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Refractories

Refractories are ceramic materials capable of withstanding high temperatures for prolonged periods. There are three main types: acid, basic, and neutral. Acid refractories like silica and fireclay are used in furnace linings. Basic refractories containing magnesia are used in open hearth furnaces. Neutral refractories like chromite are used to separate acid and basic materials to prevent attack. Special refractories include materials like silicon carbide and silicon nitride bricks used in electric furnaces.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
266 views11 pages

Refractories

Refractories are ceramic materials capable of withstanding high temperatures for prolonged periods. There are three main types: acid, basic, and neutral. Acid refractories like silica and fireclay are used in furnace linings. Basic refractories containing magnesia are used in open hearth furnaces. Neutral refractories like chromite are used to separate acid and basic materials to prevent attack. Special refractories include materials like silicon carbide and silicon nitride bricks used in electric furnaces.

Uploaded by

ANSH JAIN
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Refractories

o  Refractories  -­‐  A  group  of  ceramic  materials  capable  of  withstanding  
high  temperatures  for  prolonged  periods  of  8me.  
o  Acid  Refractories  -­‐  Common  acidic  refractories  include  silica,  alumina,  
and  fireclay  (an  impure  kaolinite).  
o  Basic  Refractories  -­‐  A  number  of  refractories  are  based  on  MgO  
(magnesia,  or  periclase).  
o  Neutral  Refractories  -­‐  These  refractories,  which  include  chromite  and  
chromite-­‐magnesite,  might  be  used  to  separate  acid  and  basic  
refractories,  preven8ng  them  from  aGacking  one  another.  
o  Special  Refractories  -­‐  Other  refractory  materials  include  zirconia  (ZrO2),  
zircon  (ZrO2  ·∙  SiO2),  and  a  variety  of  nitrides,  carbides,  and  borides.  
Acid  Refractory  
 
1.  Silica  Bricks  
90-­‐95  %  SiO2  +  2  %  Lime  added  during  grinding  for  bonding  
 
   (870°C)        (1470°C)    
Quartzite  è Trydymite    è    Crystobalite  
 
Method:  
Temp  slowly  raised    to  1500°C    in    24  hrs.  Maintained  at  this  
temp  for  12  hrs  and  then  cooled  slowly  for  1-­‐2  weeks.  
A  mixture    of  Trydymite  and  Crystobalite  results  in  the  final  
bricks.    
Porosity:  25  %  
PCE:  1700°C  
RUL  at  3.5  kg/cm2:  1600°C  
Resistance  to  abrasion  
Uses:    Roofs  of  open  hearth  furnances,  by  product  coke  
ovens  
 
2.  Fire  Clay  
Al2O3.2  SiO2.2H2O  and  powdered  calcined  fireclay  ’Grog’  
Increase  in  %  Grog=  Less  Spalling  
SiO2=  40-­‐55  %  
Al2O3=  35-­‐55  %  
Acidic  nature  depends  upon  silicon  content.  
PCE:  1400°C  
RUL  (2  kg/cm2)=  1350°C  
Resistance  to  thermal  shocks  is  high  
Porosity:  20  %  
Uses:  
Lining  of  blast  furnances,  regenerators,  Charging  doors.  
3.  High  Alumina  Bricks  
Containing  more  than  50  %  Al2O3  &  SiO2  
Calcined  Bauxite  (Al2O3)  and  clay  
Low  Coefficient  of  expansion  
Resistance  to  thermal  spalling  
High  Porosity,  Great  resistance  to  slag  
Acidic  and  Non  conduc8ng  (high  porosity)  
Medium  Duty:  50  –60  %  alumina    
Heavy  Duty:  75  %  alumina  (used  in  hoGest  zone)  
Appreciable  RUL  and  Abrasion  resistance  
Uses  
 Lining  of  cement  rotary  kilns,  Soaking  pits,  Hearth  
furnace  
 Aluminum  and  Brass  mel8ng  furnaces  
Basic  Refractory  
 
4.  Magnesite  bricks  
 
Calcined  Powdered  Magnesite  +  Caus8c  Magnesia  or  sulphite  lye  or  
Iron  Oxide  as  binder.  Water  is  added  to  form  slurry  which  is  moulded  
into  bricks.    
Heated  slowly  to  1500°C  and  kept  for  8  hrs  at  this  temperature.  Cooled  
slowly.  
 
Basic  refractory  showing  resistance  to  basic  slag.  
PCE:  2000°C  
RUL  at  3.5  kg/cm2=  1500°C  
Poor  abrasion  resistance,  extremely  sensi8ve  to  temperaturę  change.  
Absorbs  CO2  &  water.  
Uses:  
Lining  in  open  hearth  furnances.  
Lining  in  furnances  for  refining  Au,  Ag  &  Pt.  
Hot  zones  of  cement  rotary  kilns.  
 
5.  Dolomite  Bricks  
Mixed  calcined  dolomite  (CaO  +  MgO)  with  silicate  binder.  Fired  at  1500°C  
for  24  hrs.  
Less  strength,  more  somness  and  porosity  greater  shrinkage  than  magnesite  
bricks.  
RUL  at  3.5  kg/cm2  =  1650°C.  
Not  resistant  to  thermal  shocks.  Absorbs  water  &  Carbondioxide.  
 
 Dolomite  mixed  with  Serpen8ne  (MgO.SiO2)  calcined  &  fired  at  1500°C  for  
a  day  gives  a  stablized  bricks  which  doesnot  absorb  water  &  Carbondioxide  
 
Uses  
Rarely  used  as  a  refractory  material  more  as  repair  material.  
 
Stablized  dolomite  used  in  basic  electric  linings,  open  hearth  furnace  as  a  
cheap  subsitute  for  magnesite  bricks.  
Neutral  Refractory  
 
Carbon  
 
Crushed  coke  +  tar(binding  material)  or  graphite  
mixed  with  clay  1300-­‐1400°C  
Infusible  
Insensi8ve  to  spalling  
Highly  thermal  conduc8ve  
Close  textured  
Withstand  temperature  fluctua8ons  &  chemical  aGack  
of  alkalis  
Uses  
Lining  of  atomic  reactors  and  electric  furnaces  
Chromite  Bricks  
Crushed  Chromite  Ore  (FeO.Cr2O3)  and  clay  as  a  binding  material  
1500-­‐1700°C  
PCE  1800°C  
RUL  3.5  kg/cm21430°C  
Resistant  to  acid  and  basic  slag,  non  resistant  to  thermal  shocks.  
 
Uses  
Useful  in  separ8ng  acid  &  basic  refractories  

Carborundum  (SiC)  bricks  


Sand  +  coke  +  sawdust  heat  at  1500°C  then  add  binder  
PCE  2000°C  
Binder  
‘Clay  bonded’  1750°C  
Silicon  nitride  –high  strength,  superior  thermal  shock  
resistance  
Self  bonded  (glue)-­‐  high  refractoriness,  superior  strength  
Uses:  As  hea8ng  elements  in  electric  furnaces,  par8on  wall  
of  chamber  kiln  
 
Zirconia  brick  
 
ZrO2,  CaO  or  MgO  (stablizer),  alumina  (binding  agent).  Heat  
to  1700°C.  
1.Neutrał  refractory  material  but  not  resistant  to  acid  slag.  
2.PCE  2000°C  
3.  RUL  1900°C  at  3.5  kg/cm2  
4.  Good  thermal  shock  resistance  
5.  Good  resistance  to  thermal  spalling.  
 
Uses:  Expensive  brick  used  in  High  frequency  electric  
furnaces  (high  temp  is  aGained)  
 
 
Beryllia  bricks  
Powdered  Beryllia  metal  at  1900°C-­‐2000°C.  
PCE  2500°C  
Low  electrical  conduc8vity  
High  thermal  conduc8vity  
Good  resistance  to  thermal  shock  
Uses:  in  jet  propulsion  studies,  nuclear  engineering  

Chrome  Magnesite  Refractory  


 
Chrome  ore  +  magnesite    
During  firing    
3MgO.SiO2.H2O  è  2MgO.SiO2  +  MgSiO3  +  H2O  
Serpen8ne    Forsterite  
 MgSiO3  +  MgO  è  2MgO.SiO2  
1.  Magnesite  Chrome  60  %  MgO,  8-­‐18  %  Cr2O3:  High  refractoriness,  high  
thermal  spalling,  high  conduc8vity,  high  resistance  to  corrosion  &  erosion.  
2.   Chrome  Magnesite  40-­‐50  %  MgO,  15-­‐35  %  Cr2O3  
Proper8es  same  as  1  but  undergoes  thermal  spalling  

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