ABSTRACT
The objective of the project is to Design and Analysis of Clutch Lining
using different materials. A Clutch is a machine member used to connect the
driving shaft to a driven shaft, so that the driven shaft may be started or stopped at
will, without stopping the driving shaft. A common and well known application for
the clutch is in automotive vehicles where it is used to connect the engine and the
gearbox. Here the clutch enables to crank and start the engine disengaging the
transmission and change the gear to alter the torque on the wheel. The clutch
lining is what prevents from slipping. Clutch linings are a type of friction material,
similar to brake linings. They have a much different function, however; used to
transfer the motion of one mechanical component to another by keeping two
surfaces in contact
Various materials have been used for the disc-friction facings, including
asbestos in the past. Modern clutches typically use a compound organic resin with
copper wire facing or a ceramic material. Ceramic materials are typically used in
heavy applications such as racing or heavy-duty hauling, though the harder
ceramic materials increase flywheel and pressure plate wear. In this project we use
Kevlar, Silicon Carbide, Boron Carbide, Alumina material for clutch liner.
OBJECTIVES
To Study the background of the Polypropylene fiber material based on the
literature survey
Collection of data about characteristics and properties of Polypropylene fiber
Theoretical study of fabrication of Polypropylene composite material
Fabrication of Polypropylene fiber reinforce composite specimen
Analysis of various mechanical properties
Result and data presentation
Report preparation
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The scope of this paper is to produce a product with wide range of strength,
stiffness, heat resistance, crystallinity and even price of the component. Also the
project helps us to review the use of different reinforcements in polymer
composites and their influence on the mechanical properties. The reinforcements
used in this project are Polypropylene fiber.
INTRODUCTION
The clutch is a very important machine element which plays a main role in
the transmission of power from one component (driving part of machinery) to
another (driven part of machinery). It is usually placed between the driving motor
and the input shaft to a machine, permitting the engine to be started in an unloaded
state. It is commonly used in automotive vehicles where it is used to connect the
engine and the gearbox through an interruptible connection between two rotating
shafts. A commonly known application of clutch is in automotive vehicles where it
is used to create engagement and Disengagement between engine and the gear box
for smooth performance of vehicle
Here the clutch enables to crank and start the engine disengaging the
transmission and change the gear to alter the torque on the wheels. Clutches are
also used extensively in production machinery of all types. Clutches allow a high
inertia load to be stated with a small power. The main agenda of this project is to
analyze the clutch liner and the specification of thematerial that may be used for
making the clutch liner.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Design and Analysis of Clutch Plate for Automatic Single Plate Clutch
by1Ravikiran M. Tate, S. H. Sarje
A Conventional transmission system using single plate clutch has to perform
15 operations to shift from low speed to high speed, out of the 10 operations are
clutch operations. Hence making clutch operations automatic will reduce human
effort. The auto-disengagement single clutch employs only one set of compression
springs instead of the usual two sets, with this arrangement it is possible to reduce
the weights of the centrifugal members. This arrangement keeps the clutch in
normally disengaged condition unlike the conventional clutch that is in engaged
condition and has to be disengaged by manual Lever. In transmitting power from
engine to gearbox, Clutch plate plays an important role. So in this paper we
designed a single plate clutch by using empirical formulae. By using CATIA V5
we have created a model of single plate clutch and then imported in ANSYS
workbench for analysis. We have conducted static structural analysis of clutch base
and its friction plate with lining material as FTL 097. The results are compared for
the maximum deformation and stresses.
A Conventional transmission system using single plate clutch has to perform
15 operations to shift from low speed to high speed, out of the 10 operations are
clutch operations. Hence making clutch operations automatic will reduce human
effort. The auto-disengagement single clutch employs only one set of compression
springs instead of the usual two sets, with this arrangement it is possible to reduce
the weights of the centrifugal members. This arrangement keeps the clutch in
normally disengaged condition unlike the conventional clutch that is in engaged
condition and has to be disengaged by manual Lever. In transmitting power from
engine to gearbox, Clutch plate plays an important role. So in this paper we
designed a single plate clutch by using empirical formulae. By using CATIA V5
we have created a model of single plate clutch and then imported in ANSYS
workbench for analysis. We have conducted static structural analysis of clutch base
and its friction plate with lining material as FTL 097. The results are compared for
the maximum deformation and stresses.
Positive clutch transmits the power from input shaft to output shaft by means
of jaws or teeth. Friction clutch transmits the motion from input to output shaft
though friction material. Positive clutches are not desirable at high speed so the
friction clutches are generally used in automobile application.
METHODOLOGY
Hand lay-up is the simplest and oldest open molding method of the
composite fabrication processes. It is a low volume, labor intensive method suited
especially for large components, such as boat hulls. polypropylene or other
reinforcing mat or woven fabric or roving is positioned manually in the open mold,
and resin is poured, brushed, or sprayed over and into the glass plies. Entrapped air
is removed manually with squeegees or rollers to complete the laminates structure.
Room temperature curing polyesters and epoxies are the most commonly used
matrix resins. Curing is initiated by a catalyst in the resin system, which hardens
the fiber reinforced resin composite without external heat. For a high quality part
surface, a pigmented gel coat is first applied to the mold surface.
The most basic fabrication method for thermoset composites is hand layup,
which typically consists of laying dry fabric layers, or “plies,” or prepare plies, by
hand onto a tool to form a laminate stack. Resin is applied to the dry plies after
layup is complete (e.g., by means of resin infusion). In a variation known as wet
layup, each ply is coated with resin and “debulked” or compacted after it is placed.
EXPERIMENTATION
SPECIMEN PREPARATION & EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
In this work experimental analysis was carried out to study the tensile
behavior of nylon/glass hybrid natural composite. Three different types of
polypropylene composites were fabricated by varying the fiber volume.
SPECIMEN PREPARATION
The composite specimens were fabricated using commercially available
polypropylene fabric. The laminates were fabricated using hand lay-up technique
with a stacking sequence. A commercially available unsaturated polyester resin
(epoxy) was mixed with hardener in suitable proportions. The curing time was
around 24hrs at normal room temperature.
TESTS MADE
Tensile
Compression
Hardness
