9/8/2016

Geol341-Structural Geology Last Class- Contacts

• Stratigraphic contacts
Geometry of – Unconformities
• Primary Sedimentary Structures

Deformation
– Younging direction
• Intrusive contacts
– Sills and dikes

1 – Batholiths
• Folds
– Anticlines, synclines, plunging folds
• Fault Contacts
– Normal, thrust, strike-slip

Today
Kinematic Analysis
• Kinematic Analysis
• Deformation • The study of the movements of rock during
– Rigid Body Deformation deformation
• Translation
• Rotation
• Displacement Vectors- Strain paths • Deformation= Change in shape, volume, or
– Non Rigid Body Deformation (Distortion) position of a body [due to an applied stress].
• Dilation- change in volume
• Distortion- change in shape

Dynamic Analysis

Deformation Rigid Body Deformation

• Translation • Particles in a body do not change relative
• Rotation Rigid Body positions

• Distortion
– Dilation (volume change)
Non- Rigid Body
– Change in Shape
• Simple Shear
• Pure Shear

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Rigid Body Translation Vectors vs. Scalars

Define frame of reference
• Displacement vectors
Y – Direction of movement
– Distance
Yo+n

Yo m
Displacement
vector

Xo Xo+m X

Dike Intrusion Dike Intrusion

Finite
Displacement
Vectors

Dike Intrusion

Particle Path
vs.
Finite
Displacement
Vectors

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Fault Striations- Last recorded motion

Fixed

Fault=displacement discontinuity

GPS
Velocity Rigid Body Rotation
Define frame of reference
Field
Y

(Xo,Yo)
Velocity
Relative to
North Displacement
America W path

(X1,Y1)
mm/yr= km/my X
Rotation X1=(CosW)Xo+(SinW)Yo
10 mm/yr
UNAVCO, 2015 Axis Y1=-(SinW)Xo+(CosW)Yo

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All Plate Motions are Rotations

v=  ri sin 
Normal fault blocks rotate about horizontal axis

Non-Rigid Body Deformation

Distortion (Strain)
•Change in Volume (Dilation)
•Change in Shape

Change in Volume (dilation)

Homogeneous
vs.
Heterogeneous
Deformation

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Volume increase Volume Decrease

Vein Fill Pressure Solution

Strain Ellipse
Extension Quadrant
No change in
Principal Strain Axes length

Shortening
Quadrant

Undeformed Deformed

Pure Shear (Coaxial Strain)

Simple and Pure Shear
Particle Paths

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Pure Shear

Deformed Quartzite

Strained Cobble Conglomerate

Boudinage

Simple Shear Strain

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Particle paths during strain

Fossen, 2010

Summary
Pure or Simple Shear?
Simple Shear (non-coaxial) Pure Shear (coaxial)
•Like a deck of cards •Like sitting on a balloon
•Long axis of ellipse rotates •No rotation of long axis
•Lines parallel to shear plane do •All lines change length
not change length (almost)
•Simple displacement field •Complex displacement field
•No volume change •No volume change
•Square to parallelogram •Square to rectangle

Strain Ellipse (2D)

Strain Field in a Shear Zone

S3

S1

S1> S3
Undeformed
Deformed
From Ramsay and Hubert, 1983

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Quantification of Strain 1 Quantification of Strain 2

Stretch = s = l1/lo
Longitudinal Strain = Elongation = e = (l1-lo)/ lo
Final length over initial length
Change in length over initial length
Values 0 to Infinity
Values –1 to 1, often as a %
Shortening <1
Shortening –
Extension >1
Extension +

e=-0.04 or -4%
6 km

e=-0.23 or -23%
32 km

Quantification of Non-Coaxial Strain Markers

Strain
=Angle of shear

= Shear Strain = tan 

(non dimensional)

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Strain Markers- Oolites Strain Markers- Fossils

Strained Trilobite

From Ramsay and Hubert, 1983 From Ramsay and Hubert, 1983

Strain Distribution in the Alps Strain Distribution in the Alps

Map View Profile View

From Ramsay and Hubert, 1983 From Ramsay and Hubert, 1983

3D Strain No strain along 3rd

Strain Ellipsoid dimension

S3
Cigars

S1=S2>S3
S1 S1/S2

S2
S1>S2=S3

Strain Axes= S1> S2 > S3 Prolate Pancakes

Major Minor axis S2/S3 Oblate

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Rock Fabrics and 3D Strain

Extension Quadrant
Constriction No change in
length

Foliation
Lineation
Shortening
Flattening Quadrant

From Ramsay and Hubert, 1983

Deformation Quadrants

Sequential Deformation
Deformed dikes in metamorphic rock Initial
State
y
Step 1

Pure Shear,
No volume
change, S1=1.5,
horizontal
Step 2
x S2= ?
2. Simple Shear,
No volume change,
Ψ = 45o

From Ramsay and Hubert, 1983

Role of Strain Rate Strain Rate Calculation

10 mm/yr = 10 km/My
• Strain Rate= rate of deformation
L0 =300 km
• Elongation/second L1= 310 Km
• Plate Motions are a few mm/yr
10km e= (L1-L0)/L0
L1
e= 0.03
• If San Francisco is moving at 10 mm/yr San Francisco
relative to Fresno. What is the longitudinal L0
ê= strain rate= 0.03/My
strain rate? = 1 x 10-15/sec
Fresno
Slow!

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Key Ideas
• Strain = deformation = displacement +
change in shape
• Displacement fields
• Coaxial vs. Non-coaxial strain
• Strain ellipse, strain markers
• e= elongation (change in length/initial
length)
• s= stretch (final length/initial length
• 3D strain - Constriction vs Flattening

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