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El323 - Lecture - Week 3

This document contains information about word formation processes including affixation, conversion, and compounding. It discusses prefixes and suffixes, provides examples of word formation, and defines types of compound words like noun compounds and verb compounds. Example questions are provided about identifying affixes, conversions, and compounds. Key terms introduced include root morphemes, affixes, prefixes, suffixes, part of speech changes in conversion, and criteria for compound words.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
77 views29 pages

El323 - Lecture - Week 3

This document contains information about word formation processes including affixation, conversion, and compounding. It discusses prefixes and suffixes, provides examples of word formation, and defines types of compound words like noun compounds and verb compounds. Example questions are provided about identifying affixes, conversions, and compounds. Key terms introduced include root morphemes, affixes, prefixes, suffixes, part of speech changes in conversion, and criteria for compound words.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Week 3 Lexicology:

Word formation
Instructor: Tran Thi Thanh Huong, PhD
(continued) English Department
Thang Long university
1. Word-formation is the process of creating……..
A. Affixational phoneme B. Different kind of dictionaries
C. New words D. Root morphemes
3. mis-, dis- are ……
A. infixes B. interfixes C. suffixes D. prefixes
4. -er, -dom,- ness,- ation are ….
A. adjective forming suffixes B. adverb forming suffixes
C. noun forming suffixes D. numeral forming suffixes
7. Define prefixes which denote time, space, degree relations:
A. de-, re-, dis- B. in-, non-, un-, im- C. in-, pre-, -dis, ex-
D. pre-, over-, inter-, ex- E. inter-, re-, no-, im-
9. Which of these prefixes have the opposite meaning?
A. bi-, co-, extra- B. ultra-, sub-, pre- C. anti-, counter-, non-
D. re-, co-, pre- E. de-, un-, over-

AFFIXATION REVISITTING
1. Word-formation is the process of creating……..
A. Affixational phoneme B. Different kind of dictionaries
C. New words D. Root morphemes
3. mis-, dis- are ……
A. infixes B. interfixes C. suffixes D. prefixes
4. -er, -dom,- ness,- ation are ….
A. adjective forming suffixes B. adverb forming suffixes
C. noun forming suffixes D. numeral forming suffixes
7. Define prefixes which denote time, space, degree relations:
A. de-, re-, dis- B. in-, non-, un-, im- C. in-, pre-, -dis, ex-
D. pre-, over-, inter-, ex- E. inter-, re-, no-, im-
9. Which of these prefixes have the opposite meaning?
A. bi-, co-, extra- B. ultra-, sub-, pre- C. anti-, counter-, non-
D. re-, co-, pre- E. de-, un-, over-

AFFIXATION REVISITTING
Identify the conversion in each of the following sentences:
1. He claims to have fathered over 20 children.
2. It is time to put a stop to the violence.
3. Our task is to green these bare hills in the years to come.
4. If your ifs were true, everyone would become millionaires.
5. He’s not a native here.
6. Don’t talk the talk if you can’t walk the walk.
7. The whole city was severely flooded after the torrential rain.
8. Last night on the way home from class she was dogged by a stranger.
9. Forecasters predict the region’s economy is heading for disaster.
10.The cubs will share the remains of the kill.

CONVERSION REVISITTING
Identify the conversion in each of the following sentences:
1. He claims to have fathered over 20 children.
2. It is time to put a stop to the violence.
3. Our task is to green these bare hills in the years to come.
4. If your ifs were true, everyone would become millionaires.
5. He’s not a native here.
6. Don’t talk the talk if you can’t walk the walk.
7. The whole city was severely flooded after the torrential rain.
8. Last night on the way home from class she was dogged by a stranger.
9. Forecasters predict the region’s economy is heading for disaster.
10.The cubs will share the remains of the kill.

CONVERSION REVISITTING
Word-formation processes
I. Affixation (Prefixation, Infixation,
Suffixation)/(Inflection, Derivation)
II. Conversion (change in part of speech)
III.Word composition (compounding)
IV.Shortening (acronym, clipping, blending)
V. Sound and stress interchange
VI.Sound imitation (onomatopoeia)
VII.Back-formation (form backward)
New words in the lesson
1. Composition (n): action of putting things together; formation or construction
2. compound (n)  compounding (n)
3. component (n)
4. juxtaposition (n): two things placed close together with contrasting effect
5. criterion (n, si) criteria (n, pl)
6. reduplicate (v)  reduplicative (n)  reduplication (n)
7. ablaut (adj): Alternation in the vowels of related word forms
8. shortening (n)
9. clipping (n)
10. blending (n)
A WORD
There are three main classes of a word: simple word, complex (or derived) word,
and compound word.
1. Simple words are composed of a single free morpheme.
Eg: high, table, university
2. Complex (or derived) words include either two bound morphemes, or a bound
and a free form.
Eg: Two bound forms: televise, sentiment, consent
A bound and a free form: telephone, happiness, dishonest, nonsense
3. Compound words have two or more free morphemes.
Eg: Sweetheart, time-table, forget-me-not.
Sometimes, it is difficult to decide if the word is a compound word or a free group
of words (grammatical structure).
Eg: He’s a lady-killer (a compound) ≠ He’s a lady killer (a free group of words).
III. WORD COMPOSITION
1. Definition
A compound word (compound) consists of at least two root morphemes.
The components of a compound may be either simple words, derived words
or even other compound words, one of which has inflections.
2. Criteria
- Structural
- Semantic
- Phonological
- Graphic (spelling)
3. Classification
- Structural
- Semantic
- Phonetic
*Criteria
1. Structural integrity
We cannot add any word to the middle of two morphemes of compound words.
Endings are added to the whole word.
Eg: - It is a greenhouse. (a compound word)
- It is a green wooden house. (a group of words = grammatical structure: order of OSACOMP)
- blackbirds, fair-haired
2. Semantic
The meaning of a compound word is idiomatic, not the sum of the meaning of the
words (grammatical structure).
Eg: - He has an iron heart. (He is not kind)
- He has a heavy iron heart. (He has a heart-shaped thing which is heavy)
- chatterbox (person who talks a great deal without saying anything important)
- fuss-pot (person easily excited and nervous about petty things)
*Criteria (cont.)
3. Phonological
Most compound words have the main stress over the first word. A group of
words (grammatical structure) has the main stress over the second word.
Eg: - Compounds: ‘greenhouse, to 'whitewash (sự thanh minh/minh oan), 'mothers-in-law,
'dancing-girl
- free word groups : a green 'house, a dancing 'girl
E.g. - A : Look at that beautiful dancing 'girl. B : She's a well-known 'dancing-girl.
- If you don't drive the 'bluebottle (con nhặ ng) away, I will throw the blue 'bottle on your face .
4. Graphic (spelling)
A compound can be spelt in three ways : with a hyphen between two
components, with break and without break.
E.g. air-line, airline, match box , matchbox
Classification
1. Structural classification
- According to the structure of the immediate components: simple stem (handbag),
derived stem (high-heeled), abbreviated stem (H-bomb), compound stem (waste paper
basket)
- According to the part of speech: compound noun (girlfriend), compound adjective
(man-made), compound verb (to streamline), compound adverb (whole-heartedly),
compound preposition (onto)
- According to the relation between components: coordinative components (parent-
teacher), subordinating components (gate-keeper)
2. Semantic classification
- Non-idiomatic (morphologically motivated): The meaning of the whole can be
deduced from the meanings of the components: door-handle, headache
- Idiomatic (non-motivated): no semantic relation between components: (lip-service:
giving approval or support insincerely, monkey-business: dishonest or silly behavior)
Classification (cont.)
3. Phonetic classification:
3 subgroups of reduplicative compounds:
- reduplicative compounds proper: hush-hush (secret and not known about by many
people), fifty-fifty (divided equally between two people, groups or possibilities)
- ablaut combinations: the second basic morpheme is repeated with a different vowel:
chit-chat, zigzag.
- rhyme combinations: two pseudo-morphemes is joined to rhyme: willy-nilly (whether
you want to or not, carelessly), hurly-burly (a very noisy and busy activity or situation),
lovey-dovey (expressing romantic love in a way that is slightly silly).
How to make Compound words
1. Compound nouns
a) Noun and noun (horse-race, football)
b) Verb and nouns (pickpocket, stopcock)
c) Adjective and noun (sweetheart, gentleman)
d) Gerund and noun (looking-glass, writing-table)
e) Preposition/adverb and noun (afternoon, inside)
f) Adverb/Preposition and verb (outcome, upstart, income)
g) Verb and adverb/preposition: (drawback, send-off, go-between)
h) Several words together (forget-me-not (A low-growing plant of the borage family, which
typically has blue flowers and is a popular ornamental), note-of-hand (A written guarantee to pay
or repay a given sum; a receipt; a promissory note), stick-in-the-mud (A person who is dull and
unadventurous and who resists change)
How to make Compound words (cont.)
2. Compound adjectives
a) Noun and adjective (sky-blue, homesick)
b) Noun and present participle (money-making, man-eating)
c) Noun and past participle (hand-made, heart-broken)
d) Adjective and adjective (red-hot, dark blue)
e) Adjective and present participle (ill-smelling, dull-looking)
f) Adjective and past participle (old-fashioned, long-eared: foolish, stupid; obstinate, stubborn)
g) Adverb and present participle (hard-working, ever-lasting)
h) Adverb and past participle (out-spoken, well-known)
i) Several words together (up-to-date, hand-to-hand)
How to make Compound words (cont.)
3. Compound verbs
a) Noun and verb (waylay: Stop or interrupt (someone) and detain them in
conversation or trouble them in some other way, henpeck: (of a woman)
continually criticize and order about (her husband or other male partner))
b) Adjective and verb (safeguard, dry-clean)
c) Adverb and verb (overhear, backslide: relapse into bad ways or error)
d) Verb and adverb (turn down, switch off)
4. Compound adverbs
a) Adjective and noun (otherwise, meantime)
b) Adverb and preposition (herein, therefore)
c) Noun and noun (sideward, clockwise)
Three types of compounds
1. Endocentric compounds
The second element defines the kind of thing that is designated by the whole
compound and also the word class of the compound. Eg. Training course, battleship,
dark-blue, knee-deep.

2. Exocentric compounds
The meaning of the compound is not just a combination of the meanings
of its parts, it may also belong to a different word class than the second
element. Eg. Bigfoot, skinhead, push-up, born-again
3. Copulative compounds
Both elements equally define the kind of thing designated by the whole
compound, both are “heads”. Eg. Singer-songwriter, bittersweet, stir-fry
Mini practice on Compounding
*Existing words are put together to form a single new word
+Adj +N +V +Prep
Adj+ light-green greenhouse blackmail close-up

N+ knee-deep rainbow brainwash runner-up

V+ failsafe pickpocket stirfry push-up

Prep+ down-low outlaw upgrade into

*Compound stress rule: stress on the first element


IV. SHORTENING
A very productive way of word building used in colloquial speech, documents
and advertisements. Types of shortening:
1. Abbreviation
a. Acronyms (viết tắ t): words built from the initials of components
+ Monograms (1-3 chữ cá i đầ u từ , chữ lồ ng):
U.K.= The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Inc.= included, including, incorporated
+ Homonymy-based acronyms (chữ viết tắ t dự a trên đồ ng â m): I.O.U=I owe you, CU29=
See you tonight.
b. Clipping (lượ c, cắ t)
+ initial: car (motorcar), plane (airplane)
+ final: exam (examination), lab (laboratory)
+ inito-final: fridge (refrigerator), flu (influenza)
+ medial: specs (spectacles), V-day (Victory Day)
2. Blending (trộ n, pha)
Parts of two words merge into a new word: brunch (breakfast + lunch), smog (smoke + fog)
V. SOUND AND STRESS INTERCHANGE
1. Sound interchange
food-feed, full- fill, proof-prove.
2. Stress interchange
'accent(n)  ac'cent (v)
'conduct (n)  con'duct (v)
'decrease (n)  de'crease (v)
'object (n)  ob'ject (v)
However, many disyllable verbs and nouns have the same stress:
- on the first syllable : exile, figure, preface, quarrel, focus, process, program,
triumph
- on the second syllable : accord, account, advance, amount, approach,
attack, attempt
VI. SOUND IMITATION

- Sound and movement of water : babble, blob, bubble, flush, splash


- Sound and movement of things : bang, boom, bump, crash, clink, hum

- Sound expressing human feelings : chatter, giggle, grumble


- Sound produced by animals, birds, insects : bee: buzz; frog: croak;
snake: hiss; bird: twitter, chirp, lion: roar; duck: quack; cat: mew,
miaow
VII. BACK FORMATION
Building of a new word by subtracting a real or supposed affix
from the existing word.
Eg: baby-sister  to baby-sit
window-shopping  to window-shop
Burglar  to burgle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_back-formations
Practice 1: Identify the word-formation process in each of these cases:
1. automation  automate ……..
2. humid  humidifier……..
3. information, entertainment  infotainment……
4. progress  progress ……..
5. typographical error  typo ……..
6. aerobics, marathon  aerobathon …….
7. act  deactivate ……..
8. food, ball  football…….
9. perambulator  pram……..
10. beef, buffalo  beefalo ……..
11. random access memory  RAM ……..
12. megabyte  meg ……..
13. teleprinter, exchanger  telex ……..
14. influenza  flu ……..
15. no, body  nobody ……..
Practice 1: Identify the word-formation process in each of these cases: (ANSWER)
1. automation  automate  back formation
2. humid  humidifier derivation/suffixation/affixation
3. information, entertainment  infotainment blending
4. progress  progress  stress interchange
5. typographical error  typo  clipping
6. aerobics, marathon  aerobathon  blending
7. act  deactivate  derivation / affixation
8. foot, ball  football compound(ing)
9. perambulator  pram clipping
10. beef, buffalo  beefalo  blending
11. random access memory  RAM  acronym
12. megabyte  meg  clipping
13. teleprinter, exchanger  telex  blending
14. influenza  flu  clipping
15. no, body  nobody  compound(ing)
Practice 2: Identify the word-formation process in each word:
1. curio ………
2. (to) laze ………
3. (to) network ………
4. (to) cohere ………
5. (a) sitcom ………
6. (to) total ………
7. (the) hereafter ………
8. brain-gain ………
9. psycho ………
10. satnav ………
Practice 3: Form a new word from the following items, then identify the kind of
word-formation process involved in each case: (ANSWER)
1. Gross Domestic Product  GDP (acronym)
2. channel, tunnel  chunnel (blending)
3. Adj of “hero”  heroic (affixation / suffixation / derivation)
4. love, seat  loveseat (compound)
5. International, police  Interpol (blending)
6. a comb  to comb (conversion)
7. break, fast  breakfast (compound)
8. conversation  to conversate (back formation)
9. a dog’s sound  woof, bark, … (sound imitation)
10. perfect (adj)  perfect (v) (stress interchange)
SUMMARY OF THE LESSON:
Word-formation processes
1. Affixation (Prefixation, Infixation, Suffixation)/(Inflection, Derivation)
2. Conversion (change in part of speech)
3. Word composition (compounding)
4. Shortening (acronym, clipping, blending)
5. Sound and stress interchange
6. Sound imitation (onomatopoeia)
7. Back-formation (form backward)
*Do e-learning exercises
*Memorize 7 word-formation processes
*Prepare for Tutorial 1,2,3

*HOMEWORK

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