Control flow (Loops)

Loops in programming come into use when we need to repeatedly execute a block
of statements. For example: Suppose we want to print “Hello World” 10 times. This
can be done with the help of loops. The loops in Python are:

 While and while-else loop

# Python program to illustrate 

# while and while-else loop
i =0
while (i < 3):     
    i = i + 1
    print("Hello Geek") 
   
# checks if list still
# contains any element 
a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
while a:
    print(a.pop())
   
i = 10
while i < 12: 
    i += 1
    print(i) 
1
    break
else: # Not executed as there is a break 
    print("No Break")

Output:

Hello Geek
Hello Geek
Hello Geek
4
3
2
1
11

Note: For more information, refer   Python While Loops.

 For and for-else loop

# Python program to illustrate 

# Iterating over a list 

print("List Iteration") 
l = ["geeks", "for", "geeks"] 
for i in l: 
    print(i)

2
     
# Iterating over a String 

print("\nString Iteration")     
s = "Geeks"
for i in s : 
    print(i) 
     
print("\nFor-else loop")
for i in s: 
    print(i) 
else: # Executed because no break in for 
    print("No Break\n") 
   
for i in s: 
    print(i) 
    break
else: # Not executed as there is a break 
    print("No Break") 
Output:

List Iteration
geeks
for
geeks

String Iteration
G
e
e
k
s

For-else loop
G
e
e
k
s

3
 No Break

Note: For more information, refer   Python For Loops.

Python range() function

range() is a built-in function of Python. It is used when a user needs to

perform an action for a specific number of times. range() in Python(3.x) is just a
renamed version of a function called xrange in Python(2.x). The range() function is
used to generate a sequence of numbers.

range() is commonly used in for looping hence, knowledge of same is key aspect
when dealing with any kind of Python code. Most common use of range() function
in Python is to iterate sequence type (List, string etc.. ) with for and while loop.
Python range() Basics :
In simple terms, range() allows user to generate a series of numbers within a
given range. Depending on how many arguments user is passing to the function,
user can decide where that series of numbers will begin and end as well as how big
the difference will be between one number and the next.range() takes mainly three
arguments.
 start: integer starting from which the sequence of integers is to be returned
 stop: integer before which the sequence of integers is to be returned.
The range of integers end at stop – 1.
 step: integer value which determines the increment between each integer in
the sequence

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# Python program to demonstrate
# range() function
   
 
for i in range(5):
    print(i, end =" ")
print()
 
for i in range(2, 9):
    print(i, end =" ")
print()
 
# incremented by 3

for i in range(15, 25, 3):

    print(i, end =" ")

Output:
0 1 2 3 4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
15 18 21 24

# Python Program to 

# show range() basics
  
# printing a number

for i in range(10):
    print(i, end =" ")
print()

  
# using range for iteration

5
l = [10, 20, 30, 40]
for i in range(len(l)):
    print(l[i], end =" ")
print()
  
# performing sum of natural
# number
sum = 0
for i in range(1, 11):
    sum = sum + i
print("Sum of first 10 natural number :", sum)

Output :
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 20 30 40
Sum of first 10 natural number : 55
There are three ways you can call range() :

 range(stop) takes one argument.

 range(start, stop) takes two arguments.
 range(start, stop, step) takes three arguments.

range(stop)

When user call range() with one argument, user will get a series of numbers that starts at 0 and
includes every whole number up to, but not including, the number that user have provided as the
stop. For Example –

# Python program to
# print whole number
# using range()
  
# printing first 10 
# whole number

for i in range(10):
    print(i, end =" ")
print()
  
# printing first 20
# whole number

for i in range(20):
    print(i, end = " ")

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Output:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

range(start, stop)

When user call range() with two arguments, user get to decide not only where the
series of numbers stops but also where it starts, so user don’t have to start at 0 all
the time. User can use range() to generate a series of numbers from X to Y using a
range(X, Y). For Example -arguments

# Python program to 

# print natural number
# using range
  
# printing a natural
# number upto 20

for i in range(1, 20):

    print(i, end =" ")
print()
  
# printing a natural
# number from 5 t0 20

for i in range(5, 20):

    print(i, end =" ")

Output:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

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 range(start, stop, step)

When user call range() with three arguments, user can choose not only where the series of
numbers will start and stop but also how big the difference will be between one number and the
next. If user don’t provide a step, then range() will automatically behave as if the step is 1.

# Python program to 

# print all number 
# divisible by 3 and 5
   
# using range to print number
# divisible by 3

for i in range(0, 30, 3):

    print(i, end = " ")
print()
  
# using range to print number
# divisible by 5

for  i in range(0, 50, 5):

     print(i, end = " ")
      
Output :
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

 
Incrementing with range using positive step :

If user want to increment, then user need step to be a positive number. For example:

# Python program to
# increment with
# range()
  
# incremented by 2

for i in range(2, 25, 2):

    print(i, end =" ")
print()
  
# incremented by 4
8
for i in range(0, 30, 4):
    print(i, end =" ")
print()
  
# incremented by 3

for i in range(15, 25, 3):

    print(i, end =" ")

Output :

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
15 18 21 24

Decrementing with range using negative step :

If user want to decrement, then user need step to be a negative number. For example:
# Python program to
# decrement with
# range()
  
# incremented by -2

for i in range(25, 2, -2):

    print(i, end =" ")
print()
  
# incremented by -4

for i in range(30, 1, -4):

    print(i, end =" ")
print()
  
# incremented by -3

for i in range(25, -6, -3):

    print(i, end =" ")

Output :

25 23 21 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 3
30 26 22 18 14 10 6 2

9
25 22 19 16 13 10 7 4 1 -2 -5

Using float Numbers in Python range() :

Python range() function doesn’t support the float numbers. i.e. user cannot use
floating-point or non-integer number in any of its argument. User can use only
integer numbers.For example

# Python program to
# show using float
# number in range()
  
# using a float number

for i in range(3.3):
    print(i)
  
# using a float number
for i in range(5.5):
    print(i)
Output :

for i in range(3.3):
TypeError: 'float' object cannot be interpreted as an integer
 

Concatenation of two range() functions

The result from two range() functions can be concatenated by using the chain() method

of itertools module. The chain() method is used to print all the values in iterable targets
one after another mentioned in its arguments.

10
# Python program to concatenate
# the result of two range functions
    from itertools import chain
    
# Using chain method
print("Concatenating the result")
res = chain(range(5), range(10, 20, 2))
  
for i in res:
    print(i, end=" ")
Output:

Concatenating the result

0 1 2 3 4 10 12 14 16 18

Accessing range() with index value

A sequence of numbers is returned by the range() function as it’s object that can be accessed by

its index value. Both positive and negative indexing is supported by its object.

# Python program to demonstrate

# range function
   
ele = range(10)[0]
print("First element:", ele)
  
ele = range(10)[-1]
print("\nLast element:", ele)
  
ele = range(10)[4]
print("\nFifth element:", ele)

Output:
First element: 0

Last element: 9

Fifth element: 4

Points to remember about Python range() function :

 range() function only works with the integers i.e. whole numbers.

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 All argument must be integers. User can not pass a string or float number or
any other type in a start, stop and step argument of a range().
 All three arguments can be positive or negative.
 The step value must not be zero. If a step is zero python raises a ValueError
exception.
 range() is a type in Python

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