Refractories
o Refractories
-‐
A
group
of
ceramic
materials
capable
of
withstanding
high
temperatures
for
prolonged
periods
of
8me.
o Acid
Refractories
-‐
Common
acidic
refractories
include
silica,
alumina,
and
fireclay
(an
impure
kaolinite).
o Basic
Refractories
-‐
A
number
of
refractories
are
based
on
MgO
(magnesia,
or
periclase).
o Neutral
Refractories
-‐
These
refractories,
which
include
chromite
and
chromite-‐magnesite,
might
be
used
to
separate
acid
and
basic
refractories,
preven8ng
them
from
aGacking
one
another.
o Special
Refractories
-‐
Other
refractory
materials
include
zirconia
(ZrO2),
zircon
(ZrO2
·∙
SiO2),
and
a
variety
of
nitrides,
carbides,
and
borides.
Acid
Refractory
1.
Silica
Bricks
90-‐95
%
SiO2
+
2
%
Lime
added
during
grinding
for
bonding
(870°C)
(1470°C)
Quartzite
è Trydymite
è
Crystobalite
Method:
Temp
slowly
raised
to
1500°C
in
24
hrs.
Maintained
at
this
temp
for
12
hrs
and
then
cooled
slowly
for
1-‐2
weeks.
A
mixture
of
Trydymite
and
Crystobalite
results
in
the
final
bricks.
Porosity:
25
%
PCE:
1700°C
RUL
at
3.5
kg/cm2:
1600°C
Resistance
to
abrasion
Uses:
Roofs
of
open
hearth
furnances,
by
product
coke
ovens
2.
Fire
Clay
Al2O3.2
SiO2.2H2O
and
powdered
calcined
fireclay
’Grog’
Increase
in
%
Grog=
Less
Spalling
SiO2=
40-‐55
%
Al2O3=
35-‐55
%
Acidic
nature
depends
upon
silicon
content.
PCE:
1400°C
RUL
(2
kg/cm2)=
1350°C
Resistance
to
thermal
shocks
is
high
Porosity:
20
%
Uses:
Lining
of
blast
furnances,
regenerators,
Charging
doors.
3.
High
Alumina
Bricks
Containing
more
than
50
%
Al2O3
&
SiO2
Calcined
Bauxite
(Al2O3)
and
clay
Low
Coefficient
of
expansion
Resistance
to
thermal
spalling
High
Porosity,
Great
resistance
to
slag
Acidic
and
Non
conduc8ng
(high
porosity)
Medium
Duty:
50
–60
%
alumina
Heavy
Duty:
75
%
alumina
(used
in
hoGest
zone)
Appreciable
RUL
and
Abrasion
resistance
Uses
Lining
of
cement
rotary
kilns,
Soaking
pits,
Hearth
furnace
Aluminum
and
Brass
mel8ng
furnaces
Basic
Refractory
4.
Magnesite
bricks
Calcined
Powdered
Magnesite
+
Caus8c
Magnesia
or
sulphite
lye
or
Iron
Oxide
as
binder.
Water
is
added
to
form
slurry
which
is
moulded
into
bricks.
Heated
slowly
to
1500°C
and
kept
for
8
hrs
at
this
temperature.
Cooled
slowly.
Basic
refractory
showing
resistance
to
basic
slag.
PCE:
2000°C
RUL
at
3.5
kg/cm2=
1500°C
Poor
abrasion
resistance,
extremely
sensi8ve
to
temperaturę
change.
Absorbs
CO2
&
water.
Uses:
Lining
in
open
hearth
furnances.
Lining
in
furnances
for
refining
Au,
Ag
&
Pt.
Hot
zones
of
cement
rotary
kilns.
5.
Dolomite
Bricks
Mixed
calcined
dolomite
(CaO
+
MgO)
with
silicate
binder.
Fired
at
1500°C
for
24
hrs.
Less
strength,
more
somness
and
porosity
greater
shrinkage
than
magnesite
bricks.
RUL
at
3.5
kg/cm2
=
1650°C.
Not
resistant
to
thermal
shocks.
Absorbs
water
&
Carbondioxide.
Dolomite
mixed
with
Serpen8ne
(MgO.SiO2)
calcined
&
fired
at
1500°C
for
a
day
gives
a
stablized
bricks
which
doesnot
absorb
water
&
Carbondioxide
Uses
Rarely
used
as
a
refractory
material
more
as
repair
material.
Stablized
dolomite
used
in
basic
electric
linings,
open
hearth
furnace
as
a
cheap
subsitute
for
magnesite
bricks.
Neutral
Refractory
Carbon
Crushed
coke
+
tar(binding
material)
or
graphite
mixed
with
clay
1300-‐1400°C
Infusible
Insensi8ve
to
spalling
Highly
thermal
conduc8ve
Close
textured
Withstand
temperature
fluctua8ons
&
chemical
aGack
of
alkalis
Uses
Lining
of
atomic
reactors
and
electric
furnaces
Chromite
Bricks
Crushed
Chromite
Ore
(FeO.Cr2O3)
and
clay
as
a
binding
material
1500-‐1700°C
PCE
1800°C
RUL
3.5
kg/cm21430°C
Resistant
to
acid
and
basic
slag,
non
resistant
to
thermal
shocks.
Uses
Useful
in
separ8ng
acid
&
basic
refractories
Carborundum
(SiC)
bricks
Sand
+
coke
+
sawdust
heat
at
1500°C
then
add
binder
PCE
2000°C
Binder
‘Clay
bonded’
1750°C
Silicon
nitride
–high
strength,
superior
thermal
shock
resistance
Self
bonded
(glue)-‐
high
refractoriness,
superior
strength
Uses:
As
hea8ng
elements
in
electric
furnaces,
par8on
wall
of
chamber
kiln
Zirconia
brick
ZrO2,
CaO
or
MgO
(stablizer),
alumina
(binding
agent).
Heat
to
1700°C.
1.Neutrał
refractory
material
but
not
resistant
to
acid
slag.
2.PCE
2000°C
3.
RUL
1900°C
at
3.5
kg/cm2
4.
Good
thermal
shock
resistance
5.
Good
resistance
to
thermal
spalling.
Uses:
Expensive
brick
used
in
High
frequency
electric
furnaces
(high
temp
is
aGained)
Beryllia
bricks
Powdered
Beryllia
metal
at
1900°C-‐2000°C.
PCE
2500°C
Low
electrical
conduc8vity
High
thermal
conduc8vity
Good
resistance
to
thermal
shock
Uses:
in
jet
propulsion
studies,
nuclear
engineering
Chrome
Magnesite
Refractory
Chrome
ore
+
magnesite
During
firing
3MgO.SiO2.H2O
è
2MgO.SiO2
+
MgSiO3
+
H2O
Serpen8ne
Forsterite
MgSiO3
+
MgO
è
2MgO.SiO2
1. Magnesite
Chrome
60
%
MgO,
8-‐18
%
Cr2O3:
High
refractoriness,
high
thermal
spalling,
high
conduc8vity,
high
resistance
to
corrosion
&
erosion.
2.
Chrome
Magnesite
40-‐50
%
MgO,
15-‐35
%
Cr2O3
Proper8es
same
as
1
but
undergoes
thermal
spalling