CHM 092 ASSIGNMENT (SDG6)

WATER QUALITY
NAME OF STUDENTS STUDENT’S ID
MUHAMMAD AMIRUL DANIAL BIN RAZALI 2020818734
MUHAMMAD DANIAL BIN MUHAMMAD KHADHRI 2020458374
MUHAMMAD FAIRUZ IZHAM BIN ABDUL RAHMAN 2020871694
MUHAMMAD IZZAT SYAHMI BIN CHE ROSLI 2020626274
MUHAMMAD ASRI BIN AZMAN 2020469494

FOUNDATION OF ENGINEERING (P1009)

CENTRE OF FOUNDATION STUDIES

JULY 2020
TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT                                                                                     ii
ABSTRACT                                                                                                       iii

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Study Area and Sampling Station
2.2 Sampling Methods and Analytical Procedures
2.3 Statistical Analysis

3.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 The Concentrations of Water Quality Parameters
    3.1.1 Temperature
    3.1.2 pH
    3.1.3 Dissolved Oxygen
    3.1.4 Electrical Conductivity
    3.1.5. Total Dissolved Solids

4.0 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES
    

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ABSTRACT
This undertaking was done to inspect the Semenyih River water quality dependent on the
physicochemical and organic boundaries. The examining was led in dry and blustery seasons
during 2012, and eight examples were gathered from eight stations along the waterway. The
standard technique has been utilized to inspect the water tests. The outcomes produce the
temperature, pH, conductivity, TDS, SO4, and TH were delegated class I, while DO,
turbidity, and BOD were recorded under class II, and NH3-N, TSS, COD, and OG were
named class III dependent on NWQS, Malaysia. At that point, NO3 was recorded under class
IV, while PO4 and FC were named class V and surpassed the permissible limit levels. Along
these lines, the stream is loaded up with PO4 and FC making the waterway contaminated
contrasted with NH3-N, TSS, COD, and NO3 which makes the river only slightly polluted.
Furthermore, three clusters were divided by analysts according to the level of water quality
equation from 8 samplings and three factors were decided based on factor analysis from
datasets with a total variance of 94.05%. Industrial and agricultural activities, livestock,
erosion and lack of knowledge about the importance of water hygiene is the main cause of
water pollution occurs which causes aquatic life can not be maintained and odour pollution
will occur thus disturbing humans in doing daily things. Therefore, everyone must play a role
in maintaining water in order to preserve aquatic life while preventing odour pollution and
rivers can be used for irrigation with precaution and should be treated regularly for domestic
use.

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INTRODUCTION
Water is a fundamental need of human life and activities identified with the business,
agribusiness, and others, and it considers one of the most delicate bits of the earth [1]. Over
the latest couple of decades, the animated pace of mechanical new development and dynamic
improvement of people caused in huge augmentation in light of a legitimate concern for new
water [2]. The idea of surface and groundwater is perceived similarly as its physical,
substance, and natural limits [3]. The water idea of streams is depicted by a raised degree of
heterogeneity truly, because of the separation of spread land around. This much of the time
makes inconveniences to recognize water conditions and tainting sources, which is critical to
control enough defilement despite create productive techniques for restricting of tarnishing
resources [4]. Anthropogenic defilements related to land use achieve phenomenal breaking
down of land and water proficient systems in watersheds [5]. Besides, the streams accept a
critical activity in retaining metropolitan and current radiating similarly as flood from the
cultivating territory and the incorporating zone in a watershed [6]. On the other hand, streams
incorporate the most critical water resources for the water framework, family water deftly,
present day, and various purposes in a watershed, thusly tending to fortify certifiable perfect
and ecological issues. Consequently, balance and controlling of stream defilement and strong
appraisal of water quality are an essential particular for reasonable organization [7].
As indicated by [8], human exercises specifically cultivation domesticated animals and
horticulture assume a significant job in contributing defilement of waterway water among
others contaminations. Wastewater of animals contains high centralizations of smelling salts
nitrogen, natural and inorganic nitrogen compound, and pathogenic microorganisms [9].
Besides, genuine ecological harm because of creature squander has been very much recorded
in streams which get spillover of supplement rich waste that caused oxygen consumption and
expanded the green growth creation [10]. 

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Examination of surface water sullying of the stream is huge in view of effluents from city
sewage, creatures wastewater, adventures, country works out, and metropolitan flood which
discharge into the stream achieving expansive assortments in the water quality [11]. Overall,
the entirety of the land use and anthropogenic activities speak to a stunning threat not solely
to the maritime condition in the stream yet, furthermore, the domains wherein stream water is
used as private effortlessly [12, 13], itemized that Semenyih River is one of the streams in
Malaysia in which human activities related with urbanization, industrialization, green, and
mining practices are staggeringly essential wellsprings of sullying. Also, the extent of
breaking down in water quality in the stream varied depending upon the degree of progress in
land use. Along these lines, the land use practices in the bowl must be purposely organized
and constrained by righteousness of guaranteeing the water resource and quality status. In this
assessment, the physicochemical and microbiological limits were assessed and requested
subject to National Water Quality Standard (NWQS) to recognize the effects of
anthropogenic land use practices on the water quality condition. Likewise, the multivariate
real techniques, for instance, bunch assessment and head portion examination were executed
on the obtained instructive file to see water quality limits for intermittent changes in the water
idea of streams, to survey the resemblances and dissimilarities between review stations, and
to choose the effect of defilement sources on the water quality limits of the Semenyih River
bow

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Study Area and Sampling Stations

A spot named Semenyih River bowl with a complete zone of 266.60 km has 36 sub bowls
and 25 water catchment valleys around 1.37 to 35.57 km2areas (Figure 1). Settlements,
industry, elastic and oil palm estates, timberlands, industry, water bodies, and agrarian land
are such of the principle land utilizes at the bowl. Semenyih bowl put between longitude
101°52'30.5''E to 101°48'32.9''E and scope 03°03'23.1''N to 02°54'14.9''N. The normal of
yearly precipitation at Semenyih River bowl is around 3000mm. Next, the stream streams
from the forested and bumpy regions in the western incline of Banjaran Titiwangsa(Gasim
1999, Gasim, Sulaiman et al. 2002). Besides, the waterway streams toward the south toward
the domains of Sepang and Hulu Langat. With that, the waterway has been dirtied with
squanders that originate from modern and metropolitan since mid 1990. These days, more
than 1 million individuals took water from the River Semenyih. The primary objective of the
waterway can be accomplished to begin from the Semenyih dam streaming south-southwest
pattern all through the town of Semenyih, Bangi Lama lastly join with Langat River which is
4 km far away to Bangi Lama town just as Pajam and Beranang Rivers which are additionally
the water provider at Semenyih River(DOE 1994). For the most part, we can infer that the
Semenyih River is a significant stream in Selangor, Malaysia, since that waterway is the
provider for homegrown use in Semenyih City, Bandar Tasek Kesuma, and Bandar Rinching
after the treatment(Gasim, Sulaiman et al. 2002). In this investigation, Eight areas along the
waterway were chosen as examining stations from up to downstream of the stream.
appropriately, eight inspecting stations were chosen with their own attributes which depend
on water condition, land use, and anthropogenic exercises along the stream.

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(Figure 1)

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2.2. Sampling Methods and Analytical Procedures

During 2012, water samplings has been run twice. Each inspecting stations will be conveyed.
Water testing has been done twice during stormy and dry seasons in 2012. Three water tests
were gathered from each station near the privilege and left banks and in the waterway with
triplicate. Water tests were gathered in explicit containers as per(APHA 2003) . Tests were
put away in sterile glass flagons (bacteriology) and corrosive washed plastic
bottles(chemistry), cooled, shipped to the research center, and prepared inside 6h of
assortment. Temperature, broken up oxygen(DO),conductivity, and pH were estimated in
field boundaries by YSI meter (model 1945), while BOD5, COD, TSS, O&G, turbidity, PO4,
SO 4, NO 3, NH 3-N, all out hardness(TH),and fecal coliform(FC)were dissected in the
laboratory.BOD5 was analyzed as described by 5 day test, and COD was tested by methods
for the open reflux method(APHA 2003). Also, all out suspended solids (TSS)and oil and oil
(O&G) were dictated by absolute solids dried at 103–105∘C and fluid, parcel gravimetric

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techniques, separately(APHA 2003).In addition, turbidity, phosphate, sulfate, nitrate, and
smelling salts nitrogen were as spared by Absorptometric, Acid Ascorbic, Sulfate Ver 4,
Cadmium Reduction, and Nessler strategies, separately(APHA 2003, HACH 2003).
Moreover, all out hardness was controlled by advantageous Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass
Spectrometry (ICP-MSug/L). Eventually, fecal coliform was resolved dependent on the film
channel technique(APHA 2003). The types of gear were aligned preceding utilize dependent
on the maker's headings.

2.3 Statistical Analysis

By using SPSS version 20, statistical analysis of data was gather and Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) was conducted to show the considerable differences for each sampling stations.
Moreover, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was performed by using euclidean distances
and Ward’s method for arranging the variables of water quality indicators and sampling
stations, respectively(Bu, Tan et al. 2010). Next, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was carried
out by Ward’s method to find out the distances between clusters to reduce the sum of the
squares as possible clusters for each step(Astel, Biziuk et al. 2006). In addition, pollution
factors that affected water quality was determined by using factor analysis (FA)/principal
component analysis (PCA). In other ways, Bartlett’s sphericity and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin
(KMO) tests were used to a suitability examination of the data for factor analysis (FA). Even
though, all data were analyzed and standardized by scale transformation to make sure the
distributions is normal for FA and CA(Kazi, Arain et al. 2009).

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DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 The concentration of water quality parameters

3.1.1 Temperature

Temperature esteems went between 26.67-27.55°C in the stormy season and dropped 24.71-
27.36°C in the dry season as appeared in Figure 2(a). Station 8 in the downstream of the two
seasons recorded the most elevated estimation of temperature which is 27.36°C and 27.55°C
separately. Also, the outcomes are inside the standard adequate degrees of National Water
Quality Standards, Malaysia (NWQS). Additionally, the temperature was risen logically from
upstream to downstream and factually noteworthy contrasts were found between stations
(ANOVA, P < 0.05). Conversely, the groupings of temperature recorded in this examination
were around proportionate or not exactly those detailed for a similar bowl (extend 26°C–
32°C) by [13]. By and large, numerous reasons like climate condition, inspecting time and
area sway on the expansion or decline of temperature by which its job impact on the level of
disintegrated oxygen, organic exercises and other parameters[21].

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3.1.2 pH 
The pH esteems introduced various qualities among DR and RS in which higher normal
estimations of 8.41 are gathered at station 1 in the DS, while the lower normal estimations of
5.23 are gotten at station 2 in the RS. In the RS station, the most noteworthy pH esteems were
acquired at the downstream with the estimation of 6.55. The least worth was gathered at
station 2 which is 5.23. In the DS, the most noteworthy pH was accomplished at the upstream
with the estimation of 8.4, while the least was obtained at the downstream inside the worth
7.07. On the opposite side, these qualities were high contrasted and those revealed by [12, 13]
for a similar bowl scope of 4.62 to6.59. Besides, factual critical contrasts were not found
among inspecting stations (ANOVA, P > 0.05). Be that as it may, the results are inside the
standard range and are assembled under class I subject to NWQS for Malaysian streams.
Generally, the pH center augmentation due to the photosynthetic green development
practices that eats up carbon dioxide crumbled in. In general, the extent of pH from 6.5 to 9 is
for the most part reasonable for sea-going life. Subsequently, it is critical to keep up the
amphibian biological system with this range since high and low pH can be hazardous to
oceanic life.

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3.1.3. Dissolved Oxygen 
The broke down oxygen (DO) of the water tests assessed extending from 5.58 to 7.07 mg/L
during RS, and 4.13 to 7.44 mg/L for DS. Station 6 was accounted for the most minimal DO,
while station 1 demonstrated the most noteworthy incentive in the RS. Moreover, for
Malaysian streams, standard degrees of NWQS that are permissible are in excess of 3 mg/L
alongside classified under class II. Moreover, critical differentiations were found measurably
among stations and seasons (ANOVA, P =< 0.05). In addition, estimations of DO found by
Gasim, M. B., Ismail, B. S., Wan, N. A., Muhammad, I. Y., and Marlia, M. H. (2005) in their
examination same bowl were underneath 4.0 mg/L with a lower assessment of 2.65 mg/L in
the ensuing station, while stations 1 and 3 had DO values above 4 mg/L and the most
extraordinary being 6 mg/L. The DO level found in each station is sufficient for the tiny
fishes to endure and go through different exercises [24]. Taking everything into account,
oxygen fundamentally gets disintegrated in surface waters because of oceanic plant
photosynthesis and dissemination from the environment. Generally, the debasement of
natural issue in water expends broke up oxygen

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3.1.4. Electrical Conductivity
Conductivity varies from 13 and 124 μs/cm in the RS, and station 1 was perceived as the least
conductivity while the most noteworthy at station 8 (Figure 2). Furthermore, the decent
variety of conductivity during DS extended from 37 to 105.7, and the most extreme
estimation of conductivity was recorded at station 8, in the interim station 2 recorded the
base. The conductivity was seen inside the favored level by NWQS, Malaysia, and classified
as class I and prominent differentiation were non-existent between stations in their
exploration zone which was somewhere in the range of 46 and 231 μs/cm. Normally,
inorganic broke down solids for instance sulfate, nitrate, aluminiums cations, chloride,
calcium, iron magnesium and sodium influence the conductivity in the water surface.
Unexpectedly, the freshwaters conductivity went from 10 to 1000 μS/cm and the temperature
were affected by natural mixes, for example, oil, liquor, phenol and sugar. Notwithstanding,
the fixation can outperform around 1000  μS/cm in the water that getting contamination

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3.1.5 Total Dissolved Solids
The assessments of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in the RS are going from 17.66 to 80 mg/L.
The most noteworthy worth gained was 80 mg/L recorded at station 8, and the least was
17.66 mg/L at station 1 (Figure 2(e)). In addition, the TDS fixations in the DS stretched out
from 24 to 68.66 mg/L. The most elevated focus was 68.66 mg/L recorded at station 8, and
the least was 24 mg/L at station 2 (Figure 2(e)). In this exploration, the groupings of TDS
were not actually those recorded for a comparative bowl (extend 108−504 mg/L) by [13].
Likewise, It was seen that upstream stations have lower TDS values stood out from the
downstream ones considering the way that anthropogenic and land use exercises were
extensively less at upstream stations. Furthermore, TDS results are inside the standard
passable degrees of Malaysian streams and are assigned class I constrained by NWQS [23].
ANOVA results exhibited that there is no basic differentiation (P >= 0.05) in TDS between
stations. The high TDS fixation in the streams is credited to introduce extraordinary
anthropogenic exercises along the waterway course and flood with high suspended issue [2

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3.2 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) of Water Quality Data
Various leveled bunch investigation (HCA) was performed to decide the connection
between's the testing stations in the examination zone. It arranged the all out eight inspecting
stations into three measurably noteworthy bunches at (Dlink/Dmax) * 25 < 5 which brought
about a dendogram (Figure 3). In light of the sixteen boundaries, HCA arranged eight
inspecting stations into three unmistakable gatherings depicted reliant on pollution
significance as great, to some degree dirtied, and sullied. The initial three stations which is
station 1, 2 and 3 made bunches 1, while group 2 was framed at stations 4,5 and 6 just as
stations 7 and stations 8 that shaped group 3. In bunch 1, the inspecting stations specifically
station 1 that were situated in the upstream which was surrounded by expanded backwoods
covering. Generally, the upstream district of streams is completely secured with backwoods
covering. Conversely, human exercises were restricted aside from some recreational exercises
at upstream cascade. As the outcome, the state of water quality at the streams was marginally
spotless and improved. Station 1 was situated adjacent to station 2 and station 3. Hence, they
had a particularly similar trademark which were influenced by a similar sullying sources in
light of the fact that the land use changed from woods to farming and impromptu.

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CONCLUSION
Conclusion for this project is the water quality for the Semenyih River based on the place
location of the appraising product and the seasons. Based on the NWQS for the river in
Malaysia, the pH, TDS, SO4, temperature, conductivity and TH were classified into two
classes as class I and class II. For class I, consists of them while second class was categorized
of DO, turbidity, and BOD. Thus, these parameters were in the normal range. Furthermore,
for class III, COD, TSS, OG, and NH 3-N were classified under these classes because they are
possible limit. In addition, for class IV, they had NO 3 was classified under this class because
it reached an allowable commencement limit. On the other hand, FC and PO4 from the result,
both exceed the allowable threshold levels, so, they were categorized in class V. Based on the
result explanation we can conclude the river was moderately polluted with NH 3-N, TSS,
COD, and NO3, whereas it is mostly polluted with PO 4 and FC. There were 8 sampling
places classified by HCA into three groups based on their criteria water quality. Lastly, PCA
provides   large reduction in data, as 13 parameters out of 16 (over 60%) measured represent
94.05% of the variance data. Therefore, factor analysis was used to categorize those
parameters. The result from this analysis stated that the water quality of the river is
marginally polluted. Lastly, river water requires most treatment for domestic and circulation
of water.

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REFERENCES

APHA, A. P. H. A. (2003). "Standard Methods for the Examination of Wastewater, America Public
Health Association, Washington, DC, USA, 20th edition."

Astel, A., et al. (2006). "Chemometrics in monitoring spatial and temporal variations in drinking
water quality." Water Research 40(8): 1706-1716.

Bu, H., et al. (2010). "Temporal and spatial variations of water quality in the Jinshui River of the
South Qinling Mts., China." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 73(5): 907-913.

DOE, D. o. E. (1994). Classification of Malaysian Rivers: Final Report on Development of Water

Quality and Standards for Malaysia (Phase Iv- River Classification).

Gasim, M. B. (1999). "Land use changes in the Semenyih Watershed and their impacts on water
quality." Proceeding of the integrated Drainage Basin, Management and Modeling: 207-220.

Gasim, M. B., et al. (2002). "Land use changes and their impacts on water quality in the Semenyih
River, Selangor, Malaysia." Jurnal Teknologi Mineral 9(2): 103-111.

HACH, H. C. (2003). "DR/500 Spectrophotometer Procedure Manual, Hach Company, Loveland, Colo,
USA."

Kazi, T., et al. (2009). "Assessment of water quality of polluted lake using multivariate statistical
techniques: A case study." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72(2): 301-309.

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