TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

QUEZON CITY

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
Program and for the completion of the course EE Research 2 – EE407 through the Research Project
entitled: “A Research on Solar Powered Illuminating Buoy Used as a Fishing Tool”

Submitted by:

Deflin, Chad Michael R.

Sedicos, Matthew D.
Soriano, Daniel Ivans E.

Submitted to:

Engr. Ferdinand Milan

Instructor

2019
 Table of Contents

Table of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ iii

Table of Tables .................................................................................................................................................. iv
CHAPTER 1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Objectives of the Study ....................................................................................................................... 2
General Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 2
Specific Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Significance of the Study ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Scope and delimitations of the study .................................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................................................................................... 5
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES .................................................................................... 5
2.1 Related Literature and Studies ........................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Conceptual Framework ..................................................................................................................... 20
2.3 Hypothesis ......................................................................................................................................... 21
2.4 Definition of terms .............................................................................................................................. 22
CHAPTER 3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 23
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................................................................................... 23
3.1 Project Design ................................................................................................................................... 23
3.2 Project Development ......................................................................................................................... 32
3.3 Instruments and Techniques Used ................................................................................................... 35
3.4 Operation/Testing Procedure ............................................................................................................ 37
3.5 Evaluation Procedure and Criteria .................................................................................................... 39
CHAPTER 4 ....................................................................................................................................................... 40
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA .............................................................. 40
1.1. Construction of Prototype and Initial Testing ................................................................................... 40
CHAPTER 5 ....................................................................................................................................................... 56
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................. 56
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 59

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 Table of Figures

Figure 1.Barangay San Piro, Balayan, Batangas City, Philippines ................................................................... 4

Figure 2. Poverty Incidence for Basic Sectors: 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015 .................................................... 5
Figure 3. Linear-Slide Wave Energy Converter .................................................................................................. 8
Figure 4. Sketches of (a) NDBC standard 3-m buoy and (b) VE 3-m buoy. ..................................................... 9
Figure 5. (a) Aids to navigating buoy (b) Safe Water Buoy and Yellow buoy for Special Areas (c) Cardinal
Buoy, Buoy for Wreckage and Buoy for Isolated Danger Spots ...................................................................... 12
Figure 6. Buoy equipped with bell ..................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 7. Multipurpose Marine Buoy ................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 8. Paradigm of Solar Powered Illuminating Buoy.................................................................................. 20
Figure 9. Flowchart ............................................................................................................................................ 23
Figure 10. Block Diagram .................................................................................................................................. 24
Figure 11. Representative Schematic Diagram of MC34063A ........................................................................ 26
Figure 12. Example Circuit for a Step-Down (Buck) Converter (24Vin, 5Vout-500mA) ................................. 27
Figure 13. Parts Assembly................................................................................................................................. 31
Figure 14. Solar Powered Illuminating Buoy ..................................................................................................... 31
Figure 15. Phases of Development ................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 16. Sustainable Development Goals ..................................................................................................... 33
Figure 17. (a) 2-20W-Solar Panels (b) 12V-9Ah Solar Battery ........................................................................ 40
Figure 18. (a) Buoy's Platform (b) Plastic Bottles ............................................................................................. 41
Figure 19. Finished Base Structure of the Buoy ............................................................................................... 41
Figure 20. Circuit Box ........................................................................................................................................ 42
Figure 21. Initial Setup of the Solar Powered Illuminating Buoy ...................................................................... 42
Figure 22. Temporary Fish Pond with various types of fish ............................................................................. 43
Figure 23. (a)Assembling of Solar Charge Controller Circuit (b) Soldering Components in Prototyping Board
(c)Finished Circuit .............................................................................................................................................. 43
Figure 24. Schematic Diagram of the Solar Charge Controller ....................................................................... 44
Figure 25. Simulation Result using the Highest Possible Input Voltage (17.5V) ............................................ 45
Figure 26. Simulation Result using the Nominal Input Voltage (16V) ............................................................. 46
Figure 27. Simulation Result using the Lowest Approximated Input Voltage (14.5V) .................................... 47
Figure 28. Graphical Representation of Data and Results .............................................................................. 51
Figure 29. Testing of Solar Panels Charging Capacity through Different Orientations and the Characteristics
of the Solar Charge Controller ........................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 30. Input(Red) and Output(Yellow) Voltage on the Solar Charge Controller ....................................... 53
Figure 31. Setting up the Prototype on the Temporary Fish Pond .................................................................. 54
Figure 32. Testing of the Illumination Part of the Buoy .................................................................................... 54
Figure 33. Underwater Footage of the Fish Attractor ....................................................................................... 55

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 Table of Tables

Table 1. Calculated and Sized Values of Circuit Component/s ....................................................................... 29

Table 2. Project Components ............................................................................................................................ 29
Table 3. Construction Materials/Tools............................................................................................................... 35
Table 4. Main Parts Composition ...................................................................................................................... 36
Table 5. Solar Charge Controller Circuit Components ..................................................................................... 37
Table 6. Photographic Evidences of Testing of Circuit Characteristics ........................................................... 48
Table 7. Data and Results ................................................................................................................................. 50

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 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction

It has been 166 years since the publication of a paper about illuminating buoys was written.

Since then, innovations that involves the use of electricity and energy harvesting tools such as solar

panels and wind turbines have been their source of power. They are also innovated to give direction,

serve as land-seamarks, give precautions, harvest energy, etc. Moreover, buoys are marked specifically

according to its purpose. They are either painted a specific color or in a specific pattern which is easily

recognized by those travelling through water.

Based from the report of Estrella T. (2016), according to Senator Francis Pangilinan last

September 8, 2016, filipino fishermen are among the poorest in the country’s sectors. He proposed the

formation of a department focusing on improving the lives of poor fishermen who were affected by

typhoons, fish kill, and marine degradation. From an interview of Ranada, P. (2014), a fisher folk once

said, “Ngayon, kailangan na namin mangutang sa iba para makabili ng makina at bangka at mas malayo.

Mahabang oras, malaking gastos, maliit yung kita.” (Now, we need to borrow money so we can buy a

machine for our boats and the fishing area is farther, it takes a long time, we spend a lot and we earn

so little). These are some proof that local fishermen are striving to sail all day to earn enough to support

their families and pay debt if necessary. The houses of some local fishermen are sometimes made of

scrap metals and plywood with a little supply of electricity to power their houses, sometimes none. They

spend too much on their profession (fishing), returning home with just fishes to feed their families.

Sometimes their income depends on the bountifulness of their catch.

The researchers aim to innovate the illuminated buoys that uses solar energy as a power

source and as a fishing tool for the fishermen specifically a fish attractor. The researchers intend to apply

1
 the concept of energy harvesting by the day to supply power and illuminate the buoy during the night.

The light above the buoy will serve as an indicator and will illuminate the fishing grounds, and the light

submerged will serve as a fish attractor that will lure fishes in the vicinity for an easier catch. Solar energy

will be used as the source of electricity which will be stored in the installed battery(ies). This research

aims to provide a solution for the fishermen to increase their catch in a short period of time especially

during night fishing by constructing an instrument capable of harvesting and storing energy and use it

as a power source and a fish attractor.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Due to the country’s archipelago, Philippines is so diverse that its local citizens rely on

working with the resources available within the vicinity of their location. Fishing is one of these

professions that the Filipino citizens take. Unfortunately, local fishermen are currently experiencing

poverty due to lack of government support, affected by the fish kills, marine degradation as well as

natural calamities. Despite of these occurrences, they strive in this profession to make a living and feed

their families. These fishermen spent time and money sailing on the vast seas and oceans often

returning to their homes with less fish. What’s more is that they spend their earnings to power their boats

and maintain their fishing tools. The research aims to address these issues.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

General Objectives

• Design an energy harvesting illuminating buoy that can be used as a fishing tool

Specific Objectives

• Design an energy harvesting buoy that utilizes solar energy.

2
 • Design a circuit for the solar charge controller for the battery pack.

• Design the illumination for the buoy which utilizes the use of the stored energy from the battery

pack. The illumination should take place during the night.

• Construct the solar powered illuminating buoy with the use of indigenous materials such as

bamboo shoots and plastic bottles.

• Perform testing for the floating capability of the buoy; effectiveness of solar charge controller,

reliability of the solar panels and the illuminating part.

• Perform experimentation on the illuminating buoy as a fish attractor.

1.4 Significance of the Study

• The Fishermen – The research project will provide them an alternative source of power for their

houses and boats. It will also be used as a fishing tool as it is a fish attractor that will lure the

fishes in a specific area. This might increase their production in lesser span of time in the fishing

grounds since they will not roam around looking for fishes.

• The Market – The increase of production of the local fishermen would lead to increase in market

supplies of fish and lessen the demand for fish as law of supply and demand dictates.

• The Students – The research project can serve as a reference for further studies that involves

the use of buoys or other floatation device and also the concept of harvesting energy through

tidal waves. It can be a reference for other student researchers for innovation of existing

technologies.

3
1.5 Scope and delimitations of the study

The research project focuses mainly on designing and constructing an energy harvesting

illuminating buoy that will serve as a fishing tool (location indicator and fish attractor). The project will

utilize the use of solar energy as its main power source which will be used to charge a battery pack

through a solar charge controller. The group will design the circuit suitable for the solar charge controller.

The materials to be used for the research project is mainly from the indigenous materials that are

available or can be found in the vicinity, i.e. bamboo and plastic bottles. The project also includes a

suitable type of light as well as the color that will be used for the illumination part of the project. The

research shall take place in Barangay San Piro, Balayan, Batangas City, Philippines from March – April

2019. Due to some concerns such as the location for experimentation (sea or ocean), it is decided that

it will take place in a temporary fish pond/ aquarium.

Figure 1.Barangay San Piro, Balayan, Batangas City, Philippines

(source: maps.google.com)

4
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The researchers came across some references, which contain viable facts for the development of

this study. This chapter presents significant literature that may provide ideas, concepts, guidelines and

knowledge that the researchers deemed useful.

2.1 Related Literature and Studies

According to Amy B. (1987), Philippines have more than 7107 islands, and the longest irregular

coastline. Millions of Filipinos are engaged in marine fishing and an estimated 80 percent of this population

are considered a small-scale fisherman using traditional, low-cost techniques, and net fishing from small

boats and the fish entrapment. Marine fishing in the Philippines is considered as a way of life and it has been

threatened by the rapid commercialization of the Philippine waters. In the present day, it was reported by the

2015 Poverty Statistics for Basic Sectors that farmers, fishermen and children are among those with highest

poverty incidence in the Philippines. For farmers having 34.3 percent, and for fishermen having 34 percent

and children 31.4 percent.

Figure 2. Poverty Incidence for Basic Sectors: 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015
(source: https://psa.gov.ph/content/farmers-fishermen-and-children-consistently-posted-highest-poverty-
incidence-among-basic)

5
 Hopkins T. (2017), mentioned in his article that fishermen search for locations where catch is optimal.

The same as fishes that seeks areas where catching food is also optimal. So he gave an idea about catching

fish which is to look at their locations in the food chains. A scientific research said that fishes’ eyes are

sensitive to blue and green. The use of light is one of the methods of trapping fish in the fish industry.

Attracting fishes using artificial light source is once way to temp them to form a large group, and this makes

the fishing light the most important fishing accessory equipment. The fishing light can be divided into

overwater fishing light and underwater fishing light, and these includes filament lamp, halogen tungsten, low

pressure mercury light, high-pressure mercury light, metal halide light, etc. LED or Light Emitting Diode, is a

semiconductor diode that emits light when an electric current is applied and have the characteristics of low-

energy consumption, small size, and 2 of its important characteristics are its light intensity vs. current and

junction voltage vs. current characteristics. The research of Hua L. & Xing J. (2013), showed that LED is

more suitable to be used as a fishing light source or a fishing light attractor.

A fish attracting light is a light submerged or above the water that illuminates during the night and

thus attracting fishes or other sea creatures. Just like Fishermen, fishes seek light to hunt for smaller fishes

to be their prey. According to Carilli J. (2016), people who fish have learned to take advantage of this

phenomenon (fish being attracted to light), and there are many products designed to be used for night fishing

by anglers. The squid fisheries also take full advantage of this and rig their boats with strong lights to attract

their target organisms during night fishing.

According to Woodford C. (2017), oil is the world’s favorite fuel by means of energy. All of the homes

here on our world are mostly powered by electricity and it will not be for long when everyone of us are driving

our own electric cars. According to him Electric Generators work because it is basically an electric motor

working in reverse. An electric motor is essentially a copper wire that is wrapped tightly around a core that

rotates at high speed inside a powerful, permanent magnet.

6
 According Wright, M. (2017), an alternator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. An

alternator produces AC (alternating current). Alternator is an electrical generator that provides electricity for

cars components such as spark for engine, radio, lights, and other electronics in the car. An alternator has

three main components namely voltage regulator, stator or rotor, and diode. When the engine starts, the V-

belt spins the pulley of the alternator, which also spins the stator on the inside. The spinning motion of the

magnets inside, along with the copper is responsible for producing electricity. This method is called

electromagnetism. The electricity produced from the magnets then go to the diodes, which converts AC

(alternating current) to DC (direct current).

Hydro Electric turbine is a kind of generator where the flow of water is used to generate electricity.

Ocean water never stops. Thus, tidal waves move back and forth through any directions and also sometimes

where it could be generated by the wind in the ocean. According to Ottaviano M.E. (2015), chief executive of

Carnegie, “Island nations are all looking to be sustainable.” Thus, us having been a country that happens to

be an archipelago which makes fishing and using the sea as one of our ways of life gives us the opportunity

to take advantage of our situation.

A research about fishing with the use light is a common practice for fish folks to lure some fishes,

however two researchers, Solomon, et al (2016) states that,” This fishing aggregating method has been found

to be environmentally-unfriendly due to catching of immature stocks, overfishing, high rate of by catch and

discard and green gas emission.” Therefore, an alternative use of illuminated fish attractor must be used.

Two researchers, Hua L.T. and Xing J. (2012), stated that such line of food chain is sensitive to the colors

RED, BLUE, or GREEN. The use of artificial light in fishing operations is a technique to attract and aggregate

fish and eventually capture them using various fishing gears such as hooks, gill net, purse seine, beach

seine, and cast net or other means.

7
 An article written by Lewis T. (2014), about a group of scientists and engineers who call themselves

as the, “nerds in wetsuit and flippers” launched a campaign called crowd energy. Their idea is to use giant

turbine submerged in water to harvest natural energy from the current below the sea.

Janca T. (2015), founder of Crowd Energy, and the man behind the idea to develop ocean turbines,

stated that, “Ocean currents are one source of natural energy that no one has tapped before, either because

they weren't aware of it or didn't have the technology to capture it.”

Mentioned by Chen H.M. and DelBalzo D.R. (2016), on the “Sonobuoy Wave Energy Module

(SWEM)”, there are two kinds of wave energy converters suitable for deep ocean buoys which are the shaking

type and the direct driving type. The wave heave motions drive against a drag device, like an inverted

parachute, which in turn pulls a threaded screw and turns a generator for power. The direct-driving type

produces more power per unit weight. Also, in their research, they proposed another concept of shaking-type

which they called Linear-Slide Wave Energy Converter (LS-WEC). It addresses the sagging problem due to

gravity. In this, they make advantage of using the gravity to drive the translator on the rail back and forth in

wave rolling and pitching motions.

Figure 3. Linear-Slide Wave Energy Converter

8
 Based on the research of Teng C. and Timpe G.L. (1995) on the National Data Buoy Center that

developed a value-engineered (VE) version of 3-m-diameter discus buoy in 1993, it showed its results and

evaluation compared to other standard 3-m discus buoys that is held in a very close vicinity. The value-

engineering aims to improve the buoy’s survivability, decrease the hull’s life-cycle cost and improve the fidelity

of the buoy’s directional wave measurements. The results of their research showed that there is an excellent

correlation between the measurements of the standard 3-m and VE 3-m buoy.

Figure 4. Sketches of (a) NDBC standard 3-m buoy and (b) VE 3-m buoy.
(source: Teng C., T. G. (1995). Field evaluation of the value-engineered 3-meter discus buoy . Conference
Proceedings. OCEANS '95 MTS/IEEE (pp. 316-322). California: IEEE.

According to Toepfer J. (2015), a buoy functions as an aid to navigation or as road signs in sea. It

provides information to mariners like marking areas that are safe or not, as well as, marking shipping

channels.

9
 Figure 5 a.

Toepher J. (2015) stated that buoys are painted or colored according to their purpose. Buoys that

are colored red and green are called channel markers. These buoys indicate a channel safe enough for

vessels to pass through either from the port or out of the port. They are also numbered from the sea leading

to the port. Numbers 1 and 2 will be the farthest buoys from the port and marks the beginning of the

channel. Red buoys will be numbered on the right side or your starboard side while green buoys will be

odd numbered and on your port side. Another kind of buoy is safe water buoy. These buoys mark the

entrance to channels and it lets the mariners know that it is deep enough. They are painted red and white

and in a vertically striped pattern. Buoys painted in all yellow, mark special areas. Buoys like these

according to him mark areas like recreation centers, pipelines or dredge spoils. Based from what was

written by Toepher J. (2015), mariners should be aware of these areas and should stay away from them

10
 Figure 5 b.

Buoys painted with yellow and black are called cardinal buoys. They tell the direction of danger

based on the pattern of the stripes painted on them. Buoys painted yellow and blue on the other hand

mark wrecks in the sea or ocean while buoys painted in black and red mark isolated danger spots.

Figure 5 c.

Another kind is painted white and orange. These are informational buoys and are often close to

shore. Mooring buoys act like anchors. They have ratings so that mariners are informed if the buoys are

safely holding their vessel in place. Scientific buoys measure a wide variety of things that may provide

valuable data for weather forecasts and for scientific researches.

11
 Figure 5 d. Informational Buoy, Mooring Buoys, Scientific Buoy

In contrast to the previous paragraphs, a buoy, according to McMahon M. et al (August 2017) is a

device designed to float on water either in an open ocean or in navigational channels like seas or rivers.

According to them, buoys are used for hundreds of years in the field of navigation and have served multiple

functions ranging from warning systems to data collection.

Figure 5. (a) Aids to navigating buoy (b) Safe Water Buoy and Yellow buoy for Special Areas (c) Cardinal
Buoy, Buoy for Wreckage and Buoy for Isolated Danger Spots
(source: https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-buoy)

In the article of McMahon M. et al (2017), it is said that in 1296, the word “buoy” entered the English

language. It was also said that the derivation appears to be French. Buoy in French is “buie” which means

“beacon” which is a reference to its function. Worldwide use of buoys includes navigational features, warning

markers, landmarks, etc. Based from their article, buoys are painted and patterned in the same way all over

the world to ensure that everyone understands them. The article claims that buoys are extremely valuable

as scientific devices. Scientific buoys collect data about sea or ocean movements that may be used to predict

weather. It is also said that the data is broadcasted on a local radio frequency for the benefit of everyone in

the area. Buoys may serve as a warning system since it measures the water level. A sudden change can

12
signal a tsunami or a tidal wave which will then allow monitoring agencies to perform actions needed to

address the issue.

In the article, buoys may be equipped with bells, horns or lights. Buoys equipped with bells require

no power to operate. These buoys can be heard when they cannot be seen. Buoys with horns project sounds

while buoys with light project light.

Figure 6. Buoy equipped with bell

(source:
http://www.desolationsoundyachtcharters.com/media/_thumbs_/14/78/14780760286430e7537cbc9f8ca533
2.jpg)

According to Young G. (2016), the Archimedes’ principle is a physical law of buoyancy discovered

by a Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes. In addition, the principle states that a body completely

or partially submerged in a fluid at rest experiences an upward force called buoyant force. Moreover, his

article states that the magnitude of the force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. In

addition, the volume of the displaced fluid is equal to the volume of the object partially or fully submerged or

to the ratio by which the object is immersed.

13
 In Lieu, buoyant force always opposes gravity and is never caused by gravity. The pressure of the

fluid increases with depth because of the weight of the fluid. An increase in depth leads to an increase in

pressure thus resulting to buoyancy.

Tomisa T., et. al (2008), constructed a multipurpose marine buoy which is made from an aluminum

plasti coated buoy to ensure its stability at any wave high and wind speed. The main task of the Power system

department was to solve buoy powering. Their solution is to input solar panels to ensure enough electric

power for continuous operation of buoy’s electronic equipments.

Figure 7. Multipurpose Marine Buoy

Greer J. (1975) of NOAA Data Buoy Office Bay developed and operated a reliable power system for

data buoys and other remote stations. It includes diesel electric generators and battery-powered systems.

The deployment of smaller class of buoys with fewer attached sensors for simpler data processing capability

14
requires lower power for its electronic components, thus the use of batteries is possible to be used as a

source of power for these devices. A design that uses manganese alkaline cells has voltage that drops in

line with its depleting charge. To address this problem, a relay to other batteries are to be implemented for

continuous power supply. Other design uses 57 V primary battery of zinc carbon cells with a switching

regulator to charge a nickel cadmium secondary battery. And the third design used air-depolarized batteries

with a regulator charging a secondary nickel cadmium battery.

In the data of the previous researchers, they concluded that the use of primary batteries would be

sufficient for loads averaging 20 Watts and below but the type of battery should be chosen properly depending

on the environment and load itself. The generation of power through wind, waves and radio-isotope power

generators were developed and studied in the preceding years.

Kesavakumar B., et. al. (2013) of the National Institute of Ocean Technology has been deploying

moored buoy networks for cyclone and tsunami warning. They proved it to be significant to have continuous,

reliable real time data by developing its power system based on years of experience and extensive study of

buoy power system. They briefed the different battery systems used for offshore data acquisition and the

challenges they’ve taken actions. These actions are to install miniature size fuel cell that includes safety

features to charge the rechargeable lead acid batteries. Installing of secondary lithium ion battery is possible

in order to have less energy density lithion ion batteries with less charge/discharge cycles. To charge those

batteries, different energy harvesting devices were implemented such as solar panel and wind turbines.

Another hybrid buoy that involves Photovoltaic-Wind power system of the National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration is presented by Lessing P.A. (2003). They used the power system design of

NDBC that incorporated silicon photovoltaic (PV) solar panels that use sunlight to recharge lead-acid or gel-

cel rechargeable secondary batteries. When they are recharged, the voltage can reach up to 15.2 volts, then

15
the solar panels are switched out of the circuit to prevent overcharging. In the absence of light, the batteries

can be depleted to below 11.7 V which is the minimum electronic requirements. When this happens, either

the system will fail to operate or the primary non-rechargeable batteries supplies power to recharge the

secondary batteries. The primary batteries are optional.

In additional to their research, in other locations, sunlight might be available but the sun may be so

low on the horizon that it passes through atmospheric haze, reducing the efficiency of the solar panels. This

will lead to greater demand for back up batteries. They’ve come up of introducing wind turbines to the areas

where frequent high winds occur especially during winter months, so they take advantage of low cost wind

generators and designed a hybrid power system that uses either solar power or wind power, whenever either

is available.

The design and fabrication of tidal energy harvester by Krithika V., et. al. (2017) addresses the

world’s 71% water content in which 96.5% of these waters are oceans, that if we can use 0.1% of the ocean’s

kinetic energy, we could possible solve the problem on current global energy demand by 5 times. The

construction of a gyro module to understand the forces that affects a floating object will help design a linear

power generator which is actuated by weight transfer mechanism that can produce constant outputs.

According to Schneider A. (2006), a project known as GLUCOS, the Great Lakes Urban Coastal

Observation System are networked with MaxStream 900 MHz wireless radio modems. The buoys are

equipped with onboard batter that is not capable of recharging via photovoltaic panels. Their idea is to create

a floatation device with simple electronic design, capable of sensing, that is also inexpensive, quickly

deployable and retrievable. Its wireless communication system interface includes sufficient range capability,

low power consumption, and high reliability at a relatively low data rate. In simple explanation, the project

16
aims to include a wireless sensor attached to a floatation device that is capable of communicating to the

nearby facility with real-time data.

In the country of South Korea, Cho H. and Yu S.C. (2018) mentioned that red snow crabs are an

important resource for the fishing industry. The bottom of he sea is their natural habitat and to catch them,

fish traps are implemented. The fishing period is typically 1 week and the traps should have a bait available

for the entire period. Fishermen utilizes two types of fishing bait: a bait wrapped in plastic bag to prevent the

crabs from eating it, and the unwrapped bait. To investigate whether of the two types of fishing bait lures

more effectively, they’ve put up an underwater camera system to record the events inside the traps.

According to an article in Fisheries and Fishing Port Affairs Management Office New Taipei

Government (2016), Sulfuric Fire Fishing technique is an ancient technique wherein fishermen use sulfur soil

produced in Huanggang. The technique requires seven people to add water into the sulfur soil to produce

acetylene. The mixture will burn and then produce a strong bright light that attracts fishes. With this technique,

different kinds of fishes will leap above the surface of the water to reach the fire or light. The fishermen catch

the fish normally with a net. The article claims that it is a friendly fishing technique and does not disturb the

environment in a large way. Moreover, they claim that it implements concepts on protecting the natural

resources through sustainable fishery. It does not only serve as a fishing technique but a tourist attraction as

well. According to the article, the technique attracted photographers around the world for it was a spectacle

to watch and capture the moment of Japanese scaled sardines jumping above the water. The technique

allows the public to experience their culture and understand the process of sulfuric fire fishing.

Sutton K. (2014) stated in his article that you will need lights if you would go night fishing. He also

added that there is more than just seeing by the aid of light. He claimed that specialty lights draw sport fish

close to your boat. The light attracts zooplankton which in turn attracts baitfish and then a predator fish.

17
Based from the article, there are three specialty lights namely floating fishing lights, submersible fishing lights

and black lights. Fishermen can use these lights in combination providing them more versatility in lighting

multiple areas and levels of the water to attract fish. Black lights illuminate the fishing line where it enables

the fisherman to provide information as to what is going on. Floating lights are primarily available in two

colors. White and Green are these two colors. According to Darrell Keith, founder of Hydro Glow Fishing

Lights, green and white light are the most attractive to plankton. Based from what was written, green light is

more effective than white light since it is not easily absorbed in water and penetrates deeper. In addition to

what he said, green light maintains its color character at greater depths. In contrast to green light, blue light

also maintains its color character and penetrates farther than white but only in saltwater. Most fishing lights

are powered by a 12-volt battery, LED, or Fluorescent.

Dolph M. (2017) stated that marine food chain had a primary producer, primary and secondary

consumers, tertiary consumers, and top predators. Primary producers in sea are phytoplankton, seaweed,

and multicellular algae. These producers grow underwater and photosynthesize thus producing food. Primary

consumers are often herbivores like zooplankton, krill, and shrimp. Crustaceans belong to secondary

consumers. Secondary consumers are small fish or baitfish. These include sardines and herring. They feed

on primary consumers. Tertiary consumers are the larger predatory fishes present at sea and hunt for food

like sardines. According to the article, tuna is a tertiary consumer. Top predators are sharks, squid, and

dolphins. They are carnivores except for the whale shark which only eat zooplankton. They feed on fish of

different sizes.

According to Valmero A. (2014), there was a team of marine biologist and some researchers from

Batangas city which was led by Joey Gatus who collected coral reefs underwater to save and transplant.

Coral reefs were dove and handpicked hence was taken care of as if they were holding newborn puppies

18
which they handled with care to prevent further damages. "Think of it this way: we rely on the seas for our

survival so we are actually helping ourselves when we rehabilitate our reef cover," Gatus said.

According to White A.T, (2000), coral reef fisheries contribute to the Philippine society at almost 1

billion dollars annually. The fast progress of our human population demands a higher fish rating thus needing

us to both nurture our fishes and catch them with sympathy. Many reef areas had already been destroyed

due to overfishing, destructive fishing methods and sedimentation.

Godfrey B. (2010) stated that coral reefs destruction is one of the threats on our natural resources.

Anchors being one of the sources of destructions is a great factor in becoming a threat to coral reefs. Anchors

from Boats, ships, and even smaller ships will most probably destroy coral reefs when not placed properly.

the presence of mooring buoy however lessens the impact of the anchors of ships or boats. Godfrey B. (2010)

also stated that Vessel Grounding is another severe story compared to anchor impacts. Vessel groundings

may not only destroy and dislodge corals, but shatter the reef frameworks as well. Thus, making this more

lethal for fishes if by chance they are near the incident.

19
2.2 Conceptual Framework

Input Process Output

Knowledge:
-Solar Power (Energy
Harvesting)
-Circuit Analysis and Design
-Industrial Electronics
-Statistics

Hardware(s):
-Indigenous materials such
Research Planning
as scrap woods, plastic
bottles, coconut (alternative
floater), bamboo shoots Project Designing
-Heavy stones and/or scrap
metals for anchoring
Project Organizing
-Solar panel(s), solar charge
controller, battery pack,
casing with waterproofing Project Development
Solar Powered
-Electrical/Electronic (Construction)
Illuminating Buoy Used as
components for circuit(s) a Fishing Tool
Research Implementation
Software(s):
- Autocad for prototype Interpretation of Data and
designing Results
-Multisim/LTSpice for circuit
analysis and simulation Conclusion and
-Minitab for statistical Recommendations
analysis
-Microsoft Word for
documentation

Humanware
- Local fisherfolks
- Design advisers
- Construction/Assembly
crew

Figure 8. Paradigm of Solar Powered Illuminating Buoy

20
 The input section of the research paradigm shows the knowledge that is involved in the formulation

of the hardware and software used to design, construct and interpret, and also the humanware needed to

make the research project possible to construct and implement.

The process section includes planning, designing, organizing, implementing and interpreting the

whole research project. Planning is where a current problem is address to being solved through the

construction of the project. The software involved are used for the designing of the project prototype, and the

Organization of hardware follows. The development of the research project takes place when the prototype

is being constructed. After this, implementation follows to start gathering data and results that will support

the hypothesis. Interpretation and conclusion take the last step of process as it addresses the problem if it is

being solved or not.

The last section is where the output shows the research project being successfully implemented.

Without the input, there is nothing to be processed, therefore it will not yield to any output. This will lead to

further studies and innovations of other concepts and designs.

2.3 Hypothesis

There is no significant difference between the productivity of the fishermen during the night who use

their primitive fishing techniques and common tools such as nets and lamps, and those who go fishing with

the aid of the solar powered illuminating buoy as a fishing tool.

21
2.4 Definition of terms

Attractor – to attract; to lure or a luring device

Buoy – a floatation device that is commonly used as a navigation marker, signal, or a precaution or warning

for those who travel through water (oceans and seas)

Direct Current – the current emitted by a solar panel; the current required to charge a battery

Effectivity – the amount of fish caught in a certain span of time

Energy-harvesting – a method of utilizing a special mechanism to collect different types of energy such as

solar energy.

Fishermen – citizens whose primary profession is fishing

Fishing grounds – the area where economic fishes are bountiful and where fishermen usually harvest fish

Illumination – a study which refers to the application of proper lighting system to a specific project or design

Illuminating Buoy – a floatation device that includes illumination and is capable of emitting a certain intensity

of light in a specific area.

Productivity – how much fish did the fishermen harvested in a certain period of time, in terms of weight.

Solar Cell/Panel – a self-generating transducer; converts visible light, infrared, and ultraviolet light into

electrical energy

22
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter intends to show the project design by discussing the parts involved. This

chapter also show the project development, instruments and techniques used, operation procedure,

evaluation procedure, the criteria of evaluation.

3.1 Project Design

Flowchart

Figure 9. Flowchart

23
Block Diagram

Figure 10. Block Diagram

System Component Sizing and Calculations

According to Practical Fishing Tips, n.d., a fish attractor doesn’t have to be so bright, but selection

of what type of light to be used is to be considered. The selection for the type of lighting to be used are as

follows: LED then fluorescent then incandescent. Given the same light intensity, the choices differs in the

amount of power consumption in Watts. LED is proven most efficient among the three in terms of power

consumption and thermal dissipation. Through illustration from the Practical Fishing Tips, they showed an

example of a submersible green LED with 900 lumens as a fishing lure or bait.

24
 The group decided to use a 10W-12V green-colored LED light will be sufficient to be used as a fish

attractor. A 10W LED can emit up to 900 lumens. The no. of operating hours for the LED is estimated 5

hours/night. The group set a 2-nights autonomy for a 1-day allowance for the possibility of having a cloudy

day where in the battery will not be fully charged. Therefore, the total estimated hours of operation is 10

hours.

Computation and Sizing of Battery Pack

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑊ℎ = 10𝑊 × 10ℎ = 100𝑊ℎ

100𝑊ℎ
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐴ℎ = = 8.33𝐴ℎ
12𝑉

Therefore, the group will use a 12V-9Ah Battery pack which is available in the market.

According to Power Stream, 2019, a battery which is used in standby condition but kept constantly

on charge is charged at a float voltage of 2.25 to 2.3 volts/cell at 25°C (13.5-13.8V for a 12V battery).

Therefore, the group set the output of the solar charge controller into 14V because there will be adjustments

and losses in the sizing of the circuit components. To have a 14V output voltage, the input voltage which is

emitted by the solar panel(s) should be rated greater than 14V. Through canvas, the group selected a 20W

solar panel which is rated 17.5Vpeak output voltage. To increase reliability, two(2) 20W solar panels will be

used and will be connected in parallel, facing in the opposite direction. The solar charge controller should

emit a constant 14Vdc output voltage for the battery to charge. The group decided to design a circuit utilizing

the use of buck-converter. Given these parameters, the preceding computations will be used for the solar

charge controller circuit.

25
Computation and Sizing of the Solar Charge Controller

From the datasheet of the LM34063A Series, they are monolithic control circuit containing the

primary functions required for a DC-DC Converters. This series was specifically designed to be incorporated

in Step-Down (Buck), Step-Up (Boost), and Voltage-Inverting applications with a minimum number of external

components. The following are its features: Operation from 3.0V to 40V input; Low standby current; current

limiting; Output Switch Current to 1.5A; Output voltage adjustable; Frequency Operation to 100kHz and a

precision of 2% reference.

Figure 11. Representative Schematic Diagram of MC34063A

(Retrieved from the datasheet of MC34063A)

26
 Figure 12. Example Circuit for a Step-Down (Buck) Converter (24Vin, 5Vout-500mA)

(Retrieved from the Datasheet of MC34063A)

For the solar charge controller, the following specifications will be used in the computation and

sizing of the components of the buck converter.

Vin(nominal) = 16 V ± 10%
Vout(nominal) = 14 V
Iout = 1 A
VF = 0.6 V (Forward Voltage Drop of 1N5819 retrieved from its datasheet)
Vsat = 1.0 V (Saturation Voltage of MC34063A retrieved from its datasheet)
f = 100 kHz
Vripple(pp) = 100 mV

27
Computation and Sizing of Circuit Components:
The preceding calculation formulas came from the Design Formula Table from the datasheet of
MC34063A.
𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑉𝑓 14 + 0.6
= = = 14.6
𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 16 − 1 − 14

1 1
(𝑡𝑜𝑛 + 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 ) = = = 10 µ𝑠
𝑓 100 𝑘𝐻𝑧

𝑡𝑜𝑛 + 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 10µ𝑠

𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 𝑡 = = 0.64 µ𝑠
𝑜𝑛
+ 1 14.6 + 1
𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓

𝑡𝑜𝑛 = (𝑡𝑜𝑛 + 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 ) − 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 10 µ𝑠 − 0.64 µ𝑠 = 9.36 µ𝑠

𝐶𝑇 = 4.0 × 10−5 𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 4.0 × 10−5 × 9.36 µ𝑠 = 374 𝑝𝐹

𝐼𝑝𝑘(𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ) = 2𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 2 × 1𝐴 = 2𝐴

0.3
𝑅𝑠𝑐 = = 0.15 Ω
2

𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 16 − 1 − 14

𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 = × 𝑡𝑜𝑛 = × 9.36µ = 4.68 µ𝐻
𝐼𝑝𝑘(𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ) 2

𝐼𝑝𝑘(𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ) (𝑡𝑜𝑛 + 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 ) 2 × 10 µ

𝐶𝑜 = = = 25 µ𝐹
8𝑉𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒(𝑝𝑝) 8 × 100 𝑚

Let R1=100 Ω;

𝑅2
|𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 | = 1.25 (1 + )
𝑅1

𝑅2
14 𝑉 = 1.25 (1 + )
100 Ω

𝑅2 = 1.02 𝑘Ω

28
 Table 1. Calculated and Sized Values of Circuit Component/s

Component Calculated Values Sized Values

Rsc 0.15 Ω 0.5 Ω
CT 374 pF 470 pF
Lmin 4.68 µH 4.70 µH
CO 25 µF 33 µF
R1 100 Ω 100 Ω
R2 1.02 kΩ 1 kΩ
Project Design Concept

With the help of AutoCAD, the group is able to formulate the initial design of the buoy. With the

objective of using indigenous materials such as bamboo and plastic bottles, the preceding data are the

parts of the buoy, its other components, part description and their composition/s.

Table 2. Project Components

Parts Description Composition

1. Panel Posts/ Shaft - This holds the solar Bamboo
panels in place with
sufficient angle for
better efficiency

2. Circuit box - It holds the electronic Tool box made

components of the of metal, coated
project as well as the with paint for
storage battery. insulation
purposes and
sealed with
sealant for
waterproofing

3. Solar Panel/s - The device that is Aluminum

mainly used to border
harvest solar energy
and convert it into
electrical energy

29
4. Base Platform - This is where the Bamboo
posts, circuit box and
solar panels are
placed
- It holds every major
component of the
buoy in place and
intact
5. Fittings - It serves as
connector for the
individual bamboos
of the platform. It fits
the bamboo in place
without shaking or
misalignment.

6. Plastic Bottles - Serves as support for Plastics

the buoy itself.
- It helps the buoy to
become more
buoyant and
floatable.
- It is mainly the
floatation mechanism
of the buoy

30
 Figure 13. Parts Assembly

Figure 14. Solar Powered Illuminating Buoy

31
3.2 Project Development

Project Initiation

Project Planning

Project Designing and Organizing

Project Development

Project Implementation

Project Maintenance

Figure 15. Phases of Development

The Project Development of this project is an essential and integral part of this research for it

combines the idea of illumination to a solar power harvesting device. The researchers listed the six phases

of the research. These phases are the fundamental steps in attaining the desired goal which is a solar

powered illuminating buoy. These phases are defined in accordance and operationally to the research and

by the researchers. The following phases of the project development are discussed below in detail:

1. Project Initiation

The first phase began by defining a problem that is present. The initiation of the project

prompted the researchers to look for problems which can be solved either by invention or innovation.

32
 The researchers referred to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for possible targets

of research.

Figure 16. Sustainable Development Goals

(source: http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/)

2. Project Planning

This second phase started when the researchers decided to tackle the Zero Hunger,

Affordable and Clean Energy, and Life below Water sustainable development goals. This is also

marked the beginning of planning what the researchers should do, what the researchers should

innovate; what the researchers think can help the communities in the Philippines. The researchers

came up with an idea about an illuminating solar powered buoy. The buoy is not only an energy

harvester but it also illuminates an area. The light attracts fish therefore serving as new fishing

grounds for fishermen.

3. Project Designing and Organizing

In this phase, the researchers began designing and organizing the buoy’s specifications

using different software in referring to different styles and functions of buoys. The design of the buoy

33
 has solar panels on top. The organization of the equipment, as well as, the materials needed is under

this phase. Moreover, canvassing of materials is included in this phase.

4. Project Development

This phase is where the researchers will make the actual buoy prototype. This phase

includes the use of tools such as measuring instruments, cutters, sealants etc. The researchers will

also use electronic components for its electrical part which is the solar charge controller and also the

energy storage. The project development phase requires manpower to construct the prototype based

on the initial design.

5. Implementation

The fourth phase is the implementation of the innovated design of the buoy at a certain area

which is Barangay San Piro, Balayan, Batangas City. This phase also includes setting the benchmark

for testing the productivity of fishermen and their efficiency, and testing the hypothesis of the

research.

6. Maintenance

The last phase is project maintenance. This phase requires the researchers to monitor and

maintain the buoy to perform its purpose properly and lasts longer. Maintaining the product is as

essential as making the academic and actual research because time, money and effort is used.

34
3.3 Instruments and Techniques Used

Table 3. Construction Materials/Tools

Quantity Tool/Material Brand/Supplier Description Unit Price Total Price

Steel Tape Measure
Used to measure
Standard the length and
1 KingOne width of the
Php 80.00 Php 80.00
General materials to be
Merchandise used for the
assembly.
Machete

2 Artificial tool to cut

Unbranded n/a n/a
bamboo shoots

Silicone gun

Unbranded
1 KingOne Used to dispense
Php 200.00 Php 200.00
General silicone.
Merchandise

Wood Saw
Unbranded Used to cut
2 KingOne bamboos in
Php 80.00 Php 160.00
General sections and in
Merchandise precise length.

Silicone Sealant

Used to provide
1
water proofing for Php 120.00 Php 120.00
the circuit box

Sub-total Php 560.00

35
 Table 4. Main Parts Composition

Unit Total
Quantity Component Brand/Supplier Description
Price Price
Solar Panel
A transducer
used to collect
solar energy Php Php
2 Unbranded
and convert it 900.00 1800.00
into electrical
energy.

Plastic Bottles

Used as
Depending
additional n/a n/a
on the size Recycled
floatation
of the buoy
device.

Bamboo

Dependable Composition
on the of the main
n/a n/a n/a
size(s) body of the
available buoy

Metal Tool Box

Serves as the
casing or
housing for
1 Recycled the battery n/a n/a
pack and solar
charge
controller

36
 Lead-Acid Battery(12V-9Ah)

Rocket Sealed Power Php Php

1
Batteries Storage 600.00 600.00

Sub-total Php 2400.00

Table 5. Solar Charge Controller Circuit Components

Unit Total
Quantity Component Brand/Supplier
Price Price
Lynx Gen.
1 0.5Ω 1W Resistor Php 2.00 Php 2.00
Merchandise
Lynx Gen.
1 1kΩ 1W Resistor Php 2.00 Php 2.00
Merchandise
Lynx Gen.
1 100Ω 1W Resistor Php 2.00 Php 2.00
Merchandise
Lynx Gen. Php Php
1 220µF 25V Capacitor
Merchandise 12.00 12.00
Lynx Gen. Php Php
1 33µF 25V Capacitor
Merchandise 10.00 10.00
Lynx Gen.
1 470pF Capacitor Php 5.00 Php 5.00
Merchandise
Lynx Gen. Php Php
1 4.7µH Inductor
Merchandise 15.00 15.00
Lynx Gen. Php Php
1 1N5819
Merchandise 15.00 15.00
Php Php
1 MC34063A Deeco
25.00 25.00
Sub-total Php 88.00

3.4 Operation/Testing Procedure

A. Buoy Assembly

1. Cut bamboo shoots into designated sizes that varies on what part of the buoy it is being

placed. A strong suitable enough bamboo will serve as a platform and also a floatation

mechanism of the buoy.

37
 2. Drill holes through the bamboo in which a smaller bamboo can be inserted to connect

the bamboo of same sizes.

3. Strengthen the connections of the bamboos by hammering nails and using rubber.

4. Plastic bottles is placed below the platform and is being installed using rubber. This will

help the platform increase its buoyancy.

B. Solar Charge Controller Assembly

1. Gather the circuit components.

2. Gather tools needed to assemble the circuit.

3. Test each component using a multimeter to make sure that everything is working

properly .

4. Follow the schematic of the circuit.

5. Solder each component to the circuit board.

6. Perform testing and apply adjustments if necessary.

C. Testing Procedure

1. Secure the waterproofing of the Circuit Box. Make sure the battery pack as well as the

solar charge controller will not be damaged due to water leaks.

2. Assemble other components into the buoy.

3. Place the buoy above the surface of water. Check if the buoy is well balanced and is

capable of sustaining its weight without capsizing.

38
3.5 Evaluation Procedure and Criteria

To evaluate if the product can be considered as a buoy and is capable of harvesting energy

from different aspects of the environment to power a certain light to be used as a fishing attractor, there are

criteria to be followed and observed:

Buoy

1. A buoy is a device placed in the water to serve as aid or information to those travelling through sea

according to Josiah T. (2015).

2. An object floats due to its density less that the water. Density is being discovered by Archimedes in

the year 250 BCE according to Martha D. (2002).

3. According to Seapearch (2013), a positively-buoyant object has an ability to push its body upward

resisting the pull of gravity.

Light Attractor

1. A fishing light attractor is a fishing tool that can be above the water or suspended underwater

according to the Practical Fishing Tips, retrieved from http://www.practical-fishing-tips.com/fishing-

lights.html.

2. According to Tim H. (2007), fishes from the food chain have eyes sensitive to colors blue and green.

39
 CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the prototype construction, implementation, data gathered, the results

of the statistical analysis and interpretation of the findings. These are presented in illustrative format as well

as tables following the step-by-step procedure of the specific research regarding the Solar Powered

Illuminating Buoy as a Fishing Attractor.

1.1. Construction of Prototype and Initial Testing

Figure 17. (a) 2-20W-Solar Panels (b) 12V-9Ah Solar Battery

The physical structure of the buoy itself will depend on the dimensions and illustration of the solar

panel/s, battery and the charge controller. This is to ensure that the dimensions of the overall project will not

be oversized or undersized. The preceding texts shows the construction of the physical structure of the buoy

dependent on the sizes of the components and will be based on the initial design.

40
 Figure 18. (a) Buoy's Platform (b) Plastic Bottles
The buoy’s platform is made from bamboo shoots to make it more indigenous. It is buoyant and also

capable of supporting the weight of the materials to be placed on top of it. The bamboos are well intact to

prevent them from loosing over time. Plastic bottles are more buoyant that it becomes a perfect material to

create an indigenous buoy. But plastics themselves cannot withstand the weight of the loads and will be

easily capsized by the waves. That leads the researchers to use bamboo shoots as the main material for the

physical structure of the buoy. The plastic bottles will be placed below to increase the buoyancy of the buoy.

It will aid the buoy to float easier and neglect the weights of the load to stay afloat steadily.

Figure 19. Finished Base Structure of the Buoy

The previous figure shows the platform of the buoy with attached plastic bottles below. The posts will

support the solar panels in place. Its inclination will provide enough space for the circuit box and also to let

the solar panels harvest energy more efficiently.

41
 Figure 20. Circuit Box
The circuit box is a recycled toolbox made from metal. Its dimension is fit or suitable for a small solar

battery as well as the solar charge controller. Sealant and silicon paste are used to seal each corner. Since

it is made from metal, it is not a good insulator. Repainting the box will make it insulated and safer to use.

Figure 21. Initial Setup of the Solar Powered Illuminating Buoy

The previous figure shows the initial placement of the top loads such as the circuit box and solar

panels. The solar panels are placed through hinges that can be lifted to be able to insert and eject the circuit

box together with the charge controller.

42
 Figure 22. Temporary Fish Pond with various types of fish
For initial testing of the overall system, a medium size pool that can accommodate the size of 3

illuminating buoys is used as a temporary fish pond. There are 3 available types of fish in the pond. A tilapia,

gold fish and mixed type small fishes. This is to determine which type of fish can be attracted by the light

attractor.

Figure 23. (a)Assembling of Solar Charge Controller Circuit (b) Soldering Components in
Prototyping Board (c)Finished Circuit
The charge controller circuit is based on the schematic diagram provided on Chapter 3 which is

primarily a buck-converter circuit using MC34063A. It is design to produce a constant output voltage of

approximately 14 V with an input voltage ranging from 14V to 18V.

43
Testing and Evaluation of the Solar Charge Controller

a. Simulation using LTSpice XVII

Schematic Diagram

Figure 24. Schematic Diagram of the Solar Charge Controller

(Buck Converter Circuit) using LTSPice XVII
With the use of LTSpice XVII as the simulation software, the group is able to determine the

characteristic of the solar charge controller circuit specifically its output voltage as compare to the varying

input voltage. It is expected that both simulation and actual testing will result to having an output voltage of

approximately 14V as the input voltage ranges from 14.5-17.5 V. The preceding illustrations shows the data

and results of the simulation and the actual testing of the circuit.

44
 Figure 25. Simulation Result using the Highest Possible Input Voltage (17.5V)
In the previous figure shows the output voltage of the solar charge controller circuit as a result of

having the highest approximate range of input voltage which is 17.5 V. With this, the output voltage is

measured 13.7874 V which is in line with the desired voltage. Practicality, the output voltage, given that the

input voltage is at maximum for a period of time, the solar charge controller will be able to charge the battery

pack.

45
 Figure 26. Simulation Result using the Nominal Input Voltage (16V)
In the previous figure, the input voltage is set to nominal. With the slight decrease on the input voltage

based from its highest possible value, the output voltage clings to 13.9072 V which is still within the range of

the desired output value. This implies that whenever the solar panels receive minimal amount of sunlight that

results into producing the nominal voltage, the solar charge controller is still capable of releasing sufficient

amount of power in order to charge the battery pack.

46
 Figure 27. Simulation Result using the Lowest Approximated Input Voltage (14.5V)
In figure 26, the input voltage 14.5 V results to a lower output voltage. 12.8453 V is a little far from

the desired output voltage which is 14V. Thus, this output voltage will still be sufficient to charge the battery

pack. As long as the voltage is greater than the nominal voltage of the battery pack which is 12V. A lower

value of input voltage will result to an output voltage less than the battery’s nominal voltage. Thus further

decrease in the output voltage will not be able to charge the battery pack, making the solar charge controller

inefficient. This might happen during cloudy days and thunderstorms. In these scenarios, it is recommended

not to use the illuminating buoy to prevent further incidences.

47
 b. Actual Testing

The group performed experimentations using a variable power supply as an input voltage. This will

determine if there is a significant percent error in the desired output values. It will indicate if the design and

sizing of circuit components is proper. This will also show the graphical representation of the circuit’s

characteristics.

Table 6. Photographic Evidences of Testing of Circuit Characteristics

48
*The digital multimeters indicate the input voltage on the left and output voltage on the right.

49
 Table 7. Data and Results

Output Voltage % Error

Input Voltage |𝑻𝑽 − 𝑬𝑽|
Experimental = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
True Value
Value 𝑻𝑽
18 V 13.7741 V 13.7500 V 0.1750%
17.5 V (High) 13.7847 V 13.7500 V 0.2517%
17 V 13.7989 V 13.7600 V 0.2819%
16.5 V 13.8172 V 13.7600 V 0.4140%
16 V (Nominal) 13.9072 V 13.7800 V 0.9146%
15.5 V 13.7660 V 13.7700 V 0.0727%
15 V 13.3424 V 13.6800 V 2.5303%
14.5 V (Low) 12.8452 V 13.1800 V 2.6064%
14 V 12.3467 V 12.6700 V 2.6185%
13.5 V 11.8476 V 12.1600 V 2.6368%
13 V 11.3504 V 11.6600 V 2.7277%
12.5 V 10.8523 V 11.1700 V 2.9275%
12 V 10.3540 V 10.6900 V 3.2451%

The table above shows the true and experimental values for the output voltage of the solar charge

controller. The true values are obtained through simulation using LTSpice XVII and the experimental values

are obtained through actual testing of the circuit with the use of variable power supply for the input voltage

and digital multimeter as measuring instruments. With these values, the percentage error is obtained using

the formula. The experimental and true value shows minimal percent error until the voltage drops due to

insufficient input voltage.

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 Figure 28. Graphical Representation of Data and Results
The graph shows the output voltage of the solar charge controller based on the simulation and

experimentation. The input voltage ranges from 12V to 18V. With this varying voltage, based on the graph,

the output voltage tends to drop as the input voltage drops below 15V. The output voltage is approximately

14V if the input voltage ranges from 15V to 18V. With this, it can be concluded that the solar charge controller

will produce sufficient amount of power for the battery pack to charge as long as the solar panels/cells

produces a voltage within a specific range.

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 Figure 29. Testing of Solar Panels Charging Capacity through Different Orientations and the
Characteristics of the Solar Charge Controller
For initial testing of the solar energy harvesting system, the group measures both the input voltage

(output of the solar panels), and output voltage of the solar charge controller. The preceding images shows

the varying input voltage and constant output voltage of the solar charge controller.

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 Figure 30. Input(Red) and Output(Yellow) Voltage on the Solar Charge Controller
Input Voltage is measured using the red multimeter and the output voltage is measured on the yellow

multimeter. The solar panels are moved in different orientations: both panels are on the shade, one panel is

directed on the sunlight and, and both panels are directed to the sunlight. Each solar panel orientations differs

in output voltage indicating the input voltage on the solar charge controller is varying. It can be observed that

one panel directed to sunlight will be sufficient for the solar charge controller to produce an approximate 14V

output voltage for the charging of the battery pack.

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 Figure 31. Setting up the Prototype on the Temporary Fish Pond
Testing of the solar panels and solar charge controller characteristics was done in the previous

sections. Figure 30 shows the effectiveness of using plastic bottles and bamboo shoots as the prototype’s

base materials. It can be seen that the prototype stays afloat on a temporary fish pond. This indicates that

the project is capable of floating with less possibilities of capsizing. The prototype is stable above water.

Figure 32. Testing of the Illumination Part of the Buoy

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 The previous figure is the testing of the illuminating part of the project. With the use of 10W LED

strips placed on a sealed, waterproof plastic container, the group tested its efficiency overnight, with the use

of a GoPro camera, the data has been recorded. The preceding pictures illustrate the attracting capability of

the LED light to fishes. Further experiments regarding this is recommended.

Figure 33. Underwater Footage of the Fish Attractor

Figure 32 shows the underwater footage of the fishing light attractor. The tilapia can be assumed to

be attracted by the light as they compress towards the light. Due to limited types of fish and area of

experimentation, there is an insufficient data regarding the fishing light attractor. Thus, it is recommended to

perform experimentation on a larger scale. And also, with the help of other research regarding light as fish

attractor, this part can be justified.

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 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter shows the summary of findings, conclusions, recommendations and suggestions for

further research.

Summary

External energies such as solar, thermal, wind and kinetic energy are the most used source of power

for an energy harvesting device. Solar energy comes from our very own star—the sun. To harvest solar

energy, solar cells are invented during 1954, by Bell Labs. To apply the concept of energy harvesting through

solar energy, a research is made that aims to provide an alternate method of catching fish with the use of

light as an attractor. The use of light means that there will be a need for power supply. That is where energy

harvesting takes place. The use of solar cell will help charge a battery pack that will store the energy which

will be used during the night.

Considering the components of the project—buoy’s platform, solar panel/cells, battery pack, solar

charge controller, and lighting materials, an initial design is created. With the use of indigenous materials

such as bamboo and plastic bottles, the buoy’s platform was made and tested its floating capability through

placing it above water. The design of the energy harvesting and illumination takes place to determine the

quantity, values and type of component to be used for the project. With proper computation and sizing of

components, the group constructed the energy harvesting and illumination system of the project. The group

perform testing to verify if the system’s characteristics and specifications are met. With all the project

components constructed and combined, the group performed experimentation regarding the capability of the

buoy to attract various types of fish. The group made use of a temporary fish pond for the experimentation.

Data and results from each step are recorded.

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Conclusion

As a result, the group is able to construct a prototype that has a capability of floating over water

without capsizing and is able to balance the components placed on top of it. Based on the experimentation

on other parts of the project, it was found out that:

• Bamboo and plastic bottles are effective materials to be used as a floatation component.

• Energy harvesting through solar power is essential for off-shore applications such as this project.

It is capable of harvesting enough solar energy to charge a battery pack for later use.

• With the use of a buck-converter circuit for the solar charge controller, it is capable of emitting a

constant amount of voltage, provided that the output power of the solar panels/cells is varying.

With values ranging from 14V to 18V as input voltage, the output voltage is observed to be

approximately 14V which is suitable for charging a 12V Battery.

• The battery is used to light a submerged 10W green-colored LED, which has a purpose of

attracting various types of fishes. During the experiment, the tilapia is observed to gather around

the light.

Delimitation of the Study

The research project has following delimitations:

• The project is composed of a small-scale solar energy harvester suitable for a simple application

which is to light an LED for a purpose of illuminating the fishing ground.

• An inflatable pool is used as a temporary fish pond. The fishes acquired by the group are some small

fish, gold fish and tilapia. The type and quantity of fishes are limited due to cost and unavailability of

other economic fishes.

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 • The group limits the construction of the prototype by using nails and rubber bands to assemble the

project components.

• The group made use of available camera as a data gathering device that can be submerged

underwater. It can record sufficient amount of data for us to observe and analyze.

Recommendations

To future individuals who will undergo research in line with energy harvesting and developing fishing

tools specifically LED as fish attractors, the group recommends the following:

• There are different designs that can be constructed for the project specifically its base platform. It

can be circular in form, etc. There are also other indigenous materials that can be used as long as it

can float and balance the components without capsizing.

• The solar energy harvester can be developed by using a more efficient circuit which is a buck-boost

converter that can provide a constant output voltage given that the input is greater than or less than

the value of the desired output voltage.

• The battery can be used in other loads. The loads can be developed or increased. But take note on

the time consumption of the battery as the load increases.

• According to Tim Hopkins, 2007, a scientific research shows that marine life under the food chain

has eyes sensitive to colors blue and green. The group recommends the use of other colors of LED

to determine which color attracts most number and types of fish in the vicinity.

• The group recommends the development of a more efficient energy harvesting mechanism for the

project. The group suggests the utilization of tidal waves and/or wind to be associated on the project.

58
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