -
p
RA
T3
(1)

av) = R + 3AR = RT4+3ARp

( aT P p T4 pT4

av) = 2
R2T8 +6ARpT4+9A2R2p2
(aT P p2T8

Take the derivative with respect to v at constant temperature of (1)

-RT(
8P)
1 = av T - Q
p2

ap) = _.f_
( av T RT

c _c •
p v
-T(-pRT (av)
aT
l
(pR (av)
2

aT
2

p
= l
2 2

p2 (R2T8+6ARpT4+9A2R2p2l
C - C • -
p V R p2T8

6Ap 9A2Rp2
C -c = R + - + - - -
p V T4 T8
10-48
Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS

Problem *10.1

The equation of state for a gas is p(v - b) = RT where b is an experimental

constant. Find the expression for the coefficient of isothermal compressibility.

Given: A gas equation of state.

Find: The coefficient of isothermal compressibility.

Analysis: The coefficient of isothermal compressibility is

p(v-b) = RT

p( av)
c)p T
+ v - b = o

av)
(c)p T
= -~
p
--RT
-
p2
/3 = +RT
T p2v

10-52
Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS

Problem *10.5

Determine the constant-volume and constant-pressure specific heats of steam

at 350 psia and 500°F by means of equations (10.24) and (10.25).

Given: Equations 10.24 and 10.25 and the steam tables.

Find: cP and Cv at 350 psia and 500°F.

Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and states are equilibrium ones.

Analysis: The expression for cP and cv are

CV =(!;). = (Aul
.dT V

Cp =(!~), = (!~).
3
From the tables at 350 psia and 500°F, v = 1.4924 ft
lbm

345 psia 355 psia

V = 1.4924 V = 1.4924
u = 1150.2 Btu/lbm u = 1159.6 Btu/lbm
T = 489.6 F T = 510.5 F

c = (1159.6-1150.2 Btu/lbml = 0.450 Btu

v 970.5-949.6 R lbm-R

350 psia 350 psia

495F 505F
Btu h = 1254.7 Btu
h = 1248.3-
lbm lbm-R

c = (1254.7-1248.3 Btu/lbm) =
0 _64 Btu
P (965-955 R) lbm-R

10-58
Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSIDPS

Problem *10.9

The specific volume of steam at 620°F is 1.50 ft'/lbm. Determine the pressure
using the ideal gas equation of state, van der Waals equation of state and the
Redlich-Kwong equation of state. Compare the results with that found from
the steam tables.

Given: The specific volume of steam at a given temperature.

Find: The pressure using the various equations of state and the steam tables.

Assumptions: 1) Steam obeys the appropriate equation of state.

Analysis: Ideal gas law

= RT = (85.77 ft-lbf/lbm-R)(1080R) = 428 lbf/in2

p v (1.5 ft3/lbm)(144 in2/ft2)

Steam tables, superheat region, p = 403 lbf/in2

van der Waals

m3
Ve= 0.568--
p = -RT __
a kgmol
v-b ~
pc = 22.09 MPa
T = 620F = 1080R = 600K
Tc = 647.3K

= 27~~ = (27)(8.3143)2(647.3}2 = 553 (kPa)(m6/kgmol2)

a 64 Pc (64)(22090)

b = RTc = (8.3143)(647.3) = 0 _030 m3/kgmol

· 8pc (8}(22090}

v = (1.5 ft 3/lbm)(0.06243) = 0.0936 m3/kg

v • Mv = (18.015 kg ) (0.0936 m 3/kg) = 1.686 m3/kg

kgmol

10-64
 Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS

p =(8.3143 kJ/kgmol-K)(600K) _ (553 kPa(m /kgmol2))

6

2
(1.686-0.030 m3/kgmol) (1.686 m3/kgmol)

p = 2818 kPa = 408.7 lbf/in2

Redlich-Kwong

RT a
p=-----
v-b Ni(v+b)

0.42748 -w~.s (0.42748) 8.3143 kJ (647.3k)2·5

kgmol-K
a=----=------------ (22090kN/m2)

a = 1715.2

RT (0.08664) 8.3143 kJ (647.3k)

b = 0.08664-c = kgmol-K
Pc (22090 kN/m 2)

b = 0.021

_ (8.3143)(600K) _ (1715.2)
p - (1.686-0.021) (600)°·5(1.686)(1.686+0.021)

p = 2972 kPa = 431 lbf/in2

10-65

·---..
.. --·--- -------··-
 Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS

Problem Cl0.1

For steam from 25°C to 350°C, plot the inverse of the absolute temperature versus
the natural log of the absolute pressure (l!T versus in p) using at least 20 data points.

Given: Saturated steam between 25°C and 350°C.

Find: Plot 1/T versus In p.

Assumptions: 1) The steam is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Using a spreadsheet program, enter saturated pressure and temperature_ data
for Appendix A.5. Enter formulas to convert temperature at degrees Kelvin,
compute the inverse of the absolute temperature, and the natural log of the
absolute pressure. Use the X-Y graph feature to plot 1/f versus In p. See the
graph which follows.

Comments: 1) Temperature must be converted to absolute.

2) The linear plot of 1/f versus In p illustrates why equation 10.48 can be
used to represent the relationship between saturated temperature and
pressure.

• • . . . . . • A/ ••..•...••. B/ •...... C/ ....... D/ ..•...• E/

1 Problem ClO.l
2
3 T (C) T (K) 1/T p LN(P)
4
5 0 +A5+273.15 l/B5 0.6106 @LN(D5)
6 +A5+10 +A6+273.15 l/B6 1.2287 @LN(D6)
7 +A6+10 +A7+273.15 l/B7 2.3414 @LN(D7)
8 +A7+10 +A8+273.15 1/BS 4.2505 @LN(D8)
9 +A8+10 +A9+273.15 l/B9 7.389 @LN{D9)
10 +A9+10 +Al0+273.15 1/BlO 12.355 @LN(D10)
11 +AlO+lO +All+273.l5 1/Bll 19.946 @LN(D11)
12 +All+lO +Al2+273.l5 l/Bl2 31.196 @LN(D12)
13 +Al2+10 +Al3+273.15 l/Bl3 47.404 @LN(D13)
14 +Al3+10 +Al4+273.15 l/Bl4 70.169 @LN(D14)
15 +Al4+10 +Al5+273.l5 l/Bl5 101.33 @LN(D15)
16 +Al5+10 +Al6+273.15 l/Bl6 143.38 @LN(D16)
17 +Al6+10 +Al7+273.15 1/B17 198.7 @LN(D17)
18 +Al7+10 +Al8+273.15 l/Bl8 270.34 @LN(D18)
19 +Al8+10 +Al9+273.l5 l/Bl9 361.64 @LN(D19)
20 +Al9+10 +A20+273.15 l/B20 476.3 @LN(D20)

! ! J J J

10-75
 Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSIDPS

P:ROBLEM C.10 . .1
10 .------,......,..----------,-----.....,..----------,

8 ·········· .. ··············!········· .. ·· ... ·· ....... ······ .. ·········· .. ····l .. ··········· ...............l·· .... ··· ..................l........................ ..

6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . r. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.. ······................ ............. ............ ......... !.......................... .

..... : ;
! ~
ll.
V i: i:
3 l ! .
3 .......................... !.......................... !·· .. ··•·····•• .. ········•·!·· ......................:.......................... ;: ......................... .
i: i: ~
:
: : :
: : :
i [ ~
~ ~ ~
: : :
I i [
1 .......................... i.......................... i..........................i.......................... j........................ i.......................... .
! ! : : .
~ i [ ~
i i } ~
~ ~ ~ ~
! : ! :
i: ~
:
i: ~
:
-1 ...._____;::.,..__ _ _..:,:i_ _ _ _...:,:i_ _ _ _..:,.:i _ _ _ _...:..-.._ _ _--1
0,0010 0,0020 0.0025 0,0030 0.0035
.1/T

10-76
 Chapter XI· NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

CHAPfER ELEVEN
.....,_ __ _
Problem 11.1

A gaseous mixture has the following volumetric analysis: 0 2, 30%; CO2, 40%; N2, 30%.
Determine (a) the analysis on a mass basis; (b) the partial pressure of each component if
the total pressure is 100 kPa and the temperature is 32°C; (c) the molecular weight of the
mixture.

Given: The volumetric analysis of a gaseous mixture.

Find: The mass analysis of the mixture, the partial pressure of each component and
the mixture molecular weight.

Assumptions: 1) Each component and the mixture behaves as an ideal gas.

Analysis: The mixture molecular weight is M.au = L yi Mi

M.na = (0.30)(32) + (0.40)(44.01) + (0.30)(28.016)

c) M.na = Ji&! kg/kgmol
The partial pressure, p;, is

P0 2 = (0.30)(100 kPa) = 30 kPa

b) Pco2 = (0.40)(100 kPa) = 40 kPa

PN2 = (0.30)(100 kPa) = 30 kPa

The mass fractions are

_ Y; M; (kgmol); (kgmol)m (kg);

~---=-----------
Mmis (kgmol)m (kg)mil (kgmol)i

a) = (0.30)(32> = 0.270
~ (35.61)

~ = (0.40)(44.01) = 0.494
(35.61)

(0.30)(28.016) = 0.236
(35.61)

11-1
 Chapter XI · NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Problem 11.S

Equal masses of hydrogen and oxygen are mixed. The mixture is maintained at 150
kPa and 25°C. For each component determine the volumetric analysis and its partial
pressure.

Given: Equal masses of H 2 and 0 2 are maintained at 150 kPa and 25°C.

Find: The volumetric analysis and the component partial pressure.

Sketch and Given Data:

1- - - - --t
l M,1- = W\O I
n" "t- 'Z-(

\ so ~Po ~
z.s•c ,
- -- - - - I
Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas.

Analysis: Determine the mass fractions of each where

x82 = m/2m = 0.5

Xo2 = 0.5

~ = L xi Ri = (0.5)(4.125) + (0.5)(0.2598) = 2.192 kiK

~ = R = (8.3143 kJ/kgmol-K) = 3_79 kg/k, ol
R (2.192 kJ/kg-K) gm

Y11i = (0.5)(3. 79) = 0.94

(2.016) -

11-7
Chapter XI. NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

= (0.5)(3. 79) = 0.06

Yo2 (32.0) -

The partial pressure, Pi = Yi P,ota1

P"2 = (0.94)(150 kPa) = 141 kPa

P 02 = (0.06)(150 kPa) = 9 kPa

11-8
 Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Problem 11.9
0 A rigid insulated tank, as shown in Figure 11.3, is divided into two sections by a
membrane. One side contains 0.5 kg of nitrogen at 200 kPa and 320 K, and the
other side contains 1.0 kg of helium at 300 kPa and 400 K The membrane is
removed. Determine (a) the mixture temperature and pressure; (b) the change of
entropy for the system; (c) the change of internal energy of the system.

Given: An insulated tank has two compartments, each containing a gas. The
membrane separating the compartments is removed.

Find: The mixture temperature and pressure, the system entropy change and the
system internal energy change.

Sketch and Given Data:

'
...,_ --.. - ---. --
'<
t M,"1.-\vrc
I
I I
Cs)
I
-- --- - -- ....._
I

Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas.
2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
3) Heat and work are zero.

Analysis: Determine the volume and mixture specific heat.

Vi = m RT1 = (0.5 kg)(0.2968 kJ/kg-K)(320 K) = 0_237 m3

2
Pi (200 kN/m )

y = m RT2 = (1.0)(2.077)(400) •
2_769 m3
2
p2 (300)

V3 = V 1 + V2 = 0.237 + 2.769 = 3.006 m3

Cwt = l: xj c" = (0.333)(0.7431) + (0.667)(3.1189) = 2.328 kJ/kg-K

The first law for the system is Q = ~U + M<E + APE + W

11-13
Chapter XI- NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

u final = u initial therefore AU = 0.

0

(1.5 kg)(2.328 kJ/kg-K)(T3 K) = (0.5)(0.7431)(320) + (1.0)(3.1189)(400)

T3 = 391.3 K
Each gas may be viewed as occupying the total volume by itself at its partial
pressure.

= m RT = (0.5)(0.2968)(391.3) = 19_3 kPa

PN2 V 3.006

= m RT = (1.0)(2.077)(391.3) = 270.4 kPa

PHe V 3.006

P,ota1 = p3 = 19.3 + 270.4 = 289.7 kPa

Find the entropy change for component and acid them together.
0
S, - S1 = m c. In (¥.) +m R In ( ~:)

39 3
(S3 - S1)N = (0.5 kg)(0.7431 kJ/kg-K) In ( 1. )
2 320

3 006
+ (0.5 kg) (0.2968 ~ ) ln ( ·
kg-K 0.237
)

(S, - 5,)a, = (1.0)(3.1189) In ( ~

3 3
) + (1.0)(2077) In (~~~)
(S3 - ~)He, =0.1020 kJ/K
(J.\S),ota1 = 0.4S17 + 0.1020 = 0,5537 kJ/K
0
11-14
 Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Problem 11.13
0 An air-water vapor mixture at 138 kPa, 43°C, and 50% relative humidity is contained
in a 1.4 m3• The tank is cooled to 21°C. Determine (a) the mass of water
condensed; (b) the partial pressure of water vapor initially; (c) the final mixture
pressure; (d) the heat transferred.

Given: An air-water vapor mixture is contained in a tank. The tank is cooled.

Find: The water condensed, the vapor's initial pressure, the final mixture pressure
and the heat transferred.

Sketch and Given Data:

1 - - - "'- 7
I l,4 W' I -r.,_:z\•c.
I l "3 B b.?~ I
I "43°C l
l tp-=- so fa :
-.-----------
0 Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas.
2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
3) The work is zero.
4) Neglect the volume of the liquid at state 2.

Analysis: Determine the partial pressure of the initial water vapor.

Pa = Puc @ 43°C = 8.655 kPa

b) p11 = <I> p = (0.5)(8.655) = 4.3 kPa

1

Pair = 138 - 4.3 = 133.7 kPa

~ ~ • (0.622)(4.3) =
0_622 0 0200 kg vapor
a, 1 . Pa (133. 7) • kg air

Determine a,2 • Note that the dew point is 30.2°C. Hence at state 2, p112 =p 8
= Psat @ 21 °C 2.5 kPa. =

11-21
Chapter XI-NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Find the mass of air initially

m = pV = (133.7 kN/m2)(1.4 m )
3
= 2_064 k
a RT (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(316 K) g

At state 2

= ma RT = (2.064)(0.287)(294 K) = 124.4 kPa

2
P32 V (1.4)

c) Pam= 124.4 + 2.5 = 126.9 kPa

w = 0.622 Pv 2 = (0.622)(2.5) = 0_0125 kg vapor

2
p'2 (124.4) kg air

m1eq = m.(w1 - w2) = (2.064 kg air) (0,020 - 0.0125 kg

kg
~p)
air

a) m1eq = 0,0155 kg

The first law for a closed system is

o • au + aKE + ME + w
0 .

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

~
2
= m. w2 = (2.064)(0.0125) = 0.0258 kg

mv I
= m. w = (2.064)(0.020) = 0.0413 kg
1

u., = 2434.4 kJ/kg u., = 2404.6 kJ/kg

Q = (2.o64 kg) (0.7176 kg~K) (294 - 316 K)

+ (0.0258 kg)(2404.6 kJ/kg) - (0.0413 kg)(2434.4 kJ/kg)

d) Q= -71,1 kJ
~
\.:.,.I

· 11-22
 Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Problem 11.17
0 A gas mixture has components with the following mass fractions; 50% CO2, 20%CO,
30% He. The mixture temperature and pressure are 50°C and 150 kPa. Determine
the mole fractions, the partial pressure of each component and the mixture gas
constant.

Given: The mass analysis of a gas mixture.

Find: The molar analysis of the mixture, the component partial pressure and the
mixture gas constant.

Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas.

Analysis: The mixture molecular weight is required before determining the molar
analysis. Note that Mm = R/Rm.

Rm = L xi Ri = (0.5)(0.1889) + (0.20)(0.2968) + (0.30)(2.077)

Rm = il:111. kJ/kg-K

0 Mas= (
8
ti.~~ ~=~~)K)
7 = 10.7 kg/kgmol

(xi)(Mm)
Y1= - - -
Mi

Yeo = (0.5)(10.7) • 0122

2 (44.01) .

Yeo = (0.2)(0.7) = 0 076

(28.01) .

(0.3)(10. 7) 0.802
Yao=---=-
(4.003) 1.000

The partial pressure, p., is Pi = Yi Ptota1

Peo2 = (0.122)(150) = 18.3 kPa

Peo = (0.076)(150) = 11.4 kPa

-···,
( ...J 120.3
Pao = (0.802)(150) = lS0.0 kPa

11-27
 Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Problem 11.21

A turbine receives 1.5 kg/sofa gas mixture at 800 kPa and 1000 Kand expands it to
0
a pressure of 100 kPa isentropically. The mixture molal analysis is 60%F nitrogen,
20% carbon dioxide and 20% water vapor. Determine the exit temperature and the
power developed.

Given: A known gas mixture expands ~sentropically through a turbine. The inlet and
exit states are given.

Find: The exit temperature and turbine power.

Sketch and Given Data:

0 e-·

bO,/2 dz.
2V /4 COz.
zai #2-0

Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas.
0
2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
3) The heat is zero and s = c.

Analysis: Determine the mass fraction analysis and the specific heats, cp, and c;,.

Mm = L y1 M1 =. (0.60)(28.016) + (0.20)(44.01) + (0.20)(18.016)

Mm = 29.21 kg/kgmol

(0.6)(28.016) • 0.576 Xco = (0.2)(44.01) = 0.302

(29.21) 2 (29.21)

XH-O = (0.2)(18.016) • 0.l22

-, (29 .21)
r,
\J

11-32
 Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

= L = (0.576)(1.0399) + (0.302)(0.844)
0
cpm xi cpi
+ (0.122)(1.8646)
Cpm = 1.081 kJ/kg-K

Cvm =L xi cvi = (0.575)(0.7431) + (0.302)(0.6552)

+ (0.122)(1.4033)
Cvm = 0.796 kJ/kg-K

1.081
k = cpm/c_ = -0.796 = 1.358

For an isentropic process for an ideal gas.

The first law for an open system is

0
0 + m(h + ke + pe)1 • W + m(h + ke + pe)2

Apply assumptions 2 anl3.

W• (1.S kg/s)(l.081 kJ/kg-K)(lOOO - 578 K) = 6842 kW

The power may also be found from

11-33
 Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Problem 11.25

0.5 kilograms of neon at 20°C and 100 kPa is contained in an adiabatic tank.
0
Another adiabatic tank contains 0.7 kilograms of nitrogen at 390 K and 500 kPa. A
valve connecting the tanks is opened and the gases achieve equilibrium. Determine
each tank's volume, the final mixture pressure, the entropy production.

Given: Two adiabatic tanks containing different gases are interconnected.

Find: The tank volumes, the final pressure and the entropy product.

Sketch and Given Data:

,{J)- - - -, ,"cz.) - - -- -;
-I, 2- -
(
( O,S'~ J./e.1
I
~
!o,'7 ~ N1.. 1 x.i. -= ;:_:_? : a , rs 3
I 2c>°C I
r-.
I .J90~ I /, 2-
1 I
I fJ., l Sero~~
~-~~~~1 I
- -·-- --·I

Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture beh~ves as an ideal gas.
2)
3)
Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
Heat and work are zero.
0
4) The tanks form a closed system.

Analysis: Determine the volume from the ideal gas law.

Vi = m1 Ri Ti • (0.5 kg)(0.4120 kJ/kg-K)(293 K) = 0.604 m3

Pi (100 kN/m 2)

v2 = ~~ T2 = (0.7)(0.2968)(390) • 0.1 62 m3
. p2 (500)

The first law for a closed system is

Q • AU + AKE + APE + W
Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

AU• 0

0
11-40
 Chapter XI- NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Determine the mixture specific heat and gas constant.

0 Cvm =L xi cvi = (0.417)(0.6179) + (0.583)(0.7431) = 0.6909 kJ/kg-K

~ =L xi Ri = (0.417)(0.4120) + (0.583)(0.2968) = 0.345 kJ/kg-K

From V3 = U 1 + U2 and the ideal gas equation of state for internal energy

(1.2 kg)(0.6909 kJ/kg-K)(T3 K) = (0.5)(0.6179)(293)

+ (0.7)(0.7431)(390 K)
T3 = 353.9 K
_ ~ R3 T3 _ (1.2kg)(0.345kJ/kg-K)(353.9 K)
3
p - V3 - (0.766 m3)

= 191.3 kPa

0
353 9
(AS)N, = (0.5 kg)(0.6179 kJ/kg-K) In ( •)
293

+ (0.5 kg) (o.412 2!_)

kg-K
0 766
In ( · ) ·
0.604

(AS)N, = 0.107 kJ/K

(dS)~ = m, C., bl (~) + m, R, bl (~:)

353 9 0 766
(AS) = (0.7)(0.7431) In ( · ) + (0.7)(0.2968) In ( · )
Ni 390 0.162

(AS)N, = 0.272 kJ/K

c··)
'---
(AS)proc1 = L ASi = 0.107 + 0.272 = Q.J12 kJ/K
11-41
 Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Problem 11.29
0 2 kg/s Helium flows steadily into an adiabatic mixing chamber at 87°C and 400 kPa
and mixes with nitrogen entering at 287°C and 400 kPa. The mixture leaves at 350
kPa and with a molar analysis of 50% helium and 50% nitrogen. Determine the
temperature of the mixture leaving the chamber and the rate of entropy production.

Given: Helium flows steadily into a mixing chamber and mixes adiabatically with
nitrogen. The molar analysis of the exit stream is specified.

Find: The final mixture temperature and the rate of entropy production.

Sketch and Given Data:

asn k..£
9,.· = SO,%_z,
(3) r:;

-- - - --
0 Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas.
2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
3) Heat and work are zero.

Analysis: Determine mixture properties leaving the chamber.

M. = E y1 M1 = (0.5)(4.003) + (0.5)(28.016) = 16.01 kg/kgmol

Rm= ~ • (8.3143 kJ/kgmol-K) • 0_519 ,kJ/kg-K

. (16.01 kg/kgmol)

y. M,
X; - I
- Mm

X = (0.5)(4.003) • 0.125
Ho 16.01

~ = (0.5)(28.016) = 0.875
2
(16.01)

11-49
Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

. kJ
Cpm = L X. C . = (0.125)(5.1954)
I pl
+ (0.875)(1.0399) = 1.5593 - -
kg-K
f7\
V
The mass flowrate at state 3 is

Iil3 = 16 kg/s :. Iil2 = IilN = 14 kg/s

2

Perform a first law on the chamber

Apply assumptions 2 and 3 and divide by ~.

(0.125)(5.1954)(360) + (0.875)(1.0399)(560) = (1.5593)(T3)

= 476.7 K = 203.7°C
T3

(p3)He = (yHe)(ptotal) = (0.5)(350 kPa) = 175 kPa

0
(p3)N2 = (0.5)(350) = 175 kPa •

(LU~ = c, In (i.) - R In (::]

(LU),.. = (5.1954 kJ/kg-K) In (

4
J! 7
)

- (2.077 kJ/kg-K) In (:)

(as)He = 3.176 kJ/kg-K

lil{.ds)8 e = (L\S) 8 e = (2 kg/s)(3.176 kJ/kg-K) = 6.352 kW/K

0
11-50
 Chapter XI -NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

0 (8s).., = (1.0399) In (
4
J! 7
) - (0.2968) In ( : )

(as)N = 0.0779 kJ/kg-K

2

m(as)N
2
= (aS)N = (14 kgts) (0.0119
2
2:!._)
kg-K
= 1.091 kW
k

kW
asprod = 't"'
4' asj = 1.091 + 6.352 = 7.443 K
1

11-S1
 Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Problem 11.33
0 A 100 m3 tank contains atmospheric air at 27°C and with a humidity ratio of 0.008
kg vapor/kg air. What mass of water must be removed to lower the relative humidity
to 25%?

Given: A tank contains air at a known humidity ratio.

Find: The mass of water vapor which must be removed to lower the relative
humidity to 25%.

Sketch and Given Data:

- - - - - -1
I too ,,.,,_3
I Ar'r J
I z,•c I
tot. s Af::t I
-- o,uoe
I~~
---
Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas.

() Analysis: Determine the humidity ratio when cl> = 25%

cl> = w P. p1 = Put@ 27°C = 3.57 kPa

(0.622)(p.)

Pa = 101.3 - 3.57 = 97.73 kPa

(w2)(97. 73)
0.25= - ---
(0.622)(3.57)

w2 = 0.0057 kg vapor/kg air

m = Pa V • (97.73 kN/m2)(100 m3) •

113_5 kg
• R. T (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(300 K)

Dlwatcr = 0,261 Q

11-57

--------------------------------------~
 Chapter xi- NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Problem 11.37

A piston/cylinder with an initial volume of 0.75 m3 contains air at 45<>c, 120 kPa and
0
60% relative humidity. The system is cooled at constant total pressure until the air
temperature is 30<>C. What is the system work and heat transfer?

Given: An air-water vapor mixture is cooled at constant pressure to a final

temperature.

Find: The system work and heat transfer.

Sketch and Given Data:

/ ... .:=3o'r
..,. (._.- i---------,
(} 7 ~ ""' 1!a
I .....+!1-+-- p=-c
~-1 s-0 c 1'J.0A~~
:_....f=60/'o
_.,... ____ ..,,f

Assumptions: 1)
2)
Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas.
Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
0
Analysis: Determine the system properties at state 1.

Pa@ 45°C = 9.6 kPa h11 = 2583.4 kJ/kg

u11 = 2437.0 kJ/kg

cl> = 0.6 • £!
P,
p11I = (0.6)(9.6) = 5.8 kPa

Pa1 = 120 - 5.8 = 114.2 kPa

w = (0.622)p" • (0.622)(5.8) •
1 0_0316 kg vap
p1 (114.2) kg air

CD
'
.

11-62
 Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

At state 2, Psat @ 30°C = 4.25 kPa h&i = 2556.6

0
Since p&z < Pv,, condensation occurred and the air's relative humidity is 100%,
Pv. = Ps. = 4.25 kPa

P11i = 120 - 4.25 = 115.75 kPa

w2 =
622)(4·25 )
<0·(115.75) = 0.0228 k va /k air
g p g

The mass of air remains constant and equal to the value at state 1.

m = P., V1 = (114.2 kN/m )(0.75 m = 0 938 k

2 3
) air
a R. T 1 (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(318 K) . g

m., = m,ai1 = (0,938 kg air)(0,0316 : : ) = 0.03 kg vapor

0 m112 = m.w = (0.938)(0.0228) = 0.021 kg vap

2

The first law for a closed system is

o = au + M<E + M>E + w
Apply assumption 2

a= au+ w
and for p = c

H 2 - H 1 = m.(~ - h 1) + m112 ~ - m111 h1 + m1(hr, - h1)

Neglect the last term as being small compared to other terms per Example
11.5.

11-63
Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

H2 - H1 = (0.938 kg) (t.0047 ~ ) (303 - 318 K)

kg-K 0
+ (0.021 kg) (2556.6 : ) - (0.03 kg)(2583.4 kJ/kg)

H 2 - H 1 = -37.9 kJ

Q = -37.9 kJ

U 2 - U 1 = (0.938)(0.7176)(303 -318) + (0.021)(2416.9) - (0.03)(2437.0)

W = Q - AU = -37.9 - ( -32.5) = -5.4 kJ

0
11-64
Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Problem 11.41

2.6 kg/s of air at 100 kPa, 350 K and 30% relative humidity enter a heat exchanger
0
and is mixed with another stream of air with of a flowrate of 2.0 kg/s, a pressure of
100 kPa, a temperature of 300 K and a relative humidity of 40%. Determine the
temperature of the exiting mixture.

Given: Two streams of humid air mix in a heat exchanger with one stream leaving.

Find: The temperature of the exiting air.

Sketch and Given Data:

2,, 4t;/s ------·
'
\

10-0 4-Pd I
(/J:
as-o 1<, t; ::J 3 o ,%
l
~ = I tro k.P'3
''
I
'l ...
r
l Ci)
I
I I
I l
-r I I
(r.~ I -- -- - -I

G9:0) 1~:::0

Assumptions: 1)
2)
Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas.
Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
0
3) Heat and work are zero.

Analysis: Determine the enthalpies of the entering streams where h = ha + w h8

For stream 1, p11 = Psat@ 350 K = 41.9 kPa

h11 = 2638.7 kJ/kg

Pv = cJ>1 P1i • (0.3)(41.9) = 12.57 ~a

1

Pa = 100 - 12.57 = 87.43 kPa

0.622 Pv1 • (0.622)(12.57) = 0.0894 kg vap/kg air

P1i (87.43)

=(1.0047 ~ ) (350 K) + (o.0894 kg ~p) (2638.7 kJ )

kg-K kg arr kg vap
0
11-72
 Chapter XI-NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

h1 = 587.5 kJ/kg air

0 kJ
For stream 2, p82 = Psat @ 300 K = 3.57 kPa h82 = 2551.1 -
kg

Pv = <1>2 p~ = (0.4)(3.57) = 1.4 kPa

2

Pa = 100 - 1.4 = 98.6 kPa

w
2
= <0·622)(l.4) = 0.0088 kg vap/kg air
(98.6)

h2 = (1.0047)(300) + (0.0088)(2551.1) = 323.9 kJ/kg air

Find the air and water mass flowrates

m + m 11
= 2.6 kg/s
Is '

m1s = 2.386 kg air/sec

0
fflv = 0.214 kg vap/sec
' .

m.,(1.0088) = 2.0 m., = 1.982 kg air/sec

m = 0.018 kg vap/sec
112

m., = m1s + m., • 2.386 + 1.982 = 4.368 kg air/sec

m 11J
= m +m11I 112
• 0.214 +0.018 • 0.232 kg vap/sec

0 232 0 0531 k
w3 = -mv, • - • • . g vap/kg arr
.
m., 4.368

11-73
Chapter XI- NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

The first law for a steady, open system is

Q + m1(h + ke + pe)1 + mi(h + ke + pe)2 = W + rllih + ke + pe)3

0
Apply assumptions 2 and 3

(2.386 kg/s) (587.5 : ) + (1.982 kg/s)(323.9 lcJ/kg) =

(4.368) [(1.0047 kJ/kg-K)(T3 K) + (0.0531 kg vap/kg air) (hs, kJ ) ]

kg vap

This requires a trial and error solution. Assume a value of T3, find h~ and
determine if the equation balances. For the value of L = 328 K the equation
essentially balances.

0
11-74
 Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Problem *11.1
0 A 10-ft' tank contains a gas mixture at 100 psia and 100°F. The composition is 40%
oxygen and 60% methane on a mass basis. It is desired to have a mixture at 50%
oxygen and 50% methane at the same temperature and pressure. How much mixture
must be removed and how much oxygen added to achieve this?

Given: A tank contains a mixture of two gases of specified composition. The mixture
temperature and pressure remain constant and the final concentration is
specified.

Find: The mixture removed and oxygen added to achieve the final result.

Sketch and Given Data:

1------- )( O:z. .:: -'10 Jo

, /0 .ft.~ ;
I • l
, 1crofs,s ,
I /<rO r t
xc,.,..., = ~o ;t
I I

----- - .,
0 Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas.

Analysis: Determine the mixture gas constant.

ft-lb
Rm = E xi R1 = (0.40)(48.29) + (0.60)(96.33) = 77.11
. lbm-R
r

2 2 2
p 1V 1 = (100 lb/in )(144 in /ft )(10 ft') = .3 lbm
mm = 3 35
~ Tl (
77.11
ft-lb1 )
(560 R)
lbm-R

The mass of oxygen is m02 = (0.4)(3.335) = 1.334 lbm.

The mixture gas constant at state 2 is

. ft~
Rm = L Xi RJ • (0.5)(48.29) + (0.5)(96.33) = 72.31
lbm-R
r

, .....-~
,.,;, m = P2V2 • (100)(144)(10) • 3.556 lbm
(·~~- ... m RmT2 (72.31)(560)

11-1S
Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

The mass of oxygen is

m0 2 = (0.5)(3.556) = 1.778 Ihm

There are (0.6)(3.335) = 2.001 Ihm of CH4 present. Tltjs must be reduced to
1.778 Ihm by removing mixture. The mixture withdrawn is

1I1mi1 =
2·001 - 1.778 = 0.372 lbm
out 0.6

The oxygen withdrawn is

(m0 2)out = (0.4)(0.372) = 0.149 lbm

The oxygen remaining is

(mo2)1ect = 1.334 - 0.1488 = 1.185 lbm

The oxygen added is

(mo)add = 1.778 - 1.185 = 0,593 Ihm

0

0
11-76
 Chapter XI- NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Problem *11.S

Referring to Figure 11.4~ let gas a be 5 ft3 of air at 200 psia and 200°F and gas b be
0 '

3 lbm of helium at 100 psia and 100°F. Determine (a) the final mixture temperature
and pressure: (b) the entropy production.

Given: A tank has two compartments with gases at known states. The partition
between them is removed.

Find: The mixture temperature and pressure and the entropy production.

Sketch and Given Data:

-- -- - - .. - - --, - - - -
: .:::rft:. ' a 1 'r,- ; 3 161M He
--
I 2.00 psis ; l /ct) ~ I d 1
l ::too F , , 10-0 F ,,."'' I
- -- - - - -- ------ - -I
j
.,....
(c:t.) 1 I l v,1

Assumptions: 1)
2)
Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas.
Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
0
'

3) Heat and work are zero.

Analysis: Determine the mass of air

m = ~ • (200 lb/in )(144 in /ft )(5 ft') = 4_09 lbm

2 2 2

RT ( ft-lb )
53.34 lbm-~ (660 R)

The mixture mass fractions are

4 09 3•0 • 0.423
Y . = · • 0.577 y__ •
...., 7.09 ""He 7.09

ft-lb
Rm =L xj Rj • (0.577)(53.34) + (0.423)(386) = 194.1
lbm-R
r

Cvm = L xi cvi • (0.577)(0.1714) + (0.423)(0.745) = 0.4140 -b!-~-R

1
0
11-84
 Chapter XI- NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

The first law for a closed system is

0 Q = AU + AKE + APE + W

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

AU= 0

(4.09 lbm) (o.1714 Btu ) (660 R)

. lbm-R

+ (3 lbm) (0,745 Btu ) (560 R)

lbm-R

= (7.09 -Jbm) (o,4140 Btu ) (Tm)

lbm-R

Tm= 584 R

0 Determine the volume occupied by helium initially.

V = llli, Rb Tb • (3)(386)(560) = 45 O ft3

b Pb (100)(144) .

vtotal = 45.o + 5 = 5o.o ft3

p = mm Rm Tm • (7.09)(194.1)(584) = lll. 6 psia

m Vm {50.0)(144)

The entropy production is found from determining the entropy change of each
component.

11-8S
Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

584
(AS)air = (4.09 lbm) (0.1714 lbm-R
Btu ) ln (
660
)

ft-lb
(4.09 lbm) 53.34 c
+ _....,....._....__ _lb_m~--R~ ln (50.0)
(778.16 ft-lb/Btu) 5
Btu
(AS)air = 0.560 -
R

(dS)e, = m c, In (~:) +m R In (~:)

(AS) = (3)(0.745) In (584) + (3)(386) In (50)

He 560 (778.16) 45

Btu
(!\S)He = 0.0251 R

Btu
!\Sprod = 0.251 + 0.560 = 0.811 R

11-86
 Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Problem 11.9*

An adiabatic compressor receives 250 lbm/min of· a gas mixture and compresses it
0
.

from 40°F and 14.7 psia to 73.5 psia and 350°F. The mixture's mass fraction analysis
is 50% nitrogen, 30% carbon dioxide, and 20% oxygen. Determine the power
required and the entropy production.

Given: A known gas mixture is compressed adiabatically from state 1 to state 2.

Find: The power required and the entropy production.

Sketch and Given Data:

I
w )CL'

2S-o ,,~//,,(,,, r---

~::C)
7 3-~Sld
¢0_% /4
~0°r .3S-O F ao./4 CO2
I
14, 7~Sld (I) I I (2) U,/4 0,2.
I
-- ----.-...-- I

Assumptions: 1)
2)
Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas.
Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
0
3) The heat is zero.

Analysis: Determine the mixture specific heat and gas constant.

cpm = E xJ cpJ = (0.5)(0.2484) + (0.3)(0.2016) + (0.2)(0.2194)

cpm = 0.2286 Btu/lbm-R

Rm= ExJ RJ = (0.5)(55.16) + (0.3)(35.11) + (0.2)(48.29)

ft-lb1
Rm= 47.37
lbm-R

The first law for a steady, open system is

0 + m(h + ke + pe) 1 • W + m(h + ke + pe)2

0
11-92
 Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Apply assumptions 2 and 3.

0 W = Ih(h1 - h2) = th cpm (T1 - T2)

W = (250 lbm/min)(0.2286 Btu/lbm-R)(500 - 810 R)

Btu
= -17,716.5 - . = -417.8 hp
mm

The entropy production is (Equation 8.43a)

810
(s2 - s1) = (0.2286 Btu/lbm-R) In ( )
. 500

Btu
(S2 • S1) = 0.0123 ------=-
lbm-R

~$proc1 = (250 lbm/min)(0.0123 Btu/lbm-R) = 3.075 ~tu

-mm-R

11-93
 Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Problem *11.13
0 1.5 lbm/s of a gas mixture with a molar analysis of 60% nitrogen and 40% oxygen
enters an adiabatic compressor at 14.7 psia and 62°F. The discharge pressure and
temperature are 74 psia and 440°F. Determine the second law efficiency, the power
and the entropy production. ·

Given: A gas mixture is steadily and adiabatically compressed between two states.
The compressor second law efficiency is given.

Find: The exit temperature, the power and the entropy production.

Sketch and Given Data:

rf,'
\-4,1,,,,~ ~ ---- I 60J. A{
,z r I to &Mr'C'CSS I...--~ "'9 0i, tJz.
---!WI
/, S 16'"'fa c,) I I {z.)

-' --- --I

Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas.
2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
3) The heat is zero.
4) T0 = 290 K

Analysis: Determine the mixture on a mass basis.

M. =E Yi Mj = (0.6)(28.016) + (0.4)(32.0) = 29.61 lbm/pmol

X = (0.6)(28.016) • O.S6B = (0.4)(32) = 0.432

N2 (29.61) Xo2 (29.61)

cpm = E x1 cP1 = (0.S68)(0.2484) + (0.432)(0.2194)

= 0.2359 Btu
lbm-R

11-99
Chapter XI-- NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

~ =L = (0.568)(55.16) + (0.432)(48.29)
xi Ri
0
ft-lb
== 52.19 r
lbm-R

The second law efficiency is t/2 = ('P2 - l.Jl1)/wsource

= 89.17 Btu
Ihm

(~ - s1) = c In (T2)
P. T1
- R In
m
(pp2

1
).

= (o.2359 Btu ) In (~)

lbm-R 522

(52.19 ft-lb/lbm-R) ( 74 )
0
-------ln -
ft-lb) 14.7
( 778.16 ___!
Btu

(~ - s1) = 0.0201 Btu/lbm-R

T0 ( ~ - s1) = (522 R)(0.0201 Btu/lbm-R) = 10.5 Btu/Ihm

\112 - \111 = (89.17) - {10.50) = 78.67 Btu/lbm

The first law for an open system is

0 + m(h + ke + pe)1 • W + m(h + ke + pe)2

0
11-100
 Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Apply assumptions 2 and 3 and divide by Iil.

C)
Btu
w = (h1 -~) = -89.17 -
lbm

1'/
2
= 78,67 = 0.88
89.17

W = rll(h 1 - ~) = (1.5 lbm/sec) (-89.17 Btu) = 133.75 Btu

lbm sec

= 189.3 hp
~Sproc1 = Iil(s2 - s1) = (1.5 lbm/sec)(0.0201 Btu/lbm-R)

= 0.03 Btu
- sec-R

11-101
 Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Problem *11.17
0 Two lbm of nitrogen at 150°F and 14.7 psia mix adiabatically with (a) six lbm of
oxygen, (b) six lbm of nitrogen both of which are at the same initial conditions as the
two lbm of nitrogen. Determine the entropy production.

Given: 2 lbm of nitrogen at a given state which mixes adiabatically with: (a) 6 lbm
of oxygen at the same state: (b) 6 Ibm of nitrogen at the same state.

Find: The entropy production.

Sketch and Given Data:

1-;-,;;.; -j
l N2. I
1 /So'F : ~~
i l,f, Q'.S-'cl I
-----
Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas.

Analysis: (a) Determine the moles of oxygen and nitrogen in the mixture.

2
n - ( lbm ) • 0.0714 moles
N2 - 28.016 lbm/pmol

6
n0 2 = - • 0.1875 moles
32

Ilo2 0.1875 = 0.724

Y02 = ntota1 • 0.2589

From Equation 11.13

11-109
Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

r.\
~
(S2 _ S1) = -[
1545
-;-t:-;~-~ )
(778.16 ft-lb/Btu)
[(0.0714 moles) In (0.276)
. .· ·
+ (0.1875 moles) In (0.724)]

Case (b) asprod = o as there is no distinguishability between the

subsystems.

~
"4;.11

11-110
Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Problem 11.21 •

The temperature of the inside surface of a room's exterior wall is 60°F, while the
0
temperature of the air in the room is 73°F. What is the maximum relative humidity
the air in the room can have before condensation occurs?

Given: The temperature of a cool surface and the air surrounding it.

Find: The maximum relative humidity before condensation occurs.

Sketch and Given Data:

t;;,o•p

Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas.
2) The atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia.

Analysis: When the dew point of the mixture is 15°C any further increase in relative
humidity will cause condensation. From the steam tables
0
Pw @ 60°F = 0.257 psia Pw @ 73°F = 0.403 psia

<I> = Pv = o.257 = 0.637 or 63. 7%

p1 0.403

0
11-120
 Chapter XI -·NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Problem 11.25*
0 3 ft3 of air at 14.7 psia and 80°F with a relative humidity of 50% are compressed
isothermally until condensation of water occurs. At what pressure does the
condensation first occur?

Given: Air is compressed isothermally until the dew point is reached.

Find: The total pressure at which condensation occurs.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas.
0 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.

Analysis: Determine the humidity ratio at state 1. As the compression occurs, Pa

increases while p1 remains constant. From the expression for relative humidity
when Cl> = 100% condensation first occurs.

At 80°F, p1 = 0.508 psia

Cl> = 0.5 • P., ... p11 • (0.5)(0.508) • 0.254 psia

P,
Pa = 14.7 - 0.254 = 14.446 psia
w • (0 622) ( o. 254 ) • 0.0109 lbm vapor/lbm air
I • 14.446

The expression for Cl> is

Cl> = w P.
(0.622) p1
()
11-125
Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

= 1.0
4>
2
= _(_o.0_1_09_)(p_a_)
(0.622)(0.508) 0
Pa = 29.0 psia
Pt = Pa + Pv = 29.0 + 0.254 = 29.254 psia

0
11-126
 Chapter XI- NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Problem 11.29*
0 A 5 ft3 tank contains air at 260°F, 75 psia and with 10% relative humidity. The air
is cooled until the temperature is 80°F. Determine the final pressure, the heat
transferred and the change of entropy. ·

Given: A tank contains an air-water vapor mixture at known conditions. The mixture
is cooled to a final temperature.

Find: The final pressure, the heat transfer and the entropy change.

Sketch and Given Data:

I - f-t'!I, - -I
I s 260t='
I
I
I 7-St'S/lii. 'f =-107() I
I
I
- ----------

0 Assumptions: 1)
2)
Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas.
Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
3) The work is zero as V = c.

Analysis: Determine the humidity ratios at the initial and final states.

P,1 @ 260°F = 35.5 psia = 1090.5 Btu

u,1 lbm

s11 = 1.6861 Btu

lbm-R

Pvl = <1>1 pis • (0.1)(35.5) • 3.55 psia

p.1 = 75 - 3.55 = 71.45 psia

a,1 = 0.622 Pvl • (0.622)(3.55) = 0.0309 lbm vap

p~ (71.45) lbm air

0.
11-133
Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

2 2 2 3
m = P3i V1 = _(7_1_.45_Ih_/m_·_)_(1_44_in_/ft__)(_5_ft_) = 1.34 Ihm air ()
a Ra Tl (53.34 ft-lhf ) (720 R)
lhm-R

mv = w1 ma = (0.0309)(1.34) = 0.0414 Ihm vapor

I

Btu
At 80°F, Pv 2
= P1i = 0.51 psia UL=
u,. 1037.1 -
lbm

Btu
s82 = 2.0355 -lb-m--R-

Btu
Sr.. = 0.0923 - -
-l lbm-R

For V = C, Tip = c and

p, = P, (~:) = (75)(:) • 56.25 psia

()
p'2 = 56.25 - 0.51 = 55.74 psia

w2 = (0. 622)(0.5l} • 0 0057 lbm vapnbm air

(55.74) •

11\, = m. w2
2
= (1.34)(0.0057) = 0.0076 lbm vapor

ffii = mv - mv • 0.0414 - 0.0076 = 0.0338 lbm

I 2

The heat transferred is found from the first law

Q • au + AKE + APE + w
Apply assumptions 2 and 3

Q= au

0
11-134
 Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Neglect m1 u~ as being very small per Example 11.5.

0
U 2 - U 1 = (1.34 Ihm) (0.1714 Btu ) (540 - 720 R)
lbm-R

+ (0.0076 Ihm) (1037.1 Btu) - (0.0414 lhm)(1090.5 Btu/Ihm)

Ihm

U2 - U 1 = -78.61 Btu
Q = LlU = -78.61 Btu

The entropy change is

AS• = m, c, In (~) - m, R In (::)

0 AS,. = (1.34 lbm)(0.24Btu/lbm-R) In ( ; )

(1.34 Ihm) 53.34 ft-lb,

- ~ ~ ~ - -...... lb_m"!"""-_R..... In (55.74)
(778.16 ft-lb/Btu) 71.45

as. = -0.0697 Btu/R .

AS8 = (0.0076 lbm)(2.0355 Btu/lbm-R)

20

- (0.0414 lbm) (1.6861 Btu ) + (0.0338 lbm) (0.0923 Btu )

lbm-R lbm-R

AS820 = -0.0512 Btu/R

Btu
(}
·~-
.~ ., AS = -0.0697 - 0.0512 • -0.1209 -
R

11-135
 Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

Problem Cll.1
0 The reading from a sling psychrometer are 90°F dry bulb temperature and 70°F wet
bulb temperature. Use PSYCHRO.TK to determine the relative humidity.

Given: Sling psychrometer readings of 90°F dry bulb and 70°F wet bulb.

Find: Relative humidity.

Assumptions: 1) Air-water mixture is in equilibrium.

Analysis: Enter the dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures into PSYCHRO.TK and solve.

- - - - - - - - - - VARIABLE S H E E T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
St Input- Name- Output- Unit-- C o m m e n t - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 4/E
M. David Burghardt & James A. Harbach
****Psychrometric Chart Model****
90 DB degF Dry Bulb Temperature
70 WB degF Wet Bulb Temperature
DP 59.705 degF Dew Point Temperature
0 RH
w
36.358
.011031 '
lbm/lbm
Relative Humidity
Humidity Ratio
h 33.748 BTU/lbm Total Enthalpy
V 14.109 ft3/lbm Specific Volume of Dry Air
Pdb .70434 psia H2O Partial Pressure @ Dry Bulb Temp.
Pdp .25608 psia H2O Partial Pressure @ Dew Point
14.696 Pb psia Barometric Pressure

11-141
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

CHAPTER TWELVE
0 Problem 12.1

A fuel mixture of 50% C,H16 and 50%CgH18 is oxidized with 20% excess air.
Determine (a) the mass of air required for 50 kg of fuel; (b) the volumetric analysis
of products of combustion.

Given: Fuel mixture of 50%C,H16 and CgH18 burned with 20% excess air.

Find: Mass of air required for combustion of 50 kg fuel and volumetric

analysis of products.

Assumptions: 1) The combustion is complete; no CO is formed.

2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

3) The products behave like an ideal gas.

Analysis: Writing the reaction for 100% theoretical air and 100 total moles of
fuel.

0 b = 750 C = 850 a= 1175

Writing the equation for 120% theoretical air.

50 C,H16 + 50 CsH18 + (1.2)(1175)02 + (3.76)(1.2)(1175) N2 ➔

750 CO2 + 850 H 2O + (3.76)(1.2)(1175) N2 + (.2)(1175) 0 2

r = {1410+5301.6 mol air)(28.97 kg/kgmol air)

a1r [(50)(100)+(50)(114) kg fuel]

= 18.2 kg air/kg fuel

(a) (50 kg fuel)(18.2 kg air/kg fuel) = 910 kg air

(b) Total moles of product = 750 + 850 + 5301.6
+ 235 = 7136.6 mol

co2 • 750
= 0.105 ~0 • 850 = 0.119
7136.6 7136.6

N2 • 53o1. 6 = 0.743 235

7136.6 02 = 7136.6 = 0.033

12-1
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem 12.5
0 With 110% theoretical air, 1 kgmol of methane is completely oxidized. The products
of combustion are cooled and completely dried at .atmospheric pressure. Determine
(a) the partial pressure of oxygen in the products; (b) the mass in kg of water
removed.

Given: Methane oxidized with 110% theoretical air and cooled.

Find: Partial pressure of oxygen and water condensed.

Assumptions: 1) Oxidation is complete; no CO is formed.

2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

3) The products behave like an ideal gas.

4) Atmospheric pressure is 101.325 kPa.

Analysis: Writing the balanced reaction equation for 100% theoretical air.

0 b=l c=2 a=2

Writing the equation for 110% theoretical air.

CH4 + (1.1)(2)02 + (1.1)(3.76)(2)N2 ➔CO2 +

2 H 20 + 8.272 N2 + (.1)(2) 0 2

Moles of product (without H 20) = 1 + 8.272 + .2 = 9.472

(a) O2· 0-2 mol • ·o•021 Po2 • (0.021)(101.325 kPa) =2.13 kPa
• 9.472 mol

(b) 2 moles of H 20 are condensed.

12-5
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem 12.9
0 The ultimate analysis of a coal sample is 77% C, 3.5% H 2, 1.8% N2, 4.5% 0 2, 0.7%
S, 6.5% ash, and 6.0% H20. Determine the reaction equation for 120% theoretical
air.

Given: Coal with known ultimate analysis is burned in 120% theoretical air.

Find: Reaction air.

Assumptions: 1) The combustion is complete; no CO is formed.

2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is_ 3.76.

3) The products behave like an ideal gas.

Analysis: Determine the mole fractions of the coal's constituents on an ashless

basis. See example 12.3.

Ii Mi xb4 'X;

C 0.8235 12 0.06863 0.7354

H2 0.0374 2 0.01870 0.2004
0 N2
02
0.0193
0.0481
28
32
0.00069
0.00150
0.0074
0.0161
s 0.0075 32 0.00023 0.0025
H 20 0,0642 18 0.00357 0,0382

1.0000 0.09332 1.0000

Writing the reaction equation for 100% theoretical air.

0.7354C + 0.2004 H 2 + (0.0161 + a) 0 2 + (0.0074 + 3.76a) N 2

+ 0.0025S + 0.0382 H 20 ➔ 0.7354 CO2 + (0.2004 + 0.0382) H 20
+ 0.0025 SO2 + (0.0074 + 3.76a) N2

0 2 balance: 0.0161 +a•0.7354+ (0.2004+0.0382) +0.0025

2

a= 0.8411

Writing the reaction equation for 120% theoretical air, i.e.

a = (1.2)(0.8411) = 1.0093

12-9

----- ----- - - - - -
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

0.7354C + 0.2004 H 2 + 1.0254 0 2 + 3.8024 N 2 + 0.0025S

+ 0.0382 H 20 ➔ 0. 7354 CO2 + 0.2386 H 2O + 0.0025 SO2
+ 3.8024 N 2 + 0.1682 0 2

0
12-10

----------~ - - - - --~----------------------------- - - -
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem 12.13

An adiabatic container has a mixture of oxygen and carbon monoxide in it.

0
Determine whether there is sufficient oxygen for complete combustion if the mixture
is 33% 0 2 and 67%CO on (a) a mole basis; (b) a mass basis.

Given: Container with 33% 0 2 and 67% CO.

· Find: If there is sufficient oxygen for complete combustion.

Assumptions: 1) The only product after complete combustion is CO2•

Analysis: Writing the balanced reaction equation.

(a) Actual ratio is

33 = 0.493 (not quite!)
.67
r:!\
\.:..I
kg 02 • 16 kg =0.571
kg CO 28 kg

(b) Actual ratio is

33 = .493 (No!)
.67

12-16
Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem 12.17
~
Determine the heating value at 25°C and 1 atm of the municipal waste descnbed in
V
Problem 12.16.

Given: Garbage of known ultimate analysis.

Find: Heating value at 25°C and 1 atm.

Assumptions: 1) The products and reactants behave as ideal gases.

2) The nitrogen can be neglected since it appears as a product and

reactant and will cancel.

3) The enthalpy of the SO2 wilJ be neglected.

Analysis: From the definition of heating value.

IiRP = (Hp -HR)

Using balanced equation from problem 12.16 and the enthalpy data
from Appendix C.1.

HR = 0 (all are elements) 0

For H 2O as a vapor.

HP = (0.7073)(-393 757)+(0.2636)(-241 971)

• -342 288 kJ/kgmol

li • (-342 288-0 kJ/kgmol fuel)

RP (9.92 kg/kgmol)

• -34 50S kJ/kg (ashless)

• -32 469 kJ/kg (with ash)

A
\:J

12-22
Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem 12.21

A residual fuel with a mass analysis of 90%C, 8%H2, and 2%S is burned with air at
0
40°C and 50% relative humidity. In addition steam atomization is used, requiring
0.05 kg steam/kg fuel. Determine the dew point of the products.

Given: Residual fuel oil with known ultimate analysis is burned with air at
40°C and 50%RH. Atomizing steam at 0.05 kg/kg air is also supplied.

Find: Dew point.

Assumptions: 1) Combustion is complete with 100% theoretical air; no CO is

formed.

2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

3) The products behave like an ideal gas.

4) The pressure of the products is 101.325 kPa.

Analysis: Writing the reaction equation for 100% theoretical dry air based on
100 k"., of fuel .

90
-C
8
+ -H 2
2 + -S + a02 + 3.76aN2 ➔ 75 CO2
0
12 2 32

0 2 Balance: a=7.5+~+0.0625•9.5625
2

From Appendix B.4(a), at 40°C and 50%RH, the humidity ratio is

0.0235 kg water/kg dry air. The moles of water in the products due to
the air humidity is.

[(9.5625)(32)+(3.76)(9.5625)(28)kg air) 0.0235kg wa~er

_ _ _ _ _ _ _.,......._ _ _ __...._ _ _k...,;g_m_r___.__=1.714 kgmol
(18 kg/kgmol)

Determining the moles of atomizing steam supplied.

(lOO kg fuel) 0.05 kg water

_ _ _.,......._,.__k__
g ,,_fu_e_l--'-=0.278 kgmol
18 kg/kgmol ()
,

12-26
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

mol% 8i0= 4+1.174+0.278 =0.121

0 7.5+4+0.0625+35.955+1.714+0.278

(101.325 kPa)(0.121)=12.3 kPa

From Table A6, dew point = 50°C.

12-27
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem 12.25
0 A fuel C;Jy burns with air. The products have the following molal analysis on a dry
basis: 11 %CO2, 0.5%CO, 2%CH4, 1.5%H2, 6%02, and 79%N2• Determine (a) the
percentage of excess air; (b) the fuel composition.

Given: A fuel of unknown carbon-hydrogen ratio burns in air producing a

given product molal analysis.

Find: Percentage of excess air and fuel composition.

Assumptions: 1) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

2) The products behave like an ideal gas.

Analysis: Writing the reaction equation for 100 moles of dry products.

c;fly + aO2 + 3.76aN2 ➔ 11CO2 + 0.5CO + 2CH4

+ 1.5H2 + 6 0 2 + 79N2 + b H 2O

C balance: x = 11 + 0.5 + 2 = 13.5

0 N2 balance: 3.76a = 79 a= 21.0

0 2 balance: 21 = 11 + ~ +6+ ~ b = 7.5

2 2
H balance: y = 8 + 3 + 15 = 26

(b) The fuel is thus Ci3.sH26

Writing the reaction equation for 100% theoretical air.

0 2 balance: a = 13.5 + -13 = 20

2

actual moles 0 2 21
% theoretical air = -------=-
theoretical moles 0 20
= 105
·
2

105% theoretical air = 5% excess air.

12-31
Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Comment: 1. Despite the addition of 5% excess air, the combustion is incomplete as

. evidenced by the CO, CH4 and H 2 in the products. This indicates
inadequate mixing of the fuel and air.
0

0
12-32
 Chapter XIl - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem 12.29

An internal-combustion engine uses liquid octane for fuel and 150% theoretical air
at 25°C and 100 kPa. The products of combustion leave the engine at 260°C. The
heat loss is equal to 20% of the work. Determine (a) the work/kgmol; (b) the dew
point; (c) the kg/s ~f fuel required to produce 400kW.

Given: Internal-combustion engine operating on liquid octane and 150%

theoretical air. Exhaust is 260°C and heat loss is 20% of work.

Find: Work, dew point, and fuel flow.

Sketch and Given Data:

Q=0.2 'vi

Assumptions: 1) The combustion is complete; no CO is formed.

0.
2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

3) The products behave like an ideal gas.

4) The pressure of the products is 101.325 kPa.

Analysis: Writing the reaction equation, using solution from Problem 12.27.

CaH18 + 18.75 0 2 + 70.5N2 ➔ 8 CO 2 + 9 H 20 + 6.25 02

+ 70.5 N2
From Appendix C.1 and C.2,

Ha = -250 102 kJ/kgmol fuel

From Appendix C.2, product enthalpy is.

lip= (8)(-393 757 + 9833) + (9)(-241 971 + 8101)

+ (6.25)(7130) + (70.25)(6895) G
12-38
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

~ = -4 647 286 kJ/kgmol fuel

0 First law for the engine.

HR=~+W+Q

-250 102 kg/kgmol = -4 647 286 + W + 0.2W

(a) W = 3 664 320 kJ/kgmol fuel

9
(b) PJ\O =(101.325 kPa) ( mol ~O ) =9.8 kPa
93.5 mol products

From Appendix A6, dew point = 45.5°C

mf= 4ookw =0.0125 kg/s

(c)
3 664 320 kJ/kgmol)
( 114.23 kg/kgmol

12-39
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem 12.33
0 Five m3/s of methane gas enters a furnace at 25°C and 1 atm and bums with 110%
theoretical air at the same temperature and pressure. The products leave at 500°K.
Determine (a) the air's volumetric flow rate; (b) the heat transfer to the
surroundings.

Given: Methane bums with 110% theoretical air with the products leaving the
furnace at 500°K.

Find: The air's volumetric flow rate and the heat transfer to the
surroundings.

Sketch and Given Data:

0.

0
Assumptions: 1) The combustion is complete; no CO is formed.

2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

3) The products behave like an ideal gas.

4) Work is zero and kinetic and potential energies can be

neglected.

Analysis: Writing the balanced reaction equation for 100% theoretical air.

2
0 2 balance: a = 1 + -
2
=2
(a) Since volume ratio is mole ratio.

----·---------~
5 m3/s CH4 1 mol CH4
v Air 2 mol Air
V. =10 m3/s
air

12-45
Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Heat transfer per mole of fuel is.

Q = H P -HR= r
L11
n.li.- r
L11
n.1i
p R

fI., = (1)(-393 757 + 8314) + (2)(-241 971 + 6920) + (.2)(6088)

+ (8.272)(5912)
H.,= -805 423 kJ/kgmol fuel
HR = (1)(-74 871) + 0 + 0 = -74 917 kJ/kgmol fuel

Q = -805 423 - (-74 917) = -730 506 kJ/kgmol fuel

Find fuel flow rate in (kgmol/s) using ideal gas law.

pV = nRT
3
1i = pV = (101.325 kPa)(5 m /s) =0.2045 kgmol/s
RT (8.3143 kJ/kgmol-K)(298°K)

0 = (-730 506 kJ/kgmol)(0.2045 kgmoVs)=-149 388 kW 0

12-46
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem 12.37

A tank contains 1 kgmol of butane and 200% theoretical air at 25°C and 1 atm.
0
.

Combustion occurs, and heat is transferred from the tank until the products'
temperature is 800°K. Determine (a) the heat transfer from the tank; (b) the final
pressure of the products in the tank.

Given: The products of combustion of butane and 200% theoretical air are
cooled to 800°K.

Find: Heat transfer and final pressure.

Sketch and Given Data:

2.oo-,o Air

Assumptions: 1) Combustion is complete; no CO is formed.

0
2) The products behave like an ideal gas.

3) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

4) The work is zero and kinetic and potential energies can be

neglected.

Analysis: Writing the balanced equation for 100% theoretical air.

0 2 balance: a =4 + 25 = 6.5
The first law equation for the constant volume system is.

where ii • Ji-RT

12-52
 Chapter XII • REACTIVE SYSTEMS

For 200% theoretical air.

0
UR = (1)[-126 223-(8.3143)(298)]+(13.0)[0-(8.3143)(298)]

+(48.88)[0-(8.3143)(298)]

= -282 018 kJ/kgmol fuel

up = (4)[-393 757+22 815-(8.3143)(800)]

+(5)[-241 971 +17 991-(8.3143)(800)]

+(6.5)[15 841-(8.3143)(800)]+(48.88)[15 046-(8.3143)(800)]

= -2 193 466 kj/kgmol fuel

(a) Q = -2 193 466 - (-282 018) = _-1 911 448 kJ/kgmol

(b) p = P ( moles products) ( T products)

2 1
moles reactants T reactants

0 = 101 _325 kPa(64.38 kgmol) (800°K)

62.88 kgmol 298°K

= 278.5 kPa

12-53

~ - - - - -- -- --
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem 12.41
0 · Determine the adiabatic flame temperature of butane with 100% oxygen if all
reactants are at 25°C and 1 atm. ·

Given: Butane burned in 100% oxygen.

Find: Adiabatic flame temperature.

Assumptions: 1) The products and reactants behave like ideal gases.

2) Combustion is complete; no CO is forme~.

3) The heat transfer is zero.

4) No work is done and the changes in kinetic and potential

energies may be neglected.

5) No dissociation occurs.

Analysis: The balanced reaction equation is:

0 From Appendix C.1.

1i0 , = -126 223 kJ/kgmol

using the TK Solver model COMBUST.TK, cancelling the rules for

equilibrium constants and moles of N2, and entering the data above,
zero for x, y and z (no dissociation), zero for moles of N2, and solving.

T, = 5597°K

Comments: 1. See Example 12.11 for hand solution method.

2. The adiabatic flame temperature is significantly higher than for

combustion in air because the heat of combustion is absorbed by less
mass.

12-57
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem 12.45
0 Equal moles of hydrogen and carbon monoxide are mixed with theoretical air in an
insulated rigid vessel at standard temperature and pressure. The mixture is ignited
by a spark. Complete oxidation occurs. Determine (a) the maximum temperature;
(b) the maximum pressure.

Given: Hydrogen and carbon monoxide burned in theoretical air in insulated

rigid vessel.

Find: Maximum temperature and pressure.

Sketch and Given Data:

H-z, + Oz.
Q=O
IOO'lo Air
ip=? Pp=!

0 Assumptions: 1) The products and reactants behave like ideal gases.

2) Combustion is complete.

3) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

4) No work is done and the changes in kinetic and potential

energies may be neglected.

5) No dissociation occurs.

Analysis: Writing the balanced reaction equation.

First law; Q = W = 0.

Solving for the reactant internal energies.

12-61
Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

UR = 1(0 - (8.3143)(298)] + 1(-110 596 + 0 - (8.3143)(298)]

()
+ 1(0 - (8.3143)(298)] + 3.76[0 - (8.3143)(298)]
UR = -127 345 kJ
The product internal energies are.

Up = 1[-393 757+(Ji0 -li\gs)co -8.3143Tp]

2

+ 1[-241 971+(Ji0 -li0 29J8a0 -8.3143Tp]

+3.76[0+(Ji0 -n°298)N -8.3143Tp]

2

(a) Solving by trial-and-error.

Tp = 3115°K

Solving for the volume based on initial conditions.

V=nRT =(6.76)(8.3143)(298)= 165 _3 m3

P (101.325) 0
(b) Solving for the final (maximum) pressure.

p•nRT = (5.76)(8.3143)(3115) _902 5 kPa

V (165.3) .

Comments: 1. With some modifications, COMBUST.TK could be used to solve this

problem. ·

0
12-62
 Chapter XIl - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem 12.49
~
~
A coal-fired steam generating plant was operated for a year with an average flue gas
analysis of 13%CO2, 0%CO, 6.25%02, and 10% combustible matter to the ash pit.
An attempt to improve efficiency was made, and the second-year average was
15%CO2, 0.1 %CO, and 3.9%02, and 16% combustible matter to the ash pit. Coal
with a 7% ash content and a heating value of 33000 kJ/kg, dry, was used. At the end
of the second year it was found that the efficiency had remained the same, but the
cost of operation had increased. Why?

Given: Adjustments made to operation of steam generator burning coal.

Find: Why did cost of operation increase despite no change in efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

,_, - s+cuk G.so -

-
'33,ooo kJ/k.., s"'4..,_
G-cntra-1-or-
Ai..
-- As"~
C°"' bi.ac+ ili>les
--

0
Assumptions: 1) Steam production each year was the same.

2) Steam outlet and feedwater inlet conditions are the same.

Analysis: Using ORSAT.TK, the excess air for each year is.

Year 1: 41% Year 2: 21.7%

It appears that the improvement due to reduced excess air in Year 2

has been counteracted by losses due to incomplete combustion (CO)
and additional combusnble matter discharged with the ash. From
equation 12.34.

For constant efficiency, heating value, steam flow, and steam and
feedwater conditions, the fuel flow must be same. The greater volume
of refuse to be disposed of is one explanation for the increased cost of
Q
operation.

12-70
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem 12.53
0 Compute the adiabatic flame temperature of gaseous methane, ethane, and octane
for steady combustion in 100% theoretical air. Compare the resultant temperatures.

Given: Methane, ethane and octane burned in 100% theoretical air.

Find: Adiabatic flame temperature.

Assumptions: 1) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

2) No work is done and the changes in kinetic and potential

energies are negligible.

3) Combustion is complete; no dissociation occurs.

4) Temperature of reactants is 298°K.

Analysis: Writing the balanced reaction equation for methane.

CH4 + aO2 + 3.76aN2 ➔ b CO2 + c H2O + 3.76 aN2

C balance: b= 1
0 H balance: c= 2
0 2 balance: a =1 + (½) (2) = 2
Using Appendices C.1 and C.2, writing Ha = H., for 1 kgmol fuel.

[-74917 + 0 + OJ kJ/kgmol = [-393 757 + Ah(Tp)]

+ 2[-241971 + Ah(Tp)] + 7.52 [Ah(Tp)J kJ/kgmol

Solving trial-and-error or using COMBUST.TK.

Tp-
- 2329°K

Writing the balanced reaction equation for ethane.

Cz~ + 3.5 0 2 + (3.5)(3.76)N2 ➔ 2CO2 + 3 H2 O + 13.16N2

Using Appendices C.1 and C.2, writing Ha = H., for 1 kgmol fuel.
[-84 718 + 0 + OJ kJ/kgmol = 2(-393 757 + Ah(Tp)J

+ 3[-241 971 + Ah(Tp)] + 13.16 [Ah(Tp)J kJ/kgmol

12-75

~~----------------
Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Solving trial-and-error or using COMBUST.TK.

T p = 2382°K
0
Writing the balanced reaction equation for octane.

Using Appendices C.1 and C.2, writing ~ = HR for 1 kgmol fuel.

[-208 581 + 0 + 0]kJ/kmol = 8(-393 757 + iJt(Tp)]
+ 9(-241 971 + iJt(Tp)] + 47[Ah(Tp)] kJ/kgmol
Solving trial-and-error or using COMBUST.TK.

Tp = 2411°K

C)
.

0
12-76
Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem 12.57

Calculate the percentage of dissociation of oxygen, 0 2 ➔ 20, at 4000°K and 1 atm

pressure.

Given: Dissociation of oxygen at 4000°K and 1 atm.

Find: Percentage of dissociation.

Assumptions: 1) Reactants and products behave like ideal gases.

Analysis: The reaction equation is.

If x is fraction dissociated at 4000°K.

(1-x) 0 2 • 2x0

Total moles at equilibrium = (1-x) + 2x = 1 +x

From Appendix C.4, lnK = 0.783 (K = 2.188)

Partial pressures are thus. 0

p (1-x) 2x
02
11
P=-
(l+x) o (l+x)

Therefore.

r~,2
K= ~ =2.188
(~)
l+x

Solving for x. .

x = .595 (59.5% dissociation)

0
12-82
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem 12.61
0 Methane enters an adiabatic reactor at 25°C and 1 atm and reacts with air also
entering at 25°C and 1 atm. The products leave at 1 atm. Determine the entropy
production in kJ/K per kgmol of methane entering.

Given: Adiabatic combustion of methane with air.

Find: Entropy production per kgmol.

Sketch and Given Data:

Q=O

Assumptions: 1) The combustion is complete.

0 2) 100% theoretical air is supplied.

3) No work is done and the changes in kinetic and potential

energies are negligible.

4) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

Analysis: From Problem 12.53, the balanced reaction equation and adiabatic
flame temperature are.

CH, + 202 + 7.52N2 ➔ CO2 + 2H20 + 7.52N2

TP = 2329°K
Calculating the entropy production using data from Appendices C.1
and C.2, interpolating as necessary.

12-87
Chapter XIl - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

as = [(1)(318.56 + (2)(272.6) + (7.52)(257.59)]

- [(1)(186.27) + (2)(205.142) + (7.52)(191.611)]

as = 763.4 kJ/kgmol

()
12-88
 Chap.ter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem 12.65

A small internal-combustion engine uses liquid octane as the fuel, which enters at
0 '

25°C and 1 atm, as does the air. The mass flow rate of the fuel is 0.86 kglh, the
engine develops 1.5 kW, and the products leave at 400°C. The dry molal analysis of
the products is 11.4% CO2, 2.9% CO, 1.6% 0 2, and 84.1 % N2 • Determine the heat
transfer from the engine in kW.

Given: Engine burning 0.86 kg/hr of CgH18 develops 1.5 kw. Products are at
400°C and the dry molal analysis is given.

Find: Heat transfer.

Sketch and Given Data:

W= I.S kW
Ceffa8

Q
0.
'

Assumptions: 1) The products and reactants behave like ideal gases.

2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

3) The changes in potential and kinetic energies are negligible.

Analysis: Writing the balanced reaction equation for 100 moles of dry products.

C balance: Sa = 11.4 + 2.9 a= 1.7875

N2 balance: 3.76b = 84.1 b = 22.37
0 2 balance: 22.37 = 11.4 + 2·9 + 1.6 + ~
2 2

C = 15.84
0
12-94
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Writing the balanced reaction equation for 1 mole fuel.

0 CgH18 + 12.51 0 2 + 47.1 N2 ➔ 6.378 CO2 + 1.622 CO

+ 0.895 0 2 + 47.1 N2 + 8.862 H 20

The first law equation for the engine is.

iicHR =n,H.,+ W+ Q

HR = (1)(-250 102) + 0 + 0 = -250 102 kJ/kgmol fuel

~ = (6.378)(-393 757 + 16 543) + (1.622)(-110 596 + 11189)

+ (0.895)(11 623) + (47.1)(11 115)

+ (8.862)(-241 971 + 13 189)
8i, = -4 060 656 kJ/kgmol

ii=
1
(O.S6 kg/h) =2.0913X10-6 k ol/s
(114.23 kg/kgmol)(3600 s/h) gm

0 (2.0913 X 10-6)(-250 102) = (2.0913 X 10-6)(-4 060 656) + 1.5 + Q

Q = 6.47 kW

12-95
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem 12.69
0 One kgmol of carbon dioxide dissociates into a mixture of carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, and oxygen at 2800°K. Determine the equilibrium composition if the
mixture pressure is (a) 1 atm; (b) 20 atm.

Given: CO2 dissociating into CO and 0 2 at 2800°K at 1 atm and 20 atm.

Find: Mixture equilibrium composition.

Assumptions: 1) The reactants and products behave like ideal gases.

Analysis: From Appendix C.4, the In(~) at 2800°K for the reaction CO2 ➔ CO
+ 1/2 0 2 is -1.900 (~ = 0.1496). The dissociation reaction is.
(1-x)CO2 ex CO + x/2 0 2
The total number of moles present at equilibrium is.

X X
(1-X) + X + - = 1 + -
2 2

_ (1-x)
where Pco2 -Ptot (l +x/2)

X
Pco =Prot (l +x/2)

= x/2
Po2 Prot (l +x/2)

(a) Substituting with Pror = 1 atm and solving for x using trial-and-
error or TK Solver.

x = 0.295 (0.295 kgmol CO, 0.147 kgmol 0 2, 0.705 kgmol CO2)

(b) Substituting with Prot = 20 atm and solving for x using trial-and-
error or TK Solver.

x = 0.1223 (0.1223 kgmol CO, 0.06115 kgmol 0 2, 0.8777 kgmol CO2)

12-103
 Chapter XIl - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem 12.73

Determine the ideal-cell voltage and efficiency for a methane-oxygen fuel cell at
0
298°K and 1000°K and 1 atm.

Given: Fuel cell oxidizing methane and oxygen at 1000°K and 1 atm.

Find: Ideal-cell voltage and efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

CH

Oi

Assumptions: 1) Combustion is complete.

2) The water leaves as a vapor. 0

3) The reactants and products behave like ideal gases.

Analysis: The balanced reaction equation is.

·Solving for the change in enthalpy and Gibbs function.

L\H = [(1)(-393 757 + 33 405) + (2)(-241 971 + 25 978)]

- [(1)(-74 917 + (2.1347)(16.043)(1000 - 298) + (2)(22 707))

L\H = -786 876 kJ/kgmol fuel

L\G = -786 876 kg/kgmol - (1000)((269.325 + (2)(232.706)) 0

12-108
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

0 - (186.27 i:i) ))+

+ (2.1347)(16.043) (in ( (2)(243.585)]

AG = -806 711 kJ/kgmol fuel

The fuel cell efficiency is.

=AG= -806 711 kJ/kgmol _1.02S(l02.S%)

'Ire AH -786 876 kJ/kgmol

The ideal-cell voltage is.

V = AG = (806 711 kJ/kgmol) . = 2_09 volts

nF (4)(96 500 kJN-kgmol)

Comment: Since the enthalpy and entropy for methane are not tabulated in the
Appendix, the ideal gas relationships were used. The use of constant specific
heat introduces some error.

12-109
Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem *12.1

Write the reaction equation for hydrogen with 120% theoretical air. Determine the
0 .

mass of hydrogen required if 2000 lbm of air is available.

Given: H 2 reacting with 120% theoretical air.

Find: Reaction equation and mass of H2 with 2000 lbm air.

Assumptions: 1) Combustion is complete.

2) The reactants and products behave like ideal gases.

3) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

Analysis: Writing the balanced reaction equation for 100% theoretical air.

Writing the equation for 120% theoretical air.

H 2 + 0.6 0 2 + 2.256 N2 ➔ H 20 + 0.1 0 2 + 2.256 N2

Solving for the air/fuel ratio. 0

r • (0.6+2.256 mol air)(28.97 lbm/pmol) =41.04 lbm air/lbm ~
1/f (1 mol ~)(2.016 lbm/pmol)

m • 2000 lbm air •48.73 lbm

11, 41.04 lbm air/lbm ~

0
12-112
Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem *12.5

The dry volumetric analysis of the products of the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel 0
is 13.6%CO2, 0.8%CO, 0.4%CH4, 0.4%02, and 84.8%N2• Determine (a) the reaction
equation and find the x and n of the fuel, Ciiffxo; (b) find the percentage of excess or
deficient air.

Given: Dry volumetric analysis of products of combustion of C0 flxo.

Find: Reaction equation, values of x and n, and percent excess or deficient

air.

Assumptions: 1) The reactants and products behave like ideal gases.

2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

Analysis: Writing the balanced reaction equation for 100 moles of dry product.

Ciiffxn + aO2 + 3.76aN2 ➔ 13.6 CO2 + 0.8CO + 0.4 CH4

+ 0.402 + 84.8N2 + b H 2O

N2 balance: 3.76a = 84.8 a = 22.55

0
0 2 balance: 22.55 = 13.6 + ~ + 0.4 + ~
2 2
b = 16.3

C balance: n = 13.6 + 0.8 + 0.4 n = 14.8

H balance: 14.8x = (4)(0.4) + (2)(16.3) X = 2.31

(a) Ci 4•8H 34.2 + 22.55 0 2 + 84.8N2 -+ 13.6 CO2 + 0.8CO

+ 0.4CH4 + 0.4 0 2 + 84.8 N2 + 16.3 H 2O

Writing the balanced reaction equation for 100% theoretical air.

17 1
0 2 balance: a = 14.8 + · a = 23.35
2

Calculating the actual air/fuel ratio. 0

12-116
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

. Imol fu el
_ (22.55 +84.8)mol air -_107•35 mol arr
0 ra1c------,---,----,--
1 mol fuel

Calculating the theoretical air/fuel ratio.

_23.35+(3.76)(23.35)mol
rate- ·
air -_11115 l . / l fu el
• mo air mo
1 mol fuel

% air = 107.35 mol air/mol fuel =0. 966

111.15 mol air/mol fuel

(b) 3.4% deficient air

12-117
Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem *12.9
17'
Garbage, or municipal waste, has an ultimate analysis of 80.5% C, 5.0% H 2, 1.6%S,
\...:I
1.5% N2, and 5.5% 0 2, with the balance ash. Determine the balanced reaction
equation and the mass air/fuel ratio.

Given: Garbage with known ultimate analysis being burned.

Find: Balanced reaction equation and mass air/fuel ratio.

Assumptions: 1) The combustion is complete with theoretical air.

2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

3) The products behave like an ideal gas.

Analysis: Determine the mole fractions of garbage's constituents on an ashless

basis. See example 12.3

Xi M x/jM Yi
C 0.8555 12 0.07129 0.7073
H2 0.0531 12 0.02657 0.2636
s
02
0.0170
0.0584
32
32
0.00053
0.00183
0.0053
0.0181
0
N2 0,0159 28 0,00057 0,0056
1.0000 0.10078 1.0000

Writing the equation for 100% theoretical air.

0.7073C + 0.2636 H2 + 0.0053S + (0.0181 + a)02

+ (0.0056 + 3.76a)N2 ➔ 0.7073 CO2 + 0.2636 H 20
+ 0.0053 SO2 + (0.0056 + 3.76a)N2

0 2 balance: 0.0181 1
+ a = 0.7073 + 0·2 36 + 0.0053

a= 0.8263

0
12-122
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

The balanced equation is thus.

0 0.7073C + 0.2636 H 2 + 0.0053S + 0.8444 02 + 3.1125 N2 ➔
0.7073 CO2 + 0.2636 H 2O + 0.0053 SO2 + 3.1125 N 2

'
(0.8263 pmol) 32 -
lbm' '
+(3. 76)(0.8263 pmol) 28 _
lbm'
r- ~~ ~~
a/f (0. 7073)(12) +(0.2636)(2) +(0.0053)(32) +(0.0181 )(32) +(0.0056)(28)

lbm air .
ra1r=ll.43--...,. (without ash)
lbm fuel

ra1r=(ll.43)(0.941)=10.76 lbm air (with ash)

lbm fuel

12-123
 Chapter XIl - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem *12.13
0'

A residual fuel with a mass analysis of 90%C, 8%H2, and 2%S is burned with air at
100°F and 50% relative humidity. In addition steam atomization is used, requiring
0.05 lbm steam/lbm fuel. Determine the dew point of the products.

Given: Residual fuel oil with known ultimate analysis is burned with air at
40°C and 50% RH. Atomizing steam at 0.05 11,i,{fbin air is also supplied.

Find: Dew point.

Assumptions: 1) Combustion is complete with 100% theoretical air; no CO is

formed.

2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen is 3.76.

3) The products behave like an ideal gas.

4) The pressure of the products is 14.696 psia.

Analysis: Writing the equation for 100% theoretical dry air based on 100 moles
of fuel.

C)
0 2 Balance: a= 7.5 + 4 + 0.0625 = 9.5625
2
From Appendix B.4(b), at 100°F and 50% RH, the humidity ratio is
. 0.021 lbm water/lbm dry air. The moles of water in the products due
to the air humidity is.

({9.5625)(32)+(3.76)(9.5625)(28) lbm/air] 0.021 lbm wa~er

______________________lb_m_arr_.J-=1.532 pmol
(18 lbm/pmol)

Determining the moles of atomizing steam supplied.

(100 lbm fuel) 0.05lbm water

_ _ _,,_..,..____lb_m_fu_e_l___ =0.278 pmol
{18 lbm/pmol)

mol% H20 = 4+ 1.532+0.278 =0.118

7.5 +4+0.0625 +35.955 +1.532+0.278

12-127
Chapter XIl - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

(14.696 psia)(0.118) = 1.73 psia.

From Table A15, dew point = 121°F. 0

0
12-128
Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem *12.17

A fuel~ burns with air. The products have the following molal analysis on a dry
0
basis: 11 %CO2, 0.5% CO, 2% CH4, 1.5%H2, 6% 0 2, and 79% N2• Determine (a)
the percentage of excess air; (b) the fuel composition.

Given: A fuel of unknown carbon-hydrogen ration burns in air producing a

given product molal analysis.

Find: Percentage of excess air and fuel composition.

Assumptions: 1) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

2) The products behave like an ideal gas.

Analysis: Writing the reaction equation for 100 moles of dry products.

½H,. + a 0 2 + 3.76aN2 ➔ 11 CO2 + 0.5 CO + 2 CH4

+ 1.5 H 2 + 6 0 2 + 79 N2 + b H 20
C balance: x = 11 + 0.5 + 2 = 13.5

N2 balance: 3.76a = 79 a= 21.0 0

0 2 balance: 21 = 11 + 0.5 + 6 + ~ b = 7.5
2 2
H balance: y = 8 + 3 + 15 = 26
(b) The fuel is thus C.3.s H26
Writing the reaction equation for 100% theoretical air.

0 2 balance: a = 13.5 + -13 = 20

2

actual moles 0 2 21
% theoretical air= ------------=-=1.05
theoretical moles 0 2 20

105% theoretical air = 5% excess air.

~
\.:;.I

12-132
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

0 Comment: 1. Despite the addition of 5% excess air, the combustion is incomplete as

evidenced by the CO, CH4 and H2 in the products. This indicates
inadequate mixing of the fuel and air.

12-133
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem *12.21

Five Ihm/sec of ethane gas enters a furnace at 77°F and 1 atm pressure and burns
0
with 100% theoretical air at the same temperature and pressure. The products leave
at 440°F. Determine the rate of heat transfer to the surroundings.

Given: Ethane burns with 100% theoretical air, leaving at 440°F.

Find: Heat transferred.

Sketch and Given Data:

Q
S-11, ... s Ci. H,
77•F I «t""
100.,o Tl\. A"9
77°F IAtM

Assumptions: 1) The combustion is complete; no CO is formed.

2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

0
3) The products behave like an ideal gas.

4) Work is zero and kinetic and potential energies can be

neglected.

Analysis: · Writing the balanced reaction equation for 1 mole of fuel.

0 2 balance: a = 2 + -3 = 3.5
2

Heat transfer per mole of fuel is, from First Law.

lip= (2)(-169,297 + 3577) + (3)(-104,036 + 2977) + (13.16)(2543)

H., = -601,151 Btu/pmol fuel

0
. 12-138
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

HR = (1 )(-36,425) + 0 + 0 = -36,425 Btu/pmol fuel

0 Q =. -601,151 - (-36,425) = -564, 726 Btu/pmol fuel

Ii = 5 lbni/s =0.1663 pmol/s

c 30.07 lbm/pmol

Q = (-564,726 Btu/pmol fuel)(0.1663 kgmol fueVs)

Q = -93,914 Btu/s

()

12-139
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem *12.25

A power plant operates with an overall efficiency of 40%. The plant uses methane
0
.
.

as the fuel and air, both at 77°F and 1 atm. The products of combustion of the
steam generator leave at 260°F. Determine the mass flow rate of methane per 1000
kW of power produced.

Given: Power burning methane has 40% overall efficiency.

Find: Mass flow rate of methane per lOOOkW of net power.

Sketch and Given Data:

C"4 - Procil"ds _
2.,o•F -
~=401
Ai.- - W:: IOOOtW _
.

Assumption: 1) Overall efficiency is based on higher heating value and includes

loss due to products leaving at 400°K.
0
Analysis: From definition of thermal efficiency.

With higher heating value from Appendix C.3.

(1000 kW) 1 Btu/s

Ih • Wnet = 1.0551 kW
' ']thhRP (0.40)(23,861 Btu/lbm)

=0.0993 lbm/s

0
12-146
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

up = (2)[-169,297 + 5557 - (1.986)(1080)1

0 · + (2)[-104,036 + 4516 - (1.986)(1080)]
UP = -535,100 Btu/pmol

Q = -535,100 - 18,227 = -553,327 Btu/pmol fuel

......)
L

12-145
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

0 Determine the heating value at 77°F and 1 atm of the municipal waste descnbed in
Problem *12.9.

Given: Garbage of known ultimate analysis.

Find: Heating value at 77°F and 1 atm.

Assumptions: 1) The products and reactants behave as ideal gases.

2) The nitrogen can be neglected since it appears as a product and

reactant and will cancel.

3) The enthalpy of the S02 will be neglected.

Analysis: From the definition of heating value.

Using balanced equation from problem *12.9 and the enthalpy data
from Appendix C.1.

0 HR = 0 (all are ele:qients)

For H 20 as a vapor.

8-, = (0.7073)(-169,297) + (0.2636)(-104,036)

= -147,168 Btu/pmol fuel

Ji = (-147,168-0 Btu/pmol fuel)

RP (9.92 lbm/pmol) · .

•-14,835 Btu/Ihm (ashless)

=-13,960 Btu/lbm (with ash)

12-151
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem *12.33
0 The exhaust from an automoblile engine is the same as in Problem *12.5. The
engine consumes 15 lbm/hr of fuel and is located in a garage with dimensions 10 x
30 x 50 ft. If a concentration of 1 part carbon monoxide to 100,000 parts air is
hazardous to human life and the surroundings remain at 77°F and 1 atm, what is the
maximum time the engine can safely run?

Given: Engine exhausting into 10 x 30 x 50 ft. garage.

Find: Time engine runs for CO concentration of 1 part in 100,000.

Sketch and Given Data:

30'

0 Assumptions: 1) All CO produced by engine is retained in the garage.

2) The garage remains at 1 atm and 77°F.

3) Total mass in the garage doesn't change.

Analysis: From Problem *12.5, r.,, = 107.35 mol air/mol fuel

(l07.35)(28·97) = 14.68 lbm air/Ihm fuel

(12)(14.8) +(1 )(34.2)

Using ideal gas law to find mass of air in garage.

m = pV. (14.696 psia)(144 in2/ft2)(10 ft)(30 ft)(SO ft) • 1108 lbm

RT (53.34 ft-lbf/lbm-R)(537°R)

From Problem *12.5, 0.8 mol CO is produced per mol fuel.

8 28
... rcotfueJ = (0. pmol)( lbm/pmol) =0.1058 lbm CO/lbm fuel
(1 pmo1)(211.8 lbm/pmol)
0
'

12-157
Chapter XIl - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Mass of CO required for hazardous concentration.

0
(1108 lbm air) ( l ) = 0.01108 lbm CO
100,000

Time to produce mass of CO.

(15 lbm fuel/hr)(0.1058 lbm CO/lbm fuel)(t) = 0.01108 lbm CO

t = 0.006982 hr = 25.1 secs.

0
12-158
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem *12.37

Liquid octane at 77°F and 1 atm steadily enters an adiabatic combustion chamber and
0
.

burns with air at 440°F and 1 atm. The products leave at 1880°F. Determine the
percentage of excess air supplied.

Given: Liquid octane burned adiabatically with 440°F air results in products
at 1880°F.

Find: Percent excess air.

Sketch and Given Data:

0.=0

Assumptions: 1) The products and reactants behave like ideal gases. 0

2) Combustion is complete; no CO is formed.

3) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

4) No work is done and the changes in· kinetic and potential

energies may be neglected.

5) No dissociation occurs.

Analysis: Writing the balanced reaction equation for 100% theoretical air.

0 2 balance: a = 8 + -9 = 12.5
2

Using co.r~ '.BUST.TK, cancelling the Rules for the equilibrium

constants, ,;;nd entering zero for x, y, z, the product and reactant
temperatures, and the theoretical moles_ of CO 2, H 2O, and solving

%ThO2 = 307.307% (207.3% Excess Air) 0

12-162
I
Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Comment: 1. A solution by hand will be trial-and-error, guessing the excess air until
0. the enthalpy of the products equals the enthalpy of the reactants .

().
12-163
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem *12.41

A mixture of gaseous propane and 150% theoretical air enters a furnace at 77°F and 0
1 atm. Complete combustion occurs, and the products exit at 1340°F·and 1 atm. The
furnace is water-cooled, with water entering as a saturated liquid at 30 psia and
leaving as a saturated vapor at the same pressure. Determine (a) the mass flow rate
of water per pinol of fuel; (b) the rate of entropy production per pmol of fuel; (c)
the irreversiblity rate per pmol of fuel if T0 = 77°F.

Given: Propane burned with 150% theoretical air, boiling water at 30 psia.
Combustion products leave at 1340°F and 1 atm.

Find: Mass flow of water, entropy production, and the irreversibility.

Sketch and Given Data:

30 psia
T0 = 77°F

0
Assumptions: 1) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

2) The reactants and products behave like ideal gases.

3) No work is done and the changes in potential and kinetic

energies may be neglected.

4) All energy removed from the combustion products results in

boiling water.

Analysis: The balanced reaction equation is.

The first law equation is.

~
~

12-168
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

-o With enthalpy data from Appendices C.1, C.2 and Al5.

HP=_E nj( Ji )j=(3)(-169,297+14,371}+(4)(-104,036+11,176}

p

+(2.5)(9769) +(28.2)(9232)

HP =-551,453 Btu/pmol fuel

HR=_L nJ 1i )j=(l)(-44,676)+0+0=-44,676 Btu/puiol

R

hr8 =945.41 Btu/lbm

Solving for Iil11,0 •

Ii1 =Hp-HR= (551,453-44,676 Btu/pmol fuel)

11,o hts (945.41 Btu/lbm}

(a) Iil11,o =536 Ibm/pmol fuel

0 Solving for the entropy ·production.

ASproc1=[(3)(64.344)+(4)(55.592)+(2.5)(58.192)

+(28.2)(54.507)]-[(1)(64.51)+(7.5)(49.004)
+(28.2)(45. 77)] +(536)(1.3317)

(b) ASproc1=1089 Btu/pmol fuel-K

The irreversibility is calculated from.

I = T0 (ASproc1)

I = (537)(1089) = 584,793 Btu/pmol fuel

12-169·
Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem *12.4S
A
'-:.:,I
Determine the higher and lower heating values of coal at 77°F and 1 atm, given the
following mass analysis; 49.8%C, 19.4% ash, 14.1 % H 2O, 6.8% 0 2, 6.4%S, and 3.5%
H2.

Given: Coal with given mass analysis.

Find: Higher and lower heating values.

Assumptions: 1) The reactants and products behave like ideal gases.

'

2) The combustion is complete; no CO is formed.

3) The water in the coal is a liquid.

4) The sulphur reacts to form SO2•

5) The enthalpy of formation for SO2 is -127,725 Btu/pmol.

6) The ash is inert.

Analysis: Since the reactants and products are both at 537°R, the enthalpies of
all elements are zero and the ash can be ignored. The only reactant
that must be considered is thus the H 2O, and the only products are the
0
CO2, H 2O and SO2•

Determining the enthalpy of the reactants per lbm of coal.

H •n Ji0 = ( 0•141 lbm/lbm) (-122 971 Btu/pmol)

R a,o ~,, 18 lbm/pmol '

=-970 Btu/lbm coal

Determining the enthalpy of the products per lbm of coal with water
as a liquid.

0
12-176
 Chapter XIl - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

H = ( 0.498 lbm ) ( -169,297 Btu/pmol)

0 P 12 lbm/pmol

+[ 0.141 + 0.035 lbm ] (-122,971 Btu/pmol)

18 lbm/pmol 2 lbm/pmol

+ ( 0.064 lbm ) (-127,725 Btu/pmol)

32 lbm/pmol

HP= -10,397 Btu/lbm coal

The higher heating value is thus.

liRP=HP -HR =-10,397+970+2538=-9,427Btu/1bm coal

Recalculating 14 with the enthalpy of water as a vapor.

14 = 9,917 Btu/lbm coal
The lower heating value is thus.

C)
12-177
Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem *12.49

In an internal-combustion engine the local flame temperature in the combustion

0 .

process reaches 5040°R. Determine the composition of the dissociation reaction

0.5N2 + 0.5 0 2 . . NO at a pressure of 1 atm.

Given: Dissociation of N2 and 0 2 into NO at 5040°R and 1 atm.

Find: Mixture equilibrium composition.

Assumptions: 1) The reactants and products behave like ideal gases.

Analysis: From Appendix C.4, the In(~) at 2800°K (5040°R) for the reaction
½N2 + ½02 e NO is -2.372 (~ = 0.0933). The dissociation reaction
is.

The total moles present at equilibrium are.

()
where pN0 =x

Substituting and solving for x using trial-and-error or TK Solver.

x = 0.0446 (0.0446 pmol NO, 0.4777 pmol N2,

0.4777 pmol 0 2)

12-182
 Chapter XIl - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem C12.1
0 Methane is being burned in air. The excess air is varied from Oto 100% in steps.
Use ORSAT.TK (or develop a spreadsheet template or computer program) to
calculate the percentage of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the combustion products.
Plot the results versus percentag~ of excess air.

Given: Methane burned in varying percentages of excess air.

Find: Percent CO2 and 0 2 in products.

Assumptions: 1) The products and reactants behave like ideal gases.

2) The combustion is complete; no CO is formed.

3) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

Analysis: Using ORSAT.TK, entering zero for CO%, and S, N, 0 and Ash.
Since methane is CH4•

C= 12 kgC =0. 75 H= 4 kg H =0.25

16 kg CH4 16 kg CH4

(J With ExAir% as an input list, and CO2% and 02% as output lists.

- - - - - - - - VARIABLE SHEET - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
St Input-- Name- output- U n i t - C o m m e n t - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 4/E
M. David Burghardt & James A. Harbach
***ORSAT ANALYSIS***
Fuel Ultimate Analysis
• 75 C. kg/kg carbon
.25 H kg/kg Hydrogen
0 s kg/kg sulfur
0 N kg/kg Nitrogen
0 0 kg/kg Oxygen
0 Ash kg/kg Ash
Orsat Analysis - Dry Basis
11. 774 Carbon Dioxide

'''
L CO2\
L 02\ 0 Oxygen
0 CO\ carbon Monoxide
Air-Fuel Ratio
ThRaf 17.092 kg/kg Stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratio
Excess Air
L 0 ExAir\
Raf 17.092
Thmol02 .12445
'
kg/kg Actual Air-Fuel Ratio
Theoretical Moles Oxygen
molC02 .062448
molH2 .12401
molS02 0
(:')
..'
molN2
mol02
• 46794
0
molTot .53039

12-183
Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Graphing the results.

PROBLEM Cl2.l
12 . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
I
I I I I I I I
10 t- - - -I - - -,- - - t- - - -t - - -,- - -
p I COz I I I I
E I
R
I I
~ 8 ----------
1 I ---------
N
T

C 6 -1- - - l- - - -4 - - -1- - -
0
2 I
I
A I I I I I I I
~ 4 - - - 1- - - - - I - - - - - - I - - I - - -,- - - I - - I - -
I I I
0
2 I I I I I I I I
2 - - - - - - l. - - ...l - - -1- - - L - - ...1 - - -1- __ L __ J __ _
I I
I
I I I
0
0"------------------,...-------------.J
0 1030 40 so2060 80 90 70 100
EXCESS AIR PERCENT

~
\.fl

12-184
 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Problem C12.S
0 Use COMBUST.TK to calculate the adiabatic flame temperature of hydrogen being
burned in air at 1 atm. Assume that the only products are water, oxygen, nitrogen,
hydrogen, and hydroxyl. Vary the excess air from Oto 100% in steps and plot the ·
results. Compare your results with those from Problem C12.3.

Given: H 2 being burned in air at 1 atm with varying excess air.

Find: Adiabatic flame temperature.

Assumptions: 1) The combustion is complete.

2) The products and reactants behave like ideal gases.

3) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76.

Analysis: Using COMBUST.TK, entering required input data for the combustion
of hydrogen, List Solving for %ThO2 between 100 and 200, and
plotting.

PROBLEM Cl2.S
2500
0 2400
I I I I I I
- - -,- - - r - - r - - .,. - - -,- - -,- - - r - -
I
I I
T - -
I
7 - - -
II I I I I I I I
2300 - - -1 - -1- - - ~ - - ~ - - -1- - -1- - - I- - - -1- - - -I - - -
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I
T 2200 - - -,- - - I I - I - I- - I I I I
E
M I I I I I I I I
t 2100 - - -1- - - r - - t- - 1' - - -1- - -1- - - i- - - -t .... - , - - -
R I I I I I I I I
· ___ , ___ L __ l. __ .1 _ J ___ I___ L __ l. __ ..I __ _
i 2000
u I I I I I I I I

~
I I I I I I I I I
1900 - - - i - - - ,- - - r -- 1- - -i- - - - - r--, -- 7 - - -
I I I . I I I I I
1800 - - -1- - - I- - - of- - - -t - - -I - - - I- - - t-
- I . I I I I · · I· I I
___ I ___ 1___ L __ j ___1___ 1___ L __ .L _ _ I __ _
1700
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I' I
1600
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
PERCENT THEORETICAL 02

Comment: Dissociation reduces the adiabatic flame temperature by over lOO°K at 100%
theoretical air. As excess air is -increased, the lower temperature drastically
reduces the dissociation and the adiabatic flame temperatures approach each
other.

12-189
 Chapter XIIl - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

CHAPTER 13
0 Problem 13.1

An air-standard Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8.0 and has air conditions at
the beginning of compression of 100 kPa and 25°C. The heat added is 1400 kJ/kg.
Determine (a) the four cycle state points; (b) the thermal efficiency; (c) the mean
effective pressure. ·

Given: The compression ratio, initial state and heat added in an air standard Otto
cycle.

Find: The cycle state points, the efficiency and the mean effective pressure.

Sketch and Given Data:

-r,~ z.?8 k
r, = I fTO kf!J
r =- B
2
i ,~ == /~ao I= o/':
C)
V
Assumptions: 1. Air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system.
2. Air is an ideal gas.
3. Changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Determine the cycle state points by proceeding around the cycle using process
information. The process 1-2 is isentropic,

T2 = (~) t-t • (8)0·•

Tt V2

T2 = (298 K)(8)°'4 = 684.6 K

P2 = P1(V1NJt - (100 kPa)(8)1· = 1837.9 kPa
4

The process form 2-3 is constant volume, hence

(b.3 = U3. ~ = c.(T3. T2)

(1400 kJ/kg) = (0.7176 kJ/kg-K)(T3 - 684.6 K)

13-1
Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

T3 = 2635.5 K
2635.5)
0
p3 = P2(T:/f2) = (1837.9 kPa) ----
· ( 684.6
= 7075.SkPa

The process from 3-4 is isentropic, hence

04
T, = (26355 K) ( ~) • 1147.2 K

t
V3
P, = P, V,)(
= (7075.SkPa) ( g)l t.4
= 385 kPa

The cycle thermal efficiency is

'1Tb = 1 - _!._ = 1
(r)t-1
= _!._
( )0.4
= 0.565 or 56.5%
8

Wnct = (0.565)(1400 kJ/kg) = 791 kJ/kg

0
The specific volumes at states 1 and 2 are

v = RT1 = (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(298 K) • 0.855 m3/k

1
P1 (100 kN/m2) g

v = RT2 • (0.287)(684.6) = 0 l0? m3/kg

2
p2 (1837.9) .

The mean effective pressure is

Pm = wnct • ( 791kJ/kg) • 1057.5 kPa

3
1'1 - 1'2 · (0.855 · - 0.107 m /kg)

()
'

13-2
 Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Problem 13.S
0 An air-standard Otto cycle has the following cycle states, where state 1 is at the
beginning of the isentropic compression: p 1 = 101 kPa, T1 = 333°K, V1 = 0.28 m 3,
T3 = 2000°K, r = 5. Determine (a) the remaining cycle state points; (b) the thermal
efficiency; (c) the heat added; (d) the heat rejected; (e) if T1 = To, the available
portions of the heat rejected.

Given: An air-standard Otto cycle, the initial state at the beginning of compression,
the maximum temperature and the compression ratio.

Find: The cycle state points, the efficiency, the heats added and rejected and the
available portion of the heat rejected.
3
Sketch and Given Data:
p, = ,ot 12.-ro
1 \ = 33'3 k
f y 1 == o.2s~3
T?> == zuo--o K.
I r" = s

Assumptions: 1)
2) Air is an ideal gas.
"
Air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system.

3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Determine the mass of air in the system

m = P1V1 • (101 kN/m2)(0.28 m3) • 0.296 k

RT1 (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(333 K) g

k-1

T2 = T1 ~: = (333 K)(5)"' = 633.9 K

( )

P, = P, ( ;J • (101 kPa)(S)lA = 961.3 kPa

V2 = Vi/5 = 0·s28 • 0.056 m3

13-9
Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

= mRT3 = (0.296)(0.287)(2000) = 3034 kPa

0
3
P V3 (0.056)

lt-1
V3
T, = T, V,
( )
= (2000 k)(s) 1 o.4
= 1050.6 K
It

P, = P,
(
v:
V
)
= (3034 kPa) ( S)
1 t.4
= 318.8 kPa

The thermal efficiency is ·

1 1
b) 'I
1b
=1 - -
(r)k-1
=1 - -
(5)°"4
= 0.475 or 47.5%

The heat added is 0 2.3 = m(U3 - ~) = m c,.(T3 - TJ

c) 0 2•3 = (0.296 kg)(0.7176 kJ/kg-K)(200 - 633.9 K) = 290.2 kJ 0
The heat rejected is 04-1 = m(u1 - U4) = m c,.(T1 - T4)

d) 04-1 = (0.296)(0.7176)(333 - 1050.6) = -152,4 kJ

The available portion of 0._1 is

T.(s, - S,) = T.[m C, ht (;:) + mRht (ef.)]

To(S1 - S4) = (333 K)(0.296 kg) (o.7176 kkJ ) in (
g-K
333
1050.6
l
= -81.3 kJ ·
'
e) AE4-1 = -152.4 - (-81.3) = -71.1 kJ

0
13-10
 Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Problem 13.9
0 '

An air-standard Diesel cycle receives 28.5 kJ/cycle of heat while operating at 300
rpm. At the beginning of compression, p 1 = 100 kPa, T1 = 305°K, and V1 = 0.0425
m3• At the beginning of heat addition, the pressure is 3450 kPa. Determine (a)p, V
and T at each cycle state point; (b) the work; (c) the power; (d) the mean effective
pressure.

Given: An air standard Diesel cycle engine has known heat input, rpm, initial state
and maximum pressure.

Find: The cycle state points, the work, power and mean effective pressure.

Sketch and Given Data:

~i-J.:: 21,S' lt'J"/cyclc
300 '7'"""
P, = I 0-0 1,..f'a.
'f, ::: ~OS°'/(
J
V1 -= c,.0~2.S M

0 -----------· i{ :: .3,(/_s'"O I /a..f'.a

Assumptions: 1) "'
Air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system.
2) Air is an ideal gas.
3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: The mass of air in the cycle is

.m = P1V1 • (100 .kN/m2)(0.0425 m3) •

0_0486 kg
RT1 .(0.287 kJ/kg-K)(305 K)

T2 = T,(::t • K)(~:)~ • (305 838.8 K

V
2
= mRT2 = (0.0486)(0.287)(838.8) • 0 _00339 m3
p2 (3450)

(25.8 kJ) = (0.0486 kg)(l.0047 kJ/kg-K){T3 - 838.8 K)

T3 = 1422.5 K p3 = p 2 = 3450 kPa

13-17
Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

V = mRT3 = (0.0486)(0.287)(1422.5) = 0_00575 m3

3
p3 (3450) 0
V4 = V1 = 0.0425 m3

T, = T,(~:r = (14225K)(~~;r = 639.1 K

= mRT4 = (0.0486)(0.287)(639.1) = 209_7 kPa

p,. v.. (0.0425)

The heat out is

0.._1 = U 1 - U4 = m t;.(T1 - T4)

0.._1 = (0.0486 kg)(0.7176 kJ/kg-K)(305 - 639.1 K) = -11.65 ~

- cycle

b) Wnet =LO = 28.5 - 11.65 = 16.85 kJ/cycle

1
Wnet = N Wnet = (300 cyc!es)
mm
( . ) (16.85 ~ )
60 sec/mm cycle 0
c) Woec = 84.25 kW

The mean effective pressure is

d) p = Wnet • (16.8S kJ) = 430.8 kPa

. m vi - v2 (0.0425 - 0.00339 m3)

0
13-18
 Chapter XIIl - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Problem 13.13

In an air-standard Diesel cycle, the compression ratio is 17. The cutoff ratio, the
0 .

ratio of the volume after heat addition to that before heat addition (V/Vi), is 2.5:1.
The air conditions at the beginning of compression are 101 kPa and 300°K
Determine (a) the thermal efficiency; (b) the heat added per kg of air, (c) the mean
effective pressure.

Given: The air-standard Diesel's compression ratio, cutoff ratio, and the initial
conditions.

Find: The cycle efficiency, heat added and mean effective pressure.

Sketch and Given Data:

r= l'7
re~ z.s
P, = Io I It.I'd.
r, = 500k:..

0
Assumptions: 1) "
Air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system.
2) Air is an ideal gas.
3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: The thermal efficiency may be found from Equation 13.15

'1Tb • 0.600 or 60%

The temperature at state 2 is

T2 = T1 ( ::r• •(300 K)(17)., • 931.8 K

For a constant pressure process, T/v • c

0
13-24
 Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

0 T, =T 2 ( : :) = (931.8 K)(2.5) = 2329.5 K

The heat added is

q,., = h, - h2 = c,(T, - T,) = ( 1.0047 kg~K) (2329.5 - 931.8 K)

b) q2_3 = 1404.3 kJ/kg

The net work is

v = RT1
1
= (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(300 K) = 0.S5zs' m3
P1 (101 kN/m2) kg

v2 = v/r = 0·8525
17
= 0.0501 m /kg 3

The mean effective pressure is

0
c) (842·6 kJ/kg) = 1050 kPa
3
(0.8525 - 0.0501 m /kg)

13-25
 Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Problem 13.17
0 A four-cylinder engine with a 9.5-cm bore and a 8.75-cm stroke has a 7% clearance.
The engine rotates at 2500 rpm. The conditions at the beginning of compression are
l 7°C and 98 kPa. The maximum cycle temperature is 2900°K. The engine may be
assumed to operate on an air-standard Diesel cycle. Determine the cycle work and
the power produced by the engine.

Given: An air-standard cycle engine has four cylinders of known bore and stroke and
percent clearance. The rpm and initial temperature and pressure are specified
as is the maximum temperature.

Find: The engine's power and net work per cycle.

Sketch and Given Data:

C := ?Jo
T, :: /7 °C ~ ZfO /C
f>, = 98 .-?ct
T3 ::z Z fOO IC
0 I

V
Assumptions: 1) Air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system.
2) Air is an ideal gas.
3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Determine the cycle state points, then the net work.

r= -
v. • -1.07 = 15.28
v2 o.o,

T2 = T1 (~J-' • (290 K)(lS.28)°' • 863 K

rt,
~) Pl• p1 (~J • (98 kl>a)(15.28)L' • 4456.S kPa

13-33
Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

v = RTt = (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(290 K) = 0_8493 m3/k

t Pt 2 (98 kN/m ) g 0
'

v
2
= RT2 = (0.287)(863) = 0.0556 m3/kg
p2 (4456.5)

T. = T3 (V3) k-t = (2900 K) (0.1868) 0.4 = 1582.4 K

v. 0.8493

(h.3 = (1.0047 kJ/kg-K)(2900 - 863 K) = 2046.6 kJ/kg

q._1 = (0.7176 kJ/kg-K)(290 - 1582.4 K) = -927.4 kJ/kg

Wnet = L q • 2046.6 - 927.4 = 1119.2 kJ/kg

Find the mass of air in the engine

. V,n = V1 - V2 = 4 ; D 2 L • n(0.095)2(0.0875) = 0.00248 m3

V
V2 = --2.. = 0.0654V1
15.28

V1 - 0.0654 V1 = 0.00248

V1 = 0.002654 m3

m = PtVt • (98 kN/m2)(0.002654 m3) •

0_003125 kg
RTt (0.287 kJ/kg-k)(290 K)

Wmc = m wnet = (0.003125 kg)(ll19.2 kJ/kg) = 3.4975 kJ/cycle Q

13-34
 Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

0 Wnet = N * wnet = (2500

1
mm 60min)
cy_c) ( sec (3.4975 kJ)
eye

Wnet = 145.7 kW

13-3S
 Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Problem 13.21
0 In an air-standard dual cycle, the isentropic compression starts at 100 kPa and 300°K.
The compression ratio is 13, the maximum temperature is 2750°K, and the maximum
pressure is 6894 kPa. Determine (a) the cycle work per kg; (b) the heat added per
kg: (c) the mean effective pressure. ·

Given: An air-standard dual cycle, its compression ratio, initial state and maximum
temperature and pressure.

Find: The cycle work, heat added and mean effective pressure.

Sketch and Given Data:

3
--- p, = 100 ~P.a
-r, = 3' 0-0 I<
r- = I3
~ ;:; 2 7 :ro k.
'3 ::; ~ ::. ~B'/'1 JIJ

() Assumptions: 1) "
Air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system.
2) Air is an ideal gas.
3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Determine the cycle states.

p, = p, ( :J • (100)(13)u = 3627 kPa

v = RT1 • (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(300 K) • 0_861 m3/kg

1
P1 (100 kN/m2)

V = Vi =
0•861 = 0.06621 m3/kg
2
r 13
The process 2-3 is V = c, Tip= C

13-43
Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

T =T
3 2
(p3)
P2
= (836.9 K) (
6894
3627
) = 1590.7 K 0

T 4 = 2750 K p4 = 6894 kPa

v = RT4 = (0.287)(2750) = 0_1145 m3/kg

4
p4 (6894)

The process 4-5 is isentropic

Ts= T4 (v )t-t = (2750 K)( 00.861

4

Vs
·1145 )
04
. = 1227 K

The heat added is

(b.3 = (0.7176 kJ/kg-K)(1590.7 - 836.9 K) = 540.9 kJ/kg

<13-4 = h4 - h3 = C, (T4 - T3)

0
<13-4 = (1.0047 kJ/kg-K)(2750 - 1590.7 K) = 1164.7 kJ/kg

b) <Im = 540.9 + 1164.7 = 1705.6 k.T/k,i

gout = (0.7176)(300 - 1227) = -665.2 kJ/kg

Wnet = L q • 1705.6 - 665.2 • 1040.4 kJ/kg

The mean effective pressure is

c) Pm= wnet • (l040.4 kJ/kg) = 1309 kPa

3
Vt - V2 (0.861 - 0.0662 m /kg)

0
13-44
 Chapter xm - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Problem 13.25

An Ericsson cycle uses helium as the working fluid. The isothermal compression
process begins at 300°K and 120 kPa, and 175 kJ/kg of heat is rejected. Heat
addition occurs at 1100°K. Determine (a) the cycle maximum pressure; (b) the net
work produced per unit mass; (c) the thermal efficiency.

Given: An Ericsson cycle uses helium and has the state specified beginning isothermal
compression and the heat rejected during the compression. The high
temperature is known.

Find: The maximum cycle pressure, the net work and the efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

f3 = tz.o k.Pa

'3:: 3ao /<:.

p ;3-4 = -11.:r J,. v.,

7i = //(f() K

Ar 0
Assumptions: 1) Air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system.
2) Air is an ideal gas.
3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Determine the specific volume at state 3 and knowing the work for process
find p4•

v = RT3 • (2.077 kJ/kg-K)(300 K) = 5 _1925 ml/kg

3 2
P3 (120 kN/m )

(-175 kJ/kg) = (2JY77 kJ/kg-K)(300 K) In ( ~~J

a) p,. = 158,9 kPa
0
13-50
 Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

0 q,_, = ~=w 1•2 = p1 v, In (::) = RT1 In (::)

q1_2 = (2.077 kJ/kg-K)(llOO K) In (11!:) = 641.5 kJ/kg

b) wnet = :E q = 641.5 - 115 = 466.5 kJ!kg

c) rJ = wnet = 466·5 = 0.727 or 72.7%

1b gin 641.5

Check on the thermal efficiency

TL 300
'11b =1 - - = 1 - - = 0.727
TH 1100

13-S1
 Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Problem 13.29 .
A six-cylinder spark-ignition engine has a bore and stroke of 10.9 x 10.5 cm. The
0 .

engine requires 0.0035 kg/s of Cs H18 (1) when operating at half-load with a speed of
3000 rpm. The reduction of engine speed to axle speed is 3.78:1. The tires have an
effective radius of 35.5 cm. (a) Determine the car speed in km/h and the fuel
consumption in km/liter ( the specific gravity may be assumed to be 0.85). (b) The
air-fuel ratio on the mass basis is 15.3; the products of combustion leave the engine
at 900°K, with air and fuel inlet temperature of 25°C. Determine the percentage of
the heat release lost to the products of combustion.

Given: An actual engine's bore and stroke, fuel consumption, rpm, gear reduction and
the car's tire size are known.

· Find: The car's speed, fuel consumption, energy loss in exhaust.

Sketch and Given Data:

f, C!'f /
j) :IO,'/c..,..

- ,--
r
- - -- -- I
I
-"
' / _ : /0,S°C.IM

.. '' ' ..-

I
/ti -;. 3CO'O "/'~
0
r-=.J11 c ~
\
r \ L,:/ 3, '18: I
- - - - -J
I
!.. -

Assumptions: 1) Complete combustion.

2) Model exhaust with 200% Theoretical ~ tables.

-Analysis: The rear axle speed is

3000 rpm • 793.65 rpm·

3.78

For each revolution the car moves 2nT.

v= ~t • (793.65 r~v) (60

mm h
min) (2.n)(0.355 m) ( 1000 1m/km)
· )

a) V = 106,2 km/h
The fuel consumption per hour is
0
13-62
 Chapter XIIl - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

(me) = (0.0035 kg/s)(3600 s/h) = 12.6 kg/h

0
y = Iilr = 12.6 kg/h
•
c Pc (0.85)(1000 kg/m3)

3
vf = 0.01482 m = 14.82 liter
h h

a) km/liter = <106·2 km/h) = 7.16 km/liter

(14.82 liter/h)

The total heat release, assuming complete combustion, is

Cl.in = r111 hRP = 1 kg fuel. ) ( +47886) = 3129.8 -kJ

( 15.3 kg arr kg

The exhaust may be modelled as an ideal gas with constant specific heats,
assuming Cp from example problems, or use the 200% theoretical air tables.
If the tables are used,

~ = 966.2 kg/kg 11m = 303.0 kJ/kg

0 To cool the exhaust to 298 K requires

q = (1 + r11. ) ( ~ - h298) = (1 + .2...)

15.3
(966.2 - 303.0) = 706.5 kJ
kg

The percent heat release exiting with the exhaust is

. 706.5
b) % = _ = 0.225 or 22.5%
3129 8

13-63
 Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Problem 13.33
0 An eight-cylinder diesel engine with a bore and stroke of 10 x 10 cm operates at 2000
rpm. Dodecane (C12H26[1]) fuel is used with 80% excess air. The air enters the
engine at 100 kPa and 37°C and is compressed to 3.0 MPa. The heat loss from the
engine is one-third of the work produced. Use the open-system diesel cycle to
calculate state points. Determine (a) the compression ratio; (b) the fuel
consumption; (c) the thermal efficiency; (d) the power produced; (e) the engine-
cooling water required if the water enters at 21 °C and leaves at 49°C.

Given: A diesel engine operates on the open-system, the bore and stroke, rpm, excess
air, initial air state and compression pressure are known. The heat loss as a
percent of work is given.

Find: The compression ratio, fuel consumption, efficiency, power output, and
cooling water required.
'3
Sketch and Given Data: ~ = L:. /Oc:.,,...

2,0-0-0 rfn-i

C!,z.. 1/z(,{.JJ
8070 -e,t~ess ~

0 I
-r.I ; 37 C::: 310 K
f; -::= I e-o /,. I~

4
Assumptions: 1) = =
The products gas properties are k 1.383, cPP 1.048 kJ/kg-K,
Cv = 0.7537 kJ/kg-K.
2) Gases are ideal gases.
·3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
4) Use properties per Example 13.6.

Analysis: The total displacement volume of the engine is

V1 = V2 = 8 i (0.1) (0.1)
2 2
• 0.006283 m3

The compression ratio is

Thus, V1 = 11.4 V2 and hence

·13-69
Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

V2 = 0.0006041 m3 V1 = 0.006887 m3

The fraction empurged products, z, is

0
z = v2 = (0.0006041) = 0_096 1-z = 0.904
V1 - V2 (0.006283)

Assume the value of the exhaust is 767 K (1380 R). Determine the
temperature at the start of compression.

u~ = (1 - z)u~ + u~

CV
•
= (0.904)(0.7176) + (0.096)(0.7537) = 0.7211 kJ/kg-K
(0.7211)T, = (0.904)(0.7176)(310) + (0.096)(0.7537)(767)

T1 = T, = 355.8 K
t-1

T2 = T1
. (5
v2J
= (355.8 K){ll.4)0398 • 937.2 K 0
P2 = 3000 kPa
Balance the combustion equation for 180% theoretical air

c;~ + (1.8)(18.5)02 + 1252 N2 ➔ 12CO2 + 13 11:zO + 14.8 0 2 + 125.2 N2

r = (158.5 moles air)(28.97 kg/kginol) • 26_962 kg air

1/f (1 mole fuel)(l 70.3 kg/kgmol) kg fuel

rf/a = 1/rl/f = 0.03709 k~ fue)/kg air

r11r = z rl/f = (0.904)(0.03709) = 0.03353~kg__fu_el_

kg reactant
For the combustion process

Ci,, = k Cvr = (1.398)(0.7211) = 1.0081 kJ/kg-K 0

13-70
 Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

0 .
(1.0081)(937.2) + (0.03353)(44102) = (1.03353)(1.0428) T
3

T 3 = 2249 K p3 = 3000 kPa

The expansion ratio, re, is

_ r _ 11.4 _ _ V4
re - - - - - 4.75 - -
re 2.4 V3

(l
t-1
V3 l o.383
T4
·= T3 -v. = (2249 K) ( - )
4.75
= 1238.3
.

(l
T5 = T, :: T = (2249
t-1 0383

K)(3: ) T.ffl • 876.8 K

0 The net adiabatic work is

Wnet = (0.03353)(44102) + (0.7211)(355.8) - (1.03353)(0.7537)(1238.3)

Wnet = 770.7 kJ/kg

The heat loss is 1/3 the net work, hence for the non-adiabatic case

Wnet + 1/3 Wnet = 770.7

Wnet = 578 kJ/kg
The thermal efficiency is

w
c) ,,
n -
- net
h • <578 kJ/kg) • 0.391 or 39.1 %
rf/r RP (0.3353)(44102)
The air flow at inlet is
()
·13-71
Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

V1 = (2000
2
cy~le) (0.006283 m 3)
mm
(.!
min) = 0.1047 m 3/s
60sec 0
:rb = p 1V1 = (100 kN/m 2)(0.1047 m3/s) = 0 _1177 kg/s
a RT1 . (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(310 K)

d) Wnet = Iha wnet = (0.1177 kg/s)(578 kJ/kg) = 68 kW

The fuel flow-rate is ~~ =~.a ("~ta-=- (o,\t17~(,'.1&,0!-TO<f ~c}J=o,oo4!f3G

~ o.,..- ~/s
qOllt = 770.7 - 578 = 192.7 kJ/kg .

0 011
t = m. ~t = (0.1177)(192.7) = 22.68 kW

The cooling water receives this at constant pressure

(22.68 kW) = :rbc:w(h0 - hJ = (mc:w kg/s)(205.3 - 87.1 kJ/kg)

e) mc:w = 0,192 ks{s

0
13-72
 Chapter XIll - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Problem 13.37

A Diesel engine develops 750 kW at 200 rpm when the ambient pressure is JOO kPa
0
.

and the temperature is l 7°C. The air/fuel ratio is 23 kg air/kg fuel, and 7.6 x 10·5 kg/s
of fuel is consumed per brake kW developed. Determine for hRP = 43 200 kJ/kg (a)
the thermal efficiency; (b) the fuel consumption for 52 kW if the thermal efficiency
is constant; (c) the second-law efficiency.

Given: A Diesel engine's output power, rpm and ambient conditions. The air-fuel
ratio and bsfac is known.

Find: The efficiency, fuel consumption and second law efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

F' =- /trO ~pd . -- _._

-7';; 17 'C :: Zfol< QJ/1-
-
~ I
.
~
J) 1 ,e $ el I
)
-
''3/f::; ~,~
~

'23 I \

l,~fc= '7, 'Jl./0-r~'-- -- - -' ~

.s - p.l,,J
0
Assumptions: 1) Engine operates at steady-state.
2) Thermal efficiency is constant at different loads.
3) For part (c) assume a compression ratio of 15.

Analysis: The fuel flowrate is

·m, = (bsfc)(WJ • (1.6 x 10- 5

kg ) (750 kW) = 0.057 kg/s
s-kW

a) 'ln = wb • ____(7_5_0_k_W)______ = 0.304

m, h., (0.057 kg/s)(43 200 : )

For a load of 52 kW

b) m, = (7.6 x 10- 5
2L)
s-kW
(52 kW) = 0.00395 kgls

For a compression ratio of 15

0 ..

13-80
 Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

t-1

0 T2 = T, (
~:
)
= (290)(15)"' = 856.7 K

The heat is added at constant pressure for an ideal Diesel cycle.

rua = 1/23 = 0.0435 kg fuel/kg air

(1.0047 kJ/kg-K)(856.7K) + (0.0435 kg fu~I) (43 200 kJ/kg)

kg arr .

= (1.0435 kg pr?d) (1.0047 ~ ) (T3 K)

kg arr kg-K

T3 = 2613 K

TL 290
'leamot = 1 - - =1 - - = 0.889
TH 2613
0
c) '1en,ine 0.304
'12=-=-=~
tJeamot 0.889

·13-81
 Chapter XIll- INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Problem 13.41
0 Calculate the bore and stroke of a six-cylinder engine that delivers 22.4 kW at 1800
rpm with a ratio of bore to stroke of 0.71. Assume the mean effective pressure in
the cylinder is 620 kPa and the mechanical efficiency is 85%.

Given: An 6-cylinder engine, its power, rpm, ratio of OIL, mean effective pressure
and mechanical efficiency.

Find: The bore and stroke.

Sketch and Given Data:

JJ/L = o, 7/
M'fi!.f = 6ZO kfcJ
,_ -·- - - _, ...... {i4A = 8~io

() Assumptions: 1) Steady-state operation.

2) Four-stroke cycle.

Analysis: Find the indicated power, W1

w1= wb • <22.4 kw) = 26.35 kw

'Im (0.85)

(26.35 kW) = (620 kPa)(V,D)

y = 0 _0425 m3/s = 6 (~ 02L) (1800 rev/min) ( 1 )

PD 4 2 60 s/min

0.0425 m3/s = 22.5 n (0.71 L)2 L

L = 0.106 m = 10,6 cm
D = (0.71)(10.6) = 1.s cm
13-87
 Chapter xm - ~RNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Problem 13.45

A six-cylinder four-stoke cycle spark-ignition engine with a compression ratio of 9.5

0
must be designed to produce 67.1 kW with a torque of 194 N-m. At these conditions
the mechanical efficiency is 78%, and the brake mean effective pressure is 550 .kPa
For the air-standard cycle, p 1 = 101 .kPa, T1 = 308°K, and k = 1.32. The fuel flow
rate is 0.353 kg/h-kW, where the power is indicated power and the fuel has a lower
heating value of 43 970 kJ/kg. The ratio of the piston bore to stroke is 1.1.
Determine (a) the bore and stroke; (b) the indicated thermal efficiency; (c) the
brake engine efficiency.

Given: A six-cylinder engine, its compression ratio, brake power and torque. The
mechanical efficiency and bmep are specified and the initial conditions for the
air standard cycle. The indicated specific fuel consumption is also given.

Find: The engine's bore and stroke, indicated thermal efficiency and brake engine
efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

0
Assumptions: 1) Engine operates at steady-state.
2) Theoretical cycle is the air standard Otto cycle.

Analysis: The bore and stroke may be found from the engine's displacement volume.

(67.1 kW) = (550 kN/m2)(V,0 m3/s)

V,0 = 0.122 m3/s

The engine's rpm is not given but

(67 1 kW) = (2 n-)(194 N m)(N rev/sec) C\

• (1000 JlkJ) ~

13-94
 Chapter XIIl - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

N = 55.05 rev/sec
0 Find VPD per cylinder as

V.PD __ _
0.122
__ 3f:
_ 0•0203 ms
6

V• PD = 1t D-u1 2T -
where n = N{l. intakes per revolution
4

3
55 05
(0.0203 m3/s) = :!.(D) ( · )
4 1.1 2

a) D = 0.101 m = 10.1 cm

L = D/1.1 = 0.092 m = 9.2 cm

The indicated power is

w. = wb = 61.1 kw = 86 kw
1
f/m 0.78
()
m, = (0.353 kg/h-kW)(86 kW)(l/3600 s/h) = 0.008433 kg/s

b) (fJn)j = (0.008433 ~:)~:> 0

970 kJ/kg) =- ·232

The theoretical power may be found using the air standard Otto cycle
expression.

1 1
f/
n
= 1
.
- -
(r)t•t
• 1 - - - = 0.513
(9.S)o.32

f/n - m h
- w W = (0.S13)(0.08433)(43970)
f RP

W = 190.2kW

The brake engine efficiency, 'lb, is

c)
V/b 67.1
f/b = - =- • 0.3S3
W 190.2 -
13-95
 Chapter XIlI - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Problem *13.1

An air-standard Otto cycle has an initial temperature of 100°F, a pressure of 14.7

0 .

psia, and a compression pressure p2 = 356 psia. the pressure at the end of heat
addition is 1100 psia. Determine (a) the compression ratio; (b) the thermal
efficiency; (c) the percentage of clearance; (d) the maximum temperature.

Given: An air standard Otto cycle, the initial air state, the pressure at states 2 and 3.

Find: The compression ratio, thermal efficiency, percent clearance and maximum
temperature.

Sketch and Given Data:

-r;:::: /(5() F ::: s,o /e
P1 = ///, 7 isi@
~ = 3.St, f's;a

Assumptions: 1)
V
Air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system.
0
2) Air is an ideal gas.
3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: For isentropic compression

t11
a) r = - • 9.74
V -
2

b) tJ = 1 - _!_ • 1 - l = 0.598
'lb (r)k•I (9.74)0.4

53.34 ft-lb, (560 R)

RT lbm-R = 14.11 ft3/lbm
V 1-- - l •
Pi (14.7 lb/m2)(144 in2/ft2)

13-96
 Chapter XIIl - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

14.11
= -Vtr
0 v2 = - - = 1.449 ft'/lbm
9.74

c) c= v2 = 1.449 = 0.114 or 11.4%

Vt - V2 (14.111 - 1.449)

pv (356 lb/in2}(144 in2/ft2}(1.449 ft3/lbm)

T2 = -R2 2 = - - -(53.34
- -ft-lb/Jbm-R)
------ = 1393 R

For V = C,

d) T, = T_ = T 2 (::) • (1393 R)(~~~) = 4304R

13..97
 Chapter XIIl - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Problem *13.5

A four-cylinder engine with a 3.75-in. bore and a 3.4-in. stroke has a 10% clearance.
The engine rotates at 2500 rpm. The conditions at the beginning of compression are
65°F and 14.5 psia. The maximum cycle temperature is 5220°R. The engine may be
assumed to operate on an air-standard Otto cycle. Determine the cycle work and the
power produced by the engine.

Given: An engine with known bore and stroke, percent clearance, rpm, maximum
temperature and initial conditions operates on the air standard Otto cycle.

Find: The net work per cycle and power produced.

3
Sketch and Given Data: J) :: '3 ,?S''
L==- 3,.cf"
C!. = tO /o

p
/\I= z.S--t>O ~-,"'1
f', = /~,ff.SI~
13 :: ..s-2-2-0 R 0
V
Assumptions: 1) Air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system.
2) Air is an ideal gas.
3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Determine the piston displacement volume.

VPD = ~4 D2L • ~4 3 75 2
( • ) ( ~ ) = 0.02173 ft3
12 12

For the total engine VPD = (4)(0.02173) = 0.08692 ft3

V2 = 0.08692 ft3

V1 = 0.09561 :ft3

0
13-104
 Chapter XIIl - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

r = Vt = 0.09561 = 11
0 v2
o.008692

The mass of air in the engine is

PtVt (14.5 lb/in2)(144 in2/ft 2)(0.09561 ft3)

m = -RTt = -~---~--,---..,.....,...---,--
(53.34 ft-lb/lbm-R)(525 R)
= 0.00713 Ihm

The temperature at state 2 is

T 2 = T (Vt) t-t = (525 R)(11)0·4 = 1370 R

t V .
2

The heat added is

0 2•3 = (0.00713 lbm)(0.1714 Btu/lbm-R)(5220 - 1370 R)

Btu
= 4.705 -
0 cycle

,,'lb = 1 - _!_
(r)k-t
= 1 - l
(11)0.4
= 0.617

w,_ = ,,'lb 0 2_3 = (0.617)(4.705) = 2.902 -Btu

cycle

The power is

W,_ = N W,_ = (2500 cy~le) (2.902 Btu )

mm cycle

...t, Btu
vvnet = 7255 --:- • 171.1 hp
mm

13-105
 Chapter xm - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Problem *13.9

A one-cylinder Diesel engine operates on the air-standard cycle and receives 27 0 .

Btu/rev. The inlet pressure is 14.7 psia, the inlet temperature is 90°F, and the volume
at bottom dead center is 1.5 ft'. At the end of compression, p 2 = 500 psia.
Determine (a) the cycle state points; (b) the power if the engine runs at 300 rpm;
(c) the mean effective pressure.

Given: An air-standard Diesel cycle, the heat added, the initial temperature and
pressure and volume. The pressure at the end of compression.

Find: The cycle state points, the power at 300 rpm and the mean effective pressure.

Sketch and Given Data:

9 ,~ ~ 2.-, .Blu/o,de
f', :: Pf, 7 f ~/a
p 7; :: 'j>o F; .{""$""0 Je
v, .:: /, s- f-t3
Ii = So-0 /'SIS

V
0 ,
,

Assumptions: 1) Air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system.

2) Air is an ideal gas.
3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Determine the mass of air in the cycle.

. p1V1 (14.7 lb/in2)(144 in2/ft2)(1.5 ft 3)

m= - • · - - - - - - - - - = 0.1082 lbm
RT1 (53.34 ft-lb/Jbm-R)(550 R)

t-1
p T 500 o.4
T 2 = T 2 .2 • (500 R) ( - ) n = 1506.5 R
( p 1) 14.7

13-114
 Chapter XIIl - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

The process from 2-3 is constant pressure, heat addition

0
(27 Btu) = (0.1082 lbm)(0.24 Btu/lbm-R)(T3 - 1506.5 R)
T3 = 2546.2 R p 3 = 500 psia

V = mRT3 = (0.1082)(53.34)(2546.2) = 0_2041 ft3

3
p3 (500)(144)

T 4 = T3 (vv.
3) t-i = (2546.2 R) ( 0·2041 )
1.5
0
·• = 1146.5 R

p, p,(~J =
= (500 r
poia)( 0·i'.;41 = 30.6 psja

The process 4-1 is constant volume heat rejection.

0 a..
1 = (0.1082)(0.1714)(550 - 1146.5) = -11.1 Btu/cycle

Wnet = :E Q • 27 - 11.1 = 15.9 Btu/cycle

The mean effective pressure is

Wnet (15.9 Btu)(778.16 ft-lb/Btu) .

c) ·p = ~----- • - - - - - - - -2 - • 62.3 psi
m V1 - V2 (1.5 - 0.1208 ft3)(144 in /ft 2)

Wnet = (Wnet)(N) = (15.9- Btu/cycle)(300 cycle/min)

b) W. = 4770 B~ • 112.5 hp
mm

13-115
 Chapter XIlI - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Problem *13.13

The compression ratio of an air-standard dual cycle is 12, and the pressure at the
0
beginning of compression is 14.7 psia, the volume is 75 in.3, and the temperature is
100°F. During the heat-addition processes, 0.4 btu is transferred at constant volume
and 1.0 Btu at constant pressure. Determine_ (a) the cycle thermal efficiency; (b) the
pressure at the beginning of heat rejection. ·

Given: An air standard dual cycle, its compression ratio, the state at the beginning of
compression, the heats added.

Find: The cycle efficiency and the pressure at the beginning of heat rejection.

Sketch and Given Data: r = rz.

p1 -:. l4'1,1 rsr'a

p V, -=- 7S , •.,,3 = 0.0431 ft 3

11 ::: /C'() 1=:: S-60 ,€.
------, ~2.-.3 = 0, 4 . .8./u
\I ~3-4~ /,0 8:fu
Assumptions: 1) Air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system.
2)
3)
Air is an ideal gas.
Changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
0
Analysis: Determine the cycle state points

11:-1

T2 = T1
(
~:
)
~ (560 R)(12)"' = 1513 R

V2 = 3r • Z?_12 • 6.25 in 3

The process 2-3 is constant volume

()

0 2•3 = U3 - U2 + _;yr:: • U 3 - U2 = m cvCT3 - T2)

_ p1V1 (14.7 lb/in2)(144 in2/ft2)(0.0454 ft 3) O b C"\

m- - • -------eo-_,,...-.....,...,..,....!""""""'.,.._- = •00308 I m ~
RT1 (53.34 ft-lb/lbm-R)(560 R)

13-124
 Chapter XIIl - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

(0.4 Btu) = (0.00308 lbm)(0.1714 Btu/lbm-R)(T3 - 1513 R)

0 T3 = 2271 R

p3 = p2 (TT3) = (476.6 psia)( 2271

1513
) = 715.3 psia
2

The process 3-4 is constant pressure

Q3-4 = (0.00308 lbm)(0.24 Btu/1bm-R)(T 4 - 2271 R) = (1.0 Btu)

T4 = 3624 R p4 = p = 715.3 psia 3

v, = v, (;:) = (6.25 in')(:!) = 9.97 in'

3
V 5 = V1 = 75 in
C) Jc-1

T, = T, ( v;
V
)
= (3624 R) (
997 o.4
7s ) • 1617 R

(V,V) • (715.3 psia) (9;97)

14
b) Ps = P4 1c · = 42.4 psia
5

Oout = .U1 - U5 = m c.(T1 - T 5)

Oouc = (0.00308 lbm)(0.1714 Btu/lbm-R)(560 - 1617 R)
Oout = -0.56 Btu

WDet = L O • 0.4 + 1.0 - 0.56 • 0.84 Btu

a) '1Tb = -
w_ • -o.s4 • 0.60 or 60%
Om 1.4

13-125
 Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Problem *13.17

An adiabatic four-stroke cycle, six-cylinder Diesel engine has a bore of 12-in. and a
0
stroke of 15 in. and operates at 500 rpm, receiving air at 90°F and 14.5 psia. The
compression ratio is 18, and the dodecane fuel is injected at 100°F with a ratio of
0.0444 lbm fueJ/lbm air. Assume the products of combustion have properties as in
Example 13.6, but let k = 1.3 for products and reactants. Determine (a) the
percentage of unpurged products; (b) the thermal ·efficiency; (c) the power
produced.

Given: A Diesel engine operates on the open Diesel cycle, bore and stroke, rpm
intake air state, compression ratio, fuel and air/fuel ratio are specified.

Find: The percent of unperged products, efficiency and power output.

Sketch and Given Data: 3

"eyil11e/e,,.,-
p::. /Z. II A- =-1 S"

0 = 90 F ~ sso le f
~ : l"/1 f
r:::;. If:;,
1
,$ld
A =I, 3
0
,-,f/4 -= 0 • () 4"14 A,-"
Assumptions: 1) Reactants and products are ideal gases, k = 1.3
2) Air is an ideal gas.
3) Properties per Example 13.6

Analysis: Determine the percent unpurged products.

Vi - V2 = v,n • ~4 D2L • :!(1)2(~) = o.9817 ft3

4 12

V2 = 0.0577 ft3 Vi = 1.0394 ft'

a) z= v2 = o.o577 • 0.059 or 5.9%

v1 - v2 o.9817
0
13-134
 Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

ur = (1 - z)uaz + z u ~

0
2

Btu Btu
Assume TP = 1380 R~ cvr = 0.1723 -b_m___
1
R cvp = 0.180 -b-m---R
1

(
0.1723 Btu ) (Tr)
lbm-R
= (0.941) (0.1714 ·lbm-R
Btu ) (550 R)

+ (0.059) (0,18 Btu ) (1380 R)

lbm-R

Tr= 600 R = T1

T2 = T1 (rt1 = (600 R)(18)03 = 1428 R

P2 = P1 (rt = (14.5 psia)(18) 13 = 621.2 psia

rf/r = (r,J(0.941) = (0.0444)(0.941) = 0.0418 . lbm fuel

lbm reactant
0
Assume hr, is negligible as the temperature is near 77°F.

Cpr T2 + tJ:trhRP = (1 + rf/r) Cw T3

0.241 .Btu ) {1428 R) + (0.0418 lbm fuel ) (18,964 Btu)

( lbm -R lbm react. lbm

= (1.0418 lbm prod) (o,249 Btu ) (T3 R)

lbm react lbm-R

T3 = 4382 R p3 = P2 = 621.2 psia

V, = V2 (~) = (OJJ57,' ft')(:!~) = 0.177

3
C) T = T3 (~) t-t = (4382 R) ( O.l 77 ) o.
.. v.. 1.0394
= 2576.5 R
.

13-135
 Chapter XIIl - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

The net adiabatic work is

0

Wnet = 0.0418 Ihm fuel) (18,964 Btu )

( Ihm react Ihm fuel _

+ (0.1723 Btu ) (600 R)

lbm-R

- (t.0418 Ihm prod) (0.18 Btu ) (2576.5 R) .

Ihm react lbm-R

wnet = 412.9 Btu/Ihm reactant

The thermal efficiency is

b) (412.9 Btu/lbm) =
0 _521
(
0.0418 lbm fuel) (18,964 Btu)
Ihm react Ihm 0
Determine the mass flowrate through the engine

VPD = (6 cyl)(0.9817 ft'/cyl) (~ in:s) = 1472.5 ft'/min

m = p/V1 • (14.5 lb/in2)(144 in2/ft2)(1472.5 ft3/min) = _ lbm

96 1
RT1 (53.34 ft-lb/Jbm-R)(600). min

c) W.., = (412.9 : ) (96.1 : ) • 39679.7 : = 935.8 hp

Comments: 1) The gas constant in part c was assumed to be air rather than that of
reactants.

0
13-136
 Chapter XIII · INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Problem •t3.21
0 A six-cylinder Diesel engine with a bore and stroke of 17.5 x 25 in. operates at 225
rpm and produces 750 bhp. The fuel consumptions is 300 lbm/hr. The engine's
mechanical efficiency is 85%, and the ideal cycle efficiency is 52.2%. Determine (a)
the indicated power; (b) the indicated mean effective pressure; (c) the brake engine
efficiency; (d) the brake mean effective pressure.

Given: A Diesel engine, its bore and stroke, power, rpm and fuel consumption. The
mechanical and Theoretical cycle efficiencies are known.

Find: The indicated power and mean effective pressure, the brake engine efficiency
and the brake mean effective pressure.

Sketch and Given Data:

J)= 17,S" f._ = ZS'''

r---__,-:-,
1 6 ~rl11ttle..r
w,,:: 7.S-O 6Ap
1 :iJ,~sel
4
I "Z z~ rprv-.
I ,:/- s fro J.e
1 ~~ ::: -3 o-o rb~/ kr
---------.. 1

0 ~~: B~fe fni = S2, 1. ;{,

Assumptions: 1) Engine operates at steady-state.
2) It operates on four-stroke cycle.
3) The fuel is dodecane.

Analysis: The indicated power may be determined from the expression for mechanical
efficiency.

(750 hp)
0.85 = - - - -
WJ
a) w1 = 882,3 hp
The engine's total piston displacement is

13-143
Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

. z
V = 6 n (17.5) (25) (225 rev/min)
Po 4 12 12 2 rev/intake) 0
VP0 r= 2349 ft'/min

ft-lb
. (882.3 hp) 33 000 ~
• Wi ~-mm
b) = 86.1 psia
nnep = VPo = (144 in /ft )(2349 ft 3/min)
2 2

d) bme = wb = (750)(33 000) = 73.2 si

p VPD (144)(2349) p

The brake engine efficiency is

0
Jb, h,,, = (300 Ihm/hr) (20,410 :::) = 6.123 X 106 1:-
V/theo = (0.522)(6.123 X 106) = 3.196 X 106 1:- = 1256 ~p

c) . ., = (750 hp) • 0.597

·,1, (1256 hp) -

0
13-144
 Chapter XIIl - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Problem C13.1
0 Develop a computer program, spreadsheet template, or TK Solver model to compute
the thermal efficiency of an air-standard Otto cycle. Compute the thermal efficiency
of the cycle for compression ratios between 6 and 11 for specific heat ratios of 1.3,
1.35 and 1.4 and plot the results.

Given: Air-standard Otto cycle with compression ratios between 6 and 11 and k of
1.3, 1.35 and 1.4.

Find: Plot thermal efficiency.

Assumptions: 1) The engine is a closed system.

2) The air is an ideal gas.

3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Use equation 13.9 to compute the thermal efficiency.

t'/ -1-
1
th- (r)k-1

Developing a spreadsheet to determine efficiency with different values

of rand k.

......... A/ .................. B/ .................. C/ .................. D/

l Problem Cl3.l
2 Otto Cycle
3
4 k= l.3 1.35 1.4
5
6 r Eff Eff Eff
7
8 6 l-l/(A8A($B$4-l)) l-l/(A8~($C$4-l)) l-l/(A8~($D$4-l))
9 6.5 l-l/(A9"'($B$4-l)) l-l/(A9A($C$4-l)) 1-l/ (A9"' ( $D·$4-l))
10 7 l-l/(Al0"'($B$4-l)) l-l/(Al0A($C$4-l)) l-l/(Al0"'($D$4-l))
ll 7.5 l-l/(All"'($B$4-l)) l-l/(All"'($C$4-l)) l-l/(All"'($D$4-l))
12 8 l-l/(Al2"'($B$4-l)) l-l/(Al2"'($C$4-l)) l-l/(Al2A($~$4-l))
13 8.5 l-l/(Al3"'($B$4-l)) l-l/(Al3"'($C$4-l)) l-l/(Al3"'($D$4-l))
14 9 l-l/(Al4"'($B$4-l)) l-l/(Al4"'($C$4-l)) l-l/(Al4"'($D$4-l))
15 9.5 l-l/(Al5"'($B$4-l)) l-l/(Al5"'($C$4-l)) l-l/(Al5"'($D$4-l))
16 10 l-l/(Al6"'($B$4-l)) l-l/(Al6"'($C$4-l)) l-l/(Al6"'($D$4-l))
17 10.5 l-l/(Al7~($B$4-l)) l-l/(Al7"'($C$4-l)) l-l/(Al7"'($D$4-l))
18 ll l-l/(Al8"'($B$4-l)) l-l/(Al8"'($C$4-l)) l-l/(Al8~($D$4-l))

13-145
Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

This produces the following results.

0
.

Problem Cl3.l
Otto Cycle

k= 1.3 1.35 1.4

r Eff Eff Eff

6 0.415809 0.465869 0.511640
6.5 0.429670 0.480625 0.527028
7 0.442210 0.493924 0.540843
7.5 0.453636 0.505998 0.553341
8 0.464113 0.517031 0.564724
8.5 0.473771 0.527171 0.575153
9 0.482718 0.536536 0.584756
9.5 0.491040 0.545224 0.593640
10 0.498812 0.553316 0.601892
10.5 0.506095 0.560879 0.609586
11 0.512940 0.567971 0.616784

Graphing.
AI~ STANDA~D OTTO C~CLE 0

. .. ··· ............,..................... ..
0.58 ......................)......................(........ . ....... 1·····
.. ...

£~ 0.,4 ................. ·r. . . . . . . . . ....................................... l ..............

.

c.,. :
1 :
~ ' :

_ 0,50 ..................... :_ ................. 'l' .................... j" ..............

J 0,46 ....................../........ .. .
·······r············· r. . . . . . . . . ..
........ r.................... .

0,42 ________......,;________________,
,.0
6,0
CoM~ression ~atio
8,0 9,0 10,0 11,0
0
+k:1,35 a J<:1,4
13-146
 Chapter XIlI - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Problem C13.5

Using the TK Solver model DIESEL.Tl{, compute the thermal efficiency of an ideal 0 .

Diesel cycle with compression ratios between 12 and 22, and for heat inputs 500
kJ/kg, 1000 kJ/kg and 1500 kJ/kg. Plot the results and compare them to those for the
air-standard Diesel cycle from problem C13.2.

Given: Diesel cycle analyzed using DIESEL.TK.

Find: Thermal efficiency for range of compression ratios and heat inputs.

Assumptions: 1) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

2) Air at beginning of compression is 100 kPa and 300K

Analysis: Entering data in the Rule Sheet, List Solving for a range of
compression ratios from 12 to 22 and three heat inputs, and plotting.

PROBLEM Cl3.5
66 - - - - - - - - - - - -
I ---------------,--:------,
I I I I
64 - - - ,- - - I - - I I I
I I I I I I
T 62 - - - I- - - T - - 7 - - - - O ~J/~. I I
H I I I I
. ~ 60 - - - ,- - - - - r - - - -
M I
A 58
L - - -f - - -1- -
I I
E 56 - - -1- - - -1- - - - -+ - - -
F
F I . • I I
I 54 _ - -1- - - L - - ...L - - -
C - - • IS-po kJ/lc) I I I
I ____ L __ .l ___ 1__ - L _ - l - - -
E 52
N I I I I I I
C
y 50
-,----------------------,--- • I I I

1 I I I I
48 - - ,- - - r - - 1 - - - - - - r-- 7 - - -,- - - r-- 1 - - -
I I I I
46
12
L-----------------------------
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
COMPRESSION RATIO

0
13-152
 Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Comments: 1. Maximum air temperature should not exceed 2000K for results to be
0 accurate.

2. Cutoff ratios for given heat inputs are low and thus compare closest to
data for air-standard cycle with re = 2.

13-153
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

CHAPTER 14
0 Problem 14.1

An air-standard Brayton· cycle has a pressure ratio of 8. The air properties at the
start of compression are 100 kPa and 25°C. The maximum allowable temperature is
1100°C. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency; (b) the net work; (c) the heat added.

Given: The initial temperature pressure and temperature, maximum temperature and
pressure ratio of an air standard Brayton cycle.

Find: The thermal efficiency, net work and heat added.

Sketch and Given Data:

T=Z'f8K
I

p, :: 1o o '2.-'Pa
' 3 : : \\OO •c= 13'1.Sk
'p = 8

0 I

Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The processes are for the air-standard Brayton cycle.
3) Air behaves as an ideal gas.
4) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: The heat is added in process 2-3 at p = C.

q2.3 = h3 • h2 = Cp(T3 - T2)

c) .Cb.3 = (1.0047 kJ/kg-K)(1373 - 539.8 K) = 837.1 :

14-1

-----------------------·· ---- ----~- --- -------~--.-

Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

k-1

T, = T, ( ::) T = (1373 K)m ~ = 757.9 K 0

wnet = .E q = 837.1 - 462.1 = 375 kJ

kg

']Th = -wnet . 375

= - - = 0.448
gin , 837.1

0
14-2
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Problem 14.5
0 A furnace needs hot pressurized gas at 200 .kPa. This gas is to be provided by the
exhaust from a gas turbine operating on the Brayton cycle. The turbine will produce
no power beyond that required by the compressor. The compressor inlet conditions
are 100 .kPa and 290°K The turbine inlet temperature is 815°C. Determine the
compressor pressure ratio.

Given: A gas turbine unit produces power to drive a compressor. The turbine
discharge pressure is known as is inlet temperature and the compressor inlet
state.

Find: The compressor pressure ratio.

Sketch and Given Data: r:, ::= Z.C-0 J,..fQ..,

I?, = /tr0 "-?41\.,

-r;:: 290K
7i = e1(°C =to Bek

()

Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) Air behaves as an ideal gas.
3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
4) The system is open.

Analysis: Determine the temperatures T2 and T4 in terms of pressure ratios.

t-1 ( ) 0.286
T2 = T1
(
::
)
T • (290 K)
1
'::.i

T• = T3
(
~)
k•t
T • (1088 K)
(
2: ) 0.286

From a first law analysis

14-9
Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Solve by trial and error for p2•

p2 = 279 kPa ...

14-10
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Problem 14.9
0 A Brayton cycle uses argon as the working substance. At the beginning of
compression, the temperature is 335°K and the pressure is 480 kPa. The compression
process is adiabatic with discharge conditions of 645°K and 1930 kPa. The argon is
heated and enters the turbine at 1390°K and 1930 kPa and expands adiabatically to
890°K and 480 kPa. Determine (a) the compressor efficiency; (b) the turbine
efficiency; (c) the thermal efficiency.

Given: An argon standard Brayton cycle, the states at the compressor inlet,
compressor discharge, the turbine inlet and discharge.

Find: The compressor, turbine and cycle efficiencies.

Sketch and Given Data:

7; =33.Sk.
P, = ~Bo J-Rt.
7;., = G."!S" K
~:: 1930 A..PQ,,
7i.: l3't'Ok
0 ~-= ii.
~ 1; 8 fCJk
)
I:,:. ;:J
~

Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The processes follow a Brayton cycle modified by turbine and
compressor efficiencies.
3) Argon is an ideal gas.
4) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Find the isentropic states 2 and 4. the pressures actual and isentropic are the
same.

t-J 0666

T = T p T 2
• (335 K) (
1930) Im = 584.3 K
2 i ( P1 ) 480

k~ 0666

T4 = T3 ~ T • (1390 K) (
480
) m = 797.0 K
( p3) 1930

14-17
Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

a) 1J = ~ - h1 = /.(T2 - T1) = 584.3 - 335 = 0_804

e h~ _ b 1 ;i:cT~ _ T1) 645 - 335 -- 0
b) 'It = ~ - h~ = ,;<T3 - 'r.) = 1390 - 890 = 0.843
h3 - h4 ji;(T3 - T4) 1390 - 797

we= h1 - h~ = cp(T1 - Tz) =. (0.5208 ~ ) (335 - 645 K)

kg-K

We = -161.4 kJ/kg

w, = h, - ~ = c,(T, · 'r,) = (05208 kg~K) (1390 - 890 K)

= 260.4 kJ/kg
wt

Wnet = Wt + We = 260.4 - 161.4 = 99 kJ/kg

q.. = h3 - h~ = cp(T3 - ~) = (0.5208)(1390 - 645) = 388 kJ

kg

wnet 99
0
C) 1/Tb = -
<La
= -388 = -0.255

0
14-18

-- --------------------
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Problem 14.13
0 An air-standard Brayton cycle has compressor inlet conditions of 310°K and 98 kPa
and turbine inlet conditions of 882 kPa and 1200°K The heat transferred to the air
in the high-temperature heat exchanger is 25 MW. Determine the net power
produced, assuming (a) constant specific heats; (b) variable specific heats.

Given: An air standard Brayton cycle, the compressor and turbine inlet states and the
heat supplied.

Find: The net power using constant specific heats and variable specific heats
(tables).

Sketch and Given Data:

T;= 310k
I', = ?!3 P-?Q..
& = esz /J-P._
t /3 =12-001<:..
,
q,,. = ZSMW
0 I

,,,,,,.
Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system.
2) The processes are for the air-standard Brayton cycle.
3) Air behaves as an ideal gas.
4) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Determine the pressure ratio, knowing p 2 = p 3•

r = -P2 • ___;.
882 • 9.0
P P1 98

For constant specific heat

1 1
'I1b = 1- - -
t-1
• 1 - - G.4 • 0.4662
(rp)T (9)n

a) WDCC = ,,1b QJn • (0.4662)(25 MW) = 11.65 MW

14-25
Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

The expression for ,,Th cannot be used in part b,

Determine the cycle state points using the air tables.
0
h1 = 310.24 kJ/kg pr1 = 15546

pr2 = pr1 (Pp 2

1
) = (1.5546)(9) = 13.991
.

h2 = 581.4 kJ/kg
h3 = 1277.79 pl'. = 238.0
J

pr, = prJ (Pp3 4

) = (238.0) (!) = 26.44
9

h4 = 696.2 kJ/kg
C1m =h 3 - h2 = 1277.79 - 581.4 = 696.39 kJ/kg
gout = h1 - h4 = 310.24 - 696.2 = -385.96 kJ/kg 0
w. = Eq = 696.39 - 385.96 • 310.43 kJ!kg

Ih - (2S OOO kW) - 35 9 kg/:

• - (696.39 kJ/kg) - • S

b)W,.. = m, w.,. • (35.9 kg/s) (310.43 : ) = 11.14 MW

0
14-26
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Problem 14.17
(:\
\d A gas turbine unit has compressor inlet conditions of 100 kPa and 310°K The
compressor discharge pressure is 700 kPa, and the temperature is 565°K Fuel enters
the combustion chamber and raises the air temperature to 1200°K. The turbine
discharge temperature is 770°K, and the pressure is 100 kPa. Determine (a) the
compressor and turbine adiabatic efficiencies; (b) the cycle thermal efficiency.

Given: A gas turbine unit, the compressor inlet and discharge states and the turbine
inlet and discharge states.

Find: Compressor and turbine efficiencies and the cycle efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

?; = iuvk-P<L
7i = 3/ok
Pz == ?U'T) k.Pa_

-r / 2. I = s, :;- I<
I
~ = /2o7:J k
'
() --
J
_.,. 7-,, = 7r,o K
~ = /tr() J...,Pp_

Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
3) Gases are ideal gases.
4) Neglect mass of fuel; use air ·tables.

Analysis: Determine the actual and isentropic enthalpy values around the cycle.

h1 = 310.24 kJ/kg p,1 = 1.5546

p,. = Pa (~) • (1.5546)(;) • 10.882

h2 = 541.3 kJ/kg ~ = 570.37 kJ/kg

h3 = 1277.79 kJ/kg pr3 = 238.0

14-35
Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

0
h4 = 747.3 kJ/kg h~ = 789.10
= ~ - ht = 541.3 - 310.24 = 0_888
'le h' _ h
2 1
570.37 ..., 310.24 - -
a)
= h
£"'3
- h'• = 1277.79 - 789.10 = 0.921
'It h3 - h4 1277.79 - 747.3 -- ·

We = h1 - h~ = 310.24 - 570.37 = -260.13 kJ/kg

wt = h3 - ~ = 1277.79 - 789.10 = 488.69 kJ/kg

w. = 488.69 - 260.13 = 228.56 kJ/kg

The heat added is

q = h3 - h~ = 1277.79 - 570.37 = 707.42 kJ/kg 0

b) '1 = w. = 228.56 = 0.323
n q 707.42 -

0
14-36
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Problem 14.21

Air enters the combustion chamber of a gas turbine unit at 550 kPa, 227°C, and 43
0
m/s. The products of combustion leave the combustor at 517 kPa, 1004°C, and 140
m/s. Liquid fuel enters with a heating value of 43 000 kJ/kg. The combustor
efficiency is 95%. Determine the fuel/air ratio.

Given: A combustion chamber, the air state entering, the combustion gas state leaving
and the unit's efficiency.

Find: The fuel/air ratio.

Sketch and Given Data:

SI?'-r1t.-
('z.) /~O~'C ==/Z77 /<.

I
/40
I
~Is
Ju"-+ 14Af

Assumptions: 1) Combustion chamber is a steady, open system.

0
2) The gases are ideal gases.
3) Neglect changes in potential energy.
4) The unit is adiabatic and the work is zero.

Analysis: Determine the enthalpies of air and the products.

h1 = 503.02 lr."O""/~ h2 = 1398.3 kJ/kg

Perform a first law analysis.

0 + :rh1 (h + ke + pe)1 + m, hRP 'I« W + :rh1(h + ke + pe)

Apply assumptions 3 and 4 and divide by :rh1 •

~
V

14-44

---- ------------------------·· ---

 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

kJ) (43 m/s)2

0 .
(503.02 kg + (2)(lOOO J/kJ)

+ (0.95) (r fla
kg fuel) (43 000
kg air kg fuel
kJ )

= (1 + r kg prod) (1398 3 + kJ )
1402
f/a kg air . (2)(1000) kg prod

r = 0.0229 kg fuel
f/a - - kg arr
.

14-45

----- ---- ----·. ---- - - • - - - - - --- --------------------------------- ----··--· ·-- -- ------------·······-··-- - ·-------- . ·-
 I
I

i
.I Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Problem 14.25

A regenerative gas turbine unit has two turbines; the first, located immediately
following the combustion chamber, drives the compressor, and its discharge enters
a second turbine that drives a generator. In addition, a regenerator receives the
exhaust from the second turbine and the discharge from the compressor. Each
turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 87%, and the compressor has an isentropic
efficiency of 85%. The effectiveness of the regenerator is 80%. The turbine inlet
temperature is 1300°K, and the fuel burned is dodecane. The electric power
generated is 20 MW. The compressor inlet conditions are 300°K and 100 kPa, and
the compressor pressure ratio is 10. Detennine (a) the volume flow rate of air at
compressor inlet conditions; (b) the fuel flow rate in kg/min; (c) the thermal
efficiency; (d) the temperature of the products leaving the regenerator.

Given: A two-turbine, one-compressor, regenerative gas turbine unit with turbine and
. compressor efficiencies noted. The inlet conditions to the compressor and
turbine are specified as is the net power output and pressure ratio.

Find: The air volume flow rate, the fuel flow rate, the unit's efficiency and the
temperature of the products exiting the regenerator.

Sketch and Given Data:

13 == I 3 tr!) /,e
r;, -: : /0
-r.I = 3avk
)(
f, -=- I b1'/ la/la..
cc £~ =?O~

Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The gases behave as ideal gases with constant specific heats.
3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
4) Assume for the products cP = 1.044 kJ/kg-K

Analysis: Determine the air and products temperatures around the cycle.

0
14-54
 Chapter XIV GAS Tl.JIWINES

k-l 04

0 T2 = T 1 ( : :) -r = (3oo K)(10) n = 579.2 K

0.85 = 579.2 - 300 'I; = 628.5 K

Ti - 300
We = h1 - h~ = cP (T1 - 'I;) = (1.0047)(300 - 628.5) = -330.0 kJ
kg

w,, = (1 + r111)(h3 - h~) = 330 kJ/kg

Equation (a) w,, = (1 + r11J(1.0047)(1300 - T.) = 330

0
Equation (c) m1
wr, = 20 000 kW

t-1

Equation (d) T, = T3 P, T
' ( p3 )

.
Equation(•) T5 = T_.1
(
F, ) lt-1
T

Equation (h) (0.8)(1.044)(1 + r11J(Ts - ~) = (1.0047)(Tx - ~)

14-SS
Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Equation (i) (1.0047)(TJ + (r0J(44102) = (1 + r01)(1.044)(1300)

Ps = 100 kPa 0
p3 = 1000 ·kPa
Solve equations (a) through (i) simultaneously, iterating r0., yielding

r 01 = 0.0147 kg fuel/kg air Ts = 743.3 K

w~ = 246.9 kJ/kg p4 = 307.2 kPa

T. = 976.3 K TX= 725.3

m1 = 81.0 kg/s

a) V = m RT1 = (81.0)(0.287)(300) = 69 _74 m3/s

p1 (100) -

b) Ihc = Ih1 r 01 = (81.0)(0.0147)(60) • 71.44 kg/min

C) ']'lb = W~ = (246.9) • 0.381

""
\...;I

rf/a hRP (0.0147)(44 102) -

From a first law analysis on the regenerator.

c,.(Tx - ~) = (1 + rf/Jc,(Ts - T6)

(1.0047)(725.3 - 628.5) = (1.0147)(1.044)(743.3 - T6)

d) T6 = 651,5 K

14-56
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Problem 14.29

In designing a gas turbine for maximum efficiency, a decision is made to use

0
intercooling of the compressor. The air is delivered form 100 kPa and 290°K to a
final discharge pressure ·of 950 kPa There are two stages of compression, with
intercooling at the optimum interstage pressure. The intercooling cools the air
temperature to 25°C of the inlet temperature. The regenerator has an effectiveness
of 65%, and the maximum allowable turbine inlet temperature is 1350°K. All
expansion and compression processes are isentropic. Determine, for hRP = 43 000
kJ/kg, (a) the thermal efficiency; (b) the fuel/air ratio; (c) the turbine work per kg;
( d) the compressor work per kg; (e) the heat removed in the intercooler; (t) the
available energy of the products of combustion leaving the regenerator; (g) the
thermal efficiency with no intercooling.

Given: A regenerative gas turbine unit has intercooling of the compressor. The
compressor states are given as well as the temperature to the turbine.

Find: The unit's thermal efficiency, fuel/air ratio, turbine and compressor work, heat ·
removed in intercooler, available energy of products leaving regenerator and
the efficiency with no intercooling.

Sketch and Given Data:

" = /OT) J,_fk..
-r, =Z90k 0
f:, = 9so!£.Pq_
CCi---- '3:::: 3tSK

'£.'u-:::: ~Slo
7s=l3.SOk

Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyz~d as a steady-state open system.

2) The gases behave as ideal gases.
3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Determine the cycle state point enthalpies.

h 1 = 290.17 kJ/kg Pt = 1.2311

1

P2 = ~ • J(100)(950) • 308 kPa

14-64
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

0 p12 = Pr1 (PiP2) = (1.2311) (308)

lOO = 3.792

h2 = 400.5. kJ/kg h3 = 315.26 kJ/kg pr3 = 1.6461

P14 = Pi J (-p3p·) = (1.6461) (950)

- = 5.077
308

h 4 = 445.6 kJ/kg T4 = 433.9 K

h5 = 1487.8 kJ/kg Prs = 438.0

100
pr6 = pr5 (pp 6
) = ( 438.0) (
950
) = 46.10
5

kJ
~ = 813.3 -kg 11c = h @ 433.9 K = 440.2 kJ/kg

= 0.65 = h:r - h• ~ - 445.6

0 e
rea (1 + rgJ(h6 - hJ
==
(1 + rgJ(813.3 - 440.2)

11;r = 445.6 + (1 + rgJ(242.5) = 242.5 fg8 + 688.1

From the first law analysis of the combustion chamber.

688.1 + 242.5 fga + 43 000 rfl• = (1 + rg.)(1487.8)

b) r = 0 01915 kg fuel
fl• ' kg air

c) w, = (1 + r0.)(h5 - ~) = (1.01915)(1487.8 - 813.3) = 687.4 kJ[kg

wc, = (h1 - h2) = (290.17 - 400.5) = -110.33

w. = w, + w01 + w"' • 687.4 - 110.33 - 130.34 • 446.7 kJ/kg

()
14-65
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

a)
,,Th
= wnct
r£'ahRP
= (446.7)
(0.01915)(43 000)
= 0.542
-- 0
d) We = -110.33 - 130.34 = -241.7 kJ/kg
From the first law on the intercooler

e) q = h3 - h2 = (315.26 - 400.5) = -85.2 kJ/kg

Find the entropy and enthalpy at state 7

hx - h• = (1 + rf/J(14 - h1)

hx = (242.5)(0.01915) + 688.1 = 692.7 kJ

kg

(692.7 - 445.6) = (0.01915)(813.3 - h7)

kJ = 7.3468 kJ/kg-K
h7 = 570.8 - c;1>7
kg

The change of available energy relative to the ambient air temperature of 290
Kis
Q.
ae,-o = (h1 • ho) - To(~· So)
h7 - ho = (570.8 - 292.4) = 278.4 kJ/kg
0

s,- .. = (~, - ~.) -?(~) = ~, - ~.

f) ae,-o = (2778.4) - (290)(0.6786) = ID.& kJ/kg

With no intercooling the compressor work changes, as does hx entering the
combustion chamber. State 2 enters the regenerator.

Pr2 = Pri
.
(pP1
2
) • (1.2311) (~) = 11.695
100

h2 = 552.5 kJ/kg T2 = 548 K

We= h1 • h2 = {290.17 · 552.5) = -262.3 kJ/kg

14-66

--------------------------- - ·-·------------------····-· ~~
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

(bx - ~)
0 £reg=-----
(1 + r118)(h6 - he)

he = ~ @ 548 K = 560.0 kJ//kg

0.65 = (~ - 552.5)
. (1 + rf/a)(813.3 - 560.0)

From first law analysis of the combustion chamber.

164.6 fga + 717.1 - rga(43 000) = (1 + r118)(1487.8)

r = 0 01849 kg fuel
Ila • kg air

wt = (1 + rf/.)(h5 - ~) = (1.01849)(1487.8 - 813.3) = 687.0 kJ/kg

Wnet = Wt + We = 687.0 - 262.3 = 424.7 kJ/kg

0 g) ']Th = Wnet
rl/a ~
= (424.7) - 0 534
(0.1849)(43 000) - ..:...-

14-67
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Problem 14.33
0 A jet plane is traveling at 0.309 km/s and has an engine that develops a thrust of
13 344 N. The gas exiting the engine has a relative velocity of 340 rn/s, and the
fuel/air ratio is 0.02 kg fuel/kg air. Determine (a) the air flow rate; (b) the
propulsive efficiency; (c) the fuel flow rate.

Given: An airpl~e, its velocity and thrust and the relative velocity of the exit gas as
well as the fuel/air ratio.

Find: The air and fuel flow rate and the propulsive efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

F==13 344N
'f/tt..;: t:J, 0 z. ¼ -&:!
h,Q-'A

Assumptions: 1) The engine is a steady, open system.

0 2) Gases behave as ideal gases.

Analysis: The expression for thrust is found from Equation 14.18.

kg fuel
VP = 309 rn/S V0 = 340 rn/S roa = 0.02 .
kg arr

13 444 = (lb.)(340) [ 1.02 - ~]

a) m. = ~ kg/s
c) m1 = m. r0• • (355.7)(0.02) • 7.11 kg fuel
s

The propulsive efficiency is found from Equation 14.22.

2 2
b)
'Ip = 1 + (vJvp) = 1 + ~~)
309
14-7.

-- ·-··----···--------
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Problem 14.37
0 Calculate Problem 14.36 using variable specific heats for the gases and with turbine
and compressor isentropic efficiencies of 85%.

Given: The airplane in Problem 14.36 is now considered using tables for the gases
and with turbine and compressor efficiencies.

Find: The exhaust velocity, propulsive power and fuel consumption.

Sketch and Given Data:

e..c.. - -

I ~ /l
~

V, =- 3 z f'..,,/.s 7;=240K 'J-;, :::./3d0K

0 P, = 3oJt.Pr:c.. Ip::: IZ

Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) Gases behave as ideal gases.
3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Determine the enthalpies around the cycle.

h1 = 240.03 kJ/kg Pr1 = 0.6355

2 2
h2 = h1 + {v1) =240.03 + {325) = 292.8 kJ/kg
2 {2)(1000)

p12 = 1.2717

1 2717
P2
= Pi
(~)
Pr1
• (30 kPa) ( 0.6355
· ) • 60 kPa

14-89
Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

P,, = P,, ( ::) = (1.2717)(12) = 15.26 0

h3 = 596.0 kJ/kg
" =~ -~
'le I
= 0.85 = 596.0 - 292.8
I
h 3 - h2 h3 - 292.8

h~ = 649.5 kJ/kg

h4 = 1426.4 pr4 = 372.6

The first law analysis of the combustion chamber yields

649.5 + (r11.)(43 000) = (1 + r 11.)(1426.4)

r = 0.01869 kg fuel
kg8ll'
.
II•
0
The turbine work only drives the compressor.

'lt(l.01869)(1426.4 - h5) = 356.7

h~ = 1076.3 kJ/kg p15, = 129.2

h5 = 1014.4 kJ/kg p15 = 103.6

Use the isentropic value of pressure ratios to determine the pressure at state
5. The actual and ideal expand to the same pressure; the effect of the
inefficiencies occur at this pressure.

P5 = p (p")
p,..
• 103 6
(60)(12) ( · ) • 200.2 kPa
372.6
•
0
14-90

-------·----------------------~~
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

0 p = p (pp~
16 15 ,
6
) = (129.2) (~) = 19.38
200

~ = 639.4· kJ/kg

The first law analysis of the nozzle, assuming negligible velocity entering,
yields.

1076.2 = 639.4 + (2}~~)

m. 1 = m. ru. = (40 kg/s) (0.01869 kg air = 0.7476 kg fuel

kg fuel)
sc:c..

The power is found from Equation 14.19

0 \V • Jba Vo VP
.
[1 VP]
+ r,,~• - V
C

W • (40 kg/s)(934.7 m/s)(325 m/s) [1.01869 _ 325 ]

(1000 J/kJ) 934.7

b) W •- 8153 kW

14-91
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES.

Problem 14.41
0 in the turboprop engine shown, the turbine's rotor is connected to the compressor
and to the propeller. The engine is ideally designed such that turbine work is divided
equally between the compressor and the propeller. The gas from the turbine
discharges to a nozzle for additional thrust. Consider such an engine where the air
enters the diffuser at 200 m/s, 40 kPa, 240°K, and a flow rate of 40 kg/s. The
compressor pressure ratio is 11, and the turbine inlet temperature is 1200°K The
fuel used has a heating value of 43 000 kJ/kg. All processes are ideal. Determine
(a) the fuel consumption; (b) the power delivered to the compressor; (c) the
velocity from the nozzle.

Given: A turboprop engine, the air state entering the diffuser and the air flow. The
pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature are given.

Find: The fuel consumption, the power to the compressor and propeller and the gas
velocity from the engine.

Sketch and Given Data:

Vp ::: 200 11-1(s

0 Propeller
F; = -10 1e.ra.-

Diffuser
Compn:ssor Turhi--.-s
!Jumer... /
r, = Zi!IO (C
I
= 1o 7/s
-
~q,.

t,, ::: I I
7:tJ .:= /Zt:JO K.
Turboprop c-ngi~

Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The gases behave as
ideal gases.
3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Determine the enthalpies around the cycle.

14-99

--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- -· - .---·------ ------ ~~ --------·.

Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

h1 = 240.03 kJ/kg Pr1 = 0.6355 (7\

V
2 2
h2 = h1 + (v1) = 240.03 + (200) = 260.03
. 2 (2)(1000)

Pr2 = 0.8398
0 8398
= (40 kPa) ( · ) = 52.9 kPa
0.6355

p,. = p,. (::) = (0.8398)(11) = 9.238

h3 = 516.6 kJ/kg

h,. = 1304.5 k'J"'/1,.i p.,.. = 265.4

+ r"J(1304.5)
516.6-f(r,.)(43 000) = (1
0
r
fl•
= 0•01890 kg
k .
fuel
gair

Find the work of the high pressure turbine driving the compressor.

Wis = ·We = (h3 · h2) = (516,6 · 260,02) = 256.6 kJ/kg

(1 + r£'J(h,. - h,) = 256.6

(1.0189)(1304.5 - h5) = 256.6

h5 = 1052.6 fz.J"/ ~ p15 = 118.8

118 8
p5 = p,. (~) • {52.9)(11) ( · ) = 260.5 kPa
p"' 265.4

(1.0189){1052.6 - ~) = 256.6 0
14-100

- -·------------------~-
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

~ = 800.7 kJ/kg Pro = 43.6

0
43 6
P6 = Ps (Pro)
P,s
= (260.5) ( · ) = 95.6 kPa
118.8

Assume the velocity entering the nozzle is negligible.

4
Pr1 = Pro (pp6
1
) = (43.6) ( 0)
95.6
= 18.24

h7 = 628.5 kJ/kg

(v. )2
800.7 = 628.5 + (2)(;000)

c) v1 = 586.8 mis
0 a) m1 = m. r11• = (40 kg/s) (0.0189 kg ~el) = 0.756 kg/s
kg arr
The propeller and compressor works are assumed equal, but opposite in sign.

We = m. (~ - ~) = (40 kg/s)(260.03 - 516.6)

b) WP = 10 263 kW

14-101
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Problem *14.1

An air-standard Brayton cycle has temperature limits of 100°F and 1200°F and p 1 =
15 psia. Determine (a) the pressure ratio for maximum work; (b) the thermal
efficiency.

Given: An air standard Brayton cycle, the temperature limits and the compressor inlet
pressure.

Find: The pressure ratio for maximum work and the efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

3

xi 0
Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system.
2) The processes are for the air-standard Brayton cycle.
3) Air behaves as an ideal gas.
4) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: For maximum work between fixed temperature limits the optimum presure
ratio if found from Equation 14.6.

1 l • 0.42 ·
b) r,1b = 1 - - -
t-1
•1- 0.4 -
(r,)T (6.7}'D

14-104

- - -----··· ·- -------- --··· .. ----------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -·-·-·----------- ..

 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Problem *14.5
0 An air-standard Brayton cycle has compressor inlet conditions of 100°F and 14.5 psia
and turbine inlet conditions of 130 psia and 2160°R. The heat transferred to the air
in the high-temperature heat exchanger is 24 000 Btu/sec. Determine the net power
produced, assuming (a) constant specific heats; (b) variable specific heats.

Given: An air standard Brayton cycle, the compressor and turbine inlet states and the
heat supplied.

Find: The net power using constant specific heats and variable specific heats
(tables).

Sketch and Given Data:

3 -r;- ltJ0F
P, ::: I~ ( r~,'c:,
'
~::: /30 j'$hl
-r
;
3
= z1t,O ii:
r.) - z.1~ sec..
SN
0 ' J
'-:f1W -

Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The processes are for the air-standard Brayton cycle.
3) Air behaves as an ideal gas.
4) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
Analysis: Determine the pressure ratio, knowing p2 = p3•

r = ~ • 130 • 9.0
P p1 14.5

For constant specific heat

1 1
a) ']Tb = 1 t-1 • 1 - - o.• • 0.4662
(r.,)T (9)n
Determine the cycle state points using the air tables.

14-111

---------------·---··-----------·------- -- - - - - --------------- - - - - -
Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

h1 = 133.86 Btu/lbm Pr1 = 1.5742 r':\

\...)

p,, = P,r (::) = (1.5742)(9) = 14.168

h2 = 250.95 Btu/lbm

Btu
h3 = 549.35 -
lbm
p,3 = 238.0

p,. = p,. (::) = (238.0)(~) = 26.44

h, = 299.2 Btu/lbm

Clio =h 3 - h2 = 549.4 - 250.95 = 298.5 Btu/lbm

qow = h1 - h, = 133.9 - 299.2 = -165.3 Btu/lbm

wnet = E q = 298.5 - 165.3 = 133.2 Btu/lbm
0
m. <Lo = 0.1n

rlt = (24 OOO) Btu/sec) = 80 4 lbm/sec

• (298.5 Btu/lbm) •

b) W = m· w • (80.4 lbm) (133.2 Btu) = 10,709 Btu

nee • net sec lbm sec

0
14-112
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Problem *14.9
0 A gas turbine unit receives 10,000 ft'/min of air at 77°F and 14.6 psia and compresses
it isentropically to 65 psig. In the combustion chamber, fuel with a heating value of
18,600 Btu/lbm is added so the maximum temperature is 1800°F. The turbine
exhausts to atmospheric pressure. Determine (a) the fuel flow rate; (b) the unit
thermal efficiency; (c) the turbine exit temperature; (d) the availability of the
products of combustion leaving the turbine, .if T0 = 77°F.

Given: The volume flow rate of air entering a gas turbine unit, its state, the
compressor discharge pressure and maximum temperature.

Find: The fuel flow rate, efficiency, turbine exit temeprture and the products'
availability leaving the turbine.

Sketch and Given Data:

1
1 7
'-
V/ = /OJ C"tfO ft..7/,u,,1
7;= 77F
•
If = /;f, ~/s1a
'
0 & = '. )rs;;' : 7,.
C /
prSlil.
7i ::= JB()(J 'r -==- z_z1,o :e .

Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) Air behaves as an ideal gas.
3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
4) Products have properties of air.

Analysis: Determine the enthalpies around the cycle.

h 1 = 128.34 Btu/lbm Pri = 1.3593

p,. = Pn ( ~) • (1.3593) (~:.:) • 7,4110

h2 = 208.6 Btu/lbm

14-119

I ------··- ------------ .. -·--- - , - - - - - - - - -

· Chapter XIV .GAS TURBINES

Btu
h3 = 577.5 -
lbm
pr3 = 286.6 0
p,. = p,. ( P,)
p
= (286.6) (
14 6
· ) = 52.57
79.6
3

h4 = 362.9 Btu/lbm c) T4 = 1476 R

(208.6) + {r0J{18,600) = (1 + r0J{577.5)

= 0 0205 lbm fuel

rua • lbm air

p1V1 (14.6 lb/m2)(144 in2/ft2)(10,000 ft3/min) Ibm

m = - = - - - - - - - - - - - - = 734 -
a RTt ( ft-lb ) min
53.34 t (536 R)
lbm-R

a) mt = ma r0• = (734)(0.0205) = 15.05 lbm _fuel

mm 0
wc = (h1 - hJ = (128.34 - 208.6) = -80.26 Btu/lbm
Wt = (1 + r11J(h h = {1.0205)(577.5 - 362.9) = 219.0 Btu/lbm
3 - 4}

Btu
Waet =Wt + We = 219.0 - 80.26 = 138.7 -lbm

b) ., - w. (138.7) 0 364
"/1b - r"a hRP • (0.0205)(18,600) = ..:...-

\JI,. - \Jlo = (h. - ho) - To(s,. - So)

ho= h1

s4 - So= 4>4 - 4>0 - R,/i(P•) = (0.8499 - 0.59945) = 0.25045 ~

/~ I Po lbm
r'\
~

14-120
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

() w. - \Jfo = (362.9 - 128.34 Btu) - (537 R) (o.25045 Btu )

lbm lbm-R
. Btu
q,4 - \Jfo = 100 -lbm

Iil /tJ/4 -
\ -
\JI0\
1
= (734 Ihm_)
mm
(100 Btu) = 73 400 Btu
lbm ' min

14-121
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Problem *14.13

A regenerative gas turbine unit has two turbines; the first, located immediately
following the combustion chamber, drives the compressor, and its discharge enters
a second turbine that drives a generator. In addition, a regenerator receives the
exhaust from the second turbine and the discharge form the compressor. Each
turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 87%, and the compressor has an isentropic
efficiency of 85%. The effectiveness of the regenerator is 80%. The turbine inlet
temperature is 1880°F, and the fuel burned is dodecane. The electric power
generated is 20 MW. The compressor inlet conditions are 77°F and 1 atm, and the
compressor pressure ratio is 10. Determine (a) the volume flow rate of air at
compressor inlet conditions; (b) the fuel flow rate in lbm/min; (c) the thermal
efficiency; ( d) the temperature of the products leaving the regenerator.

Given: A two-turbine, one-compressor, regenerative gas turbine unit with turbine and
compressor efficiencies. The inlet conditions to the compressor and turbine
are specified as is the net power output and pressure ratio.

, Find: The air volume flow rate, the fuel flow rate, the unit's efficiency and the
temperature of the products exiting the regenerator.

Sketch and Given Data:

----------------...
-r;: 1eso·r
CC.,___
0
'i- = /0
-r; r:: ,7 r•
t; -:: I-!, ir"'d.
&cJ =80t

Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The gases behave as ideal gases.
3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
4) Assume products have properties of air. Neglect mass of fuel.

Analysis: Determine the air and products enthalpies around the cycle.

Btu
h 1 = 128.34 - Pr1 = 1.3593
lbm
0. '

14-130
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

0 Pa = Pd (::) = (1.3593)(10) = 13.593 h2 = 247.95 Btu

-
Ihm

rJ = 0_85 .= ~ - ht = (247.95 - 128.34)

c h~ - ht (h~ -:- 128.34)

h~ = 269.06 Btu 1; = 1112 R

Ihm

h3 = 600.16 Btu/Ihm p13 = 330.9

we = -(h~ - h1) = -(269.06 - 128.34) = -140.72 Btu/Ihm

h4 = 438.41 pr4 = 103.93

P, = P, (::) = (147 lb/JD')(':~) = 46.17 psia

0
O ~ - h~ (600.16 - h~) .
'It = .87 = ~ - h4 • (600.16 - 438.41) = 46.17 ps1a

h~ = 459.44 Btu/Ihm pr4, = 123.25

14 7
P,s = P14, (~) • (123.25) (· · ) • 39_.24
P4 46.17

h5 = 334.5 Btu/Ihm

h~ - h~ 459.44 - h~
1/
t
= 0.87 = - - • -----
h~ _ h, 459.44 - 334.5

h~ = 350.7 Btu
lbm

14-131
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

11x - h~ hx - 269.06
e =0.80= - - - =
reg (h~ _ h~) (350.7 - 269.06)

hx = 334.4 Btu/lbm

(334.4) + (rf/a)(18,964) = (1 + rf/J(600.16)

r = 0.01447 lbm fuel
f/a lbm air

Wa = (~ - h~) = (459.44 - 350.7) = 108.74 Btu/lbm

(20 000 kW) (o'94777 Btu/sec)

kW
-
(
lb lbm) (108.74 Btu)
• sec lbm
/
lb. = 174.3 lbm/sec
0
lb
r
= lb• rfl• = (174.3 lbm) (0.01447 lbm fuel) (60 sec)
sec lbm air· min

b) lb = 151.3 lbm fuel

f - •
mm

ft-lb
m RT (174.3 lbm/sec) 53.34 r (537 R)
v= 1 = lbm-R
P1 (14.7 lb/in )(144 in2/ft2)
2

a) V= ~ ft'/sec

c) f/ = Wa = (108.74) = 0.396
1b rf/a hRP (0.01447)(18,964) --

From the first law on the regenerator.

0
14-132
 Chapter XIV .GAS TURBINES

(334.4 - 269.06) = (350.7 - I\;)

0 I\; = 285.36
d) T6 = 1176 R

14-133
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Problem *14.17

A turbojet aircraft has a velocity of 920 ft/sec and flies at an altitude of 20,000 ft.
0
The air conditions at 20,000 ft are 7 psia and 5°F. The compressor's pressure ratio
is 14, and the turbine inlet temperature is 2340°R. Determine for the ideal cycle (a)
the pressure at the turbine exit; (b) the exhaust gas velocity; (c) the propulsive
efficiency.

Given: An airplane, its velocity and the ambient air state. The gas turbine unit
pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature are specified.

Find: The turbine exit pressure, exhaust gas velocity from nozzle and propulsive
efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

- - c.e i----

0
V1 -= 9ZO_#fo~ . 7; = :s-J== -tJf°i::.
,P, = 7'°,,a ,...,, = 11 ,.
Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system.
2) Gases behave as ideal gases.
3) The changes· in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
4) Assume fuel is dodecane.

Analysis: Determine the enthalpies around the cycle.

h 1 = 111.1 Btu/lbm Pri = 0.8218

h2 = hl + ~2
1
• 111.1 + ( )( 2 (
92
~r )
2 3 .174 778.16
= 128.0 Btu/lbm

Pr2 = 1.3470

I?!\·
\:..ii

14-140
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

0 p,., = p,. ( ::) = (1.347)(14) = 18.86

h3 = 271.0 Btu/lbm

From the first law analysis of the combustion chamber.

h 4 = 600.16 pr4 = 330.9

271.0 + (rq )(18,964)
8 = (1 + rqJ(600.16)

rfla
= 0•01792 lbm fuel
lbm air

Since wt = -We and

we = h h = (128.0 - 271.0) = -143 Btu/lbm
2 - 3

wt = (1 + r"J(h hs) = (1.01792)(600.16 - h = 143.0

4 - 5)

0 h5 = 459.68 Btu/lbm P,s .= 123.5

a) Ps = P (P,s)
4
Pr4
= (14)(11.47 psia)(
123
.5) • 59.9 psia
330.9

p 16 = P,s (~) • (123.5)

p5
(_J_)
59.9
= 14.43 · ~ = 252.2 Btu/lbm
From the first law analysis of the nozzle and assuming the velocity enteritlg
is negligible.

2
459 68 - 252 2 (vJ b) 3223 ft/:
• - • + (2)(32.174)(778.16) v6 =sec
c) 2 2
'1 = - - - • - - - - = 0.444
P 1 + (~) 1 + (~)
14-141
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Problem *14.21

An aircraft driven by a turbojet engine is flying at an altitude of 33,000 ft where the

0
air temperature is -46°F and the pressure is 3.4 kPa. The compressor pressure ratio
is 12, and the turbine inlet temperature is 2250°R. The turbine and compressor
isentropic efficiencies are 87% and 85% respectively. Determine (a) the velocity at
the nozzle exit; (b) the pressure entering the nozzle.

Given: An airplane is flying through air at a known state. The pressure ratio, turbine
inlet temperature and compressor and turbine efficiencies are known.

Find: The gas exit velocity from the engine and the pressure entering the nozzle.

Sketch and Given Data:

- - cc. i----
•
P, = -a,4f''a
',o = /2
~ =Zz(o"R.

0
Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system.
2) The gases behave as ideal gases.
3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
4) The initial velocity is 300 ft/sec.
S) The fuel is dodecane.

Analysis: Determine the enthalpies around the cycle.

h1 = 98.89 Btu/lbm Pr1 = 0.5477

2 2
h2 = 1, + (v1) • (98.89) + (300) = 100.69 Btu/lbm
""'1 2 (2)(32.174)(778.16)

0 5830
p12 = 0.5830 P2 = P1 (p'•) • (3.4) ( · ) • 3.62 psia
Pi I
0.5477

p,, = p., (~) ~ (0.5830)(12) • 6.996

0
14-150
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

h3 = 205.2 Btu/lbm
'

0 rJ = O.BS = h3 - ~ = 205.2 - 100.69

c h~ - ~ h~ - 100.69

h~ = 223.6 Btu/lbm
h4 = 574.69 pr4 = 281.4

223.(> + (rf/J(18.964) = (1 + rf/J(574.69)

r = 0.01909 lbm fuel
fl• lbm air

The pressure entering the nozzle is the isentropic pressure. The

irreversibilities are assumed added at constant pres~e, p5•

0 (1.01909)(574.69 - h5)(0.87) = (223.6 - 100.69)

h5 = 436.06 Btu/lbm P,s = 101.97

b) Ps = p4 (P,s) • (3.62)(12) ( l01.97) = 15.74 psia

· p"' 281.4

h - h~ 574.69 - h~
0 87
'lt = · • h•4 - hS • 574.69 - 436.06

h~ = 454.08 Btu/lbm P,s, = 118.12

Assume~• 0

~) • (118.12) ( ~ ) • 25.52
( p5 15.74

~ = 296.4 Btu/lbm

14-151
Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

~
\;...I

. (vJ2
454.08 = 296.4 + - - - - - -
(2)(32.174)(778.16)

a) v6 = 2810.0 ft/sec

14-152
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Problem C14.1

Develop a computer program, spreadsheet template or TK Solver model to calculate

0
.

the thermal efficiency of an air-standard Brayton cycle using equation (14.4).

Calculate the cycle thermal efficiency for pressure ratios between 3 and 15 and for
specific heat ratios of 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6 and 1.7. Plot the results.

Given: Air-standard Brayton cycle with pressure ratios between 3 and 15 and
k of 1.3 to 1.7.

Find: Plot thermal efficiency.

Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) Air behaves like an ideal gas.

3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Using a spreadsheet program, enter equation 14.4 and copy to a range
of cells to permit calculating the thermal efficiency for different values
of pressure ratio and specific heat ratio. The results calculated are.

0
AIR STANDARD BRAYTON CYCLE
k= 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

Rp Eth Eth Eth Eth Eth

3 0. 22394,0 0.269400 0.306638 0.337662 0.363881
4 0.273788 0.327049 0.370039 0.405396 0.434942
5 0.310238 0.368614 0.415196 0.453127 0.484547
6 0.338657 0.400663 0.449678 0,489267 0,521827
7 0.361769 0,426486 0.477242 0.517954 0.551235
8 0.381136 0.447955 0.5 0.541497 0.575244
9 0.397731 0.466223 0.519250 0.561308 0.595352
10 0.412198 0,482052 0.535841 0.578303 0.612532
ll 0.424985 0,495966 0.550355 0.593109 0,627444
l~ 0.436416 0,508342 0.563209 0.606171 0.640555
13 0.446731 0.519458 0.574709 0.617817 0.652209
14 0.456112 0.529526 0.585086 0.628291 0.662662
15 0.464703 0.538710 0.594519 0.637785 0.672110

"
~

14-158
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Graphing the results.

0
PROBLEM _Cl.4. l.

0,60 ····················: ...................

.
i.....................

~
H
(.)
H

ti
..J 0,40
...
...
....
..........................................................
..

C) I !
~
l
.

!
. .
i
I
1
-: .

i
~
.
0,30 ............... ····················=···················•<·•··················•····················)••·················
~

~ i
,~
0,20 ____._,_______
3,0
~

5,0 ?,0 9.0

-----------....1
11.0 13,0 15,0
P:RESSU:RE :RATIO
+H:1,4 0 k:1.~ XH:1,6 0 H:1,?

Comment: Thennal efficiency increases with higher values of pressure ratio and specific
heat ratio.

14-159
 Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Problem C14.5
0 Use the model developed for problem C14.4 to determine the effect of varying the
maximum cycle temperature (T3). Calculate the thermal efficiency of a simple
Brayton cycle with a pressure ratio of 10, compressor and turbine efficiencies of 100
percent and maximum cycle temperatures between 1000K and 1400K Repeat for
component efficiencies of 85 percent.

Given: Simple Brayton cycle with pressure ratio of 10, compressor and turbine
efficiencies of 100 and 85 percent and maximum cycle temperatures
between 1000K and 1400K

Find: Cycle thermal efficiencies.

Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Using the model from Problem C14.4, List Solving for a T3 between
1000K and 1400K, and plotting the results.

PROBLEM C14.5
0 .5

_ _ _ I _ _ _ _ I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
.45
I I I I I
T I I
H _ _ _ I ____ I ________ I____ I ___ I ___ !_ __ _
E .4
R I I I I I
M I
A·
L .35
E
----: ~ ---:- -------:- ---r ---.}- ---r--- I I I
F
F I I I I I I I
I .3 - - - -I - - - - - - - -1- - - - I- - - - 1- - - - I - - - I - - -
C
I
E
N .25
: I . :
- - - -I - - - - i - - - -1- - - -
:l. =cr.•8:
-
I
I - - - I - - - I -
C
y I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
. I
I
I
I
- -1 -. - - -1- - - -1- - - -1- - - - r - --r - - - r - - -
I I I I I I I
I I I I I
i~~o 1oso 1100 11so 1200 12so · 1300 13so 1400
T3

14-16S
Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES

Comment: For component efficiencies below 100%, higher values of T3 result in higher
thermal efficiencies. Q

r'\
'-:.ii

14-166
 Chapter XV - V;\POR POWER SYSTEMS

CHAPTER FIFTEEN
0 Problem 15.1

A Carnot cycle uses steam, as the working substance and operates between pressures
of 7.0 MPa and 7 kPa. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency; (b) the turbine work
per kg; (c) the compressor work per kg.

Given: Carnot cycle using steam operating between 7.0 MPa and 7 kPa.

Find: Thermal efficiency, turbine work, and compressor work.

Sketch and Given Data:

s
Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.
2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Using Appendix A6 or SATSTM.TK.

h1 = 1267.1 kJ/kg h2 = 2772.5 kJ/kg

S1 = 3.1203 kJ/kg-K ~ = 5.8135 kJ/kg-K

S4 = S1 = 3.1203 kJ/kg-K ~ = s = 5.8135 kJ/kg-K

2

h4 = 963.44 kJ/kg h3 = 1804.1 kJ/kg

X = 0.33216 X = 0.68102

The turbine work is.

(b) Wt = h2 - h3 = 2772.5 - 1804.1 = 968.4 kJ/kg

The compressor work is

(c) We = h4 - h1 = 963.44 - 1267.1 = -303.66 kJ/kg

1S-1
Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

The thermal efficiency is.

Wt + We = 968.4 - 303.66 kJ/kg = 0.442

0
(a) fllb = -Wnet

Qm
= -:------:--
h2 - h 1 2772.5 - 1267.1 kJ/kg

or ,,Th = 559°K - 312°K = 0.442

559°K

0
15-2
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem 15.5
0-
.
A Rankine cycle produces 100 MW of power with a condenser pressure of 7.5 kPa
and an inlet turbine temperature of 500°C. Determine the cycle thermal efficiency
and the steam flow rate required for an inlet turbine pressure of (a) 17.5 MPa; (b)
1750 kPa.

Given: 100 MW Rankine cycle with condenser pressure of 7.5 kPa and turbine inlet
at 500°C and 17.5 MPa, and 1750 kPa.

Find: Thermal efficiency and steam flow rate.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-open. system.

2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
3) The cycle is an ideal Rankine cycle.

Analysis: Determine the ideal cycle enthalpies for p2 = 17.5 MPa following the
procedure in Example 15.1 or using STMCYCLE.TK.

h1 = 186.13 kJ/kg h3 = 1946.3 k1/kg

h2 = 3281.1 kJ/kg h4 = 168.5 kJ/kg

Cim = h2 - h1 = 3281.1 - 186.13 = 3095 kJ/kg

wnet = (h2 - h3) - (h1 - h4) = (3281.1 - 1946.3) - (186.13 - 168.5)

wnet = 1317.1 kJ/kg

(a)
11 th
= wnet • 1317.1 kJ/kg 11 0.426
'Lo 3095 kJ/kg

Solving for the steam flow.

1S-9
Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

(a) Iil
s
= Wnet
wnet
= 100 000 kW = 75.9 kg/s
1317.1 kJ/kg 0
For the ideal Rankine cycle with p2 = 1750 kPa.
h1 = 170.26 kJ/kg h3 = 2337.2 kJ/kg
h2 = 3469.9 kJ/kg h4 = 168.5 kJ/kg
Clio = h2 - h1 = 3469.9 - 170.26 = 3299.6 kJ/kg
wnet = (h2 - h3) - (h1 - h4) = (3469.9 - 2337.2) - (170.26 - 168.5)
wnet = 1130.9 kJ/kg
(b) fl
th
= wnet = 1130.9 kJ/kg = 0.343
gin 3299.6 kJ/kg

Solving for the steam flow.

(b) Jb = Woet = 100 000 kW =88.4 kg/s C)

• w. 1130.9 kJ/kg

0
15-10
 .
Chapter XV-VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem 15.9

Concentrating solar collectors are used to provide the heat source for a Rankine
cycle using water as the working substance. The design specification require a power
output of 10 MW. Commercially available collectors allow steam to be generated at
2500 kPa and 300°C. The cycle low pressure is assumed to be 7.5 kPa. Determine
(a) the cycle thermal efficiency; (b) the steam flow rate.

Given: 10 MW. Rankine cycle operating at 2500 kPa and 300°C exhausting to 7.5 kPa.

Find: Cycle thermal efficiency and steam flow rate.

Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
3) The cycle is an ideal Rankine cycle.

Analysis: Determine the ideal cycle enthalpies following the procedure in Example 15.1
or using STMCYCLE.TK.

h1 = 171.01 kJ/kg h3 = 2071.4 kJ/kg

h2 = 3009.8 kJ/kg h = 168.5 kJ/kg

4

CJm = h2 - h1 = 3009.8 - 171.01 = 2838.8 kJ/kg 0

wnet = (h2 - h3) - (h1 - h4) = (3009.8 - 2071.4) - (171.01 - 168.5)

wnet = 935.9 kJ/kg

(a) = wnet • 935.9 kJ/kg • 0 330

th
f} 'lJa 2838.8 kJ/kg .

Jb = Wnet • 10 000 kw • 10.68 kg/s

• wnet 935.9 kJ/kg

l7t.
\,,,.I

15-16
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem 15.13
0 A Rankine-cycle power plant produces 100 MW of power and is characterized by a
steam generator outlet condition of 10 MPa and 500°C and a condenser pressure of
7.5 kPa. The condensate leaving the condenser is subcooled by 3.3°C. Because of
frictional and nonadiabatic effects in the piping leading to the turbine, the turbine
inlet conditions are 9.75 MPa and 475°C. The pump discharge is 10.5 MPa, and the
turbine and pump internal efficiencies are 85%. Determine (a) the cycle thermal
efficiency; (b) the steam flow rate required; (c) the heat transfer from the steam
pipe connecting the boiler and turbine.

Given: 100 MW Rankine-cycle power plant with 33°C condenser subcooling, losses
between steam generator and turbine 25 kPa and 25°C, and turbine and pump
efficiencies of 85%.

Find: The thermal efficiency, steam flow rate, and heat transfer from high pressure
steam pip(?. ·

Sketch and Given Data:

2
T

s
Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.
2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Determining the enthalpies using Appendixes A.5, A.6 and A.7, or using
SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK.

h2 = 3376.5 kJ/kg h 4 = 182.45 kJ/kg

h2a = 3315.1 kJ/kg h 1 = 193.05 kJ/kg

h 3 = 2035 kJ/kg h~ = 194.9 kJ/kg

h~ = 2227 kJ/kg

15-21
Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

() ..

= (3315.l - 2227) - (194.9 - 182.45)

(3376.5 - 194.9)

(a) 11th = 0.338

(b) ms = Wnet = 100 000 kW = 92.97 kg/s

woet 1075.65 kJ/kg

The heat transfer from the steam pipe is.

01oa = ms (~ - ~) = (92.97 kg/s)(3376.5 - 3315.1 kJ/kg)

oloa = 5708 kW
0

~
V

15-22
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem 15.17

Find the decrease in cycle efficiency for Problem 15.16.

0
Given: Rankine cycle operating between 6.0 MPa and 480°C and 15 kPa, is throttled
to turbine inlet pressure of 2.2 MPa at reduced loads.

. Find: Decrease in cycle efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

T 2.

Assumptions: 1) The turbine may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
3) The cycle is an ideal Rankine cycle. 0
Analysis: Determine the ideal cycle enthalpies and cycle thermal efficiencies following
the procedure in Example 15.1 or using STMCYCLE.TK.

For p2 = 6.0 MPa For p2 = 2.2 MPa

h2 =· 3375.8 kJ/kg h2 = 3375.8 kJ/kg

h3 = 2209.9 kJ/kg h3 = 2356.1 kJ/kg

h4 = 226.29 kJ/kg h4 = 226.29 kJ/kg

h1 = 232.36 kJ/kg h 1 = 232.36 kJ/kg

,,th = 0.369 ,,th = 0.323

Efficiency decreases 12.5%

15-26
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem 15.21

The supercritical power plant in Problem 15.20 has a reheat stage added at 3.5 MPa
0
with a reheat temperature of 540°C. All other conditions are the same. Determine
(a) the quality of steam entering the condenser; (b) the cycle efficiency.

Given: Reheat Rankine cycle with turbine inlet of 25 MPa and 580°C, reheat of 3.5
MPa and 540°C, and exhaust of 7.0 kPa.

Find: The quality of the exit steam and the cycle efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

,z. 1 (S"40oc_)

~.-,r,v.P-

.,,4.,

Assumptions: 1)
2)
Each. process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.
The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
0
3) The cycle is an ideal Rankine cycle.

Analysis: Determining the enthalpies for the cycle using Appendices A6 and A 7 or
using SATSTM.TK or SIITSTM.TK.

h1 = 188.22 kJ/kg h4 = 3541.2 kJ/kg S4= 7.2681 kJ/kg-K

h2 = 3436.3 kJ/kg ~ = 2258.1 kJ/kg (a) X = 0.869

h3 = 2893.8 kJ/kg ~ = 163.04 kJ/kg

w (h -n)+(h -h)-(h -hJ

t'J _ -- 2 ""'3 4 5 1
th - ~ . (~ - h1) + .(h• - ~)

(b) ,,th = 0.462

0
15-30
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTBMS

Problem 15.25
0 A supercritical reheat Rankine cycle has two stages of reheat. The steam entering
the high-pressure turbine is 30 kPa and 550°C. The steam expands to 5 MPa and is
reheated to 450°C, reenters and expands to 1000 kPa, and is reheated to 400°C. It
reenters the turbine and exhausts at 7.5 kPa. Determine (a) the quality or degrees
of superheat of the steam entering the condenser; (b). the net work; (c) the cycle
thermal efficiency.

Given: Reheat Rankine cycle with inlet steam at 30 MPa and 550°C, reheat to 5 MPa
and 450°C, reheat to 1000 kPa and 400°C, and exhaust to 7.5 kPa.

Find: Quality or superheat of exhaust, net work, and cycle thermal efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data: 4('°-u'!.)

'-t4cm tc:)

0
A--
Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.
2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
3) The cycle is an ideal reheat Rankine cycle.

Analysis: Determining the enthalpies for the cycle using Appendices A6 and A 7 or
using SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK.

h8 = 168.5 kJ/kg

h1 = 198.7 kJ/kg

h2 = 3287.6 kJ/kg ~ = 6.0485 kJ/kg-K

h3 = 2835.4 kJ/kg ~=~

h4 = 3317.8 kJ/kg S4 = 6.8188 kJ/kg-K

h5 = 2888.4 kJ/kg S5 = S4

~ = 3263.9 kJ/kg s6 = 7.4633 kJ/kg-K

15-37
Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

h7 = 2328.0 kJ/kg (a) X = 0.897

The net work is. 0
woet = (h 2 .;, h3) + (h4 - h5) + (~ - h7)
(b) Wnct = 1817.5 kJ/kg
The thermal efficiency is.

(c) = 1817.5 kJ/kg = 0.4605

11th
3946.8 kJ/kg

0
1S-38
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem 15.29

In some cycles drain pumps receive the condensate from the shell of the closed
feedwater heater and pump it back into the outlet piping from the tube side of the
heater. Consider the following situation: Extraction steam enters the shell side of
a heater at 1500 kPa and 300°C and condenses to a saturated liquid. The feedwater ·
enters the tube side at 10 MPa and 100°c and leaves at 10 MPa and 250°C. A drain
pump with an isentropic efficiency of 80% returns the condensate to the discharge
line from the heater. Determine the temperature of the water in the discharge line
after it receives the drain pump return.

Given: Feed heater with drain pump.

Find: Water outlet temperature after mixing.

Sketch and Given Data:

ISOO l::Po
30 °c.

10 MAI 10 MR.

0
Assumptions: 1) The heater is adiabatic.
2) The liquid enthalpies will be based on hr at the fluid
temperature.

Analysis: Determine the enthalpies using Appendices A.5, A.6 and A.7 or SATSTM.TK
and SHTSTM.TK.

hscm = 3038.3 kJ/kg

h,.._ = 419.6 kJ/kg (h, at T = 100°C)

-
h,eec1 = 1086.0 kJ/kg (h, at T = 250°C)

(h, at p = 1500 kPa)

~ = 844.9 kJ/kg

hpump = 844.9 + (0.001154)(10 000 - 1500) = 854.7 kJ/kg

0 .

15-44
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Writing the first law equation for the feedwater heater based on l kg of
0 feedwater being heated.

= (hceec1.., - hceec1) = (1086.0 - 419.6) = _

0 304
k /k
y (hstm - hdrain) (3038.3 - 844.9) gstm &cec1

Writing the first law equation for the mixing process.

1 hceec1... + 0.304 hpump = (1 + 0.304) b.wx

h . = (1)(1086.0) + (0.304)(854.7) = 1032_1 kJ/k
.am 1.304 g

From Appendix AS or SATSTM.TK.

Tu= 239°C

15-45
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem 15.33

A steam power plant produces 1000 MW of electricity while operating on a three-

0
stage regenerative cycle. The steam enters the turbine at 14 MPa and 580°C.
Extractions for heating occur at 2.5 MPa, 700 kPa and 150 kPa. The turbine exhausts
at 15 kPa and has an internal efficiency of 92%. Determine (a) the T-s diagram; (b)
the mass flow rate; (c) the heat supplied; (d) the fuel flow rate, if the energy release
is 35 000 kJ/kg fuel; (e) the mass fractions y1, y2, y3; (t) the cycle efficiency.

Given: Three-stage regenerative steam power plant with given steam conditions and
92% turbine efficiency produces 1000 MW.

Find: T-s diagram, mass flow rate, heat supplied, fuel flow rate, bleed steam
fractions, and cycle efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

'J.
T

0
s

Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
3) The middle. heater is open; the other two are closed with
pumped forward drains and the feedwater leaving at the
saturation temperature of the extraction steam.
4) The pumps are 100% efficient.
5) The drain pump work will be neglected.

Analysis: Determine the enthalpies using Appendices AS, A6 and A 7, or SATSTM.TK

and SHTSTM.TK. .

h2 = 3539.7 kJ/kg

h3 = 3016.1 kJ/kg h~ = 3058.0 kJ/kg (flt = 92%)

h4 = 2740.7 kJ/kg h~ = 2804.6 kJ/kg (flt = 92%)

I':\\
~
h5 = 2475.7 kJ/kg h~ = 2560.8 kJ/kg ('lt = 92%)

15-52
 Chapter XV-VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

~ = 2156.9 kJ/kg ~ = 2267.5 kJ/kg

0 (flt = 92%)

h7 = 226.3 kJ/kg
..

h8 = 227.0 kJ/kg

~ = 467.3 kJ/kg (hr at 150 kPa)

h10 = 696.8 kJ/kg (hr at 700 kPa)

h11 = 711.12 kJ/kg

h1 = 962.4 kJ/kg (hr at 2500 kPa)

Solving for y., y2 and y3 using the First Law equations.

y1 = 0.107
y2 = 0.0877

0 y3 = 0.0829
Solving for the net work and heat supplied.

• [(hu - h10) + (1 - Yi - Y2 - Y3)(ha - h1)]

Wnet = 1101.3 kJ/kg

'Im = h2 - h1 = 3539.7 - 962.4 = 2577.3 kJ/kg

(f) fl
th
= wnet • 1101.3 kJ/kg • 0.427
qln 2577.3 kJ/kg

woet 1 000 000 kW 908 0 knl

(b) m, = woet • 1101.3 kJ/kg = • o's

15-S3
Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

= ms = (908.0 = 2 340
(c) Qm qm kg/s)(2577.3 kJ/kg) 234 kW
0. '

(d) Iil = Qin .= 2 340 234 kW = 66 _86 kg/s

r liRP 35 000 kJ/kg

C, I
'

15-54
 Chapter XV • VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem 15.37
0 A regenerative Rankine cycle, producing 250 MW, has two feedwater heaters, a
closed one for the first turbine extraction and an open one for the second turbine
extraction. Steam enters the turbine at 7.5 MPa and 500°C and expands to 1500 kPa,
where the first extraction stage occurs. The remaining steam expands to 500 kPa,
where the second extraction stage occurs. The remain_der expands through the
turbine and exhausts at 7.5 k.Pa. The closed feedwater heater drains through a trap
to the open heater. Determine (a) the cycle thermal efficiency; (b) the steam flow
rate entering the turbine; (c) the steam flow rate to each of the heaters.

Given: 250 MW regenerative Rankine cycle with two feedwater heaters and given
steam conditions.

Find: Cycle efficiency, turbine steam flow, and steam flows to heaters.

Sketch and Given Data:

0
s

Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
3) The closed heater drain temperature is equal to the saturation
temperature of the extraction steam.
4) The turbine expansion is isentropic.

Analysis: Determine the cycle enthalpies using Appendices AS, A6, and A7, or
SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK.

h2 = 3406.0 kJ/kg ~ = 6.7597 kJ/kg~K

h3 = 2950.2 kJ/kg

h4 = 2722.7 kJ/kg

h5 = 2107.4 kJ/kg

~ = 168.5 kJ/kg hr at 7.5 kPa

15-63
Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

h7 = 170.0 kJ/kg
h8 = 639.8 kJ/kg he at 500 kPa
0
.

Ilg= 647.4"kJ/kg
h1 = 844.9 kJ/kg he at 1500 kPa

Solving for y1 and y2 using the first law equations for the heaters.

Y1 h3 + (l)hg = Y1 h1 + (l)h1 y1 = 0.0938

Y2 h4 + (1 - Y1 - Y2)h1 + Y1 h1 = (1) hs y2 = 0.1592
The net work is.

= [(h2 - h3) + (1 - Y1)(h3 - h4) + (1 - Y1 - Y2)(h4 - hs)]

- [(h9 - hs) + (1 - Y1 - Y2)(h1 - h6)]

wnet = 1112.8 kJ/kg 0

The steam flows to the turbine and heaters are.

Ib = Wnet = 250 000 kW

t wnet 1112.8 kJ/kg

= 224.7 kg/s

mbtrt = mt y1 = (224.7 kg/s)(0.0938) = 21.08 kg/s

(c) lhbu2 = mt y2 = (224.7 kg/s)(0.1591) = 35.75 kg/s

The thermal efficiency is.

(a) 1108.2 kJ/kg = 0.435

(3406.2- 844.9 kJ/kg)

0
15-64
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem 15.41
0 A reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle uses steam at 8.4 MPa and 560°C entering the
high-pressure turbine. The cycle includes one steam-extraction stage for regenerative
feedwater heating, the remainder at this point being reheated to 540°C. The
condenser temperature is 35°C. Determine (a) the T-s diagram for the cycle; (b) the
optimum extraction pressure; (c) fraction of steam extracted; (d) turbine work in
kJ/kg; (e) pump work in kJ/kg; (t) overall thermal efficiency.

Given: Reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle with single extraction.

Find: T-s diagram, optimum extraction pressure, extraction steam fraction; turbine
work, pump work, and cycle efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

0
,A..,
Assumptions: 1) Each. process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.
2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
3) The feed heater is open.
4) The turbine expansion is isentropic.
5) The optimum extraction pressure is when the heater
temperature is halfway between the steam generator and
condenser saturated temperatures.

Analysis: Determine the optimum extraction pressure.

Tcoad = 35°C

Psa = 8400 kPa T,1 = 298.4°C

Tmt = 250c + 298.4oc - 250c II 161.7°C
2

(b) Peu = 645.6 kPa

Determine the cycle enthalpies using Appendices A.5, A.6, and A 7, or using

15-71
Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK.

h2 = 3541.6 kJ/kg Si = 6.8786 kJ/kg-K

0
h3 = 2823~9 kJ/kg

h4 = 3567.9 kJ/kg s4 = 8.0725 kJ/kg-K

h5 = 2479.1 kJ/kg .
~ = 146.2 kJ/kg hr at 35°C

h7 = 146.8 kJ/kg
ha = 682. 7 kJ/kg hr at 161.7°C

h1 = 690.5 kJ/kg

Writing first law equation for the heater and solving for y1•

(c) y1 = 0.200
The turbine and pump work are.
0
(d) wt = (h2 - h3) + (1 • Y1)(h4 - h5) = 1425.5 kJ/kg

(e) WP = (h1 - ha) + (1 - Y1)(h, - h1) = 8.3 kJ/kg

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is.

(t)

0
15-72
..
.I

Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem 15.45

A university decides to invest in a cogeneration facility, providing 20 MW of power

and steam for heating in the campus buildings. A preliminary design proposal
suggests that steam be generated at 2500 kPa and 300°C. In addition a turbine may
be purchased that has two extractions stages, the first occurring at 1000 kPa for
building heating and the second at 300 kPa for regenerative heating with an open
feedwater heater. The condenser pressure is 7.5 kPa. The returns from the buildings
may be considered to be saturated at the condenser temperature. The buildings
require 3000 kW of heat for the worst-case condition. The turbine's isentropic
efficiency is 80% at these steam conditions. The pump efficiency is assumed to be
100%. Determine (a) the steam generator capacity in kg/s of steam produced and
in the heat rate required; (b) the mass flow rate of steam extracted for building
heating; (c) the cycle's utilization factor.

Given: Regenerative Rankine cycle with high pressure extraction used for heating,
and low pressure for feedwater heating.

Find: Steam generator capacity, extraction flow for building heating, and utilization
factor.

Sketch and Given Data: .-z.

0
T

/4,.
Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.
2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Determine the cycle enthalpies using Appendices A.5, A.6 and A.7, or
SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK.

h2 = 3009.8 kJ/kg ~ = 6.6446 kJ/kg-K

h3 = 2804.4 kJ/kg ~ =~
h~ = 2845.5 kJ/kg S3 =~ 0
15-80
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

h4 = 2584.3 kJ/kg
0 h~ = 2669.4 kJ/kg flt = 80%
h5 = 2071.4 kJ/kg Ss = Si
h~ = 2259.1 kJ/kg flt = 80%
h6 = 168.5 kJ/kg he at 7.5 kPa

h7 = 168.8 kJ/kg
h8 ~ 561.2 kJ/kg he at 300 kPa

h 1 = 563.6 kJ/kg

Solving for the heating steam flow.

~ = ths Y1

(b) m. Y1 = 3000 kW = 1.121 kg/s

(2845.5 - 168.5 kJ/kg)

The net work and first law equation for the open heater are.

Since the plant must produce 20 MW of power.

Solving the above simultaneously..

y1 = 0.0371

y2 = 0.157

(a) m, = 30.215 kg/s

Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

The cycle utilization factor is.

(c) Yc:g = VInet + Qb = 20 000 kW 3000 kW

+ = 0.312
Q.m 73 692 kW

C)

0
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem 15.49

A steam generator may be considered to be a constant-pressure combustion chamber

followed by a heat exchanger where that heat from the combustion gases is
transferred to water, creating steam. Consider such a steam generator where the
combustion gases, with properties similar to air enter the heat exchanger at 1500°D
and are cooled to 500°K . Twenty-five kg/s of water enters the heat exchanger at 10
MPa and 175°C and leaves as a superheated vapor at 10 MPa and 500°C. T0 =
300°K and p0 = 100 kPa. Determine (a) the availability change of the combustion
gas in kW; (b) the availability change of the water in kW; (c) the irreversibility rate
in kW; (d) the second-law efficiency.

Given: Steam generator producing 25 kg/s of 10 MPa and 175°C steam by combustion
gases being cooled from 1500°K to 500°K.

Find: Availability change of the combustion gas and water, the irreversibility rate,
and second-law efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) Heat flow to the surroundings and the work is zero.
3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
4) The combustion gases behave like an ideal gas at ambient
conditions.

Analysis: From Appendix Al, cP = 1.0047 kJ/kg-K

The change is entropy for a constant pressure process is thus.

s1 - ~= cP ln (T2)
T1
• 1.0047 ln ( S00°K)
1500°K
= -1.1038 kJ/kg-K
From Appendices A.5 and A 7 the steam and water properties are.

h. = 741.0 kJ/kg hb = 3376.5 kJ/kg 0

15-90
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Sa = 2.089 kJ/kg-K Si, = 6.5982 kJ/kg-K

0 Solving the first law equation for the gas flow rate.

Iil = (25 kg/s)(3376.5 - 741.0 kJ/kg) = 65 _58 kg/s

g (1.0047 kJ/kg-K)(1500°K - 500°K)

The change in availability of the combustion gas is.

~ - ~ = (1.0047 kJ/kg-K)(500°K - 1500°K)

- (300°K)(-1.1038 kJ/kg-K)

~ - ~ = -673.56 kJ/kg
(a) mg(~ - ~) = (65.58 kg/s)(-673.56 kJ/kg) = -44 172 kW
0 The change in availability of the water is.

1Jt - 11! = (3376.5 - 741.0 kJ/kg) - (300°K)(6.5982 - 2.089 kJ/kg-K)

1Jt - 11!. = 1282.7 kJ/kg

(b) m,(1Jt - 11'.) = (25 kg/s)(1282.7 kJ/kg) = 32 068 kW

The irreversibility rate is.

t = T~m,(s2 - s1) + m,(s., - s1 )]

t = (300°K)

((65.58 kg/s)(-1.1038 kJ/kg-K) + (25 kg/s)(6.5982 - 2.089 kJ/kg-K)]

(c) t = 12 103 kW

15-91
Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

The second law efficiency can be determined by comparing the change in

availability of the combustion gases with that for the water.

(d) = 32 068 kW = 0_726

'h 44 172 kW

It'\

"'
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem 15.53
0 A combined gas turbine-steam power plant produces 500 MW of net power. The
pressure ratio of the gas turbine unit is 16, with air entering at 300°K and 100 kPa.
The maximum inlet temperature to the turbine is 1750°K. The minimum gas
temperature from the steam generator is 450°K. Steam is generated at 7.5 MPa and
450°C. The turbine has one open feedwater. heater regenerative stage at 500 kPa.
The condenser pressure is 10 kPa. Assume the gases have properties similar to air.
Determine (a) the air and steam mass flow rates; (b) the cycle efficiency; (c) the
availability of that gas leaving the steam generator; (d) the availability of the gas
leaving the gas turbine relative to inlet air temperature and pressure. What fraction
of this was used in the steam cycle?

Given: 500 MW combined gas turbine-steam power plant.

Find: Air and steam flow rates, cycle efficiency, availability of the gas entering and
leaving the steam generator, fraction of availability used in steam cycle.

Sketch and Given Data:

()
4

Wp '"'r
Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.
2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
3) The expansion and compression processes are isentropic.

Analysis: Determine the net work, heat supplied, and turbine exit temperature for the
gas turbine using AIRCYCLE.TK or the procedure in Example 14.1. Using
AIRCYCLE.TK

wnet = -DEIA3 - DEL21 = 658.0 kJ/kg

'Im = DELh32 = 1281.0 kJ/kg
T4 = 891.4°K

Determining the steam cycle enthalpies using Appendices A.5, A6, and A 7,
or SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK.

15-99
Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

hb = 3282.4 kJ/kg Si, = 6.5949 kJ/kg-K

he= 2652.6 kJ/kg
0 .

hd = 2088.9 kJ/kg

he = 191.82 kJ/kg hr= at 10 kPa

hr= 192.32 kJ/kg

h8 = 639.8 kJ/kg hr at 500 kPa

I\ = 647.5 kJ/kg
Solving for first law equation for the open heater for y1•

y1 = 0.1819

The net work is

Wnc:t = Wt • WP = [(hb · he} + (1 - Y1)(hc - hd)]

- [(h. - h8 + (1 - Y1)(hr - he)]

wnc:t = 1082.9 kJ/kg

0
Solving the first law equation for the steam generator for the steam flow
produced per kg of gas flow.

~ = (1.0047 kJ/kg-K)(891.4°K - 450°K) = 0 _1683 kg steam

m1 (3282.4 - 647.5 kJ/kg) kg gas

Solving the equation for total net power for the gas flow rate

500 000 kW = :rh1(658.0 kJ/kg) + m1 ( 0.1683 kg steam)c1os2.4 kJ/kg)

l kg gas

m1 = 595.1 kg/s
(a)
m, = (0.1683)(595.1 kJ/kg) = 100.1 kg/s 0
15-100
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

The thermal efficiency is.

0 500 000 kW = _
(b) 0 656
(595.1 kg/s)(1281.0 kJ/kg)

The availability of the gas leaving the steam generator is.

Using AIR.TK to determine the change in enthalpy and entropy.

a5 = (151.48 kJ/kg) - (300°K)(0.4163 kJ/kg-K)

(c) a5 = 26.59 kJ/kg

Solving for the availability of the gas leaving the gas turbine.

a4 = (622.97 kJ/kg) - (300°K)(l.1183 kJ/kg-K)

(d) a4 = 281.48 kJ/kg
Comparing the change in availability of the gas to the net work produced in
the steam cycle per kg of gas.

WnJkg gas • (0.1683 kg/kg)(1082.9 kJ/kg) = _715

0
a 4 - «5 (281.48 - 26.59 kJ/kg) ·

15-101
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem 15.57
0 Steam enters a turbine at 1.4 MPa and 320°C. The turbine internal efficiency is 70%
and the load requirement is 800 kW. The exhaust is to the back pressure system,
maintained at 175 kPa. Find the steam flow rate.

Given: Steam turbine expands steam from 1400 kPa and 320°C to 175 kPa. Turbine
efficiency is 70%.

Find: Steam flow required to produce 800 kW.

Sketch and Given Data: (

-r

,A..,

Assumptions: 1) The process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Determine the inlet and outlet enthalpies using Appendices A5, A6, and A 7
or SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK.

h1 = 3084.9 kJ/kg S1 = 7.0288 kJ/kg-K

h2 = 2645.3 kJ/kg X = 0.975

h~ = 2777.2 kJ/kg flt = 70%

The turbine power is

Jb = W • 800 KW = 2_60 kg/s

• (h1 - h~) (3084.9 - 2777.2 kJ/kg)

15-107
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem 15.61

Steam is admitted to the cylinder of an engine in such a manner that the average
pressure is 840 kPa. The diameter of the piston is 25.4 cm, and the length of the
stroke is 30.5 cm. (a) Determine the work that can be done during one revolution,
assuming that the steam is admitted successively to each side (top and bottom) of the
piston. (b) What is the power produced when the engine is running at 300 rpm?

Given: Double.,.acting steam reciprocating engine with 25.4 cm diameter and 30.5 cm
stroke is supplied by steam at 840 kPa.

Find: Work per revolution and power produced at 300 rpm.

Sketch and Given Data: ·

J) = Z),4cu-1.
J;_-=--30,'\C-"""-

Assumptions: 1) The engine is analyzed as a closed system.

0
2) Friction is negligible.
3) There is no pressure acting on the back of the piston.

Analysis: The work i~ w = J: pdV.

For double-acting engine and constant pressure, the work per revolution is.

w = 2 p (V2 - V = (2)(840 kPa>(:)(0.254 m) (0.305 m)

1)
2

(a) w = 25.96 kJ/rev

(b) W= w ~ = (25.96 kJ/rev)( 300 rev/m) = 129.8 kW

s 60 s/m

0
15-116
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem 15.65
0 A combined gas turbine-steam power plant is to be used for the generation of electric
power. The combined unit must produce 600 MW. There are two stages for the
compressor with ideal intercooling at the optimum interstage pressure and two stages
for the turbine with reheating to the same turbine inlet temperature. The compressor
unit receives air at 100 kPa and 290°K and operates with a pressure ratio of 9. The
turbine inlet temperature is 1220°K, with reheating occurring at 340 kPa. The turbine
exhausts to the steam generator, and the products of combustion are cooled to 150°C..
The steam generator produces steam at 5.5 MPa and 450°C. The steam turbine
exhausts at 13 kPa. All expansion and compression processes are isentropic.
Determine (a) the net gas turbine work per kg air; (b) the net steam turbine work
per kg steam; (c) the overall thermal efficiency; (d) the airflow required; (e) the
fueVair ratio if hRP = 43 200 kJ/kg fuel; (f) the fuel flow rate; (g) the cost in dollars
per kWh of electricity produced if the fuel costs $0.45/kg; (h) the second-law
efficiency.

Given: 600 MW combined gas turbine steam power plant. Gas turbine is intercooled
with reheat. Steam cycle is a simple ideal Rankine cycle.

Find: Net steam turbine work, net gas turbine work, thermal efficiency, airflow,
fueVair ratio, fuel flow rate, fuel cost per kWh, and second-law efficiency.

() Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: The optimum intercooling pressure is

{p: = 100 k.Pa/9 • 300 k.Pa

P2. = p1

Using AIR.TK to determine the change in enthalpy for each process in the
gas turbine.

h 2 - h 1 = 10S.05 kJ/kg s = constant T 2 = 394.41°K

15-123
Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

h3 - h2 = -105.05 kJ/kg p = constant

h4 - h3 =. 105.05 kJ/kg s = constant T = 3.94.41°K
4

h5 - h4 = 905.67 kJ/kg p = constant

ht; - h5 = -300.69 kJ/kg s = constant T 6 = 959.85°K

h7 - ht; = 300.69 kJ/kg p = constant

h8 - h7 = -366.94 kJ/kg s = constant T 8 = 901.04°K

~ - h8 = -509.61 kJ/kg p = constant

Solving for the fuel added per kg air.

0
r = (1.0214)(300.69 kJ/kg) • 0_00716
11
'2 ( 43 200 - 300.69 kJ/kg)

(e) r111 = r118s + r 11'2 =0.0214 + 0.00716 = 0.02856 kg/kg

The net gas turbine work per kg air is.

Wnet = w, - We = [(1.0214)(300.69 kJ/kg) + (1.02856)(366.94 kJ/kg)]

- [(105.05 kJ/kg) + (105.05 kJ/kg)]
(a) wnet = 474.4 kJ/kg
Analyzing the steam cycle using STMCYCLE.TK.

h1 = 3310.9 kJ/kg he = 213.9 kJ/kg

hb = 2175.9 kJ/kg hd = 219.5 kJ/kg

The net steam cycle work per kg of steam is. 0

15-124
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

0 Solving for the steam flow per kg air using the first law equation about the
steam generator.

The thermal efficiency based on 1 kg air is

_ wnet _ (474.4 kJ/kg) + (0.165 kg/kg)(1129.5 kJ/kg)

th
'1 - gm - (0.02856 kg/kg)(43 200 kJ/kg)

(c) 'ltb = 0.536

The air flow is.

0 (d) Ih = W + 600 000 kW = 908.0 kg/s

I W~ 660.8 kJ/kg

The fuel flow rate is.

(t) Ih1 = Ih1 rl/f • (908.0 kg/s)(0.02856 kg/kg) = 25.9 kg/s

The fuel cost per kWh is.

(g) $/kWh • (25.9 kg/s)($0.45/kg)(3600 s/h) = O0699 $/kWh

(600 000 kW) .

The Carnot cycle efficiency based on Tc= 290°K and Ta = 1220°K.

290°K
f} • 1 - - - • 0. 762
wnot 1220°K

The second-law efficiency is.

(h) 'h • ~ Ill 0.535 • 0.702

'lwnot o.762
15-125
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem *15.1
0 In a Rankine cycle, steam enters the turbine at 800 psia and 800°F, which exhausts
at 1 psia. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram and find (a) the quality of the steam
entering the condenser; (b) the turbine work in Btu/lbm; (c) the pump work in
Btu/lbm; (d) the heat supplied in Btu/lbm; (e) the heat rejected in Btu/lbm; (f) the
net work of the cycle in Btu/lbm; . (g) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

Given: Rankine cycle with steam expanding from 800 psia and 800°F to 1 psia.

Find: Quality of steam entering condenser, turbine work, pump work, heat rejected,
net work, and thermal efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

T

0 s
Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. ·
2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
3) The turbine expansion and pump compression are isentropic.

Analysis: Determine the cycle enthalpies using Appendices A14, A15, and A16, or
SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK.

h2 = 1399.1 Btu/Ihm s2 = 1.5972 Btu/lbm-R

h3 = 892.1 Btu/Ihm S3 = ~ (a) X = 0.794

h4 = 69.58 Btu/Ihm h, at 1 psia

h 1 = 71.97 Btu/Ihm

The turbine work is.

(b) wt = h2 - h3 = 1399.1 - 892.1 Btu/lbm = 507 Btu/lbm

The pump work is.

1S-129
Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

(c) wP = h1 - h4 = 71.97 - 69.58 Btu/lbm = 2.39 Btu/lbm

The heat supplied is.

e
..

(d) CJm = h2 - h1 = 1399.1 - 71.97 Btu/lbm = 1327.1 Btu/lbm

The heat rejected is.

(e) gout =h 3 - h 4 = 892.1 - 69.58 Btu/lbm = 822.5 Btu/lbm

The net work is.

(f) Wner. = wt - WP = 507 - 2.39 Btu/lbm = 504.6 Btu/lbm

The thermal efficiency is.

(g) = wnet = 504.6 Btu/lbm = 0 _380

11 th
gm 1327.1 Btu/lbm

15-130
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem *15.5
0 A Rankine cycle is characterized by turbine inlet conditions of 1500 psia and l000°F.
The condenser pressure is 1 psia. The heat transfer to the steam in the boiler occurs
at the rate of 7.0 x 106 Btu/sec. The cooling water in the condenser increases in
temperature from 70° to 85°F. Determine (a) the net power produced; (b) the
cooling-water flow rate in gal/min; (c) the cycle thermal efficiency.

Given: Rankine cycle operating between 1500 psia and 1000°F, and 1 psia with 7.0 x
106 Btu/sec transferred in the boiler.

Find: Net power, cooling water flow, and thermal efficiency.

Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
3) · The cycle is an ideal Rankine cycle.
4) The specified heat of the cooling water is 1.0 Btu/lbm-R.

Analysis: Determine the ideal cycle enthalpies and cycle thermal efficiency following the
procedure in Example 15.1 or using STMCYCLE.TK.

h 1 = 74.06 Btu/lbm h3 = 893.7 Btu/lbm

h 2 = 1490.9 Btu/lbm h 4 = 69.58 Btu/lbm

(c) "tb = 0.4184

Using the definition of thermal efficiency, Tith = Wnet
Qin

(a) Wnet = Tith Qin = (0.4184)(7.0 x 106 Btu/sec)

= 2.9288 x 106 Btu/sec

From the first law equation for the cycle.

Q 011t = Qin - Wnet = 7.0 x 106 Btu/sec - 2.9288 x 106 Btu/sec

Q011, = 4.0712 x 106 Btu/sec

(b) lf1 = 6
Qou, • 4.0712 x 10 Btu/sec = 271 413 lbm/sec
cP AT (1.0 Btu/lbm-R)(15°R) '

15-137
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem •ts.9

It is possible to construct a Rankine-cycle power plant using warm water near the
0 .

ocean's surface as a heat source and cold water from the ocean's depth as a heat
sink. For a particular plant operating with this configuration, the working substance
is ammonia, the surface water is 80°F, and the cold water is 40°F. The ammonia is
a saturated vapor entering the turbine and is 3°F less than the seawater temperature
entering the heat exchanger and 3°F more than the seawater temperature leaving the
turbine. The cycle is to produce 50 MW of power. Determine (a) the cycle thermal
efficiency; (b) the cycle efficiency when considering the power requirements of
pumps to move the seawater, which amount to 15 MW.

Given: 50 MW Rankine cycle operating between 77°F and 43°F using ammonia.

Find: Thermal efficiency, without and with seawater pump power.

Sketch and Given Data:

0
s

Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
3) The cycle is an ideal· Rankine cycle.

Analysis: Using Appendix A.18.

h2 = 630.2 Btu/lbm Si = 1.2036 Btu/lbm-R

x = 0.950 h3 = 597.0 Btu/lbm

h 4 = 90.15 Btu/lbm

144
+ (0.02543 ft'/lbm)(135.5 - 78.3 psia) ( ( in;~ft3) )
778.2 ft- /Btu
0
15-142
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

h1 = 90.42 Btu/lbm
0

(630.2 - 597.0) - (90.42 - 90.05)

(603.2 - 90.42)

(a) 'ltb = 0.0608

Considering Wnet = 50 MW with an additional 15 MW required to operate

the seawater pumps.

(b) 'lcyc1e
50MW
= (0.0608)(-,,,,.-----.,...,,....,,--,,.,-, ) = 0.0468
50MW+15MW

Comment: The· small difference in cycle temperatures plus the high power requirements
for the seawater pumps results in a low cycle efficiency. However, the "fuel"
is free. The question is if the high cost of construction can be repaid by the
fuel savings.

15-143
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem *15.13
C). .

A Rankine-cycle power plant is to be designed with a maximum turbine inlet

temperature of 1050°F and a minimum condenser pressure of 1 psia. The
manufacturer guarantees a turbine isentropic efficiency of85% and a pump efficiency
of 80%. The manufacturer will make this guarantee for the turbine only if the exit
steam condition from the turbine is 92% or greater. Determine the steam generator
pressure that allows this.

Given: Steam turbine of 85% isentropic efficiency expands steam from 1050°P to 1
psia.

Find: Inlet pressure required for exit quality of 92%.

Sketch and Given Data:

0
Assumptions: 1) The turbine is analyzed as a steady-state open system.
2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Solving for the properties of the exhaust steam using Appendix A.15 or
SATSTM.TK. ·

he:11, = 1022.9 Btu/lbm Se:11, = 1.8303 Btu/lbm-R

Using STMCYCLE.TK, enter the following rule

hexh = h2 - (h2 - h3} "'.85

Entering the above value of hexh, and solving.

p2 = 1015 psia

Comment: The problem can also be solved using the Mollier chart, Appendix B.1. Draw
a line from the exhaust condition at a slope corresponding to 85% efficiency.
Read the pressure at 1050°F (566°C). · Q
15-148
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem *15.17
0 In the conceptual design stages of a power plant, consideration is given to a steam
generator operating at 4000 psia and a maximum temperature of 1100°F. The
condenser pressure is 0.7 psia. Should reheat be used in the cycle, and if so, how
many stages of reheating would be needed? The steam leaving the turbine should
not be superheated.

Given: Power plant with turbine inlet of 4000 psia and 1100°F and exhaust of 0.7 psia
with wet steam.

Find: Stages of reheat needed.

Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
3) The turbine expansion is isentropic.
4) Maximum moisture permitted is 12%.

Analysis: Using Appendices A15, and A16, Appendix B.1 or STMCYCLE.TK a non-
reheat cycle would expand steam to 0.7 psia with a quality of 0.731. This is
.too much moisture.

A single stage of reheat at 800 p.sia and ll00°F would result in a quality of
0 0.846. Still too much moisture.

A second stage of reheat at ISO psia and II00°F would result in a quality of
0.947. Acceptable.

Comment: With typical efficiencies of less than 100%, a single stage of reheat will
, probably produce an acceptable solution.

15-15S
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem *15.21

Recalculate Problem *15.20, this time including a turbine isentropic efficiency of 85%
and a pump efficiency of 80%.

Given: Regenerative Rankine cycle with steam conditions as in problem *15.20,

turbine efficiency of 85% and pump efficiency of 80%.

Find: Thermal efficiency, flow to feedwater heater, and net power produced.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2)
3)
The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
Water leaves the heater as a saturated liquid.
0
Analysis: From Problem *15.20 the following enthalpies are available.

h2 = 1549.9 Btu/lbm

h5 = 69.6 Btu/lbm

h1 = h. = 298.4 Btu/lbm
Using the definition of turbine and pump efficiencies, and the enthalpies for
points 3, 4, and 6 from Problem *15.20.
I .
h3 = 1549.9 - (0.85)(1549.9 - 1216.6) = 1266.6 Btu/lbm

h! = 1549.9 - (0.85)(1549.9 - 915.6) = 1010.7 Btu/lbm

h! = 69.6 + ( 74.l - 69·6) = 75.2 Btu/lbm

0.8

15-162
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Solving for y1•

0
(298.4 - 75.2) = 0.2305
(1266.6 - 298.4)

(b) IilCI = Ii12 Y1 = (3.6 X lOS lbm/hr)(0.2305) = 8.30 X 104 lbm/hr

The net power produced is.

I I I

Woet = Wt - WP = (h2 - h3) + (1 - Y1)(h3 - h4) - (h6 - hs)

Woel = 474.6 Btu/lbm
(c) woet = Ii12 WDCI = (3.6 x 105 lbm/hr)(474.6 Btu/lbm)

= 1.709 X 108 Btu/hr

The thermal efficiency is.

(a) 474.6 = 0.379

1549.9 - 298.4
0

15-163
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem *15.25

A reheat.,.regenerative Rankine cycle, producing 250 MW, has two feedwater heaters,
0 '

closed for the first turbine extraction and open for the second turbine extraction.
When a fraction steam is extracted for the first stage of feedwater heating, the
remainder is reheated to 900°F. Steam enters the turbine at 1000 psia and l000°F
and expands to 200 psia, where the first extraction stage occurs. The remaining
steam expands to 50 psia, where the second extraction stage occurs. The remainder
expands through the turbine and exhausts at 1 psia. The closed feedwater heater
drains through a trap to the open heater. Determine (a) .the cycle thermal efficiency;
(b) the steam flow rate entering the turbine; (c) the steam flow rate to each of the
heaters.

Given: 250 MW reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle with two feedwater heaters are
given steam conditions.

Find: Cycle efficiency, turbine steam flow, and steam flow to the heaters.
'Z

Sketch and Given· Data:

0
,I--
Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.
2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
3) The feed and drains from the closed heater leave at the
saturation temperature of the extraction steam.
4) The turbine expansion is isentropic.

Analysis: Determine the cycle enthalpies using Appendices A14, A15, and Al6 or
SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK.

h2 = 1506 Btu/lbm ~ = 1.6525 Btu/lbm-R

h3 = 1297.1 Btu/lbm ~=~

h4 = 1476.8 Btu/lbm s4 = 1.8047 Btu/lbm-R

h5 = 1299.6 Btu/lbm S5 = S4

~ = 1008.6 Btu/lbm

1S-170
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

h7 = 69.6 Btu/lbm he at 1 psia

0 h8 = 69.8 Btu/lbm
hg = 250.1 Btu/lbm he at 50 psia

h10 = 251.1 Btu/lbm

h1 = 355.6 Btu/lbm hr at 200 psia

Solving for y1 and y2 using the First Law equations for the heaters.

y1 = 0.1089
Y2 hs + (1 - Y1 - Y2) hs + Y1 h1 = (1) hg Y2 = 0.1213
· Calculating the net work.

= [(h2 - h3) + (1 - Y1)(h4 - hs) + (1 - Yi - Y2)(hs - ~)]

- [(h10 - h,) + (1 - Yt - Y2)(hs - h1)]
0 wnet = 587.7 Btu/lbm
The steam flows to the turbine and heaters are.

= (250 000 kW)(3412 Btu/kW-hr)

587..7 Btu/lbm

= 1.451 x 106 lbm/hr

:r:bbtr
I
= :r:bt Yi = (1.451 x 106 lbm/hr)(O.1O89) = 1.580 x lOS lbm/hr
(c)
:r:bbtt
2
= :r:bt Y2 = (1.451 x 106 lbm/hr)(O.1213) = 1.760 x lOS lbm/hr
The thermal efficiency is.

(a)

15-171
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem *15.29

In an ideal regenerative cycle, steam is generated at 400 psia and 700°F. Steam is
0
extracted for feedwater heating at 110 30, and 5.99 psia. Condensation occurs at
90°F. Determine (a) the mass fraction extracted at each point; (b) the net work;
(c) the cycle efficiency.

Given: Ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with three extractions for feedwater heating.

Find: Extraction mass fractions, net work, and cycle efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

2.

'
s
Assumptions: 1)
2)
Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.
The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
0
3) The middle heater is open-type; the others are closed.
4) The feedwater and drains leave the closed heaters at the
extraction saturation temperature; drains are cascaded.
5) The turbine expansion and compression processes are
isentropic.

Analysis: Determine the cycle enthalpies using Appendices A.14, A.15, and A16, or
SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK.

= 1363.0 Btu/lbm
h2 = 1.6398 Btu/lbm-R
~

h = 1225.8 Btu/lbm
3 S3 = ~

h = 1121.9 Btu/lbm
4 S4 = ~

h = 1015.0 Btu/lbm
5 S5 = ~

~ = 898.2 Btu/lbm s6 = ~

h7 = 57.8 Btu/lbm hr at 90°F

0
15-178
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

h8 = 57.9 Btu/lbrn 'lp = 100%

0 Ilg = 138.3 Btu/lbrn hf at 5.99 psia

h10 = 218.9 Btu/lbrn hf at 30 psia

h11 = 220.1 Btu/lbrn 'lp = 100%

h1 = 305.7 Btu/lbrn hf at 110 psia

Solving the first law equation, for the feedwater heaters for Yi, y2, and y3.

y1 h3 + (1) h11 = (1) h1 + y1 h1 y1 = 0.093

Y2 h4 + (1 - Y1 - Y2) Ilg + Y1 h1 = (1) h10 y2 = 0.0661
Y3 hs + (1 - Yt - Y2) hs = Y3 Ilg + (1 - Yt - Y2) hg y3 = 0.0771
The net work is.

0 = [(h2 - h3) + (1 - Y1)(h3 - h.) + (1 - Y1 - Y2)(h. - hs)

+ (1 - Y1 - Y2 - y3)(hs - ~)]
- [(hu - h10) + (1 - Y1 - Y2)(hs - h1)]

(b) w. = 409.2 Btu/lbm

The thermal efficiency is.

th • wnet • wnet • 409.2 Btu/lbm = 0_387

11
CLn h2 - h1 1363.0 Btu/Ihm - 305.7 Btu/lbm

15-179
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Pi'ob1em *15.33
0 A university decides to invest in a cogeneration facility, providing 20 MW of power
and steam for heating in the campus buildings. A preliminary design proposal
suggests that steam be generated at 400 psia and 550°F. In addition a turbine may
be purchased that has two extraction stages, the first occurring at 150 psia for
building heating and the second at 50 psia for regenerative heating with an open
feedwater heater. The condenser pressure is 1 psia. The returns from the buildings
may be considered to be saturated at the condenser temperature. The buildings
require 1.08 x 107 Btu/hr of heat for the worst-case condition. The turbine's
isentropic efficiency is 80% at these steam conditions. The pump efficiency is·
assumed to be 100%. Determine (a) the steam generator capacity in lbm/sec of
steam produced and in the heat rate required; (b) the mass flow rate of steam
extracted for building heating; (c) the cycle's utilization factor.

Given: Regenerative Rankine cycle with high pressure extraction used for heating,
and low pressure for feedwater heating.

Find: Steam generator capacity, extraction flow for building heating, and utilization
factor.

Sketch and Given Data:

0 T

Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Determine the cycle enthalpies using Appendices A14, A15, and A16, or
SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK.

h2 = 1277.3 Btu/lbm ~ = 1.5607 Btu/lbm-R

h3 = 1187.1 Btu/lbm

h~ = 1205.1 Btu/lbm '1, = 80%

h• = 1101.7 Btu/lbm

15-187
Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

h: = 1136.8 Btu/lbm 'lt = 80%

= 871.6 Btu/lbm
0
h5 Ss = Si
h~ = 952.7 Btu/lbm

~ = 69.6 Btu/lbm he at 1 psia

h7 = 69.7 Btu/lbm 11p = 100%

h8 = 250.1 Btu/lbm he at 50 psia

h1 = 251.2 Btu/lbm 'lp = 100%

Solving for the heating steam flow.

(b) m. Y1 = 1.08 x 101 Btu/hr = 9511 lbm/hr

(1205.1 - 69.6 Btu/lbm)

The net work and first law equation for the open heater are 0

Since the plant must produce 20 MW of power.

Solving the above simultaneously.

y1 = 0.03945
y2 = 0.169

(a) m, = 241,539 Ibm/hr

om = m.(~ - ht) = 2.478 x 108 Btu/hr

0
15-188
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

The cycle utilization factor is.

0
y =W net + Qb = (20,000 kW)(3412 Btu/kW-hr) + 1.08 x 107 Btu/hr
(c) cg
Q.m 2.478 x 108 Btu/hr

= 0.319

15-189
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem *15.37
·O A steam generator may be considered to be a constant-pressure combustion chamber
followed by a heat exchanger where the heat from the combustion gases is _transferred
to water,_ creating steam. Consider such a steam generator where the combustion
gases, with properties similar to air, enter the heat exchanger at 2700°R and are
cooled to 900°R. At a rate of 180,000 lbm/hr water enters the heat exchanger at 1500
psia and 350°F and leaves as a superheated vapor at 1500 psia and 1000°F. T0 =
77°F and p0 = 1 atm. Determine (a) the availability change of the combustion gas
in Btu/min; (b) the availability change of the water in Btu/min; (c) the irreversibility
rate in Btu/min; (d) the second law efficiency.

Given: Steam generator producing 25 kg/s of 10 MPa and 175°C steam by combustion
gases being cooled from 1500°K to 500°K

Find: Availability change of combustion gas and water, irreversibility rate, and
second-law efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

To= 77°F
P0 =- I A+""
• 21co•R (1) @ 4foo•R
0 t-\' IS'OO si11 ~ ® IS'OO,siA. ~s = 180,000 U,"'/1. ...
1ooo•F 3SO'f'

Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) Heat flow to the surroundings and the work is zero.
3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
4) The combustion gases behave like an ideal gas at ambient
conditions.

Analysis: From Appendix A.1, c, = 0.24 Btu/lbm-R

The change in entropy for a constant pressure process· is thus.

s1 - Si= c In (T2)
P T1
• 0.24 In ( 900°R) = -0.2637 Btu/lbm-R
2700°R

15-197
Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

From Appendices A16 and Al 7 the steam and water properties are.

ha = 323.9 Btu/lbm hb = 1490.9 Btu/lbm

sa = 0.50034 Btu/lbm-R s., = 1.6001 Btu/lbm-R

Solving the first law equation for the gas flow rate.

Ii1 = (180,000 lbm/hr)(1490.9 - 323.9 Btu/lbm)

8
(0.24 Btu/lbm-R)(2700°R - 900°R)

= 486,250 lbm/hr
The change in availability of the combustion gas is.

~ - ~ = (0.24 Btu/lbm-R)(900°R - 2700°R)

- (537°R)(- 0.2637 Btu/lbm-R)

()
~ - ~ = -290.39 Btu/lbm

(a) 111,(~ - ~) = :0 !:)

<48 25
(-290.39 Btu/lbm)

= -2.353 x 106 Btu/min

The change in availability of the water is.

"It - 11! = (hb - hJ - T0(Si, - sJ

1Jt - 11! = (1490.9 - 323.9 Btu/lbm)

- (537°R)(l.6001 - 0.50034 Btu/lbm-R)

1Jt - 11! = 576.4 Btu/lbm

(b) 111 (• - 11!) = (180,000 Btu/hr) (576.4 Btu/lbm)

I ..., I 60 min/hr
0
15-198
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

= 1.7292 x 10 6
Btu/min
0 The irreversibility rate is.

i = (537°R)[(4S~2S~:) (-0.2637 Btu/lbm-R)

+ (lSO,OOO lbm/hr) (1 6001 - 0.50034 Btu/lbm -R)]

60 min/hr '

(c) i = 624,100 Btu/min

The second law efficiency can be determined comparing the change in
availability of the combustion gases with that for the water.

(d) 112
= 1.7292x 1()6 Btu/min = 0 _738
, 2.353 x 106 Btu/min

15-199
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem *15.41

A combined gas turbine-steam power plant produces 500 MW of net power. The
pressure ratio of the ideal-gas turbine unit is 16, with air entering at 77°F and 1 atm.
The maximum inlet temperature to the turbine is 3100°R. The minimum gas
temperature from the steam generator is 800°R. Steam is generated at 1000 psia and
900°F. The turbine has one open feedwater heater regenerative stage at 75 pisa.
The condenser pressure is 2 psia. Assume the gases have properties similar to air.
Determine (a) the air and steam mass flow rates; (b) the cycle efficiency; (c) the
availability of the gas leaving the steam generator; ( d) the availability of the gas
leaving the gas turbine relative to inlet air temperature and pressure. What fraction
of this was used in the steam cycle?

Given: 500 MW combined gas turbine-steam power plant.

Find: Air and steam flow rates, cycle efficiency, availability of the gas entering and
leaving the steam generator, fraction of availability used in steam cycle.

Sketch and Given Data:

lo

C!.
d
0

""- ~\,
Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.
2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
3) The expansion and compression processes are isentropic.

Analysis: Determine the net work, heat supplied, and turbine exit temperature for the
gas turbine using AIRCYCLE.TK or the procedure in Example 14.1. Using
AIRCYCLE.TK.

wnet = DEIA3 - DEL21 = 276.62 Btu/lbm

q., = DELh32 = 537.77 Btu/lbm

T,. = 1576.5°R

Determining the steam cycle enthalpies using Appendices A14, A15, and
A16, or SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK.
'°'
~

· 15-206
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

= 1.6121 Btu/lbm-R
o· hb = 1448.8 Btu/lbm

he = 1171.3 Btu/lbm
St,

hd = 936.0 Btu/lbm
he = 94.1 Btu/lbm h1 at 2 psia

h1 = 94.3 Btu/lbm
h8 = 277.4 Btu/lbm h1 at 75 psia

ha = 280.4 Btu/lbm

Solving the first law equation for the open heater for y1•

y1 = 0.170

The net work is.

wnet = wt - WP = [(~ - he) + (1 - Y1)(hc - hJ]

- [(h. "'. h1) + (1 - Y1)(hr - he)]
0 wnet = 469.6 Btu/lbm
Solving for the first law equation for the steam generator for the steam flow
produced per kg of gas flow.

0
(0.24 Btu/lbm-R)(1576.S R - 800°R)
(1448.8 - 280.4 Btu/lbm)

= 0_1595 lbm ·steam

lbm gas
Solving the equation for total net power for the gas flow rate.

500 000 kW ( 3412 Btu/kW-hr) = Ib (276.62 Btu/lbm)

3600 Sec/hr I

1S-207
Chapter XV-VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

+ Iil fo.1595 lbm

steam)(469.6 Btu/lbm)
8
l lbm gas

. Iil
8
= 1348.1 lbm/sec
(a)
Iil8 = (0.1595)((1348.1 lbm/sec) = 215 lbm/sec
The thermal efficiency is.

_ Wnet _ Wnet 473,889 Btu/sec

(b) 11th - Qin - m Clm - -(1-34-8-.1-l_b_m_/s-ec-)(.,..5-37-.7-7_B_tu_/l_b_m...,..)
8

= 0.654
The availability of the gas leaving the steam generator is.

Using AIR.TK to determine the change in enthalpy and entropy.

u5 = (63.485 Btu/lbm) - (537°R)(0.09788 Btu/lbm-R)

(c) u5 = 10.92 Btu/lbm

Solving for the availability of the gas leaving the gas turbine.

u 4 = (261.14 Btu/lbm) - (537°R)(0.2687 Btu/lbm-R)

(d) u4 = 116.86 Btu/lbm

Comparing the change in availability of the gas to the net work produced in
the steam cycle per kg of gas.

w,,jkg gas • (0.1595 lbm/lbm)(469.9 B~/lbm) = 0_707

« 4 - cz 5 (116.86 - 10.92 Btu/lbm)

0
15-208
Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem*IS.45

Simplify the reheat power plant shown in Figure 15.35 by eliminating all the heaters
0
between the condensate pump and the first heater. Let the condenser operate at
90°F. Assume the high-pressure turbine exhausts at 550 psia. Calculate the mass
flows if the power required is 236 MW. Use equipment efficiency guidelines as per
actual heat balance discussion.

Given: Reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle producing 236 MW.

Find: Mass flows

Sketch and Given Data:. See Figure 15.35

Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Using the enthalpies given in Figure 15.35, solve the first-law equations for the
seven feedwater heaters for the extraction mass fractions.

1316.4 y1 + 370 = 336.9 y1 = 464.6

1427 y2 + 328.5 + 382.6 y1 = 370 + (y1 + y2) 336.9

1369 Yl + 270.2 + (yt + Y2) 336.9 = 318.5 + (yt + Y2 + y3) 282.6
0
1308 y. + (1 - Yt - Y2 - Yl - y.) 228.6 + (yt + Y2 + y3) 282.6
= (y. + Y2 + Yl + y.) 272.7 + (1 - Yt - Y2 - Y3 - y.)270.2
1247 Y, + (1 - Yt - Y2 - Yl - y. - y,) 172 = (1 - Yi - Y2 - Y3 - y.) 228.6
1175 Y6 + (1 - Yt - Y2 - Yl - y,) 123.9 = 136 Y6

+ (1 - Yt - Y2 - Y3 - Y• - y,) 172
1108 y7 + (1 - y1 - y2 - y3 - Y• - y,) 72.6 + 136 Y6

= (1 - Y1 - Y2 - Y3 - Y• - y,) 123.9 + {y,;tY1) 84.6

The mass fractions are.

y1 = 0.09658 y5 = 0.042168

y2 = 0.034021 y6 = 0.035125
0
1S-220
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

y3 = 0.037931 y7 = 0.036369
0 y4 = 0.03057

The net work per lbm of inlet steam is.

woct = wt - wP = [(1461.2 - 1316.4) + (1 - y1){1519.2 - 1427)

+ (1 - y1 - y2)(1427 - 1369) + (1 - y1 - y2 - y3)(1369 - 1308)
+ (1 - Y1 - Y2 - YJ - Y4 )(1308 - 1247)
+ (1 - Y1 - Y2 - YJ - Y4 - Ys){l247 - 1175)
+ (1 - Y1 - Y2 - Y3 - Y4 - Ys - Y6)(1175 - 1108)
+ (1 - Yt - Y2 - Y3 - Y4 - Ys - Y6 - Y1)(1108 - 1023.6)]
- [(1 - Yt - Y2 - Y3 - Y4 - Ys) 0.1 + 7.44))

Wnet = 531.7 Btu/lbm

From Figure 15.35.

W = 235,090 kW + 13,730 kW + 3200 kW + 950 kW

= 252,9780 kW
The inlet steam flow is.

m• !!_ • (252,970 kW)(3412 Btu/kW-hr) = 1,623,347 lbm/hr

• wnet 531.7 Btu/lbm

The bleed extraction flows are (mt = m, yJ).

m1 = 156,783 lbm/hr m5 = 68,453 lbm/hr

~ = 55,228 lbm/hr m6 = 57,020 lbm/hr

~ = 61,575 lbm/hr ~ = 58,877 lbm/hr

m4 = 49,626 lbm/hr

15-221
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem CIS.1

Use STMCYCLE.TK or develop a spreadsheet template or computer program to

0
investigate the effect of varying the steam generator pressure on the thermal
efficiency of an ideal Rankine cycle. For a steam generator superheater outlet
temperature of 500°C and a condensing temperature of 35°C, vary the steam
generator pressure from 100 kPa to 30 MPa. Plot the results.

Given: Ideal Rankine cycle with superheater temperature of 500°C and condensing
temperature of 35°C.

Find: Thermal efficiency for range of steam generator pressures.

Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.

Analysis: Using STMCYCLE.TK, List Solve for a range of pressures from 100 kPa to
30 MPa and plot the thermal efficiency.

PROBLEM ClS. 1
44
I I I
42
_____ L ____ i ---~-----L ____ JI ____ _ 0
I I I I
40 ---~----~-----L ____ J _ ~ - - -
1 I I I
38 -L ____ i ____ J _____ L----~-----
1 I I I I
E
F 36 -----~----~----~-----~----~-----
1 . I I I I
. F
I 34 ---~----~----~-----~----4-----
C 1 I I I I
I
E
N
32 ----~----+----~-----~----4-----
1 I I I I
C 30
y ----~----+----~-----~---- ➔-----
1 I I I I
28 -----~----~----~-----~----➔-----
1 I I I I·
26 -----~----~----~-----~----~-----
1 I I I I
24 -----r----T----7-----r----~-----
1 I I I I
22
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
SUPERHEATER PRESSURE

15-222
 Chapter XV-VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem ClS.S
0 Modify STMCYCLE.TK to permit the analysis of an ideal reheat Rankine cycle with
a single reheat stage. For steam generator outlet conditions of 7 MPa and 550°C and
a condensing temperature of 35°C, use the modified model to determine the reheat
pressure that will result in the highest cycle thermal efficiency.

Given: Ideal reheat Rankine cycle with single reheat stage.

Find: Optimum pressure to reheat steam.

Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
3) Steam will be reheated to 550°C.

Analysis: Modifying STMCYCLE.TK as follows to add a single reheat stage to the

simple Rankine cycle.

() - - - - - - - - - - ROLE S H E E T - - - - - - - - - - - - = - = - - =
S Rule------------------------------
"Cycle Rules
Wturb=(h2-hbl)+(hrh-h3)
Wpump=hl-h4
Wnet=Wturb~Wpump
Qin=(h2-hl)+(hrh-hbl)
Eth=(Wnet/Qin)*lOO
s3=srh
sbl=s2
"Call Superheat Property Functions for Reheater Inlet and outlet
vbl=Vsuper(Tbl,Pbl)
hbl=Hsuper(Tbl,Pbl)
sbl=Ssuper(Tbl,Pbl)
vrh=Vsuper(Trh,Prh)
hrh=Hsuper(Trh,Prh)
srh=Ssuper(Trh,Prh)
Prh=Pbl

()
15-227
 Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Solving the model with a range at reheat pressures as inputs and plotting the r.7\
.. • _
results. \._/

PROBLEM Cl5.5
43 .25 ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
~-=-"'=-- _ .L __ J __ I _ _ _ I _ _ _ I_ _ _ L __
43.2
I I I I I I I
43 .15 - - I_ - - L - - 1. - J. - - -1 - - _I_ - - '- - - L - -
I I I
I ___ L __ L __ .L _ _ .J. _ _j - - _j _ _ - L - - L - _
43 .1
I I I I I II I I
f 43. 05 _,_ -
I
-1- - - I- - -
I I I I
J,.. -
I
- -1- - - ,_ - -
-
I
..J_ -
I
- -I I- - -
I
F
I 43 - - -I - - - I- - - I- - - + - - -1- - - -1 - - 1- - -1- - - I- - -
C I I
I
E 42 .95 - - -1- - -1- - - i-.:. - - +. - - -1- - - -I - - -1- -1- - - I- - -
-
-:- - -:- - - - - - - - - - - -:- - - :~- - -
N I I I I I I I
C
y 42 .9 -- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
42.85 - - -1- - -1- - - t- - - +- - - ,. - - -; - - -1- - -,- - ~ - -

42.8 ~ - -:- - -:- - - ~ - - ~ - - ~ - - ~ - - -:- - - :- - - ~' -

I I I I I °" I I I I
42.75 - - -1- - - , - - - r - - r - - .,. . . ,. - 7 - - -1- - -,- - - r - -
42. 7 .____ _ _......__ _ _ _I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _I _ _ _I _ _ _ ____,
0
500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 · 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000
REHEAT PRESSURE

Comment: Optimum reheat pressure of 1200 kPa is 17% of the_ team generator pressure.

0
1S-228
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDfflONING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER SIXTEEN
0.

Problem 16.1

A reversed Carnot cycle is used for heating and cooling. The work supplied is 10 kW. If
the COP = 3.5 for cooling, determine (a) TlI\; (b) the refrigerating effect (tons); (c) the
COP for heating.

Given: A reversed Carnot cycle, the power and COP.

Find: The tons of refrigeration, the (COP)h and T/1\.

Sketch and Given Data:

~e"-r..ecl
~t\,Ot
~e/e
(9,"@ Ta..
() Assumptions: 1) Cycle follows Carnot cycle; T8 =T 1, Tc = T2.

Analysis: For a reversed Carnot cycle,

T
a) .2 = IJ:Il1.
T1

(COP)c = 3.5 • -
a.in a.in
• -
Wnet 10

b) Cl.1n = 35 kW= 9,95 tons

c)

16-1
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.5
0 A standard vapor-compression refrigeration system uses R 12 as the refrigerant. The
R 12 leaves the evaporator at - 20°C, and the condenser pressure is 1000 kPa. The
flow rate is 20 kg/min. Determine (a) the tons of refrigeration; (b) the power
required; (c) the COP.

Given: An ideal vapor compression refrigeration system using R 12 and the

temperature and pressure limits.

Find: The refrigeration capacity, the compressor power and the COP.

Sketch and Given Data:

-rx.v
-z.o'C
0
A,

Assumptions: 1) R 12 is a pure substance.

2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
4) The processes are for an ideal vapor compression cycle.

Analysis: Dete~ine the enthalpy values around the cycle.

h4 = he @ 1000 kPa = 76.29 kJ/kg

h1 = h = 76.29 kJ/kg
4

h2 = h8 @ -20°C = 160.81 kJ/kg Si = 0.7082 kJ/kg-K

p3 = 1000 kPa ~ = Si = 0.7082 kJ/kg-K

h3 = 212.15 kJ/kg

16-7
·Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDIDONING SYSTEMS

b) WC = Iil(~ - h3) = (
20
kg/~in) (160.81 - 212.15 kJ/kg)
60 s/mm
~
\;..;I

= -17.11 kW
Qin = Iil(~ - h1) = (20/60)(160.81 - 76.29) = 28.17 kW

28.17 kW
a) tons =- ---
3.516 kW/ton
= 8.01 tons

c) COP = Qin = 28·17 = 1.65

. · 17.11 -
wnet

16-8
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.9

In a vapor-compression refrigeration system, the R 12 leaves the evaporator at 150

0
kPa and 0°C, enters the compressor, and is compressed isentropically to 1.2 MPa.
The discharge from the condenser is subcooled by 5°C. The refrigerant flow rate is
40 kg/min. Determine (a) the tons of refrigeration; (b) the COP; (c) the increase
in the refrigerating effect compared to the standard cycle.

Given: A vapor compression refrigeration system with evaporator discharge and

condenser exit conditions known as is the flow rate.

Find: The tons of refrigeration, COP and refrigerating effect increase compared to
the ideal cycle.

Sketch and Given Data:

r; .::- /, 2 J4~
?2- = I s-o 1t..P.a
I

7i I ; : {) •c
,Pz_. :::. / S-0 J,./'a
r .:>-.:= ~ ·c
-r- /-1- .-.::>-
0
A-,

Assumptions: 1) R 12 is a pure substance.

2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential C?nergy.

Analysis: Determine the enthalpies around the cycle.

h2 = h1 @ 150 kPa = 178.61 kJ/kg ~ = 0.7082 kJ/kg-K

h~ = 190.66 s~ = 0.7543 kJ/kg-K

h4 = 84.13 kJ/kg T4 = 49.3°C T 5 = 44.3°C h1 = 84.13 kJ/kg

h5 = h, @ = 78.97 kJ/kg h~ = 78.97 kJ/kg
h3 = 215.54 kJ/kg p3 = 1200 kPa S3 = ~ = 0.7082 kJ/kg-K
h~ = 231.4 kJ/kg p~ = 1200 kPa . s~ = ~ = 0.7543 kJ/kg-K 0
16-14
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDfflONING SYSTEMS

The refrigerating effect is

0 <Im = (h~ - h~) = (190.66 - 78.97) = 111.69 kJ/kg

4
Q.
m
= Ii1 gm = ( 0 kg) (111.69 kJ) = 74.46 kW
60 s kg

a) tons of refrigeration = (74.46 kW) = 21.18 tons

(3.516 kW/ton)

wnct = (h~ - h~) = (190.66 - 231.4) = -40.74 kJ/kg

b) COP= gm = 111·69 = 2.74

wnct 40.74 -

The refrigerating effect for the standard cycle is

The increase is
0 a~ = 111.69 - 94.48 = 11.21 kJ/kg
. 17.21
c) % mcrease = - = 0.182 or 18.2%
94.48

16-15
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.13
0 Refrigerant 12 enters an adiabatic compressor as a saturated vapor at -15°C and
discharges at 1.0 MPa. If the compressor efficiency is 70%, determine the actual
work.

Given: An adiabatic compressor with inlet and exit states and the compressor
efficiency.

Find: The compressor work.

Sketch and Given Data:

() Assumptions: 1) R 12 is a pure substance.

2) The compressor is a steady-state open system.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
4) The heat flow is zero.

Analysis: Determine the work from a first law analysis.

0 + m'(h = ke + pe) 1 = W + :th (h + ke + pe)~

Apply assumptions 3 and 4

h1 = h1 @ -15C = 180.85 kJ/kg s1 = 0.7046 kJ/kg-K

p2 = 1000 kPa

h2 = 210.98 kJ/kg

16-21
Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

= 0.? = h2 - ht _ 210.98 - 180.85

'fJ
C h'2 - h1 h'2 - 180.85 0
h~ = 223.89 kJ/kg
wnet = (180.85 - 223.89)

kJ
= -43.04 -
kg

0
16-22
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.17
0 A vapor-compression refrigeration system uses R 12 as the refrigerant. The gaseous
refrigerant leaves the compressor at 1200 kPa and 80°C. The heat loss during
compression is 14 kJ/kg. The refrigerant enters the expansion valve at 32°C. The
liquid leaves the evaporator and enters the compressor as a saturated vapor at-15°C.
The unit must produce 50 tons of refrigeration. Determine (a) the R 12 flow rate;
(b) the compressor power; (c) the COP.

Given: A 50-ton vapor compression refrigeration system uses R 12. The cycle states
are given as well as heat loss during compression.

Find: The flow rates of R 12, the power and COP.

Sketch and Given Data:

,,,¢;
Assumptions: 1) R 12 is a pure substance.
2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system.
3) Neglect changes ·in kinetic and potential energy.

Analysis: Determine the enthalpies around the cycle.

h2 = 180.85 kJ/kg ~ = 0.7046 kJ/kg-K

h~ = 230.40 kJ/kg ~ = 0.7514 kJ/kg-K

h4 =hr@ 32°C = 66.67 kJ/kg h1 = 66.57 kJ/kg

01n = m(~ - hi)

(50 tons)(3.516 kW/ton) = {rll kg/s)(180.85 - 66.67 kJ/kg)

a) rl1 = ~kg/s

16-29

-··--···- - - · · · - · - · · - - · · - · · · ..... ···---·-·-······ ··············--··········-·······-·····-------·----·---~

Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDfflONING SYSTEMS

Since there is heat loss, perform a first law analysis of the compressor.

Q + m(h + ke + pe)2 = W + m(h + ke + pe)~

Apply assumption 3.

Q + Iil ~ = W + Iil h~
(-14 kJ/kg)(l.54 kgls) + (1.54 kgls)(180.85 kJ/kg)

= W + (1.54 kg/s) (230.4 ; )

b) W = -97.87 kW

c) COP = (50)(3.516) = 1.797

(97.87) -

16-30
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.21

The same as Problem 16.20, assuming the isentropic compressor efficiency is 85% for
the compressors.

Given: A two-stage cascade refrigeration system per problem 16.20 except the
compressors have efficiencies.

Find: The mass flow rates, COP and cascade condenser irreversibility rate.

Sketch and Given Data: 7'

-,-

1;
,X\/
rv'A-P :e·
.A-

Assumptions: 1) R 12 is a pure substance.

I
0
2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.

Analysis: Use the property values from Problem 16.20 as appropriate.

kJ
p3 = 316 kPa h5 = 76.29 kJ/kg s6 = 0.6961 -
kg-K

h1 = 36.76 kJ/kg
kJ
~ = 187.84 kJ/kg S5 = 0.2888 -
kg-K

h2 = 174.16 kJ/kg, h7 = 208.24 kJ/kg S4 -- 0.1445 - kJ

kg-K

h3 = 193.68 kJ/kg h8 = 76.29 kJ/kg

h 4 = 36.76 kJ/kg

Using the compressor efficiency, find h~ and h~.

16-38
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDffiONING SYSTEMS

= 0_85 ~ = 193.68 - 174.16

0 rJ
C
= h3 -
h3
/
- ~
/
h3 - 174.16

. h~ = 197.12 kJ/kg p~ = 316 kPa I

S3 = 0.7291 -kJ-
kg-K

rJ = 0_85 = h1 - h6 = 208.24 - 187.84

C h'7 -h6 h1' - 187.84

h~ = 232.24 kJ/kg

From the first law analysis of the evaporator,

(15 tons) (3.516 kW) = (m2 kg/s)(174.16 - 36.76 kJ/kg)

ton

a) ~ = 0,3838 kg/s
C) From a first law analysis of a cascade condenser.

a) m = ..m(h'
~ 3 - h)
• = (0.3838)(197.12 - 36.76) •
0_5517 kg/s
1
.(h6 - h5) (187.84 - 76.29)

The total power is

WtouJ = (0.5517 kg/s)(187.84 - 232.24 kJ/kg)

+ (0.3838)(17416 - 197.12)

WtouJ = -33.3. kW

b) (COP) = Qm = (15)(3.516) = 1.58

C W (33.3)
net
-

16-39
Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDfflONING SYSTEMS

For an adiabatic, steady open system, the irreversibility rate, i, is T0 L\Sproc1

L\Sprod = (0.5517)(0.6961 - 0.2888) + (0.3838)(0.1445 - 0.7291)

L\Sproc1 = 0.000338 kW/K

c) i = (298)(0.000338) = 0.10 kW

16-40
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDfflONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.25

A vapor-compression refrigeration system uses a subcooling-superheating heat

0
exchanger located after the evaporator to subcool the refrigerant entering the
expansion valve. The refrigerant leaving the evaporator is superheated in the process.
Assume the refrigerant leaves the evaporator as a saturated vapor and the condenser
as a saturated liquid and that no pressure drops occur in the heat exchangers. The
evaporator temperature is -10°C, the condenser pressure is 1000 kPa, and the flow
rate is 20 kg/min. Determine (a) the compressor power; (b) the tons of
refrigeration; (c) the COP.

Given: A vapor compression refrigeration system that uses a heat exchanger to

subcool the refrigerant entering the expansion valve. System states are noted.

Find: The power required, tons of refrigeration and the COP.

Sketch and Given Data:

3
-r

AJ

Assumptions: 1) The refrigerant is R 12, a pure substance. ,

2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system:
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
4) The refrigerant is superheated 10°C.

Analysis: Determine the enthalpies around the cycle.

h 2 = 183.06 kJ/kg p 2 = 219.1 kPa

h5 = 76.29 kJ/kg

kJ
S3 = 0.7251 -
kg-K

h4 = 217.72 kJ/kg-K

Perform a first law analysis on the subcooling-superheating heat exchanger Q

subject to assumption 3 and that O= 0 and W = 0.
16-48
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDIDONING SYSTEMS

0
~ = (183.06 + 76.29) - 189.42 == 69.93 kJ/kg
h1 = ~.

The power is

a) W.,, = ID(h, - hJ = ( : ~) (189.42 - 217.72 kJ/kg)

= -9.43 kW
b) Cl., = ID{h, - h1) = ( : ) (183.06 - 69.93) = 37.71 kW
= 10.7 tons

c) COP = Qm = 37.71 = 4.0

0 Wnet 9.43 -

16-49
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.29

A vapor-compression heat pump uses R 12 and provides 10 kW of heating. The

0 .
.

evaporator pressure is 200 kPa, and he refrigerant enters the compressor at 0°C. The
compressor's isentropic efficiency is 80%, and the condenser pressure is 900 kPa.
The electricity to drive the compressor comes from a power plant with an efficiency
of 40%. Determine (a) the compressor power; (b) the ratio of heat used in the
power plant to produce the electricity to the heat output of the heat pump.

Given: A vapor-compression heat pump provides a specified amount of heat which

between known operating conditions.

Find: The compressor power and a comparison between the heat used to generate
the electridty to that used in the house.
3'
Sketch and Given Data:

-r

I
0
A-
Assumptions: 1) R 12 is a pure substance.
2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.

Analysis: Determine the property values around the cycle.

h2 = 189.67 kJ/kg ~ = 0.7320 kJ/kg-K

11.. = 72.0l kJ/kg h1 = h,. = 72.01 kJ/kg

p3 = 900 kPa h3 = 217.95 kJ/kg

_ OBO h3 - ~ (217.95 - 189.67)

tJ - • = - - - = - - - - - -
c h~ - ~ (h~ - 189.67)

h~ = 225.02 kJ/kg

The heat out is 0

16-56
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDfflONING SYSTEMS

0
(-10 kW) = (m kg/s)(72.01 - 225.02 kJ/kg)

Iil = 0.06536 kg/s

a) Wnet = Iil(~ - h~) = (0.06536)(189.67 - 225.02) = -2.31 kW
The power is provided by an electric motor. The power plant producing the
electricity has a thermal efficiency of 40%. Hence,

Qin = 5.775 kW
The ratio of this to the heat out put of the heat pump is

b) r = 5·10
775
= 0.577
-
0

16-57
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDfflONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.33

A two-stage cascade refrigeration system uses ammonia as the working substance.

0
The mass flow rate in the high-pressure loop is 0.10 kg/s. The condenser saturated
temperature is 36°C, and the evaporator temperature is -40°C. The cascade
condenser is direct contact. Determine (a) the cascade condenser pressure for
minimum work; (b) the refrigerating effect in tons; (c) the COP; (d) the power
required; (e) the second-law efficiency.

Given: A two-stage, cascade refrigeration system uses ammonia. The high pressure
mass flow is known as are the cycle states.

Find: The optimum cascade condenser pressure, the tons of refrigeration, -the COP,
the power and second law efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

'3,•c

<f1 ~Is
.sel:S4'e.
~-
(! 4

-f
c; 0 '

A--
- 0°C z. .
Assumptions: 1) Ammonia is a pure substance. _
2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.

Analysis: Determine the •ammonia properties around the cycle.

h 2 = 1389.0 kJ/kg ~ = 5.9589 kJ/kg

ha = 352.1 kJ/kg h5 = ha

p..,@ -40C = 71.77 kPa p..,@ 36°C = 1389.03 kPa

a) popt = /p2 P7 • /(71.77)(1389.03) = 315.7 kPa
For ease in using the super heat tables, use the values at 1400 kPa for h7 and
at 300 for h3

s3 = ~ = 5.9589 kJ/kg-K h3 = 1578.4 kJ/kg 0

16-64
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDfflONING SYSTEMS

kJ
= 1.650.9 kJ/kg
0
'
S7 = S6 = 5.4449 - -
kg-K
h7

h4 = 144.3 kJ/kg

Perform a first law analysis on the cascade condenser applying assumption 3

and Q = 0, W = 0.

(0.1 kg/s)(1434.0 - 352.1)

(1578.4 - 144.3)

= 0.0754 kg/s

Qin = Iflip{~ - h 1) = (0.0754 kg/s)(1389.0 - 144.3 kJ/kg)

= 93.85 kW

b) .t?ns o~ = Qin = (93.85 kW) = 26_69 tons

0 refrigeration 3.516 (3.516 kW/ton)

W1p = ~P(~ - ~) = (0.0754)(1389 - 1578.4) = -14.28 kW

Whp = Ihhp(h 6 - ~) = (0.1)(1434.4 - 1650.9) = -21.65 kW
d) Wtota1 = -35,93 kW

c) COP = Om • ~ .:;: ~
Wtotal 35.93

The Carnot COP is when the operating limits are between -40C and 36°C.
Thus,

(COP)c:amot = Tc • 233 = 3.06

TH - T0 309 - 233

. 2.61 ·
e) ,,2 = 3.06 = ~

16-65
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.37

A refrigeration unit uses the ammonia-absorption system for cooling. The unit is
0 ..

characterized by the following conditions: generator temperature = 98.8°C,

condenser pressure = 7034 kPa, evaporator pressure = 207 kPa, evaporator
temperature= 1.6°C, and absorber temperature= 23.8°C. Determine (a) the COP;
(b) the heat required per ton of refrigeration; (c) the heat rejected in the condenser.

Given: An ammonia-absorption refrigeration system with the system characteristic

temperatures and pressures.

Find: Per ton of refrigeration: the COP, the heat supplied and the heat rejected in
the condenser.

Sketch and Given Data:

G~H...-d-1',,,-
('?8, e•c)
CJ) ~)
0
z.!,. et
k.b$uvkr
Assumptions: 1) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system.
2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
3) All states are equilibrium states.

Analysis: From figure B.3(a) find the following properties

State 1 T = 23.8°C p = 207 kPa x~ = 0.428 hL = -151.1 kJ/kg

State 2 T = 98.8°C p = 1034 kPa "211 = 0.930 hv = 1553.5 kJ/kg

State 3 T = 98.8°C p = 1034 kPa x31 = 0.320 hL = 248.8 kJ/kg

State 4 T = 28.3°C p = 1034 kPa x,.1 = "211 = 0.930 hi. = 81.4 k.J/kg
State 5 T = 1.6°C p= 207 kPa Xs = x,.1 = xt = 0.930
For the purge liquid

16-72
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDfflONING SYSTEMS

p = 207 kPa T = 1.6°C x/ = 0.59 hL = -232.5 .kJ/kg

0 and for the purge vapor

p = 207 kPa T = -l.1°C Xs 11 = 0.999+ hv = 1290.5 .kJ/kg

The ammonia mass leaving the evaporator is

0.930 = (0.59)(m.,.) + (0.999)(1 - mp1)

mpi = 0.1467
h5 = mp1 hL + (1 - mpi) hv
h5 = (0.1467)(-232.5) + (0.8533)(1290.7) = 1067.2 .kJ/kg
IDi = Iil
4
= Ifl5 = (3.526 kW/ton) = (3.516)
(h 5 - h4 kJ/kg) (1067.2 - 81.4)

IDi = Iil4 = Ih5 = 0.003566 kg/s per ton

() A total mass balance is

An ammonia balance is m1 x. = IDi "2 + m3 ~

Solve for m3 •

(0.003566 + m3)(0.428) = (0.003566)(0.930) + (~)(0.320)

~ = 0.01657 kg/s

m1 = (0.003566 + 0.01657) = 0.02014 kg/s

An energy balance on the generator yields

OH = (0.003566)(1533.5) + (0.01657)(248.8) - (0.02014(-151.1)

b) Oa = 12,7 kW/ton

16-73

------- - . ··-···----------------- --··-- - ------------ --·------------ - - -

Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDffiONING SYSTEMS

The heat rejected in the condenser is

c) Qc = (0.003566)(1553.5) - (0.003566)(81.4) = 5.24 kW/ton

The COP is

COP= (3.516 kW/ton) = 0 _277

(12.7 kW/ton) --

0
16-74

---~-------~···----
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.41
0 An air turbine receives air at 1400 kPa and 310°K and expands it to 140 kPa. The
turbine internal efficiency is 70%, and the power produced is 65 kW. The air
exhausting from the turbine will be used for refrigeration. The refrigeration space
is to be maintained at 260°K. What is the maximum possible refrigeration in tons?

Given: An air turbine produces power and discharges air at a low temperature, which
may be. used for cooling. The turbine inlet and exit state, power output and
efficiency are given.

Find: The maximum tons of refrigeration possible.

Sketch and Given Data: ·

I•

/4
Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.
2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
3) The turbine is a steady, open system.
4) The refrigeration space temperature is at 260°K.

Analysis: Determine the actual temperature leaving the turbine and then from a first
law analysis the mass flow rate
The turbine internal efficiency is

For an isentropic process

t-i 04

T2 = Ti ~ T = (310 K) ( l 40 ) n .= 160.6 K
( Pi ) 1400

16-81
Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDfflONING SYSTEMS

(310 - Ti)
0.7= - - - -
(310 - 160.6)
T~ = 205.4 K (y. .

The turbine work is

(65 kW) = (ril kg/s)(1.0047kJ/kg-K)(310 - 205.4 K)

ril = 0.6185 kg/s

Consider at heat exchanger with air entering at 205.4 K and leaving at 260 K
with a flow of 0.6185 kg/s. cp·
.2o{/'1K
-----~
-----..-..- Z60f<

(z.') I I (3)
L.-..---- - -- I
.

C)
Q = (0.6185 kg/s) (1.0047 2:!_)
kg-K
(260 - 205.4 K) = 33.93 kW

6 = <33-93 kW) · = 9,65 tons

(3.516 kW/ton)

0
16-82
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.45

Twenty-five kg/min of air enters a dehumidifier at 25°C, 1 atm, and 60% relative
0
humidity. The air is cooled to 15°C, with water and air exiting separately at this
state. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of water leaving; (b) the heat transfer.

Given: An air-vapor mixture enters a dehumidifier at a known state and exits at a

known state.

Find: The heat transfer and condensed water flow rate.

Sketch and Given Data:

0
Assumptions: 1) The-pressure is constant and atmospheric.
2) The work is zero.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
4) The dehumidifier is a steady, open system.

Analysis: Determine the property values at states (1) and (2)

h 1 = 56.0 kJ/kg w 1 = 0.012 kg wpor/kg air

h 2 = 42.2 kJ/kg w 2 = 0.0108 kg vapor/kg air

Perform a first law analysis on the dehumidifier.

a) lb,. = (25 kg air/min) (0.012 - 0.0108 \ va,:;;") = 0,03 kg/min

0
16-86
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

0
Q = (25 kg air/min)(42.2 - 56.0 kJ/kg air)
(® s/min)

0.03 kg water 61.95 kJ

+ min kg water
_._____...,..._..._,.--,-----"----'-
(60 s/min)

b) Q = -5.72 kW

16-87

-------------------- -- --------,----~--
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDIDONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.49

Outside air entering at 55 m3/min, 10°C, and 70% relative humidity is reheated and
humidified so the air condition entering the heating system is 30°C and 35% relative
humidity. The humidification occurs with water at 15°C. Determine (a) the water
flow rate required; (b) the heat transfer in kW.

Given: Air at a known state is heated and humidified to a specified state.

Find: The water required for humidification and the heat required.

Sketch and Given Data:

,
, I

0
Assumptions: 1) The pressure is atmospheric.
2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
3) The work is zero.
4) The unit is a steady, open system.

Analysis: Determine the properties at states (1) and (2)

h1 = 23.8 kJ/kg air w 1 = 0.0053 kt va~or

g aIJ'
v1 = 0.81 m3/kg

. kg vapor
h2 = 51.0 kJ/kg aIJ' W2 = 0.008 .
kg mr

The air mass flow rate is

v
m. • _! • ( 55
3
m /min) = 67.9 kg/min = 1.132 kg/s
Vi (0.81 m3/kg)

The water flow rate is

©.
'

16-94
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDfflONING SYSTEMS

0
a) ~ = 0.003 kg/s

A first law analysis yields

he= he@ 15°C = 61.96 kJ/kg water

Q = (1.132 kg air) (51.0 - 23.8)

8

- (o.003 kg water)
s
(61.95 kJ )
kg water

b) Q = 30.6 kW

16-95
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDIDONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.53

Air at 0.5 kg/s, 35°C, and 25% relative humidity enters an adiabatic evaporative
0
cooler. The cooler receives water at 20°C, and the air leaves saturated at 25°C.
Determine the water flow rate.

Given: An adiabatic evaporative cooler receives water and air at known states. The
air exit state is known.

Find: The water flow rate.

Sketch and Given Data:

w
.
••,. I

[email protected]•c.
r
li.4 -.ez.,i~~ 0
Assumptions: 1) The pressure is atmospheric.
. 2) The work is zero.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
4) The cooler is adiabatic and an open, steady system.

Analysis: The humidity ratio at state (1) is a,

1
• 0.0085 kg va~or
kg air

and at state (2) w2 • 0.0202 kg va~or.

kg air

The water flow rate is

m_ = rll1 (w2 - w1) = (0.5 kg air/s) (0.0202 - 0.0085 kg va~or)

kg arr

m_ = 0.00585 kg water/s

16-102
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDIDONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.57
0 Air is to be dehumidified with a silica-gel absorber. The initial air conditions is 24°C
with a humidity ratio of 0.018 kg water vapor/kg dry air,it is to leave with a humidity
ratio of 0.005. The silica gel reduces the humidity ratio to 0.001, so a portion of the
initial air bypasses the silica gel and mixes with the air leaving the gel. Determine
the mass fraction bypassed.

Given: Air passes over a silica-gell absorber. A portion of the air by-passes the
absorber and mixes with the dried air. The inlet air state, the air leaving the
absorber and the final air state are specified.

Find: The fraction of air by-passed.

Sketch and Given Data:

0-x) IH,.,6-Y!e-r
(1) ) ~..... (zJ

Assumptions: 1) The pressure is atmospheric.

2) The heat and work are zero.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
4) The absorber and mixing chamber are steady, open systems.

Analysis: Let x be the portions of the air stream that is by-passed. A conservation of
mass balance for water yields.

0.005 = (1 • X)(0.001) + X(0.018)

x = 0.235 or 23.5%

16-109

--- ---- ---------------------------~--- ------------·----------------

 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.61
0 A building has a heat loss of 300 kW. It must be heated by fresh air. The space is
to be maintained at 24°C and 45% relative humidity, with an outside temperature of
2°C saturated. Humidification is achieved with 208 kPa saturated steam. Determine
(a) the cold-air flow rate in m3/s; (b) the steam required in kg/s; (c) the hot-air flow
rate.

Given: A heating/humidifying air conditioning unit receives air at a known state and
discharges it at a known state. The heat supplied is given as is the steam
pressure.

Find: The cold and hot air flow rates and the steam flow rate.

Sketch and Given Data:

0
~ . . . ~ ,r ;,708,l~

Assumptions: 1) The pressure is atmospheric.

2) The work is zero.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
4) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system.

Analysis: Determine the property values at states (1) and (3)

_ kg vapor
h 1 = 13.0 kJ/kg cu 1 -
0044
• kg air

h2 = 46.5 kJ/kg = 0 0085 kg vapor

W2 • k .
g air

The total heat added to the air is 300 kW. A first law analysis, after applying
assumptions 2 and 3, yields,

16-117 .
Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDIDONING SYSTEMS

Q = 300 kW= (ma kg,'s)(46.5 - 13.0 kJ/kg)

C,
ma = 8.955 kg,'s

a) V1 = (8.955 kg,'s)(0.78 m3/kg) = 6.98 m3/s

c) V2 = IIl 8
V2 = (8.955)(0.855) = 7.65 m3/S
The steam flow rate is

Iil = ma<w2 - w1) = (8.955 kg,'s) (o.0085 - 0.0044 kg va~or)

s kg air

b) Iil5 = 0.0367 kg/s

0
16-118
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDIDONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.65
0 A heating system for an office building uses an adiabatic saturation air washer
followed by a heating coil. A mixture of 1.2 m3/s of outside air at 5°C dry-bulb and
50% relative humidity and 6 m3/s of return air at 20°C dry-bulb and 55% relative
humidity enter the saturator. The mixture leaves with a temperature 1°C less than
saturation. The heating coil heats the mixture at 38°C. For the mixture leaving the
heating coil, determine (a) the relative humidity; (b) the specific volume; (c) the
heat supplied in the coil.

Given: Two air stream mix and then pass through an adiabatic saturator and a
heating coil. The mixture states are given.

Find: The mixture relative humidity and specific volume leaving the heating coil and
the heat supplied.

Sketch and Given Data:

/, 2 114 ¾
(1\
S°C di, w,.,.... - w

/'S-0Jo ('1)

0 '
,_ ,.. - - --

Assumptions: 1) The pressure is atmospheric.

2) The work is zero.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
4) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system.

Analysis: Determine the mixture properties at state 3.

h1 = 12.0 kJ/kg = 0026 kg vapor

a>1 • kg air
.

_ kg vapor
h2 = 40.8 kJ/kg w2 -
008
• kg air

Apply the first law for the adiabatic mixing, subject to assumptions 2 and 3,
which yields

16-125
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDIDONING SYSTEMS

0
3
• -
m---\fl - (1.Z m /s) = 1.518 kg/s
1 V (0.79 m3/kg)
1

. - v2 -
~ - - -
(6.0) - 7143
-- - •
knl
51S
v2 (0.84)

(1.518 kg/s)(120 kJ/kg) + (7.142 kg/s) ( 40.8 : ) = (8.661 kg/s) (h, : )

h3 = 35.8 kJ/kg
The conservation of mass for water yields.

( 1.518 kg air) (0.0026 kiit.':r"')

8
+ (7.143 kg 8 air) (0.008 kt"Tr)
~
= (8_661 kg air) (w kg va~or) V
3
s kgair

w = 0 007 kg vapor
3
• kg air
For adiabatic saturation, the enthalpy remains constant. Hence, h4 = 35.8 and
= 0.0088 kg va~or. The heating process occurs at constant vapor
OJ 4
kg air
pressure, or OJ 5 = OJ 4• The enthalpy at state 5 is h5 = 60.0 kJ.kg.

b) v5 = 0,89 m3/kg a)

A first law analysis on the heating coil, subject to assumptions 2 and 3, yields

c) 0 • m(h5 - h4) = (8.661 kg/s)(60.0 - 35.8 kJ/kg) = 209.6 kW

0
16-126

---------------------··---·------·-·-------------- · - -
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITTONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.69
0 .

An air-water vapor mixture enters and adiabatic device with a pressure of 150 kPa,
a temperature of 40°C, and an unknown relative humidity. The air flow rate is 0.2
kg/min. The mixture leaves the device at 30°C, 150 kPa, and 80% relative humidity.
Water at 30°C is sprayed into the air for cooling. Determine the water required for
lh of operation.

Given: A steady open system consists of air flowing through an adiabatic container
where water is sprayed. The exit state, flow rate and water temperature are
known as is the inlet temperature and pressure.

Find: The water needed for one hour's operation.

Sketch and Given Data:

,.,
ao 0 c
ISO IJ>~
tp =BOJo

0 Mw ~ 3o0 c.
k.f =- 1z<. I .,T/'"',
Assumptions: 1) The device is a steady, open system.
2) The heat and work are zero.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.

Analysis: Because the system operates at higher than atmospheric pressure, the ideal
gas-vapor relationship from Chapter 11 must be used.

The vapor pressure at 30°C is 4.25 kPa and

0.8 = Pva Pv = 3.4 .kPa

4.25 2

p'2 = 150 - 3.4 = 146.6 kPa

16-133
Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDfflONING SYSTEMS

w2 = 0.622 Pv 2
= (0.622)(~) = 0.0144 kg vapor
p 22 146.6 kg air
kJ
The enthalpies of water vapor at 400C and 30°C are 2574.5 - and 2556.6
kg
kJ/kg, respectively. The first law on the control, subject to assumptions 2 and
3, yields

The enthalpy of an ideal gas is h = cP T, hence

(
0.2 kg
mm
.air) (t.0047 kg air-K
~ )(313 K)

+ (o.2 kg
mm
·air) (w 1 kg va~r) (2574.5
kg air
kJ )
kg vapor

+ (m.. kg ":ater) ( 125_1

mm
kJ )
kg water
0
= (0.2 kg/s) (t.0047 kg k! )(303 K)
air-K

+ (0.2 kg ":ater) (o.0144 kg va~or) (2556.6 kJ )

mm kg air kg vapor

and

lb_ = m.(w2 - W1) = (0.2 kg

mm
·air) (o.0144 - w 1 kg va~or)
kg air

Solve the equations for w 1,

= 0 0104 kg vapor
W1
• kg air
lb,. = (0.2 ~:n (60 mhin) (0.0144 - 0.0104 \ "Tr)
= 0,048 kg
0 '

16-134

------------------------- . --
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDffiONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.73
0 Calculate the volumetric efficiency of a single-cylinder, double-acting compressor with
a bore and stroke of 0.45 x 0.45 m. The compressor is tested at 150 rpm and found
to deliver a gas from 101.3 kPa and 300°K to 375 kPa at a rate of 0.166 m3/s when
n = 1.33 for expansion and compression processes.

Given: The operating conditions of a reciprocating compressor are measured in a test.

Find: The compressor's volumetric efficiency.

Sketch and Given Data:

J);::~S"c""'
L. :::: .-,:s-C.t,41
N-:::. .1,S-O v-1' m

Assumptions: 1) The compressor is· a steady, open system.

2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
3) ·The gas is an ideal gas.
4) The displacement volume of a double-acting compressor is twice
the volume of a single-cylinder. .

Analysis: The displacement volume per revolution is

Vp0 = 2 ~ D 2L = ~(0.45 m)3 = 0.1431 m3/rev

4 2

Vpo = N•vPD = (1so mm

r~v) (...!. min) (o.1431
60 s
~J
rev
= 0.3578 m /s
3

'1 - Vactual - 0.166 = ~ or 46.4%

v - T PD - 0.3578

16-141
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.77
0 A reciprocating double-acting, single-cylinder air compressor operates at 220 rpm
with a piston speed of 200 m/s. The air is compressed isentropically from 96.5 kPa
and 289°K to 655 kPa. The compressor clearance is 5.4%, and the air flow rate is
0.4545 kg/s. Determine for n - 1.35 (a) the volumetric efficiency; (b) the piston
displacement; (c) the power; (d) the bore and stroke if L = D.

Given: A double acting, single cylinder, reciprocating compressor compresses air

isentropically between two states. The percent clearance is known, as is the
mass flow rate and the polytropic exponent.

Find: The volumetric efficiency, the displacement volume, power required and bore
and stroke if L = D.

Sketch and Given Data:

'1,, f bi~
"Z-8 '? k.
-- - - rp~
1 -Z.U>
- --I , ((' fe,f,.
---:IJ!1111ol fl =-/t!. I1----3i...
, J I {1.) -
o.~.s-.rrr ~/, C,) 1_______
c=-!';1J:,
....1

Assumptions: 1) The compressor is a steady, open system.

2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
3) Air is an ideal gas.
4) The heat transfer is zero.

Analysis: The volumetric efficiency is

a) 'Iv = 1 + C - C (pP 2) tin •

.
1.054 - (0.054) ( 655 ) l/1.3S = 0.831
96.5
1

The total volume flow rate at inlet conditions is

(0.4545 kg/s) 0.287 ~ (289 K)

y ._m_R_T_1 • _ _ _ _ _ _ _k__ g_-K
______ = 0.3906 m3/s
2
P1 (96.5 kN/m )

The volume flow rate is also

16-147

------------~----------------------------------------- --- ------ -- --- -------

 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDIDONING SYSTEMS

0
V, = (o.3906 ':') = (0.831)(V,J(: r:") (z •':;e)
b) Vp0 = 0.0641 m3

Ym = 0.0641 m' = 1D'L (1) (D m)'

=

d) D = L = 0.439 m = 43.4 cm
The power is

W= (~0.35
1 35
· ~(0.4545 kg/s)(0.287 kJ/kg-K)(289 K)) [1 - (
.
655
96.5
) ~J 0
c) W = -93,5 kW

16-148

-· ..
-~---~--------- . ~ -
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDffiONING SYSTEMS

Problem 16.81
0 A single-acting compressor with twin cylinders of 30 x 30 cm receives saturated
ammonia vapor at 226 kPa and discharges it at 1200 kPa. Saturate~ liquid ammonia
enters the expansion valve. Ice is to be manufactured at -9°C, and the water is a
available at 26°C. The compressor runs at 150 rpm, and the volumetric efficiency is
80%. Assuming the specific heat of ice to be 2.1 kJ/kg-K, determine (a) the
ammonia flow rate; (b) the mass of ice manufactured; (c) the compressor power.

Given: A double-cylinder refrigeration compressor has known bore and stroke and
rpm. The ammonia states around the cycle are known as is the volumetric
efficiency. The water temperature, ice temperature and ice specific heat are
known.

Find: The ammonia mass flow rate, compressor power and mass of ice
manufactured.

Sketch and Given Data:

4
r--(!.€)~-AJ~---,
l)::.L=3oc,,,.
IS"O ('"fM T
0
~ IC.C Ci> -C'f •c.
:z.., oc C o : 2,1
r •v!J_ V
_, .. ,.....

4~ • 1oe,1s1,.ru,
Assumptions: 1) Ammonia is a pure substance.
2). Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
4) The cycle is an ideal vapor compression cycle.

Analysis: Determine the cycle properties.

kJ kJ
h2 = 1424.4 kg S2 = 5.5600 -kg-K V2 = 0.5296 m /kg
3

kJ
h4 = he@ 1200 kPa = 327.9 -
kg
p3 = 1200, h3 = 1667.6 kJ/kg

16-155
Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDIDONING SYSTEMS

The compressor volume flow rate

0
.. V,0 = (: D2L) (2) N = 150 rpm

V, = (0.80) ( :) (0.30 m)'(2) c: r:v) = 0.08482 :•

a) ~ = V2 = (0.08482 3
m /s) = 0.l60 kg/s
v2 (0.5296 m3/kg)

c) W = lil(b, -h,) = (0.160 kg/s) (1424.4 - 1667.6 : )

= -38.9 kW
Find the heat received in the evaporator. A first law analysis yields.

Q = lil{h, - h1}= (0.16 kg/8)(1424.4 - 327.9 : ) = 175.4 kW 0

A first law on the evaporator from the water's view is

hwater 1111:1 0 hJa = 334.9 kJ/kg

O"C

ah = cP(~T) = -(2.1 kJ/kg-K)(0-(-9)) = -18.9 kJ/kg

(-175.4 kW) = (mxe kg/s)(-334.9 - 18.9 kJ/kg)

b) mke = 0,496 k&fs

.
()
16-156

--- -----------------~~· ---------------------------------------

 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDffiONING SYSTEMS

Problem *16.1
0 A reversed Carnot cycle uses R 12 as the working fluid. The refrigerant enters the
condenser as a saturated vapor at 90°F and leaves as a saturated liquid. The
evaporator temperature is a constant -10°F. Determine per unit mass (a) the
compressor work; (b) the turbine work; (c) the heat input; (d) the COP.

Given: A reversed Carnot cycle uses R 12 and operates between known temperatures.

Find: The compressor and turbine works, the heat input and the COP.

Sketch and Given Data:

,
9oF
H-X

H-. z_
-,or
I

.A-

Assumptions: 1) R 12 is a pure substance.

2) Cycle processes are illustrated above.

Analysis: From the R 12 tables, find

h3 = 86.17 Btu/lbm h4 = 28.71 Btu/lbm

S3 = 0.16353 Btu/lbm-R S4 = 0.05900 Btu/lbm-R

The process from 4-1 is isentropic, s1 = s4

0.059 = 0.01462 + X,.(0.15527) X4 = 0.286

h1 = 6.37 + (0.286)(69.82) = 26.33 Btu/lbm
The process from 3-2 is isentropic, s2 = s3

0.16353 = 0.01462 + ~(0.15527) ~ = 0.959

h2 = 6.37 + (0.959)(69.82) = 73.33 Btu/lbm

16-157
Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

From a first law analysis.

a) we = h2 - h3 = (73.33 - 86.17) = -12.84 Btu/lbm

0
Btu
b) wt = h4 - h1 = (28.71 - 26.33) = 2.38 -
lbm

Btu
c) 'Im = h2 - h1 = (73.33 - 26.33) = 47.0 -
lbm

d) (COP)e = _T_e- = 450 = 4.5

T H - Te 550 - 450

Or the (COP)e may be found from heat and work term.

wilet = Wt + We = 2.38 - 12.84 = -10.46 Btu/lbm

(COP) = 47.0 = 4.5

e 10.46

0
16-158
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

Problem *16.5
0 A vapor-compression refrigeration system has an evaporator operating at -20°F, a
condenser with a pressure of 175 psia, and subcooling of 10°F of the R 12 leaving the
condenser. Determine the percentage of increase in refrigerating effect because of
the subcooling.

Given: A vapor compression system is ideal except for subcooling of R 12 leaving the
condenser.

Find: The percent refrigerating effect increase because of subcooling.

Sketch and Given Data:

T

- -i.o F

0 Assumptions: 1)
2)
R 12 is a pure substance.
Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.

Analysis: Determine the enthalpies around the cycle.

Btu
h 2 = 75.11 - ~. = 0.17102 Btu/lbm-R
lbm

h. =hf@ 175 psia and T4 = 121.2 F = 36.27 Btu/lbm = h~

T 5 = 111.2 F h5 = hf@ 111.2 F = 33.82 Btu/lbm = h 1

The refrigerating effect without subcooling is

'Im = (h2 - h~) = (75.11 - 36.27) = 38.84 Btu/lbm

The refrigerating effect with subcooling is

'Im = (h2 - h1) = (75.11 - 33.82) = 41.29 Btu/lbm

41 29 38 84
% increase in 4m = · - · = 0.063 or 6.3%
38.84
16-165

------------------~-
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

Problem *16.9
/"?\.
\;.;.I
In a standard refrigerating cycle the evaporator temperature is -10°F, and the
condenser temperature is 120°F. Saturated vapor enters the compressor, and there
is no subcooling of the liquid refrigerant. Consider ammonia and R 12, and select
the refrigerant that gives the higher COP.

Given: An ideal vapor compression refrigeration system, its operating conditions and
two refrigerants, R 12 and ammonia.

Find: Which refrigerant gives the higher COP.

Sketch and Given Data:

/Or

Assumptions: 1) R 12 is a pure substance.

A
0
2) Ammonia is a pure substance.
3) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system.
4) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.

Analysis: Determine the COP for R 12.

Btu
h2 = 76.196 -b
Im
~ = 0.16989 Btu/lbm-R
h4 = h1 @ 120 F = 36.01 Btu/lbm

h3 = 93.03 Btu/lbm

wnet = h2 - h3 = (76.196 - 93.03) = -16.83 Btu/lbm

q., = h 2 - h 1 = (76.196 - 36.01) = 40.19 Btu/lbm

(COP)R 12 = 40.19 =.2.32

16.83

For ammonia

16-172
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDfflONING SYSTEMS

h2 = 608.5 Btu/lbm s2 = 1.3558 Btu/lbm-R

0 Btu
h4 = 179.0 -lbm

p3 = p4 = 286.4 psia h3 = 775.6

Btu
wnet = (h2 - h3) = (608.5 - 775.6) = 167.1 -
lbm

Btu
CJ.in = (h2 - h1) = (608.5 - 179.0) = 429.5 -
lbm

429 5
(COP) = · = 2.57
NH, 167.1 -

Ammonia gives the higher COP.

16-173
Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDffiONING SYSTEMS

Problem 111 16.13

()
The same as Problem *16.12, assuming the isentropic compressor efficiency is 85%
for the compressors.

Given: A two-stage cascade refrigeration system per Problem *16.12 except the
compressors have efficiencies.

Find: The mass flow rates, COP and cascade condenser irreversibility rate.

Sketch and Given Data:

-r

2-
.A-
Assumptions: 1) R 12 is a pure substance.
2)
3)
Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system.
Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
0
Analysis: Use the property values from Problem 16.12* as appropriate. ·

p3 = 51.7 psia h5 = 36.27 Btu/lbm s6 = 0.1658 -lb_Btu_

m-R
h1 = 17.31 Btu/lbm

h2 = 75.11 Btu/lbm ~= 81.44 Btu/lbm s5 = 0.0754 ....b-!tu-

__
R
1

Btu
h3 = 84.05 - h7 = 90.71 Btu/lbm s4 = 0.0375 -lb_Btu--,,,,-
lbm m -R

Btu Btu
h4 = 17.31 -
lbm
h8 = 36.27 -lbm

Using the compressor efficiency, find h~ and h~.

16-182

---- ---· ·---- ----- -- - ------------------------ -- --~

 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDIDONING SYSTEMS

~ - ~ 84.05 - 75.11
0 'f/
c
= 0.85 = - - = - - - -
h'-h
3 2 h3I - 75.11

h~ = 85.63 Btu/lbm p~ = 51.7 psia s~ = 0.1740 Btu

lbm-R

11
'/ C
= 0_85 = h, - h6
/
= 90. 71
. /
- 81.44
h7 - h6 h7 - 81.44

h~ = 92.34 Btu/lbm

From the first law analysis of the evaporator

(15 tons)(200 Btu/min-ton) = (IDi lbm/min)(75.11 - 17.31 Btu/lbm)

a) IDi = 51.9 lbm/min

() From a first law analysis of the cascade condenser.

a) rill - Ifl2(h~ - h4) = (51.9)(85.63 - 17.31) = 78.5 Ihm/min

(h6 - h5) (81.44 - 36.27)

The total power is

Wcota1 = (78.5 lbm/min)(81.44 - 92.34 Btu/lbm)

+ (51.9 lbm/min)(75.11 - 85.63 Btu/lbm)
d, Btu
VVCOfal = -1401.6 --:- = -33.06 hp
mm

b) (COP) = Qm = (15)(200) = 214

C V{ (1401.6) ~
net

16-183
Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDfflONING SYSTEMS

For an adiabatic, steady open system, the irreversibility rate, i , is T ASprod

0
()

ASprod = mi(s 6 - s5) + mi{s4 - s31)

ASprod = (78.5)(0.1658 - 0.0754) + (51.9)(0.0375 - 0.1740)

· Btu
ASprod = 0.01205 -m-in--R-

c) i = (537)(0.01205) = 6.47 Btu/min

A
u
16-184
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

Problem *16.17

A vapor-compression refrigeration system uses a subcooling-superheating heat

exchanger located after the evaporator to subcool the refrigerant entering the
expansion valve. The refrigerant leaving the evaporator is superheated in the process.
Assume the refrigerant leaves the evaporator as a saturated vapor and the condenser
as a saturated liquid and that no pressure drops occur in the heat exchangers. The
evaporator temperature is 0°F, the condenser pressure is 200 psia, the flow rate is 20
lbm/min, and 20°F of superheat added. Determine (a) the compressor power; (b)
the tons of refrigeration; (c) the COP.

Given: A vapor compression refrigeration system that uses a heat exchanger to

subcool the refrigerant entering the expansion valve. System states are noted.

Find: The power required, tons of refrigeration and the COP.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) The refrigerant is R 12, a pure substance.

2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
4) The refrigerant is superheated 10°C.
-
Analysis: Determine the enthalpies around the cycle.

h 2 = 77.27 Btu/lbm p 2 = 23.85 psia

h5 = 38.91 Btu/lbm

h 3 = 80.16 Btu/lbm s3 = 0.1750 ---1b-!tu--R-

p,. = 200 psia h4 = 97.44 Btu/lbm
0
16-192
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

Perform a first law analysis on the subcooling-superheating heat exchanger

0 subject to assumption 3 and that Q =0 and W = 0.

~ = (77.27 + 38.91) - 80.16 = 36.02 Btu/lbm

h1 = ~

The power is

a) Wnet = Iil(~ - h.) = (20 Ihm/min) (so.16 - 97.44 Btu)

lbm

WN.t= = -345.6 mm
B~ = -8.15 hp

b) Qin = Iil(~ - h1) = (20)(77.27 - 36.02) = 825 Btu/min

I

r'i
\::tf,W\ = 4.125 tons

c) COP=-=-=~
Qin 825
W net
345.6

16-193

------------------- -----------------------------·--------- ----------------· . - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - -

 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDffiONING SYSTEMS

Problem *16.21

A vapor-compression heat pump uses R 12 and provides 34,000 Btu/hr of heating.

The evaporator pressure is 30 psia, and the refrigerant enters the compressor at 20°F.
The compressor's isentropic efficiency is 80%, and the condenser pressure is 125 psia.
The electricity to drive the compressor comes from a power plant with an efficiency
of 40%. Determine (a) the compressor power; (b) the ratio of heat used in the
power plant to produce the electricity to the heat output of the heat pump.

Given: A vapor-compression heat pump provides a specified amount of heat which

between known operating conditions.

Find: The compressor power and a comparison between the heat used to generate
the electricity to that used in the house.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) R 12 is a pure substance.

2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.

Analysis: Determine the property values around the cycle.

h2 = 79.77 Btu/lbm Si = 0.1706 Btu/lbm-R

h4 = 30.22 Btu/lbm h1 = h, = 30.22 Btu/lbm

p3 = 125 psia h3 = 90.88 Btu/lbm

'le = 0.80 = ~ - ~ = (90.88 - 79.77)

h~ - h2 (h~ - 79.77)

h~ = 93.66 Btu/lbm 0
16-200
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDfflONING SYSTEMS

The heat out is

0
(-34 000 Btu/hr) = {Iil lbm/hr)(30.22 -93.66 Btu/lbm)

Iil = 535.9 lbm = 8.93 lbm/min

hr

a) Wct = Iil{h2
0
- h~) = (8.93)(79.77 - 93.66) = -124.0 Btu/min
I

Wut: = -2.92 hp

The power is provided by an electric motor. The power plant producing the
electricity has a thermal efficiency os 40%. Hence,

Qin = 310 Btu/min

0 The ratio of this to the heat output of the heat pump is

b) r = (310 Btu/min) = ~ ·
566.7 Btu/min

16-201
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDffiONING SYSTEMS

Problem *16.25
0 A capillary tube vapor-compression refrigeration system operates on R 12 with an
evaporator temperature of 0°F and a condenser temperature of 120°F. The system
provides 1 ton of cooling. Determine (a) the mass flow rate; (b) the power; (c) the
COP; (d) the temperature of R 12 entering the compressor.

Given: A capillary tube refrigeration system with saturated evaporator and condenser
temperatures given. The units' tonnage is specified.

Find: The refrigerant flow rate, the power, the COP and the R 12 temperature
entering the compressor.

Sketch and Given Data:

12.0 F

0
Assumptions: 1) R 12 is a p'1re substance.
2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.

Analysis: Determine the enthalpy values around the cycle.

h5 = hr @ 120°F = 36.01 Btu/Ihm

h2 = h11 @ 0°F = 77.27 Btu/lbm

p 2 = 23.85 psia

Perform a first law on subcooling/superheating tubing which yields:

16-209
Chapter XVI - REFRIGERNfION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

Btu
h3 = h5 + h2 - h1 = 36.01 + 77.27 - 8.52 = 104.76 -
lbm

~ = 0.2191 Btu/lbm-R d) T 3 = 182.1 F

The process 3-4 is isentropic, s4 = s3 and p4 = 172~3 psia

h4 = 127.1 Btu/lbm

A first law analysis of the evaporator yields

(1 tons)(200 Btu/min-ton) = (lil : ) (77.27 - 8.52 Btu/lbm)

a) m = 2.91 lbm/min

b) W = m(h3 - h4) = (2.91)(104.76 - 127.1) = -65.0 B~

mm

W = -1.53 hp

c) . COP = Om = (200) = W
wnet (65.o)

16-210
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDIDONING SYSTEMS

Problem *16.29
0 Using the psychrometric chart, determine (a) the specific enthalpy and specific
volume for air with a relative humidity of 60% and a dry-bulb temperature of 100°F;
(b) the humidity ratio and the relative humidity, given a wet-bulb temperature of 75°F
and a specific volume of 14.5 ft'/lbm; (c) the wet- and dry-bulb temperature, given
a relative humidity of 70% and a humidity ratio of 0.018 lbm vapor/lbm air.

Given: Various states of an air-vapor mixture.

Find: Property values from the psychrometric chart.

Assumptions: 1) The pressure is atmospheric.

Analysis: a) </> = 60%, Tdb = 100°F

h = 52.0 Btu/lbm air v = 14.67 ft'/lbm air

h) v = 14.5 ft'/lbm

ft3
w = 0.0115 -
Ihm
</> = 24.2%
0 c) </> = 10%, w = 0.018 Ihm vapor/Ihm air

Twb = 76.5°F Tdb = 84.4°F

16-215
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDffiONING SYSTEMS

Problem *16.33

An air conditioning system dehumidifies and then reheats the air. The system
0
operates with 2625 ft'/min of air entering the dehumidifier at 80°F and 70% relative
humidity. The air leaves the reheater at 70°F and 50% relative humidity. Determine
(a) the temperature of the air leaving the dehumidifier before it is reheated; (b) the
flow rate· of the condensed water; (c) the tons of cooling required; (d) the reheat
in Btu/min.

Given: An air conditioning system receives a given volume flow of air, dehumidifies
it and reheats it to specified states.

Find: The air temperature before reheating, the water flow rate, the tons of cooling
required and the reheat required.

Sketch and Given Data:

T
Assumptions: 1) The pressure is atmospheric.
2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
3) The work is zero.
4) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system.

Analysis: Determine the air properties from the psychrometric chart to be:

v1 = 13.95 ft'/lbm air

Btu = 0 0078 lbm vapor

h3 = 25.4 - a, 3 • lbm air
lbm

The humidity ratio at (2) is the same as (3)

0
16-222

- -- --- - - -- - ---- - - ------- -----------------------~-- --------------------- ---------------------~---- - ----

 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDIDONING SYSTEMS

h2 = 20.6 Btu/lbm (a) T2 = 50.5°F

0 The air mass flow rate is

m. -- -Y1 -- --'-------
(2625 ft3/min) -- 188.2 lbmmm
/ .
a v1 (13.95 ft3/lbm)

The water flow is

Iil..v = ma<w1 - w2) = (188.2 lb~) (0,0155 - 0.0078 lbm va~or)

mm lbm arr

b) Iil,_,v = 1.448 lbm/min

The first law on the dehumidifier yields

0 Q = (188.2 lbm/min) (20.6 - 36.2 Btu. )

lbm atr

+ (1.448 lbmn:'ter) (37.68 Btu/lbm water)

Q = -2881 Btu/min

c) 0= (2881 Btu/min) = 14,4 tons

(200 Btu/min-ton)

The first law on the reheater yields

d) 0 = m.(~ - ~) = (188.2 lbm/min) (25.4 - 20.6 Btu)

lbm

= 903 Btu
min

16-223
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDIDONING SYSTEMS

Problem *16.37

An air-conditioned classroom receives air at 60°F. The air leaving via the exit duct
is at 80°F and 50% relative humidity. The people in the room may be viewed as
adding 0.165 lbm/min of water vapor at 95°F. The heat addition from the people in
the room and the lights and surroundings is estimated to be 33,000 Btu/hr.
Determine the inlet volume flow rate, relative humidity and humidity ratio.

Given: A classroom receives air at an incompletely defined state, has water vapor and
heat input to the air and the air exits at a known state.

Find: The inlet air volume flow rate, .the inlet relative humidity and humidity ratio.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: The pressure is atmospheric.

The work is zero.
Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
0
The classroom is a steady, open system.

Analysis: The properties at state (2) are

h2 = 31.3 Btu/lbm air W2 = 0.0110 lbm vapor

lbm air

Perform a first law analysis on the classroom

~ = 0.165 lbm/min

Use a trial and error solution. Assume a value for state (1 ), calculate m.
from the first law and check the conservation of mass equation for water.

0
16-230
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

Btu
= 60°F, </> = 50%, h1 = 20.4 = 0.0055
0 Assume T1 - , w1
Ihm

(550 : ) = (liI, lbm/min)(31.3 - 20.4 Btu/Ihm)

- (0.165 lhm/min)(1102.9 Btu/Ihm)

ma = 67.1 Ihm/min
~ = ma<w 2 - w1) = (67.1)(0.0110 - 0.0055) = 0.369 lhm/min
This value is too high, hence the initial humidity ratio is higher.
Assume T = 60°F, </> = 86%, h1 = 24.8 Btu/Ihm, w 1 = 0.0096

550 = (m.)(31.3 - 24.8) - (0.165)(1102.9)

m. = 112.6 Ihm/min

~ = (112.6)(0.011 - .0096) = 0.16 Ihm/min

0 This close enough. Thus

b) w = 0_0096 Ihm vapor

1
Ihm air

The,specific volume is v1 = 13.3 ft'/lbm, thus

0 .

16-231
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDffiONING SYSTEMS

Problem *16.41
0 Air at 95°F and 40% relative humidity enters an adiabatic mixing chamber with a
flow rate of 40 lbm/min and mixes with saturated air at 45°F with a flow rate of 65
lbm/min. Determine the relative humidity and temperature of the exit air.

Given: An adiabatic mixing chamber receives two air streams, creating the exiting
third stream. The inlet conditions are specified.

Find: The exit stream's relative humidity and temperature.

Sketch and Given Data:

,to ti -(IAA-1 n
'f(Or '-..._
? -;..1°fo
I I ~J
L_ - - - J

0 Assumptions: 1)
2)
The pressure is atmospheric.
The heat and work are zero.
3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
4) The mixing chamber is a steady, open system.

Analysis: Determine the inlet air properties.

h 1 = 38.5 Btu/lbm w 1 = 0.0142 lbm vapor/lbm air

h 2 = 17.7 Btu/lbm w 2 = 0.0064 lbm vapor/lbm air

Perform a first law analysis on the mixing chamber and apply assumptions 2
and 3 which yields.

(40 lbm/min)(38.5 Btu/lbm) + (65 lbm/min) (17.7 lbm

Btu)

16-237
Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

Btu
h3 = 25.6 -
lbm.

The conservation of mass applied to water yields.

(40)(0.0142) + (65)(0.0064) = (105)(w 3)

w3 = 0.0094 lbm vapor/Ihm air

From the psychrometric chart knowing h3 and w 3 find

16-238
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDmONING SYSTEMS

Problem *16.45

A cooling tower receives 5 x 1()5 ft'/min at atmospheric air at 14.7 psia, 70°P dry-bulb,
0 .
'

and 40% relative humidity, and discharges it at 95°F dry-bulb and 80% relative
humidity. Water enters at 110°F and leaves at 76°F. Determine (a) the mass flow
rate of air entering the cooling tower; (b) the mass flow rate of water entering; (c)
the mass flow rate of water evaporated.

Given: A cooling tower cools and water between two states. It receives a known
quantity of air enters and leaves at specified conditions.

Find: The air and water mass flow rates entering the cooling tower and the mass
flow of water evaporated.

Sketch and Given Data:

.
tro F
~"?tO~---
!1-z_o

'f~)
l
--n (,-.)

I
C
7'!"° F
f-b°7a
I
(
f
( .I ' 0
'

Assumptions: 1) The pressure is atmospheric.

2) The cooling tower is a steady, open system.
3) The heat and work are zero.
4) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy:

Analysis: Determine the air's properties at states 1 and 2.

Btu = 0 0063 lbm vapor ft3

h1 = 23.6 -lbm W1 • lbm air
. V1 = 13.5 -
lbm

h 2 = 55.0 -
Btu = 0 0291 lbm vapor
lbm w2 • lbm air

The air's mass flow rate is

16-246
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDffiONING SYSTEMS

0 a) . -- -Vt -- (5x1os ftl/min)

ma
V1
.
(13.5 ft3/lbm)
-- 37,037 lbm/mm
.

The water evaporated is

= (37,037 lb~) (o.0291 - 0.0063 Ibm va~or)

mm lbm air

c) me = 844 lbm/min
The first law on the cooling tower, subject to assumptions 3 and 4, yields

30 037 Ibm. air) ( 23 ,6 Btu . ) + (~ lbm ~ater) (78 _0 Btu )

( mm lbm air mm lbm water

(_) - (30 037 Jbm.

mm
air) (ss.o lbmBtu . )
air

+ (~ _ 844 lbm ~ater) (43_7 Btu )·

mm lbm water

b) m_ = 32,830 lbm ~ater

mm

16-247
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDffiONING SYSTEMS

Problem *16.49

A gas compressor handles 350 ft'/min of a gas at 14.7 psia and 80°F and discharges
0 ,

is at 98 psia. The piston bore and stroke are 18 x 18 in.; the single cylinder is
double-acting; the compressor operates at 150 rpm; and n = 1.32. Determine (a)
the volumetric efficiency; (b) the clearance percentage.

Given: A single-state, double-acting compressor compresses a specified volume flow

rate of a gas from inlet to discharge conditions. The compressor bore and
stroke, rpm and the polytropic exponent are given.

Find: The volumetric efficiency and percent clearance.

Sketch and Given Data:

•
I✓
\(I ~ 3'(0 t:{IA-1. ___ _ J):;: L.:: I B ,11.c.~
{I) : I r-o -rf fjf.f
--1911t'I
I n-=-/,3Z-
-I -- - - -
0
Assumptions: 1) The compressor is a steady, open system.
2) The compression and expansion processes are reversible.
3) The gas is an ideal gas.
4) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.

Analysis: Determine the volume flow of the piston displacement.

n 2L ft3 ) ( N stro_kes)
( 4 0 stroke 2 mm

ft3 ) (2) (i5o stro~es)

(n)4 (1.53 stroke mm
= 795.2 ft'/min

VICtUII 350
a) ,,, = T = 195.2 = ~
pd

0
16-254
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDIDONING SYSTEMS

0
2
98 ) t/1.3
0.44 = 1 + C - C -
( 14.7

0.44 = 1 - 3.208 C
c = 0.175 or 17.5%

16-25S
 Chapter XVI · REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDfflONING SYSTEMS

Problem C16.1
0 Use R12CYCLE.TK to calculate the COP of a standard vapor-compression cycle
operating under various evaporating and condensing temperatures. For condensing
temperatures of 25°C, 35°C, and 45°C, calculat~ . the COP for evaporating
temperatures between -40° and 10°C and plot the results.

Given: Standard vapor-compression refrigeration cycle operating under various

evaporating and condensing temperatures;

Find: COP

Sketch and Given Data:

!c,2",!I_ - - ,...__ _ _ _-t

J:ctY•f! -

s
0 Assumptions: 1) Each component may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.
2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be ;11eglected.
3) The cycle is ideal (standard).

Analysis: Using R12CYCLB.TK, enter zero for SHT, SC, DELP12 and DELP34. List
Solving with the condensing and evaporating temperatures as inputs, and
presenting the results.

16-259
Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDfflONING SYSTEMS

Tevap Tcond COP

PROBLEM Cl6.l

Wcomp Qevap T3
0 ,

-40 25 2. 7104 40.562 109.94 42.327

-30 25 3.4986 32. 74 114. 54 37.802·
-20 25 4. 6477 25.622 119.08 34.191
-.10 25 6.467 19 .102 123.53 31.309
0 25 9.7581 13.105 127.88 29.012
10 25 17.466 7.5623 132.08 27.167

-40 35 2.1935 45.635 100.l 53.386

-30 35 2. 7773 37.699 104.7 48.88
-20 35 3.583 30.488 109.24 45.292
-10 35 4.7583 23.894 113. 69 42.432
0 35 6.6181 17.835 118 .03 40.155
·10 35 9.9843 12.244 122.24 38.328
-40 45 1.7838 50.422 89.945 64.256
-30 45 2.2312 42.375 94.548 59.787
-20 45 2.8252 35.073 99.087 56.235
-10 45 3.6452 28.404 103.54 53.409
0 45 4.8409 22.286 107.88 51.164
10 45 6.734 ·16. 645 112 .09 49.364

I I
PROBLEM Cl6. 1
18 . - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - - , - - - - ,
I
I I I I I I
t o.
16 - - 7 - - 7 - - 7 - - 7 - - -, - - -, - - -, - - -, - - -, - - -1 - - -
I I I I I I I Tc~ l5'"°C
14 - - -I - - -1- - -I - - -1- - -1- :_ -1- - -1- - -1- - -I - -1- - -
I I I I I
I I I I I
12 - - - - - - I -- - - I - - - I - - - I - - - - - - - - - - -
I I I I I I I
C 10
0
--~--~--~--~--~--~--~---
' I I I I I I =35'°C
p 8 - - .J - - .J - - -' - - _, - - _, - - _, - - _, -- -
I I I I I I I
I I I I I
6 ---,---,---,---,-:----
' I I I
4 ---1---1--

2t::::=-r-:::::!:_==_____j ___I _ _ _I _ _ _ I _ _ _ I _ _ _ 1_ _ _ I __ _
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I
0"'---------------------------------'
-40-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 5 15 0 10
EVAPORATING TEMPERATURE
0
16-260
 Chapter XVI • REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDIDONING SYSTEMS

Problem C16.S

Modify R12CYCLE.TK to include equations to model an ideal reciprocating

compressor. Based in a given compressor displacement, the equations should
calculate the volumetric efficiency, -refrigerant mass flow, compressor power, and
refrigeration capacity. For a compressor with 5% clearance and 2 m3/min
displacement, calculate the above variables for evaporating temperatures between -50°
and 20°C and for a condensing temperature of 40°C. Plot the results. ·

Given: Standard vapor-compression cycle with ideal reciprocating compressor.

'
Find: Performance with various evaporating temperatures.

Assumptions: 1) Each component may be analyzed as a steady-state open system.

2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected.
3) The cycle is ideal (standard).
4) The compressor is ideal, with clearance.

Analysis: Modifying R12CYCLE.TK by adding the following Rules.

- - - - - - - - - - RULE SHEET---=-=========-==-=
s RUli!!!----------------------
"Compressor Rules
Ev=l+c\-c\*(v2/v3)
0
mR=DISPL*!v/v2
Pc=mR*W~omp
Rc=mR*Qevap

List Solving for various evaporator temperatures.

PROBLEM Cl6.5
Tevap Ev mR Pc Re

-so .12963 .011265 .64215 1.0186

-40 .45294 .062443 3.0013 5.9362
-30 .64701 .13532 5.4225 13.487
-20 .76927 .23554 7.7296 24.545
-10 .84911 .36927 9.6692 40.125
0 • 90287 .54338 10.92 61.402
10 .94012 .766 11.092 89 .783

0
'

16-264

----------------·-------
 Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDffiONING SYSTEMS

0 90
PROBLEM C16.5
I I I I I /
I I I I I /
80 - - - - - r - - - - 7 - - - - - r - - - - -, - - - - - T - - // -
I I I I I //
70 - - - - - I- - - - - -I - - - - - .I- - - - - _, - - - - - -I- - /_ - - -
I I I I I
I I I I
60 . I I I I
I I I I I

K
so - ---~----~-----~----~-- --~-----
' I I
w _____ L ____ ~ _ _ _ _ _ L ____ _____ LI ____ _
40
I I I
I I I I I
30 - - - - - I - - - - I- - - - - I - - - -, - - - - - I -. - - - -
I I
20 - - - - · I- - - - - -1 - - - - +- - - - - -I - - - - - +- - - - -
I I I I
10 - - - - - L - -

0
-so .
0 -40 -30 -20
EVAPORATING TEMPERATURE
-10 0 IQ

Comment: As the e~porating temperature increases, the compressor efficiency increases,

R12 specific volume decreases, and thus the mass flow increases dramatically.
This results in a significant increase in refrigerating capacity.

16-26S
 Chapter XVII - FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACHINERY

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
0 .
Problem 17.1

Helium is flowing in a pipeline at a velocity of 1000 m/s and with a pressure of 120
kPa and a temperature of 300 K Determine the stagnation temperature and the
isentropic stagnation pressure.

Given: Helium flows at known temperature, pressure and velocity.

Find: The stagnation temperature and the isentropic stagnation pressure.

Sketch and Given Data:

lie
I ()1)1:) M /~
( Z.e> k-,i?J.
.- - -,

r C
'30-C k..
I J
,.... ,- <

0 Assumptions: 1)
2)
Helium is an ideal gas.
Neglect changes in potential energy.

Analysis: From Equation 17.21a

To = T+± = (300K) + (1000m/s)2

2cp (2) (s.19542:!.._)
kg-K
(1000.!.)
kJ

T0 • 396.2K

The reversible adiabatic relationship between T and p yields

P0 = P,(~rt •(120kPa)(3~)~
PO = 240.6kPa

17-1
 Chapter XVII - FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMAClllNERY

Problem 17.5

Find the isentropic stagnation temperature and pressure for the following fluids
flowing through a duct at 2.5 MPa, 350°C, and 450 m/s: (a) helium; (b) nitrogen; (c)
steam.

Given: A fluid flows through a duct at known temperature, pressure and velocity.

Find: The isentropic stagnation temperatures and pressures.

Sketch and Given Data:

' 2, ~
- -- .....)
- - -Mf!;. ? -.
t J.so•c
~ -J~'Y.~_;

Assumptions: 1) Helium and nitrogen .are ideal gases.

2) Steam is a pure substance.
3) Neglect changes in potential energy.

Analysis: From Equation 17.21:

v'-
T =T + -
o 2cp

and

For helium

T0 • (623K) + (
2)(S~:::~;-K) = 642.SK
a)
p0 = (2500kPa)(~!S) =• 2700kPa

0
17-6
 Chapter XVIl - FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACIDNERY

For nitrogen
0 450)2 = 720.4K
T0 = 623 + (
(2)(1039.9)
b)
4
p0 = (2500) ( ~ ) ¼: = 4160kPa
Steam is not an ideal gas, so the ideal processes are not applicable.

2
V1
h0 = h1 + -2

kJ
At state 1, h1 = 3127.5- s1 = 6.8409kJ/kg-K
kg

h0 = (3127.5kJ) + (
4SOm/s2) = 228.75 kJ/kg
kg (2)(10001/kJ)

The entropy remains constant. From the steam tables (using TK Solver) find
for ho and So•
() c) Po= 3559kPa

17-7
 Chapter XVII· FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACHINERY

Problem 17.9
0 A hypersonic aircraft is designed to fly at Mach 20 at an elevation where the
atmospheric temperature is 217°K. Determine the stagnation temperature on the
leading edge of the aircraft's wing.

Given: An airfoil moves through air at,a known temperature with a· specified Mach
number.

Find: · The stagnation temperature.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

0 Analysis: Equation 17.24 relates Mach number and temperature.

~ . l + k-1 M2
T 2

T 0 • (217K)[1 + -¥(20)'] • 17 577K

17-11
 Chapter XVII - FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACIIlNERY

Problem 17.13

0 At 630 kPa and 1200°K, 27.2 kg/s of helium flows through the inlet nozzles of a gas
turbine. The exit pressure is 280 kPa. the throat diameter of each circular nozzle
is 1.5 cm. Determine (a) the critical pressure; (b) the minimum number of nozzles
required; (c) the force on the nozzles.

Given: Helium flows through nozzles before entering the turbine blades. The inlet
and exit states are known as in the nozzle diameter.

Find: The critical pressure, minimum number of nozzles required for the flow and
the total force on the nozzle block.

Sketch and Given Data:

b3o -.rci
\ 2-oO K ~~
z.7, i. ~Is ,.: ,,,-~---

() Assumptions: 1) Helium is an ideal gas

2) The heat and work are zero.
3) Neglect changes in potential energy.
4) The nozzle is a steady, open system.

Analysis: The critical pressure is:

a) p• = 0.487 Po= (0.487)(630) = ~kPa

Find the pressure at the throat from Equation 17.32 or using the isentropic
relationships.

17-19
Chapter XVII - FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACHINERY

1200
T• = ( -2-) T = ( -2-) < K) =900.2K
k + 1 ° 2.666

v• = RT = (2.077 kJ/kg-K)(900.2 K) = 6_094 m3/k

p• (306.8 kN/m2) g

v' = a• = (kRT")~ = [(1.666) (2077 kg~K) (900.2 K>]"

V- = 1764.9 m/s

The mass flow through each nozzle may be calculated.

A' = 1d' = (1) (0.015d!) 2

= 0.0001767 m'
Iil = A•v- = (0.0001767 m2)(1764.9 m/s) = 0_05118 kg/s
v• (6.094 m3/kg)

Ifloo.rAL = Nm
(27.2 kg/s) = (N nozzles)(0.05118 kg/s-nozzle)
0
b) N = 531.5 or ill nozzles

The exit temperature is

T2 • T0 (pP 2
) ~ = (1200 K) (~)
. 630
~ • 867.7 K
0

V2 • J(2)(h0 - ~) 11 J2cp(T0 - T2)

v2 11 [(2)(5195.4 J/kg-K)(1200-867.7 K)]~ 11 1858.2 mis

The force is found from Equation 17.11.

p • m( _ )• (27.2 kg/s)(1858.2 - 0 m/s)

v2 V1 (1000 N/kN)

c) F = 50,SkN

17-20
 Chapter XVII - FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TIJRBOMACHINERY

Problem 17.17
0 Methane flows through an ideal nozzle with the following inlet conditions: static
pressure is 700 kPa, static temperature is 300°K, and velocity is 125 rn/s. The nozzle
discharges into a static pressure of 550 kPa. Determine (a) the exit static
temperature; (b) the exit specific volume; (c) the exit velocity.

Given: Methane flows steadily through a nozzle from inlet to exit conditions.

Find: The exit static temperature, specific volume and velocity.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Methane is an ideal gas

2) The heat and work are zero.
0 3)
4)
Neglect changes in potential energy.
The nozzle is a steady, open system.

Analysis: The flow through the nozzle is isentropic.

a)

b) v = RT2 111
(0.5183 kJ/kg-K)(282.9 K) • 0_2666 m3/kg
2
P2 (550 kN/m2)

From a first law analysis on the nozzle.

~
h1 + -2 • _1, + -
~ and ah = c AT
~"2 2 P

~ 111 (
125 m/s)2 + (2.1347 _.!:!._) (300 - 282.9 K)
(2)(1000) (2)(1000 J/kg) kg-K
c) v2 = 297,7 mis

17-27
 Chapter XVII - FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMAClllNERY

Problem 17.21

0 An ideal gas in a rocket has the following conditions: nozzle inlet chamber pressure
= 2800 kPa, nozzle exit pressure = 28 kPa, k for the gas = 1.2, molecular weight =
21.0, nozzle inlet chamber temperature = 2500°K Determine (a) the critical
pressure ratio; (b) the velocity at the throat; (c) the exit temperature; (d) the exit
velocity; (e) the ratio of exit area to throat area.

Given: The gas state entering a rocket nozzle is specified as is the exit state.

Find: The critical pressure ratio, the velocity at the throat, the exit temperature and
velocity and the ratio of exit area to throat area.

Sketch and Given Data:

M.-= 21.0 'al',~
k.::::. I, 2.

\ IWJ
l
( 1) \
\ /4

() Assumptions: 1) The rocket gas is an ideal gas.

2) The heat and work are zero.
3) Neglect changes in potential energy.
4) The nozzle is a steady, open system.

Analysis: Determine the gas properties. ·

(8.3143
kJ )
R= R = kgmol-K =0.39S92:!._
M (21.0kg/kgmol) kg-K

k•c/cv=l.2 R=cp-cv•0.39S9kJ/kg-K

kJ
c =2.3754- cv=l.9795kJ/kg-K
P kg-K

Assume the inlet state has negligible velocity, hence p0 = p 1• The critical
pressure is:

17-3S
Chapter XVII - FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMAClllNERY

p* = p (~) 0
k+l
~ = (2800 kPa) (2) ~ =
2.2
1580 kPa
0
a)
T* =T 0 (~)
k+l
= (2500) (2) =
2.2
2273 K

b) v" = a' = (kRTj½ = [(1.2) (395.9 kg~K) (2273 Kr = 1039.2 m/s

The exit state properties are:

~ 0.2
T2 = T1 ( p )2
= (2500 K) (~) n = 1160A K
c) P1 2800

v2 • [(2) (2375.4 kg~K) (2500-1160.4 K) r = 25'2:2.7 mfs

A,. Ibv,Jv2 v*v2

-=--=-
A; mv*/v* v2v* 0
d)
v• = RT* = (0.3959 kJ/kg-K)(2273 K) = 0_5695 m3/k
p* (1580 kN/m 2) g

v • RT2 = (0.3959)(1160.4) • 16.41 m3/k

2
P2 (28 kN/m 2) g

e) A,. = (1039.2)(16.41) =11 87

A• (2522.7)(0.5695) -=--

•
0
17-36
 Chapter XVII - FLUID FLOW IN.NOZZLES AND TURBOMACHINERY

Problem 17.25

0 A supersonic wind tunnel is created by locating the test section at the exit of a
convergent-divergent nozzle. The inlet air is at 1.2 MPa, 320°K, and negligible
velocity. The test-seciton area is 0.12 m2, and the desired Mach number is 2.0. (a)
Determine the air pressure, temperature, and velocity. (b) Discuss the effect of
moisture in the air.

Given: A convergent-divergent nozzle is used to create a supersonic wind tunnel.

The inlet air state is specified as is the test section area and Mach number.

Find: The air's pressure, temperature and velocity entering the test section. Discuss
the effect of moisture in the inlet air.

Sketch and Given Data:

\ 2.cO h..ra (l) ',' ~--.c:::e---~-~

~ =;t
I
?

320 I(.
0, 1-z.~i...
' -- -.
fv\=2,0

0 Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) The heat and work are zero.
3) Neglect changes in potential energy.
4) The nozzle is a steady, open system.

Analysis: Use the isentropic flow relationships (Table 17.2) for M = 2.0.

Tffo = 0.55556 PfPo = 0.12780 NA. = 1.6875

T2 = (0.55556)(320K) = 177,SK = -95.2°C

p2 = (0.1278)(1200kPa) = 153,4k.Pa

V2•J2(ho -~) = J2cp(To -T2)

v2 • [(2)(1004.7 J/kg-K)(320 - 177.8)]~ = 534.5 m/s

Comment: 1) Notice the low exit temperature, -95.2°C. Any moisture present would
form ice crystals. The crystals can cause sticking of controls and
erosion of test materials. Air used in wind tunnels must be dried for
these reasons.

17-43
 Chapter XVII - FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACHINERY

Problem 17.29

Air enters a diffuser at 90 kPa, 260°K, 260 m/s, and a flow rate of 12 kg/s. The
(D
diffuser efficiency is 95%. Determine the diffuser exit temperature, pressure, and
area if the exit velocity is 70 m/s.

Given: Air enters a diffuser at known conditions. The diffuser efficiency is specified
as is the exit velocity.

Find: The air exit temperature, pressure and area.

Sketch and Given Data:

,4~
"Z. I h j

"V

I
Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.
2)
3)
The heat and work are zero.
Neglect changes in potential energy.
0
4) The diffuser is a steady, open system.

Analysis: The first law analysis of the yields:

2
(2602 - 702 m /s2) = cP(T21 - T1) • (1.0047 ~ ) (T2, - 260 K)
(2)(1000 J/kJ) kg-K

T2, • 291.2 K

The diffuser efficiency allows one to find T3•

(hi - h3), (Tl - T3),

'Jd • _ _.,....,.. • - - ~
(h1 - ~) (Tl - T21)

(260 - T3)
0.95 • ( 60 _ 1. ) T3 • 289.6 K
2 29 2
~
~
Use the isentropic relationships to find p3 • p 02,

17-48
 Chapter XVII - FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACIIlNERY

k
T 2896 !:!
0 P, = P1 T:
( )
F-I
= (90 kPa) ( 2ffi ) '·' = 131.2 kPa = p.,.
_ RT2 1 _ (0.287 kJ!kg-K)(291.2 K) _ O 3/k
v 2, - - - -------- - • 637 m g
P2, 2
(131.2 kN/m )

From the conseIVation of mass,

A = mv = (12 kg/s)(0.637 m3/kg) = 0.1092 m2 = 1092 cm2

v · (70 m/s)

C)
17-49
 C)lapter XVII - FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACHINERY

Problem 17.33

A venturi flow meter is used in a plant to measure water flowing through a 30-cm
pipe. The throat diameter of the venturi is 23 cm, and the pressure drop is 15 cm
of water. Determine the mass flow rate.

Given: A venturi meter is used to measure water flow. The area and pressure drop
across the venturi are given.

Find: The mass flow of water.

Sketch a n d ~ - - - - -

1-
----..--:, l) ~

Assumptions: 1) Water is a pure substance.

2)
3)
The heat and work are zero.
Neglect changes in potential energy.
0
4) The venture is an open system.

Analysis: Solve for the velocity at the venture throat from Equation 17.52a.

The velocities v1 and v2 may be related through the conseIVation of mass.

2 2-
D1V1 D2V2
----
The specific volume is constant. Thus:

0
17-56
 Chapter XVII - FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACHINERY

P2 - P1 = pLg = (1000 kg/m 3)(0.15 m)(9.8 m/s2) • 1470 N/m 2

v 1 = 0.001 m3/kg from the steam tables.

v2 = [(0.588v2) 2 + (2)(v1)(.6.p)]½

V22 = 0.3457v~ + (2)(0.001 m3/kg)(1470 N/m2)

Ii1 = (n/4)(0.23 m)2(2.12 m/s) • 88.1 kg/s

(0.001 m3/kg)

0
17-57
 Chapter XVII • FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACHINERY

(:, Problem 17:37

For the turbine in Problem 17.36 determine the velocity leaving the ·blades.

Given: The turbine specifications from Problem 17.36.

Find: The wind velocity leaving the turbine blades.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) The heat transfer is zero.
3) Neglect changes in potential energy.
0 4) The turbine is a steady, open system.

Analysis: The mass tlowrate was determined in Problem 17.36 to be 38345 kg/s. The
power produced by the turbine is:

The initial velocity, v1, is 40 km/h = 11.11 m./s.

2000kW = (38345 kg/s) (11.112 - v20IJt1112/s2)
2 (1000 J/kJ)

voot = 4.37 m./s

()
.
'

17-63
 Chapter XVII - FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACHINERY

Problem 17.41

An axial-flow fan operates at 1500 rpm. The blade inlet and exit angles are 30° and
0
60°, respectively, and guide vanes give the flow entering the first stage an angle of
30°. The ratio of blade tip to hub diameter is 1.375, and the ,hub diameter is 0.8m.
The air enters at 25°C and 1 atm and may be considered incompressible. Determine
(a) the discharge velocity diagram; (b) the torque; (c) the power.

Given: An axial flow fan operates at a constant rpm. the blade angles are given as
are the various diameters the air state.

Find: The discharge velocity diagram, the torque and the power.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

0
2) Air may be considered incompressible so the density remains
constant.
3) The heat transfer is zero.
4) Neglect changes in potential energy.
5) The fan is a steady, open system.

Analysis: Determine the inlet velocity diagram and then the discharge diagram.

V,1;., ~ tL= w f a.ve

The outside diameter is D0 = (1.375)(0.8) = 1.1

The blade speed u is:

0
17-70
 Chapter XVII • FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACHINERY

u = (°.4 ~ o.55) (15~2n)) . 74.6 mis

rll = Pi.AiVtI ·PAVt2

P1As = PA (air is incompressible)

V = ui • (74.6 mis) = 32.3 mis

r1 tana i + cot/}1 (tan30° + cot30°)

V = vrl = (32.3 m/s) = 37.3 mis

0 i cos30° (cos30°)

Vt
I
= Visin30° = (37.3)sin30° = 18.6 m/s
•

= /RT = (101 kN/m2 = 1181 kg/m3

Pi Pi i (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(298 K) .

Iil = PiA.iV,I

As =.n/4(O~ - D!) =.n/4(1.12 - 0.82m2) = 0.447 m2

m = (1.181 kg/m3)(0.447 m2)(32.3 mis) = 17.07 kg/s

tana = Vi, = u - vr,00t/J2 = (74.6) - (32.3)cot(60°)

2 vr. vr 32.3
2 1

a 2 = 60°

V
tan(60°) = __.!. Vi, = 55.9 mis
~ 32.3
X:::)

17-71
Chapter XVII - FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACWNERY

The fan work is:

e = u V _ u V • (74.6 m/s)(55.9 - 18.6 m/s) • 2,782 ~

P 2 ti t '1 (1000 J/kJ) kg

The power is:

c) E = me = (17.07 kg/s)(2,782
P
kJ)
kg
= 47.5 kW

The torque is:

b) -r =E = (47500 W) • 3024 Nm
w (1500)(2n)(60) .

0
17-72
 Chapter XVII • FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND. TURBOMACHINERY

Problem *17.1

A convergent nozzle receives 10;000 H:>m/hr of steam at 500 psia, 600°F, and 300
ft/sec and discharges it through an exit area of 0.5 in. 2 at 225 psia and 1700 ft/sec.
Determine the minimum force neces~ary to h~ld the nozzle in position.

Given: A convergent nozzle receives a known flowrate of steam at specified pressure,

temperature and velocity. The nozzle exit area, pressure and velocity are
known.

Find: The minimum force required to hold the nozzle stationary.

Sketch and Given Data:

ukt'Yl
/OJ 000 /~IAf./Ar
c!> • S'" , t\ &.,.
..soo f'~td
6ts0 F
Z-2,~rs,a
-300 ,f!t,/sec /?<so .ff/,~

0 Assumptions: 1)
2)
Steam is a pure substance
The heat and work are zero.
3) Neglect changes in potential energy.
4) The nozzle is a steady, open system.

Analysis: Assume the steam flows isentropically through the nozzle.

The inlet conditions are:

Btu
h1 = 1298.8 Btu/Ibm S1 = 1.5588 - v 1 = 1.1591 ft 3/lbm
lbm
' ft3
~ = 1220.1 Btu/Ibm V2 = 2.1526-
lbm

The mass flowrate is:

0
17-75
Chapter XVII · FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TIJRBOMACHINEkY

Ii1 = ~v2
. v2
• (0.5 in2)(1700 ft/sec)
2
(144 int/, )(2.·L526 ft3/lbm)
• 2_742 lbm
sec
0
I,

~ = mv, = (2,742 'i~)(l.1S91 ft3/lbm)(144 in2/ft2)

v1 (300 ft/sec)
. ',

From Equation 17.11: .·, .

F =(2.742 lbm/sec)(1700 - 300 ft/sec) = 119.3 lb,

(32.174 lbm -ft/lbc - sec2)

C)

17-76
 Chapter XVII • FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACmNERY

Problem *17.5
0 Determine the acoustic velocity of R12 at 150 pslia and 120°F.

Given: The pressure and temperature of R12.

Find: The acoustic velocity.

Assumptions: 1) R12 is a pure substance.

Analysis: The ideal gas relationships cannot be used for R12. The acoustic velocity may
be found from Equation 17.19,

a = (...!..) Y.i where /J, = -! (av)

PfJ. v ap •

Evaluate p and /3
1
from the R12 tables.

1 kg
V1 = 0.2800 ft3/lbm s1 = 0.16628 "'"lb-:U--R- S1 = - = 54.45 -
Vt ml

0 p = 148 psia s = s1 v = 0.28381 ft3/lbm

p = 152 psia s = s1 · v = 0.27637 ft'/lbm

p = -( 1 ) (0,27637 - 0.28581 ft'/lbm) = +0.006643 .2.._

' 0.2800 ft3/lbm 152 - 148 psia psia

(0.2800 ft 3/lbm)(144 in2/ft2) 32.174 lbm-ft

lbr-sec2

a = 441.9ft/sec

0
17-81
 Chapter XVIl • FLUID FLOW IN NOZZL£S AND TURBOMACHINERY

Problem *17.9
0 '

A nozzle has a minimum area of 1 in. 2 and an efficiency of 95%. It receives air at
50 psia, 1240°F, and 250 ft/sec and discharges it at 30 psia. Detennine (a) the flow
rate; (b) the discharge stagnation enthalpy. (c) Sketch the nozzle shape.

Given: Air. flows steadily through a riozzle. The minimum area efficiency are given
as well as the inlet state and discharge pressure~

Find: The flow through the nozzle, the discharge stagnation enthalpy and the nozzle
shape.

Sketch and Given Data:

so ~,a
1
\-Z..40° f
z,.s-of¥Jf!,

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

0
2) The heat and work are zero.
3) Neglect changes in potential energy.
4) The nozzle is a steady, open system.

Analysis: Determine the air's inlet stagnation state. If Pcxii is less than the critical
pl)essure, then the nozzle is convergent-divergent. If Pcxii is greater then p•
the nozzle is convergent.

h = h1 + -
v2
T =Tl + - C
v!
0 2gj 0 2gj p

To = {1700 R) + (250 ft/sec)2

(2) (32.179 lbm ~ft ) (778.16 ft-lbr) (0.24 Btu )

lbr-sec2 Btu lbm-R

T0 = 1705 R

0
17-86
 Chapter XVII - FLUID . FLOW IN NOZZLES· AND TURBOMACHINERY

0 p 0
=
(TlT) ir
p ~
1 = (50psia) (-1705) ~·
1700
14

·.
= 50.Spsia

p· = 0.528po == 26.67psia

c) Therefore the nozzle is convergent per the sketch shown.

The isentropic discharge temperature is:

_ = 1705 - T2 1
0 95 T2, = 1480.9 R
1705 - 1469.1

ft-lb
53.34 r (1480.9 R)

0 lbm-R
(30 lb/in2)(144 in2/ft2)
= 18.28 ft3/lbm .

V21 = 223.8Jh0 - ~1 = (223.8)((0.24)(1705 - 1480.9)J½ = 1641.3ft/sec

a) Iil = Azv21 = (1 in2)(164L3 ft/sec) = 0.624 lbm/sec

2 2
V 21 •. (144 in /ft )(18'.28 ft'/lbm) -

b) The stagnation enthalpy does not change across the nozzle. h0 = cPT0
= (0.24)(1705) = 409.2 Btu/Ihm

0
.

17-87
 Chapter XVII - FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACHIN&RY

Problem *17.13
r-\
\..:ii
Compute the entropy production across the shock wave in Problem "'17.12.

Given: The specifications from Problem "'17.12.

Find: The entropy production across the shock wa~e.

Sketch and Given Data:

'f'i (p)(_ :: 4 I 5'

-r~J-r,,_-= ,, ,e 7r
t'Y\ =- I,~ rb""-/UL-

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas.

2) The heat and work are zero.
3) Neglect changes in potential energy.
4) The nozzle is a steady, open system.
0 Analysis: The change of specific entropy across the shock wave is:

s2 - s1 = sy - sx = cpln(Ty)
T - R In(~)
·p
X X,

ft-lb1
53.34
· lbm-R
s2 - s1 = (0.24 Btu/lbm-R)ln(l.6875) - /n(4.5)
. (778.16 ft-lb/Btu

s2 - s1 = 0.0228 Btu/lbm -R

a$ rod = m(s2 -s1) = (1.3_lb_m) (o.0228 _Btu_) = 0.0296 Btu

P sec lbm-R sec-R

17-95
 Chapter XVII - FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACHINERY

Problem *17.17
0
Air .flows through a convergent-divergent nozzle with inlc{ conditions of 300 psia,
170°F, and negligible velocity. The exit area is twice the throat area. Determine the
exit pressure such that a normal shock wave occurs at the exit plane. '

Given: Air flows through a convergent-divergent nozzle from knowrt·inlet condition·s·;·

The exit area is twice the throat area. A normal shock wave occurs in the exit
plane.

Find: The exit pressure.

Sketch and Given Data:· ·

3oor.st~ I
\co F '
\ "?

'\J~O

Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas. 0

2} The. heat and work are zero. ·
3) Neglect changes in potential energy.
4) The nozzle is a s~ady, open system.
5) The flow is isentropic to the shock wave.

Analysis: NA" = 2.0. This corresponds to M = 2.2 from Table 17.2a. Thus, the Mach
number before the shock Mx = 2.2. From the normal shock relationships:

P/Px = 5.48
From the isentropic relationships p/p0 = 0.09352

Px = (0.09352)(300 psia) = 28.05 psia

Py = (5.48)(28.05 psia) = 153.7 psia

0
17-100
 Chapter XVII - FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACHINERY

Problem *17.21
© '
'

·-~.<.;-.,•·
.

A Pelton wheel turbine is shown schematically below, where a jet of water strikes the
buckets tangentially and the exit angle is 165°. Derive (a) an expression for the
torque and power produced on the rotor; (b). the u/V ratio to produce the maximum
power.

Given: A Pelton turbine receives a jet of water tangentially. The exit angle for the
water is given.

Find: The expression for rotor torque and power and the uN ratio for maximum
power.

Sketch and Given Data:

..J
Jet~

o. Assumptions: 1) The turbine operates in a steady-state condition and is an open

system.
2) Neglect changes in potential energy.
3) The heat transfer is zero.

Analysis: From Equation 17.74:

E = Iil{cvr2 Vt, - cvr1 Vt)

T = E = Iil{r2 Vt, - r1 Vt,)

CV

The blade speed, u, is:

u = Rev
V t, = V-u Vt, = (V - u) cos 8

The torque becomes:

17-107
Chapter XVII • FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND 'llURB0MACmNERY

i- = mR[(V-u) cos8 - (V - u)]

0
T = mR(V - u)[1 - cos8)]
a)
E = wi- • mwR(V - u)(l - cos0)

E = mu(V - u)(1 - cos8)

L·-

Take the derivative of E with respect to u.

''

dE
-=O=V-u-u
du

b)

0
17-108
 Chapter XVII • FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACHINERY

Problem C17.1

Develop TK Solver model, spreadsheet template, or computer program to design a

nozzle with a circular cross section to isentropically expand a jet engine's exhaust
from 110 kPa and 800°C to 40 kPa. Assume the gas k = 1.33 and R - 0.285 kJ/kg-K.
The inlet velocity is negligible, and the flow rate is 25 kg/s. The output should be a
table of nozzle area, nozzle diameter, temperature, velocity, Mach number, and
pressure in 5-kPa increments.
Given: Isentropic expansion of jet engin~ exhaust from 110 kPa and 800°C to 40 kPa.
Find: Table of nozzle area, diameter, temperature, velocity, Mach number.

Sketch and Given Data:

0
Assumptions: 1) The exhaust behaves as an ideal gas.
2) The change in potential energy may be neglected.
Analysis: Using TK Solver, enter the following into the Rule Sheet.

-------=-==--= RULE SHEET----=-==........ -----==

S Ru},=.--------------------------
* mdot=A*V/v "Continuity Equation
* P*v~R*T "Perfect Gas Law
* (V~2-Vl~2)/(2*1000)=Cp*(Tl-T) "First Law
* T=Tl*(P/Pl)~((k-1)/k) "Isentropic Process
* a=(k*lOOO*R*T)~.5 "Speed of Sound
* M=V/a "Mach Number
* A=PI()*D~2/4
* k=Cp/Cv
* R=Cp-Cv

,
I ()
17-118
 Chapter XVll • FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACHINERY

(I) The edited Variable Sheet is.

VARIA:BLE SHEET
St Input- Name- Output- Unit Comment
Problem Cl7.l
/
Cp l.1486 kJ/kg-K Specific Heat - Pressure
CV .86364 kJ/kg-K Specific Heat - Volume
.285 R kJ/kg-K Gas Constant
l. 33 k Specific Heat Ratio
800 Tl degC Inlet Temperature
110 Pl kPa Inlet Pressure
0 Vl ,n/s lo.let Velocity
25 mdot kg/s Mass Flow
L A .20104 m2 . Area
L V 5.9489 m3/kg Specific Volume
L 40 p kPa Pressure
L T 834.94 degK Temperature
L V 739.76 m/s Velocity
a 562.57 m/s Sonic Velocity
L M 1.315 Mach Number
L D .50594 m Nozzle Diameter

List Solving for pressure from 105 to 40 kPa and displaying the results as a
Table.

PROBLEM Cl7.l
p A D T V M

105 .42796 .73817 1060.8 168.2 .26525

100 .3111 .62937 1048.1 240.04 .38083
95 .26153 .57705 1034.8 296.76 .47383
90 .23359 .54536 1021 346.04 .55624
85 .21588 .52428 1006.6 390.86 .63276
80 .20407 .50973 991.62 432.78 .70591
75 .1961 .49969 975.87 472.74 .77729
70 .19093 .49305 959.3 511.41 .84809
65 .18796 .4892 941.82 549.26 .91928
60 .18687 .48779 923.3 586.72 .99176
55 .18755 .48867 903.58 624.13 1.0665
50 .19 .49185 882.47 661.85 1.1444
45 .19438 .49749 859.7 700.26 1.2267
40 .20104 .50594 834.94 739.76 1.315

@ \

17-119
 Chapter XVII - FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACHINERY

Problem Cl 7.5

The rotor energy transfer, e, for an ideal. impulse turbine can be shown to be
0
e = 2u (V1 cos « - u) ft-lb
..,,. ' f
0c '

Using this relationship, develop a TK Solver model, spreadsheet template, or

computer program to compute the ideal turbine efficiency. For nozzle angles (a)
of 10° and· 300, and blade speeds (u) from Oto approximately twice the optimum
(V1 cos a), compute the efficiency and plot it versus the blade speed/steam speed
ratio (uN1).

Given: Ideal impulse turbine with nozzle angles of 10° and 30° operating under
varying blade speeds.

Find: r!otor energy transfer.

Assumptions: 1) The inlet and outlet blade angles are the same.
2) The blade friction is ·negligible.
3) The nozzle efficiency is 100%.

Analysis:. Using a spreadsheet, calculate the nozzle exit velocity (V1) for
Ah = 100 Btu/lbm using equation 17.28b. ·Entering a range of blade speeds
(u) from O to approximately the nozzle exit velocity, calculate uN1 and the
rotor energy.transfer (e). The ideal turbine efficiency is palculated from.

Efficiency = rotor energy tranfer e

a: -
nozzle change in enthalpy Ah
The spreadsheet results are calculated and plotted as follows.

0
.

17-126
 Chapter XVIl - FLUID FLOW IN NOZZLES AND TURBOMACHINERY

P~OSL:EM C.17,5
1.00 . - - - - - , . - - - - - - - , , - - - - - - - , , - - - - - - , . - - - - - ,

0,80 ··························· ... ·-r·. .... .. '............................ ··~·.'. ''' ,..

'

0,60 ······························ t····· ........................r-.............................. 1.... ............ ........................ .

: :
: :
; ;
: :
: i

0,40 ............................ l...............................1............................... 1..................... ········r············ ··················

: : :
.! .: .:
0 ~
~
:
~:
;
:
i
:
~

~
:

0,20 ········ ·····················1······························-i·······························1·······························1· ..........................

\ .

: : :
: :
0,00 .___ _ ____,:__ _ _ __:__ _ _ _.;_.._ _ __..;._ _ _ __..!!
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
u./Vl.
◊ ALPHA:S0 +ALPHA:10

17-127
 Chapter x.vm. HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
0 Problem 18.1

An experiment is undertaken to determine the thermal conductivity of an unknown

material. The material is· 5 cm thick and has a diameter of 15 cm. It is placed on
a hot plate of equal diameter where the surface temperature is maintained at 60°C.
The outer surface temperature is 24°C, and the power used by the hot plate is 45 W.
Determine the thermal conductivity of the material.

Given: A piece of circular material has its surfaces maintained at constant

temperatures while the heat transfer is measured.

Find: The material's thermal conductivity.

Sketch and Given Data:

0
Assumptions: 1) Steady-state conditions exist.
2) The properties are uniform.

Analysis: From Fourier's Law, Equation 18.2,

(45 W) = (i~) (
m·K
333 297
-
0.05 m
K) (n-!4(0.15 m) 2
)

l = 3.54 W/m·K

0
 Chapter.XVIII· HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

Problem 18.5

The surface of a furnace wall is at a temperature of 1200°C. The outside wall

temperature is 38°C. The furnace wall construction has 15 cm of refractory material,
A = 1.73 W/m-K, and the outside wall is 1-cm steel, A = 44 W/m-K. What thickness
of refractory brick must be used between the refractory material and the wall if the
heat loss is not to exceed 0.7 kW/m2? The thermal conductivity of the brick is 0.34
W/m-K.

Given: A furnace wall is a composite of several materials. The thermal conductivity

of each material as well as its thickness is known. The temperatures of the
outer wall surfaces are specified.
Find: The refractory brick required to limit the heat loss to a specified value.

Sketch and Given Data:

/Sc..,.... ~ L.. - ' )

~et
~ Sr,c..e.
'°)\:f ,'73 "'\ \
A~o,;'f
""=- ~A.W/fl,c•K
/
W/l'-f•~
1/✓
\ Z.O'OOC.
~ ,~Wf".d<.
.1/ 0
-\CAA,. • J.J~ • U.U--0
e, (2..2- fl~

Assumptions: 1) Steady-state conditions exist.

2) The properties of each material are uniform.
Analysis: The equation for combined heat transfer

.6.T
q = ER
J

is used to find the unknown resistance.

0
18-6
 Chapter XVDL HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

r',\
~ R1 • L1 = (0.15 m) • 0.0867(m2·K)
A1 (1.73 W/m•K) W

~ -= ~ = . (0.01 m) • 0.00023 (m2. Kl

· A3 (44 W/m•K) W

700 "!l_ = (1473 - 311 K)

m2 (ER) m2; K

m2
E Ri = 1.66 w• K • Rl + R2 + R,

0.0867 + R2 + 0.00023 = 1.66

Rz = 1.573m2·K = ~ = (Lz m)
W l2 (0.34 W/m · K)

Li = 0.535m = 53.5cm
0

0 '

18-7
 Chapter XVIII - HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

Problem 18.9

For the composite wall illustrated in Figure 18.5, the following values apply: Li =
= =
20 cm, A1 = 75 W/m-K; L.z 25 cm, A2 = 60 W/m-K; ~ 30 cm, A. = 20 W/m-K,
lb= 60 W/m-K; L, = 50 cm, l, = 50 W/m-K. One surface is maintained at 400°C
while the other is maintained at 100°C. Determine the heat Oow and the
temperature at the LJL, interface.

Given: The composite wall per Figure 18.5 with various lengths and thermal
conductivities specified.

Find: The heat flow and the temperature at the LJL,. ·

0
Assumptions: 1) Steady-state conditions exist. .
2) The properties of each material are uniform.

Analysis: Determine the resistances per unit area.

R
1
=~ = (0.20 m) = 0.00267 m2.:.K
A1 (75 W/m -K) W

~ 0.25 m2 -K
~ = - = - · = 0.00417 - -
A.2 60 w

R = ~ = 0.30 = 0.015 m2-K

a A. 20 W
•

1 1 1 1 1
-=-+-=--+--
~ R. ~ 0.015 0.005 0
18-14
 Chapter ~ HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

~
2

0 = 0.00375 m -K
w

2
:ERj = 0.00267 + 0.00417 + 0.00375 + 0.01 • 0.0206 -m -K
w
(673-373 K)
= 14 S63 -
w
m2
(0.0206 m~K)
Tl - T,
q _= RI +' ~ + R,

14 563 = ( 673 - T,)

(0.0106)
T3 = 518.6 K = 245.6 C
0

18-15
 Chapter XVIII - HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

Problem 18.13

Air enters a heating duct with cross-sectional dimensions of 7.5 x 15 cm. The air
enters the 5-m-long duct with a temperature of 0°C, and the duct surface is
maintained at 67°C. If the air exit temperature is to be 20°C, what is the air flow
rate?

Given: Air flows steadily through a constant temperature duct and increases in
temperature. The temperatures and dimensions of the duct are specified.

Find: The air flow rate.

Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Steady-state conditions exist.

0
2) The heat transfer is by convection.

Analysis: The air properties are evaluated at the average air temperature of 10°C.

µ = 17.85 x 10-6 N ·s
m2
v = 14.8 x 10-6 m2/s

P, = 0.71

c., = 1011 J/kg-K p = 1.208 kg/m3

A = 0.0244 W/m-K
The hydraulic diameter for the duct is

D = 2 ab = (2)(7.5)(15) = 10 cm = 0.1 m
H a+b (7.5+15)

A = (7.5+7.5+15+15)(5)/100 = 2.25 m2 (.?'\

\J

18-22
 Chapter xvm- HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

The heat transfer may be detennined from the first law or by using the
0 equation for convective heat flow.

q = m(h2 - 11i) = mcP(T2 - T1)

q = hA (T, -Tblllk)

The temperatures are known as is the area and specific heat. The mass flow
is unknown as is the convective coefficient. However

N11 = Q.027 ~-s P~ (1!:..) o.i, A • (.075)(.1S) • .0112 m2

. µp

R = vpDH = mDH =· (m.)(0.1) • (5.0x105) lb

e µ Aµ (.0112)(17.85Xl0-6)

N11 = (0.027)(5x105 m)0.a(0.71)" (

17•85 ) 0•14 • 858.5{lb)0•8
0 . 20.1

ii 8
= (858.5)(lb)°' (0.0244) • 209 S(m)o.a
(0.1) •

(lb kg/s)(lOll J/kg-K)(293-273 K) • [(209.5)(lb)°'8 ..:!!.__]

m •K
2
2
(2.25 m )(340-283 K)

20 220 ID = 26 868 (m)°'8

rh = 4.14 kg/s

0
18-23
 Chapter XVIII • HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

Problem 18.17

A 15-cm-diameter steam line carries saturated steam at 6 MPa and is located in a

tunnel with stagnant air with a temperature of S0°C. The outside unit convective
coefficient is 8.S W/m2-K. The steam line is covered with 3 cm of 85% magnesia
insulation. It is decided ·to reduce the heat loss by one-half. How much 85%
magnesia insulation is required? Neglect thermal resistance of pipe and inside
surface.

Given: A steam pipe is covered with a known amount of insulation. The steam
pressure, outside temperature and outside convective coefficient are known.

Find: The additional insulation required to reduce the heat loss by 50%.

Sketch and Given Data:

S-batM.
9=1fc.l-"' so't.
"µPd kc= e., W/i,,,,.'-- 1:::

Assumptions: 1) Steady-state conditions exist.

2) The inside surface temperature of the insulation is the saturated
steam temperature at 6 MPa.

Analysis: The saturated steam temperature is 275.6°C.

Determine the original heat transfer through the 3 cm of insulation, ,t = 0.022

W/m·K

R = = ln{~d1) =
l (21)
n 15 = 2.434m·K
1
Ri Z,rA (2)(n)(0.022W/m · K) W

1 1 1
Re = Ri = h~ = n~hc = (n)(0.21 m)(8.5 W/m2 -K)
m·K
Ri = 0.178 -
w

0
18-30
 Chapter XVIJI. HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

ER; = 2.434 + 0.178 = 2.612

0 q = aT = .(548.6-323 K) • 86_4 ~
ER; (2.612 m •K) m
w
The new heat transfer is q = 86.4/2 = 43.2 W/m
43 _2 W) = dT = (548.6-323)
( m ER; tRi

ERj = 5.222
m·K
W

_ • ln(d/15) + 1
5 222
2.n(0.022) (n)(8.5)((½)

Solve for d2 by trial and error

d2 = 0.304 m = 30.4 cm
The total insulation required is (30.4 - 15)/2 = 7.7 cm. Of this 3.0 cm was in
0 place, thus 4.7 cm must be added.
'

0.
18-31
 Chapter XVIII - HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

Problem 18.21
-?.\.;:
(_ ·\)
A 22.7-kg/s flow of air enters a preheater at 28°C and leaves at 150°C; 23.7 kg/s of --
exhaust gases, c, = 1.09 kJ/kg-K, enters at 315°C. The overall coefficient of heat
transfer is 710 W/m2-K. Determine (a) the exit exhaust gas temperature; (b) the
surface area for parallel flow; (c) the surface area for counterflow; (d) the LMTD.

Given: Air is preheated by exhaust gases. The air and gas flowrates, specific heats
and temperatures are given as well as the overall coefficient of heat transfer.

Find: The exhaust gas exit temperature, the LMTD and the surface areas required
for parallel and counter flow.

Sketch and Given Data:

A,\-
2:z..'l lc.t( S
-z.6•c. - - - - - - - - , U =- 7t0 W(~ L, k:::
(/)

-z.-s,, "1/s
.., ~-------' c:f' =t,Of la..'7',, ~
(A\
Assumptions: 1) Steady-state conditions exist. · 0
2) No heat loss to surroundings

Analysis: Determine the heat transferred from a first law analysis of the air's control
volume which yields

0 = m(~-h1) = mcP(T2 -T1)

Q = (22.7 kg/s)(l.0047 kJ/kg-K)(423-301 K) = 2782 kW

The first applied to the gas's control yields

Q = m.(h4 - ~ ) = mcP(T4 -T3)

(-2782 kW) = (23.7 kg/s)(l.09 kJ/kg-K)(T4 -588 K)

(a) T4 = 480.3K =. 207.3C

For counterflow

.ATA = (480.3 - 301) = 179.3 0

18-38
 Chapter XVIlI- HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

t.TB = (588 - 423) = 165

(d) LMTD = .6.TA-.6.TB a 179.3-165 = 1720K

1n(!~:) 1n(l~)
(c) A = Q .. (2782 kW) • 22.78 m2
(U)(LMTD) (0.710 kW/m 2 -K)(172K)

For parallel flow

3 1 5 ° C - - - - - - - - >207.3°C
(A) (B)

t.TA = (588 - 301) = 287

.ti.TB = (480.3 - 423) = 57.3

LMTD = ( 287 - 57.3) = 142.6°K

0 1n(~)
(d)
A = (2782) = 27 48·· 2
(0.710)(142.6) • ·m

18-39
 Chapter XVIII - HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

Problem 18.25

A one-shell-pass, six-tube-pass heat exchanger is used as an economizer on a steam

generator. The flue gas, c, = 1.09 kJ/kg-K, enters at 350°C and leaves at 205°C with
a flow rate of 58.0 kg/s. The feedwater enters at 17S°C with a flow rate of 63 kg/s.
A change of operating conditions occurs; the water flow is now 25.2 kg/s, entering at
138°C. The new gas flow rate is 23.8 kg/s, but the gas temperature remains the same.
Determine (a) the old surface area required if U -170 W/m2-K; (b) the effectiveness;
(c) the new water outlet temperature.

Given: Water is heated in an economizer by hot flue gases. The gas temperatures
and flowrate are given as is the water flow and inlet temperature. Operating
conditions change resulting in new flowrates. The overall coefficient of heat
transfer is specified.

Find: The surface area of the heat exchanger, its effectiveness and the new outlet
temperature of the water.
Sketch and Given Data:

- ~ - lh-o ,si,,/4
(~) - - - - - - - - - (SJ /?f'OC.,
ti= /70 W/,wz.K .
,Assumptions: 1) Steady-state conditions exist
2) The heat exchanger is adiabatic
3) U remains constant
4) The flue gas is an ideal gas ·

Analysis: Determine the heat transferred from a first law analysis of the flue gas's
control volume.

0 = m(~ - h1) = IilcP(T2 - T1)

0 = (58 kg/s)(l.09 kJ/kg-K)(478 - 623 K) = -9167 kW
Determine the water's outlet temperature

0
18-46
 Chapter XVIlt- HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

Q = m(h4 -h3) ~ = h,@175°C = 741.0 kJ/kg

0 (9167 kW) = (63 kg/s)(h4 -741.0 kJ/kg)

p = 480.5-448 = 0.185
623-448

z = 623-478 = 4.5
480.5-448

From Figure 18.13 F = 1, therefore AT = LMTD

Q = UA AT
0
(a) A = (9167 kW) • 746.9 m2
(0.17 kW/m 2 -K)(72.2 K)

Determine the effectiveness

½. = IhcP = (58 kg/s)(l.09 kJ/kg-K) = 63.22 kW/K

From table A23, the average specific heat of water is 4.5 kJ/kg-K.

Cc = IhcP = (63)(4.5) = 283.5 kW/K

clilin = 63.22 = 0_22
c_ 283.5

(0.17 kW )(746.9 m2)

UA _ _m.,,...2.,,..,,-K,....,...,,,==:---- = 2_0
Clilin - (63.22 kW/K)

(b) From Figure 18.8, = 0.80

0 £

18-47
Chapter XVIIl - HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

Apply Equation 18.51 to detennine the new outlet water temperature

(0.80)(23.8 kg/s) (1.09 kg~K) (623-411 K) ■ (25.2 kg/s) (4.36 kg~K) (T,_ - 411 K)
(c) Tc. = 451.0°K • 178°C

0
18-48
 Chapter xvm. HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

e .
.
Problem 18.29

A new plant process requires 50.4 kg.ls of air to be heated from 4°C to 32°C.
Saturated water at 280 kPa is available for heating the air and has a supply capacity ·
of 8-.82 kg/s. An old heat exchanger is suggested for use in the new process. Records
show the following: dry saturated steam flow with no subcooling, 1.94 kg/s at 2000
kPa; airflow, 96.5 kg/s, exiting at 65°C. Determine (a) the original LMTD; (b) the
effectiveness; (c) whether the heat exchanger can be used in the new process.

Given: A heat· exchanger is required to heat air between certain temperatures using
water as a heat source~ An old heat exchanger is available as well as the
operating data for a different set of circumstances.

Find: The original LMTD and effectiveness of the heat exchanger. Determine
whether or not it can be used in the new application.

Sketch and Given Data:

t-/e.c.u
(_A) O(J CB)
B, BZ. "-',/1
(1) tf..O ~ 6/:.wi I z.
sa:1-l't
zee>k-a ~~
© Ci)

0 3z.•c. 4°c
A,'.,.
"'
~.rt
B
At..-
ri,S-,J
50,'I'-,/,

Assumptions: 1) Steady-state conditions exist.

2) The effectiveness remains constant.

Analysis: For the old heat exchanger, find the heat transferred by a first law analysis.

Q = m(~ - h1) = (1.94 kg/s)(909~0 - ~7.99 kJ/kg) = -3667.8 kW

The enthalpy values were found from the steam table. The temperature of
the steam is 212.4°C. Determine the air's inlet temperature and from a first
law analysis of the air's control volume.

Q = m(h4 · - ~) = Iilcp(T4 - T3)

(3667.8 kW) = (96.5 kg/s)(l.0047 kJ/kg-K)(338 - T3 K)

T3 = 300.2 K = 27.2°C

0
. .
/:,.TA = (485.4 - 338 K) = 147.4 K

18-55
Chapter XVIII • HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

.6.TB = (485.4 - 300.2) • 185.2 K

(a) LM'ID = .6.T,. - .6.TB • (147.4 - 185.2) • 165~60K

In ( .6.T,.
.6.T) In(~) 185.2
B

The effectiveness must be determined from its definition as it uses the latest
heat of steam.

actual heat transfer b1 -

€•------·----
maximum possible b ho 1 -
bz

heat transfer

where ho = h1 @ T11r = h1 @ 27.2°C = 113.2 kJ/kg

. ID

(b) £ • 2799.6 - 9Q9.0 = 0 704

2799.6 - 113.2 -=--

For the new operating conditions, the heat transferred, as determined by a

first law analysis of the air's control volume, is

0 • Jb(b4 - 11,) • JbcP(T4 - T3)

0 = (50.4)(1.0047)(305 - 277 K) • 1417.8 kW

From the water's control volume

0 = Jb(~ - h 1) h1 = h.@280 kPa = 551.3 kJ/kg

(-1417.8) = (8.82)(bz - 551.3) T 1 = 131.2°c

hz = 390.5 kJ/kg T 2 = 93.1°C

The temperature, T2, is high enough so heat transfer can occur.

kW
cair = Jbcp = (50.4 kg/s)(l.0047 kJ/kg·K) = 50.64 K
. kW
c.,ater = mcp = (8.82)(4.21) = 37.13 K

From Equation 1851 0

18-56
 Chapter XVIlt- HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

(0.704) (37.14 k:) (404.2 - 277 K) • (so.64 ~) (T,_ - 277 K)

(c)
-
Tc = 342.7 K = 69.7°C

The heat exchanger may be used as the calculated outlet temperature

can exceed that required by the operation.

0
,
.
,

18-57
 Chapter xvm:. HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

Problem *18.1
0 I ,

· A boiler furnace wall must have a heat loss no greater than 700 Btu/hr-ft2 and is
made of a material with a thermal conductivity of 0.60 Btu/hr-ft-F. The inner wall
surface temperature is 2000°F, and the outer surface temperature is 800°F. What
wall thickness is required?

Given: A furnace wall of given thermal conductivity and surface temperatures must
conduct no more than a specified amount of heat.
Find: The minimum wall thickness to satisfy the requirement.

Sketch and Given Data:

• I

2 t:fZ1t> F ~ ::. o, ~
8k,f'r-tt•f e00F

0 Assumptions: 1)
2)
Steady•state conditions exist
The mate_rial properties are uniform.
Analysis: From Fourier's law

q = AA.AT
AX

q/A = 700 Btu = (0.6 Btu/hr-ft-R)(2460 - 1260 R)

hr-ft2 (L ft)
L = 1.028 ft

0.
18--63
 Chapter .XVIII - HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

Problem *18.S
(_._)
Steam-generating tubes in a boiler have a 2-in.-O.D. and a 0.125-in-. thickness. The
boiling water within the tube receives 6700 Btu/hr-ft2 when the overall temperature
. drop is 1000°F. Determine the percentage of temperature decrease in the metal tube.
Given: Tubes of known dimensions receive a specified heat flux across for an imposed
temperature gradient.
Find: The temperature drop across the tube expressed as a percent.
Sketch and Given Data:

Assumptions: 1) Steady-state conditions exist.

2) The material properties are uniform.

Analysis: The thermal conductivity of steel is 25 Btu • The heat flux is expressed
hr-ft-R
per ft2 of surface area. Determine of tube required, noting the surface area
is based on the outside diameter.

A =ndL

(lft2) = (n-)(2/12 ft)(L ft)

L = 1.91 ft

1n( 2.0)
R = In(d/d1) = 1.75
2.n'AL (2n)(25 Btu/hr-ft-R)(l.91 ft)

hr-R
R = 0.000445 - -
Btu

18-68
 Chapter XVID:- HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

q = 6700 -= AT
0 '
0.000445

AT= 2.98R

Of the 1000°R drop, 3°R occurs across the metal tube.

3
%drop= - =~
1000

18-69
 Chapter XVIIl - HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

Problem ·*18.9
(_.,
Crude oil, cP = 0.56 Btu/lbm-R, flows at the rate of 2500 lbm/hr through the inside
of a concentric, .double-pipe heat exchanger and is heated from 90°F to 200°F.
Another hydrocarbon, cP = 0.60 Btuftbm-R, enters at 460°F. The overall coefficient
of heat transfer is found to be 75 Btu/hr-ft2-F. Detennine for a minimum
temperature difference of 30°F between the fluids (a) the LMTD for parallel flow
and counterflow; (b) the surface area for parallel flow and counterflow.

Given: A double-pipe heat exchanger is used to transfer heat between two

hydrocarbon fluids. The properties of each are given as is the overall
coefficient of heat transfer. A minimum temperature difference is specified
and the same for parallel and counterflow configurations.

Find: The LMTD and surface area for each configuration.

Sketch and Given Data:

C'p::: o,€:io
~1&,or----J'tl"" u~7( B~
h~-fti-f
~faD lh""/4r (I) 4T"-''"="30°f (')
'/OF
(A) CB)
Assumptions: 1) Steady-state conditions exist.
2) The heat exchanger is adiabatic

Analysis: Determine the oil flow rate for parallel flow. The heat transferred is

0 = Iil(~ - h1) = IilcP(T2 - T1)

Q = (2500 lbm) (0.56 Btu ) (660 - 550 R) • 1.54x105 Btu

hr lbm-R hr

Analysis of the hydrocarbon's control volume yields

O = m(h,. - ~) = mcP(T" - T3)

(
-1.54X105 Btu) =
hr
(m lbm)
hr
(o,6 Btu ) (690 - 920 R)
lbm-R

Ii1 = 1115.9 lbm/hr

18-76
 Chapter xvm. HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

ATA = (920 - 550 R) a 370 R

0 ATB = ( 690 - 660 R) a 30 R

LMTD = AT. - ATB = (370 - 30) = 135_3 R

m(~) m(3:)
'
5
A= Q • (1.54xl0 B~r) • lS.iS ft 2
(U)(LMTD)
75 Btu ) (135.3 R)
( hr-ft2 -R

For counter flow the temperatures are

(A) 'fo·.....F________.__ ~r
12--or-<;.,..-...----- ,f6or

ATA = 30 R
0 ATB = 260 R

LMTD = (30 - 260) = 106.5 R

m(~)
A = (1.54 X 105) = 19 2B ft2
(75)(106.5) .

0- .

18-77
 Chapter XVDL,:IlEAT. TRANSFER AND ,1fEA1:::exCID\N.GB~rlJ

Problem C18.1
0 Develop a TK Solver model, spreadsheet template, or computer program to calculate
the heat transmitted from an insul~ie~ tc)'lin.~ef! using equation 18.34. For three ·
different combinations of ho and r; compute the-::heat transmitted for a range of radii
smaller and larger than the critical radius. Plof'q versus r0•
Given: Heat transmitted from cylinder with •tadii smaller and larger than the critical
radius. .. ' .: · ,. : ·.·. .....
... ~- :
........ ·
,
.
·.
.. .... . .......
. -~1 • ,
~ '.
··., l
'
1 · ,,·
~ '" •,

. 1·
.
....,............ ' ...... ' ,.
','

Find: Heat transferred versus cyimder radius>

Assumptions: 1) Neglect heat tr~fhr· by radiation. 1 (d.,
2) The inside.and outside.temperatures are constant.
·_.· . ' . :·• :.:·· '~-~' ,:··" ,, _ ' . {;(!~,Ji\
Analysis: Using TK Solver, enter equations 18.34 and 18.35 into the Rule Sheet. Input
assumed values for th~tinal conductivity, length, inside and . outside
temperatures, inside radius, and convective coefficient.

0 VARIABLE SHEET
st Input- Name- Output- Unit...... .... .. -·~···•" .. Comment , "
Problem Cl8.l
L q 43.445632 w Heat Transfer
L .s· lambda W/m-K Thermal Conductivity
l 1 m Length
100 Ti degK Inside Temperature
25 To degK Outside Temperature
L .2 ro m outside Radius
.001 ri m Inside Radius
L 20 ho W/m2-K Outside Convective Coefficient
L roe .025 m Critical Radius

-----=--.. . .=---
$
RULE S H E E T - - - - - - - = - = - = - - - - - - - - - -
Rul--------------------------------
* q=2*PI()*lambda*l*(Ti-To)/(LN(ro/ri)+(lambda/(ho*ro)))
* roc=lambda/ho ·

()
18-83
Chapter XVIII • HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

List Solving for three values of convective coefficient and for a range of outside radii
and plotting the results.

PROBLEM C18.1
57. 5 , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
I I I I I
-----ho:20 1 I I L
55
1
------
I
--------------
I I I I
----
__ L ____ I_ ho~ 1~ J. ____ L _ _ _l _ _ _ _ L ___ _
I I I
50 - - - _f_ - - - .1 - - - - L - - -
I I I I
ho=IO
47.5 - - - - J._ - - - - I - - :,::-.,t:-:_:--::_:-'._::-::_::,::-=:-:=-=-"'::::1--=-=----L--=- - -
I
45 - _,_ - - - -+ - - - -1- - - - -I - - - - -1- - - - -
q
42.5 - - - -1- - - - +- - - -1-- - - - -I - - - - ~ - - - -
,I I I I I
40 - t- - - - -,- - - - +- - - -1- - - - -i - - - - t- - - - -
I I I I I I
37.5 - - t- - - - -,- - - - 1' - - - -i- - - - -i - - - - t- - - - -
I I I I I
35 - - - 1 - - - -1- - - - 1' - - - - r - - - -, - - - - r - - - -
I I I I ·,·.. · I I
32.5 - - - - r - - - -,- - - - T - - - - r - - - 7 - - - - r - - - -
I I I I I
30
.o 1 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08
ro

18-84