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Some Mathematical & Statistical Properties of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera)
Leaves
Presentation · August 2019
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31038.02883
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Some Mathematical & Statistical Properties of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Leaves
Craig N. Refugio, PhD
Email:
[email protected]/
[email protected] Negros Oriental State University-Main Campus 1, Dumaguete City
ABSTRACT
Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) has many health benefits based on national and international research findings but none so far has conducted an
investigation on its mathematical & statistical properties, thus this study was conceptualized. One thousand five hundred samples were examined and revealed the
following: Trichotomy & reflexive properties between the number of leaves in the right and left sides of the stem so with the number of leaves in the upper and lower
parts of the petiole; and a high positive correlation between the number of leaves in the right and left sides of the stem so with the number of leaves in the upper and
lower parts of the petiole. It is recommended that further investigations will be sought to determine other mathematical & statistical properties on malunggay leaves
and its other parts.
INTRODUCTION
Moringa oleifera commonly called Ben-oil tree, drumstick tree, horse-radish tree & cobbage tree clarifier (Mohammed & Manan, 2015). GRIN
(2002) and Verzosa (2012) reported that the tree is grown mainly in semiarid, tropical, and subtropical areas. It grows b est in dry, sandy soil and it
tolerates poor soil in coastal areas. It is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree that is native to the southern foothills of Himalayas in North-Western India
and other developing countries including the Philippines. It is a multi-purpose plant with a tremendous variety of potential uses, and recently attracted
the attention of several authors such as Olson (2002), Muluvi, Sprent , Odee & Powel (2004) and Abubakar, Khan & Adamo (2011). Makkar, Francis
& Becker (2007) considered the potentials of Moringa oleifera tree products in different ways that improve man and his environmental well-being. These
uses include in alley – farming, animal forage, vegetable, biogas production, dye, honey clarifier, ornamental, pulp, water pu rification, edible oil,
fiber, fertilizer, cosmetics, ointment, erosion control, textile printing, insecticide, fungicide, lubricants, tanning leather, fences, wind barrier, cane
juice clarifier, condiment, plant growth enhancer.
In medicine, Bosch (2004) and Mohammad, Tijani, Abubakar, Haruna, Hindatu & Idris (2013) reported that Ben -oil tree aids in the treatment of
several diseases. In developing countries like the Philippines, Moringa Oleifera has potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural
development and support sustainable land care (National Research Council, 2006). In Nigeria with wide range of uses of Moringa Oleifera products,
most research efforts are focused mainly on its medicinal value Ezeamuzie, Ambakederemo, Shode & Ekwebelem (1996). Malunggay (Moringa
Oleifera) has many health benefits based on national and international research findings but none so far has conducted an investigation on its
mathematical & statistical properties, thus this study was conceptualized.
DATA COLLECTION
A total of 1500 stems were collected as samples from December, 2015 to December, 2018. The number of leaves were counted in the
right and left sides of the stem so with the number of leaves in the upper and lower parts of the petiole. The following pictures provided
evidences in the data collection:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
TRICHOTOMY PROPERTY
Trichotomy Property
Trichotomy Property means that when you are comparing 2 numbers, one of the following must be true: the first number is bigger
than the second number, the first number is smaller than the second number or the two numbers are equal. This is a common sense property
with a hard name.
In this study, if a = number of leaves in the left side of the stem and b = the number of leaves in the right side of the stem then
looking at sample 1A to sample 6A, trichotomy property is always found. In the 1500 samples of this study, trichotomy property is verified
as always true.
Reflexive Property
The reflexive property of equality simply states that a value is equal to itself. Further, this property states that for all real numbers, x
= x. Here are some examples of reflexive property of equality:
Reflexive Property of Equality
a=a m=m b=b c=c d=d e=e
967 = 967 5=5 8=8 9=9 25=25 1=1
In this study, if a = number of leaves in the left side of the stem and b = the number of leaves in the right side of the stem then
looking at sample 1A to sample 6A, reflexive property is sometimes found. In the 1500 samples of this study, reflexive property is verified
as partly true.
SAMPLES IN TERMS OF NUMBER OF LEAVES IN THE LEFT AND RIGHT SIDES OF THE STEM
Sample 1A
Pair No. of leaves in the left side of the stem No. of Leaves in the right side of the stem
along (a) (b)
stem
1 1 1
2 1 1
3 1 2
4 5 5
5 9 10
6 22 18
7 67 61
8 104 88
9 42 41
Total 252 227
no. of
leaves
Sample 2A
Pair No. of Leaves in the right side of the stem
No. of leaves in the left side of the stem
along (b)
(a)
stem
1 1 1
2 1 1
3 1 1
4 3 2
5 5 5
6 9 9
7 16 19
8 50 55
9 91 99
10 48 50
Total
no. of 225 242
leaves
Sample 3A
Pair No. of Leaves in the right side of the stem
No. of leaves in the left side of the stem
along (b)
(a)
stem
1 1 1
2 1 1
3 3 2
4 10 5
5 11 7
6 23 23
7 77 84
8 85 103
9 48 19
Total
no. of 259 245
leaves
Sample 4A
Pair No. of Leaves in the right side of the stem
No. of leaves in the left side of the stem
along (b)
(a)
stem
1 1 1
2 1 1
3 3 3
4 5 7
5 11 11
6 25 25
7 71 71
8 94 98
9 50 61
Total
no. of 261 278
leaves
Sample 5A
Pair No. of Leaves in the right side of the stem
No. of leaves in the left side of the stem
along (b)
(a)
stem
1 1 1
2 1 1
3 1 1
4 3 3
5 5 5
6 12 11
7 21 22
8 66 60
9 107 111
10 56 66
Total
no. of 273 281
leaves
Sample 6A
Pair No. of Leaves in the right side of the stem
No. of leaves in the left side of the stem
along (b)
(a)
stem
1 1 1
2 3 3
3 5 4
4 6 7
5 15 15
6 33 25
7 58 82
8 26 36
Total
no. of 147 173
leaves
……..… up to Sample 1500A
SAMPLES IN TERMS OF NUMBER OF LEAVES IN THE UPPER AND LOWER PARTS OF THE PETIOLE
Trichotomy Property
Trichotomy Property means that when you are comparing 2 numbers, one of the following must be true: the first number is bigger
than the second number, the first number is smaller than the second number or the two numbers are equal. This is a common sense property
with a hard name.
In this study, if c = number of leaves in the upper part of the petiole and d = the number of leaves in the lower part of the petiole then
looking at sample 1B to sample 6B, trichotomy property is always found. In the 1500 samples of this study, trichotomy property is verified
as always true.
Reflexive Property
The reflexive property of equality simply states that a value is equal to itself. Further, this property states that for all real numbers, x
= x. Here are some examples of reflexive property of equality:
Reflexive Property of Equality
a=a m=m b=b c=c d=d e=e
967 = 967 5=5 8=8 9=9 25=25 1=1
In this study, if a = number of leaves in the left side of the stem and b = the number of leaves in the right side of the stem then
looking at sample 1B to sample 6B, reflexive property is sometimes found. In the 1500 samples of this study, reflexive property is verified as
partly true.
Sample 1B
Pair
No. of leaves in the upper part of the petiole No. of leaves in the lower part of the petiole
along
(c) (d)
petiole
1 1 1
2 1 1
3 1 2
4 3 2
5 9 10
6 11 11
7 32 33
8 52 42
9 21 20
Total
no. of 131 122
leaves
Sample 2B
Pair
No. of leaves in the upper part of the petiole No. of leaves in the lower part of the petiole
along
(c) (d)
petiole
1 1 1
2 1 1
3 1 1
4 2 1
5 3 3
6 4 5
7 8 9
8 25 27
9 46 48
10 24 25
Total
no. of 115 121
leaves
Sample 3B
Pair
No. of leaves in the upper part of the petiole No. of leaves in the lower part of the petiole
along
(c) (d)
petiole
1 1 1
2 1 1
3 2 1
4 5 3
5 6 4
6 11 12
7 36 42
8 42 51
9 14 9
Total
no. of 118 124
leaves
Sample 4B
Pair
No. of leaves in the upper part of the petiole No. of leaves in the lower part of the petiole
along
(c) (d)
petiole
1 1 1
2 1 1
3 2 2
4 3 4
5 5 6
6 13 12
7 35 37
8 46 48
9 25 30
Total
no. of 131 141
leaves
Sample 5B
Pair
No. of leaves in the upper part of the petiole No. of leaves in the lower part of the petiole
along
(c) (d)
petiole
1 1 1
2 1 1
3 1 1
4 2 2
5 3 3
6 6 5
6 11 10
7 33 30
8 55 56
9 26 18
Total
no. of
leaves 139 127
Sample 6B
Pair
No. of leaves in the upper part of the petiole No. of leaves in the lower part of the petiole
along
(c) (d)
petiole
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 2
4 3 4
5 7 8
6 15 13
7 28 41
8 13 18
Total
no. of 72 89
leaves
…..… up to Sample 1500B
CORRELATION PROPERTY using Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation
SAMPLES IN TERMS OF NUMBER SAMPLES IN TERMS OF NUMBER
Correlation Correlation
OF LEAVES IN THE LEFT AND OF LEAVES IN THE UPPER AND
Coefficient Coefficient
RIGHT SIDES OF THE STEM LOWER PARTS OF THE PETIOLE
1 0.997 1 0.989
2 0.999 2 0.999
3 0.952 3 0.991
4 0.996 4 0.997
5 0.994 5 0.992
6 0.996 6 0.977
7 0.899 7 0.994
8 0.889 8 0.996
9 0.879 9 0.899
10 0.899 10 0.889
12 0.888 12 0.991
13 0.898 13 0.999
14 0.996 14 0.889
15 0.989 15 0.887
16 0.977 16 0.891
17 0.989 17 0.898
18 0.999 18 0.996
19 0.991 19 0.989
20 0.997 20 0.977
21 0.992 21 0.989
23 0.977 23 0.999
24 0.994 24 0.991
25 0.991 25 0.997
26 0.999 26 0.997
27 0.889 27 0.992
28 0.887 28 0.977
29 0.891 29 0.997
30 0.877 30 0.999
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
1471 0.899 1471 0.899
1472 0.889 1472 0.888
1473 0.991 1473 0.898
1474 0.999 1474 0.996
1475 0.889 1475 0.989
1476 0.887 1476 0.977
1477 0.891 1477 0.898
1478 0.898 1478 0.996
1479 0.996 1479 0.989
1480 0.989 1480 0.977
1481 0.977 1481 0.989
1482 0.989 1482 0.999
1483 0.999 1483 0.991
1484 0.991 1484 0.996
1485 0.888 1485 0.994
1486 0.893 1486 0.996
1487 0.894 1487 0.899
1488 0.87 1488 0.889
1489 0.892 1489 0.879
1490 0.898 1490 0.899
1491 0.996 1491 0.888
1492 0.989 1492 0.898
1493 0.977 1493 0.996
1494 0.989 1494 0.989
1495 0.999 1495 0.892
1496 0.991 1496 0.991
1497 0.899 1497 0.889
1498 0.992 1498 0.997
1499 0.971 1499 0.994
1500 0.998 1500 0.995
CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATION
This investigation concluded that: there are trichotomy & reflexive properties between the number of leaves in the right and left sides
of the stem so with the number of leaves in the upper and lower parts of the petiole; and a high positive correlation between the number of
leaves in the right and left sides of the stem so with the number of leaves in the upper and lower parts of the petiole. It is recommended that
further investigations will be sought to determine other mathematical & statistical properties on Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) leaves and
its other parts.
REFERENCES
Abubakar, B.Y., S. Mua’zu, A. U. Khan, and A. K. Adamu. 2011. Morpho-anatomical Variation in Some Accessions of
Moringa oleifera Lam. from Northern Nigeria. African Journal of Plant Science. 5(12): 742-748
Bosch, C. H. 2004. Moringa oleifera Lam. In: Grubben G.J.H Denton O.A. (Editors). Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. Vegetables PROTA Foundation
Wegeningen Netherls Backhuys Publishers Netherls. 392-395.
GRIN. 2002. Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 43.
Makkar, H. P., G. Francis, and K. Becker. 2007. Bioactivity of Phytochemicals in Some Lesser-Known Plants and Their Effects and Potential Applications in
Livestock and Aquaculture Production Systems. Animal Feed Science, 1 (9): 1371-91
Mohammed, S. and F. A. Manan. 2015. Analysis of Morphological Variation of the Oncocyclus Irises (Iris: Totalphenolics, Tannins and Flavonoids from
Moringa Iridaceae) in the Southern Levant. Botanical Journal of Oleifera Seed Extract. Journal of Chemical and Linnean Society. 139: 369-382. Pharmaceutical
Research. 7: 132-135.
Muluvi, G. M., J. I. Sprent, D. Odee, and W. Powell. 2004. Estimates of Out-Crossing Rates in M. Oleifera Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism
(AFLP). African Journal of Biotechnology. 3(2): 146-151.
Olson, M. E. 2002. Combing Data from DNA Sequences Morphology for a Phylogeny of Moringaceae (Brassicales). Systematic Botany. 27(1): 55-73.
Verzosa, C. 2012. Malunggay and Spinach Powder (Investigatory Project Sample). Scribd.com. Retrieved 4-11.
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