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Em 111-Calculus 1 (Differential Calculus) : Graph of A Function

This document discusses graphs of functions and combinations of functions. It provides examples of: 1) Graphing functions like parabolas and cones defined by equations. 2) Combining functions using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. 3) Defining composite functions using composition of two functions and provides examples of evaluating composite functions.

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John Philip Nadal
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62 views

Em 111-Calculus 1 (Differential Calculus) : Graph of A Function

This document discusses graphs of functions and combinations of functions. It provides examples of: 1) Graphing functions like parabolas and cones defined by equations. 2) Combining functions using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. 3) Defining composite functions using composition of two functions and provides examples of evaluating composite functions.

Uploaded by

John Philip Nadal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EM 111- CALCULUS 1 (DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS )

GRAPH OF A FUNCTION

The curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) is called the graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥 ). Many properties of the
function are made more vivid by this graphic representation.
Say for example, the function 𝑨 = 𝒄𝟐 , 𝒄 > 𝟎 is represented graphically by half of a
parabola (shown in Figure 2).
A

c
0
Figure 2

Example 3:
Graph the equation of the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1.

𝒙 𝒚
-2 5
-1 2
0 1
1 2
2 5

Example 4:
Express the altitude of a right circular cone as a function of the volume with a
fixed radius of 3 inches. Graph the function.

From the formula of the volume of a cone,


1 1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋(32 )(ℎ)
3 3 𝑽 𝒉
𝟏 0 0
𝒉= 𝑽
𝟑𝝅
1 0.106
2 0.212
EM 111- CALCULUS 1 (DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS )

COMBINATION OF FUNCTIONS
Two functions 𝒇 and 𝒈 can be combined to form new functions 𝒇 + 𝒈, 𝒇 − 𝒈, 𝒇𝒈, and
𝒇⁄
𝒈 in a manner similar to the way we add, subtract, multiply, and divide real numbers.

Algebra of Functions:
Let 𝒇 and 𝒈 be functions with domain 𝑨 and 𝑩. Then the functions 𝒇 + 𝒈, 𝒇 − 𝒈, 𝒇𝒈,
𝒇⁄
and 𝒈 are defined as follows:
(𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)
(𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)
(𝒇𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒈(𝒙)
𝒇 𝒇(𝒙)
( ) (𝒙 ) =
𝒈 𝒈(𝒙)

Example 8:
𝑓
If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √4 − 𝑥 2 , find the functions 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔, 𝑓𝑔, and ⁄𝑔

(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = √𝒙 + √𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐

(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = √𝒙 − √𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐

(𝑓𝑔)(𝑥 ) = √𝑥√4 − 𝑥 2 = √𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟑

𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) √𝑥 𝒙
( ) (𝑥 ) = = =√
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥) √4 − 𝑥 2 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐

Composition of Functions:
Given two functions 𝒇 and 𝒈, the composite function 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 (also called the composition
of 𝒇 and 𝒈) is defined by:
(𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))

The domain of 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 is the set of all 𝒙 in the domain of 𝒈 such that 𝒈(𝒙) is in the domain
of 𝒇. In other words, (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) is defined whenever both 𝒈(𝒙) and 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) are defined. The
best way to picture 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 is by a machine diagram (see fig. 4).

Figure 4. The 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 machine is composed of the


𝑔 machine (first) and then the 𝑓 machine.
EM 111- CALCULUS 1 (DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS )

Example 9:
If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟑, find the composite functions 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 and 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇.

(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) = 𝑓 (𝑥 − 3) = (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐

(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓 (𝑥 )) = 𝑔(𝑥 2 ) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑

Note: You can see from Example 7 that, in general, 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ≠ 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇. Remember the notation
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 means that the function 𝑔 is applied first then 𝑓 is applied second while for notation
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓, function 𝑓 is applied first followed by function 𝑔.

Example 10:
If 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝟐 − 𝒙, find the composite functions 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈, 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇, 𝒇 ∘ 𝒇, and
𝒈∘𝒈

𝟒
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) = 𝑓(√2 − 𝑥) = √√2 − 𝑥 = √𝟐 − 𝒙

(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓 (𝑥 )) = 𝑔(√𝑥) = √𝟐 − √𝒙

𝟒
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥 )) = 𝑓(√𝑥) = √√𝑥 = √𝒙

(𝑔 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑔 (𝑥 )) = 𝑔(√2 − 𝑥) = √𝟐 − √𝟐 − 𝒙

Example 11:
𝒙
Find 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ∘ 𝒉 if 𝒇(𝒙) = , 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟏𝟎 , 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒙+𝟏

(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑔(ℎ(𝑥 )))


(𝒙+𝟑)𝟏𝟎
= 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 + 3)) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 3)10 = (𝒙+𝟑)𝟏𝟎 +𝟏
Example 12:
Given 𝑭(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟗), find functions 𝒇, 𝒈, and 𝒉 such that 𝑭 = 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ∘ 𝒉

Since 𝐹 (𝑥) = [cos (𝑥 + 9)]2 , the formula for 𝐹 says: First add 9, then take the cosine of the
result, and finally square. Therefore, we let: 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟗; 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙; 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐

(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑔(ℎ(𝑥 ))) = 𝑓(𝑔 (𝑥 + 9))


= 𝑓(cos(𝑥 + 9)) = [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 9)]2 = 𝐹(𝑥)

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