Interna tional Jo urna l o f Applied Research 2018 ; 4 (9 ): 103 -10 9
ISSN Print: 2394-7500
ISSN Online: 2394-5869
Impact Factor: 5.2
Effectiveness of video-assisted teaching on knowledge
IJAR 2018; 4(9): 103-109
www.allresearchjournal.com
and practice regarding patient’s safety during
Received: 21-07-2018 transportation
Accepted: 24-08-2018
MD Najemoddin Quazi
Final Year MSc. (N), Bharati
MD Najemoddin Quazi and Dr. Sundari Apte
Vidyapeeth (deemed to be)
University College of Nursing, Abstract
Pune, Maharashtra, India Title with purpose of the study: The top agenda of all the accreditation cell of the hospital is
“patient’s safety first”. But it has been observed that there is decrease in the patient’s safety during
Dr. Sundari Apte intra-hospital transportation of patient as there is less trained and lack of equipment outside the unit.
PhD N., Research Guide, Asst.
“Effectiveness of video-assisted teaching on patient’s safety during transportation among transporters”
Professor, Bharati Vidyapeeth
with objectives effectiveness of video-assisted teaching on knowledge and practice, correlation between
(deemed to be) University
College of Nursing, Pune,
knowledge and practice, and association of findings with demographic data.
Maharashtra, India Material and Methods: Quasi-experimental non-randomized control group design was used. The
theoretical framework adopted for study was based on Ludwig Von Bertalanffy’s General System
Theory. Sample size was 60 selected by purposive sampling technique. Data collection was done by
using knowledge questionnaire and observation check list. Tool was validated by 17 experts from
various field of nursing. Reliability of tool was found to be 0.82 for knowledge questionnaire and 0.85
and 0.84 for practice observation section A(shifting of patient from bed to trolley and vice versa) and
section B(shifting of patient from bed to wheelchair and vice versa) respectively. The pilot study was
conducted and was found feasible.
Result: Result had shown great improvement in knowledge and practice after video-assisted teaching.
In pre-test 73.33% transporters had average knowledge whereas in post-test 63.33% transporters had
good knowledge about patient’s safety during transportation which suggests improvement in
knowledge. The practice mean score is increasing from 6.73 to 9.8 and from 5.97 to 9.1 in practice
section A & B respectively at 0.05 level of significance.
Conclusion: Thus video-assisted teaching shows, it was effective in both knowledge and practice
regarding patient’s safety during transportation among transporters.
Key words: intra-hospital transportation, patient’s safety, transporters
1. Introduction
“Knowing is not enough; we must apply.
Willing is not enough; we must do.”
—Goethe [7]
1.1 Back ground of the study
Patient safety is the primary requirement of all the hospitals. It has been observed that most
of the critical patient’s safety is at risk during transportation of patient for various
investigations, procedures, etc., within the hospital set up as well inter hospital.
Constant quality upgrading is an acknowledged directive in healthcare services. In the past
few years, Patient safety has rapidly risen to the top of the healthcare policy agenda, and
been integrated into quality initiatives. It has been observed mostly that while shifting
patients from one place to another causes temporary or permanent trauma to the critically ill
patients.
Correspondence The expert transportation team plays an important role in the maintaining the patient’s safety,
MD Najemoddin Quazi hence it is important to provide an effective teaching to the transporters in the hospital in
Final Year MSc. (N), Bharati
Vidyapeeth (deemed to be)
order to maintain the safety of the patients.
University College of Nursing, Client’s safety is a vital parameter in improving the high-quality of health care. It has been
Pune, Maharashtra, India observed that mostly, the work which explain regarding patient’s safety and good practices
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that help to prevent and reduce harm have paying more A research was conducted at Hyderabad with objective to
attention on downbeat result of Care like morbidity & observe the figure and various types of unpredicted events
mortality. Nurses play a vital role in co-ordination among happening during intra-hospital transportation of seriously
the transporters. During transportation of client, they help to ill ICU clients.
decrease the injuries to clients [12]. Critical care nurses have The researcher concluded that if the clients are accompanied
primary duty to protect critically ill clients from injury by by either intenstivist or medically trained individual during
continuous monitoring and quick interference. This idea transportation and follow strict transportation guidelines
help us to remember the Florence Nightingale’s thought then these adverse events can be reduced.
about keeping the sicker clients nearby nursing station for Hence, it is important to provide the education regarding
good monitoring and designed first to bring into play an “patient’s safety during transport” to the transporters, who
“ICU” [14]. involve in the transport of the patient. The researcher is
The Joint Commission standards mainly focus on safety interested to find out whether video-assisted teaching to the
along with the incorporation of other issues. An affiliate of transporters in the hospital will be effective or not.
the Joint Commission, Joint Commission Resources (JCR) The key elements of safety include preventing harm,
provides various products and services and they detecting adverse injuries to prevent harm to participants,
communicate the same by publishing in various printed detecting and analyzing patient injuries and an environment
materials regarding safety [15]. which help to balance for reporting of the events. Improving
Health care workers should aim for safety of their clients. the patient’s safety requires multi-phased process beginning
For achieving this, a new health care delivery system is with the detection of injuries & ending with the mechanism
needed - a system that takes preventive measure. To develop for ensuring improvements in patient safety [13].
such system, the main qualities needed by health care It has been observed that, patients frequently fall during
workers are commitment and information system [17]. shifting which lead to injury to themselves as well as care
Thomas Hanne, et al. conducted a research in 2009 on taker. According to a study, it has been revealed that fall is
Bringing strength to Patient Flow Management by the most common cause of injury in the nursing home
modifying the Patient Transports in Hospitals. In the patients and for the reasons such as giddiness, sudden pain
hospital, for diagnostic or therapeutic reasons Intra-hospital and most important factor is lack of knowledge and skill
transportations are required. Depending on the hospital among transporters. Therefore, it’s important to know and to
outline, transportation between nursing wards and develop the skill regarding patient’s safety during
diagnostic or therapeutic area is either provided by transportation. As a transporter, he/she should be confident
ambulances or by the trained personnel. The patient regarding the process of transportation correctly and follow
transportation service is inadequately managed and lacks all the safety precautions so that will reduce harm to patients
work-flow coordination. This contributes to higher hospital and transporters. Most common etiological factor for injury
and to patient inconvenience. This methodology has been in hospital set-up is weakness or gait problems, hazardous
developed to solve the underlying optimization problem— conditions, wet tiles or wheelchair without lock, sedative
an unchangeable dial-a-ride problem with hospital-specific medications which has side effect like dizziness, giddiness
constraints, draws on fast heuristic measure to ensure the & troubles during transportation, either from bed to wheel-
timely and efficient provision of transports. The major chair or from wheel-chair to washroom. These problems can
benefits of Opti-TRANS comprise streamlined be reduced by effective learning and improving proper
transportation processes and work flow, significant savings, transfer skills and main thing by being alert at all time [8].
and improved patient’s satisfaction mainly increased Falls and injury are the main problems with regard to
awareness in hospital staff of the importance of patient’s safety. It is not limited to elderly but does occur in
implementing efficient logistics practices [36]. all age group.
Isla M. H., et al. conducted a research in 2011 on quality Every year in the USA, fall in hospitals of which 30-50%
and safety issues of Non-emergency patient transport with result in injury. Injured patients need additional
Purpose of systematic review of the factors associated with management and sometimes extended hospital stays. Fall
the quality and safety of non-emergency transport services. with injury added 6.3 days to the hospital stay. About
12 research articles from seven countries were taken. Five $14,000.8 is the average cost for the fall with injury, which
studies examined issues relating to the structure of transport has 465 reports of falls with injuries since 2009, commonly
services, which focused on the use of policies and protocols occurring in hospitals. Approximately 63% of these falls
to assist the transfer process. All studies addressed factors lead to death, and other patients get the injuries. ECRI
associated with the transfer process. Outcomes were Institute stated that there is significant number of falls
measured in one study. The study concludes that we have to taking place in non-hospital settings like long-term care
focus on the consequences which include quality and safety facilities. Most frequent contributing factors pertaining to
related to the transportation of the patient. Because of poor following inappropriate assessment, Communication barrier,
standardization & lack of communication, safety is Lack of following the protocols and safety practices,
compromised in case of non-emergency patient transfers [35]. Inadequate orientation of staff, supervision, staffing levels
or skill mix, Deficiencies in the physical environment, Lack
1.2 Need of the Study of leadership [9]. Thus, training(education) and hands on
According to digital research which was conducted by practice is must to reduce the injury to clients as well as the
Benoit F. et al. in 2010 via the online databases using the transporters.
various key words related to transportation. The result Francielli M.P. et al conducted a research in 2013 on the
reveals that proper training plans for the teams are expected analysis of unpleasant events during intra-hospital
to lead to an improve in the safety and decreasing the risks transportation of critically ill clients and reveals that
in long-term [4].
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International Journal of Applied Research
physiological changes are the main adverse events which are patient’s safety during transportation before and after
followed by failure of equipments and team. video-assisted teaching among transporters.
As very few researches are available on this topic, 2. To assess the practice of transporters regarding patient’s
researcher is interested to conduct research on patient’s safety during transportation before and after video-
safety during transportation. assisted teaching among transporters.
3. To assess the effectiveness of video-assisted teaching
2. Problem Statement on knowledge and practice regarding patient’s safety
“An experimental study to assess the effectiveness of video- during transportation.
assisted teaching on knowledge and practice regarding 4. To correlate knowledge & practice regarding patient’s
patient’s safety during transportation among transporters safety during transportation among transporters. To
from selected hospitals of Pune city.” associate the findings with selected demographic
variables.
3. Research Objectives
1. To assess the knowledge of transporters regarding
Fig 1: Conceptual framework based on modified ludwig general system theory
4. Hypothesis Knowledge: Awareness regarding patient’s safety
Knowledge level during transportation which will be assessed by using
H0: There is no significant difference in knowledge after knowledge questionnaire.
video-assisted teaching on patient’s safety during
transportation among transporters at 0.05 level of Practice: Transporter’s skills during transportation of
significance. client which will be assessed by using an observation
checklist.
Practice Patient’s Safety: Prevention of patient harm during
H0: There is no significant difference in practice after video- transportation.
assisted teaching on patient’s safety during transportation Transportation: Intra-hospital transfer of patient from
among transporters at 0.05 level of significance. one department to another department (area).
Transporter: An assigned hospital employee who
Correlation between knowledge and practice transfer the patient from one place to another.
H0: There is no correlation between knowledge and practice
among transporters at 0.05 level of significance 5. Research Methodology
5.1 Research Approach: Quantitative approach
Association of findings with demographic variables 5.2 Research Design: Quasi-experimental design under that
H0: There is no association between pre-test knowledge and non-randomized control group design.
practice with selected demographic variables among
transporters at 0.05 level of significance. Table 6.1: Symbolic representation of the Research Desig
Group Pre-test Treatment Post- test
4.1 Operational Definitions Experimental O1 X O2
Video- assisted teaching: Contains step by step Control O1 ------ O2
demonstration of transportation of clients from bed to
stretcher and vice versa and bed to wheelchair and vice O1: Pre-test to the experimental and control group
versa and importance of patient’s safety during X: Administration of video-assisted teaching on patient’s safety
transportation. during transportation: No treatment
O2: Post-test to the experimental and control group
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5.3 Variables 5.8. Sample size: total sample of 60(30 control and 30
5.3.1 Independent variable video-assisted teaching on experimental) transporters were selected.
patient’s safety during transportation.
5.9. Sampling technique: non-probability purposive
5.3.2 Dependent variable knowledge and practice sampling technique.
regarding patient’s safety during transportation.
5.10. Data collection tool
5.4 Setting: the study was conducted in the selected Tool used for data collection are:
hospitals 1. Knowledge questionnaire 2. Observation check list
(transportation of client from bed to trolley & transportation
5.5. Population: in this study, population consisted of of client from bed to wheelchair) 3. Video-assisting teaching
transporters from hospitals.
5.11. Validity
5.6. Sample: sample is transporters from selected hospitals Content validity done by experts from the field of Medical-
of Pune city. Surgical Nursing, Community Health Nursing, Gynaecology
& Obstetric, Intensivist, and Statistician.
5.7. Sample selection criteria for the study
5.7.1. Inclusion criteria 5.12. Reliability: - split half and inter-rater method was for
Transporters, who know to read & write English or reliability of knowledge questionnaire and practice checklist
Marathi language. respectively and it found reliable.
5.7.2. Exclusion criteria 5.13. Pilot study: study is feasible.
Transporters who have attended any teaching programme on
patient’s safety during transportation Staff nurse 6. Major Findings and Discussion
Section I: Analysis of Demographic Characteristics of the
Samples
Table 7.1: Distribution of transporters according to demographic data in terms offrequency and percentage. n = 30, 30
Experimental group Control Group
Demographic data
(f) % (f) %
< than 25 6 20 3 10
Age in
25 -35 16 53 9 30
Year
More than 35 8 27 18 60
Male 15 50 6 20
Gender
Female 15 50 24 80
Primary 14 44.66 12 40
Education Secondary 11 36.66 8 26.67
Higher secondary 5 16.66 10 33.33
Fig.7.2: - Distribution of sample based monthly income both in
Fig 7.1: Distribution of sample based on their years of experience
control and experim ental group n=30, 30
n = 30, 30
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Fig 7.3: Distribution of sample based on job status both in control and experimental group n= 30, 30
Section II (a): Analysis of data related to knowledge regarding patient’s safety during transportation before and after video-
assisted teaching among transporters.
Table 7.2: Assessment of the knowledge regarding patient’s safety before and after video-assisted teaching. n=30, 30
Pre-test Post-test
E Category
F % Mean SD F % Mean SD
Poor (0-7) 3 10 0 0
Experimental Average (8-14) 22 73.33 11.5 3.22 11 36.67 15.17 2.10
Good (15-20) 5 16.67 19 63.33
Poor (0-7) 1 3.33 4 13.33
Control Average (8-14) 24 80 12.3 2.26 24 80 11 2.45
Good (15-20) 5 16.67 2 6.67
Section II (b): Analysis of data related to practice regarding patient’s safety during transportation before and after video-assisted teaching
among transporters.
I: Practice of shifting patient from bed to stretcher and vice versa; II: Practice of shifting patient from bed to wheel chair and vice vers
Fig 7.4: Assessment of the practice regarding patient’s safety during transportation before and after video assisted teaching among
transporters. n=30, 30
Section II (c): - Analysis of effectiveness of video- assisted safety during transportation before and after video-assisted
teaching on knowledge and practice regarding patient’s teaching among transporters.
Table 7.3: Effectiveness of video-assisted teaching on knowledge and practice regarding patient’s safety during transportation n=30, 30
t- value
Section Mean SD Df P- value
Calculated Table
11 2.45
Knowledge _ 29 6.67 2.05 0.00001
15.17 2.102
6.73 1.51
A* 29 7.11 2.05 0.00001
9.8 2.04
Practice
5.97 1.27
B** 29 8.19 2.05 0.00001
9.1 1.42
Note: *: shifting of patient from bed to trolley and vice versa - shifting of patient from bed to wheelchair and vice versa
Section II (d): Analysis of data related to correlation between knowledge and practice regarding patient’s safety during
transportation among transporters.
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Table 7.4: Correlation between knowledge and practice n = 30, 30 for the students to assess, intervent, implement and evaluate
Correlation nursing intervention based on patient’s safety during
Group Section transportation. It can be practised by the student nurses in
coefficient (r)
Practice A* -0.433 their clinical posting especially in the critical care unit.
Experimental Knowledge
Practice B** -0.013
Practice A* -0.009 9.3 Nursing Administration
Control Knowledge
Practice B** +0.366 It becomes easy for the hospital administrative to approach
Note: *: - shifting of patient from bed to trolley and vice versa for the accreditation as Ist agenda of accreditation of the
Shifting: **: - of patient from bed to wheelchair and vice versa hospital is patient’s safety like JCI, NABH, etc.
Nurse Administrator plays a vital role in sharpening nursing
Section III: Association of research findings with selected skill and improving education.
demographic variables. Hence, this research will be helpful to the administrator in
There is only association between age and knowledge providing the education to the staff which will improve
among experimental group. standard of nursing care.
8. Discussion of the Finding 9.4 Nursing Research
Singh M., Sood A. Conducted a study on Effectiveness of This research can be used as the review of literature in the
Video-assisted teaching on Knowledge and Practice of further study which will act as precursor. As very less
Intra-Venous Cannulation for Under-five in which sixty reviews are present on this topic, it will be useful for future
staff nurses (30 each in experimental and control group) researcher to conduct the study and correlate the findings.
were selected using purposive sampling technique. A quasi Further studies can be done on bigger groups. The present
experimental research design was adopted. The tools used research findings may be used as guide for further studies.
for data collection were self-administered structured
knowledge questionnaire and structured practice checklist 10. Limitation
on I.V. 1. The following study was limited to 60 transporters of
In the present study also, there were same criteria used. selected hospitals.
Prashma conducted a study on range of motion exercises 2. Limited period of time for study.
among restricted mobile patients with aim to assess the 3. The study is limited to the experience level of the
effectiveness of video-assisted teaching on knowledge and researcher.
practice. Data collection was done by interview and
observation checklist. Descriptive and inferential statistics 11. Recommendations
were used for analysis. The data analysis shows that the 1. The same study can be replicated on a large sample.
mean of Post-test Knowledge score was higher than Pre-test. 2. The same study can be done with all measures of the
The calculated paired 't' test value is greater than table value patients especially critically ill patients and nurses can
which shows that there is significant increase in the be included as sample.
Knowledge and Practice score after video-assisted teaching. 3. A simulated teaching method can be prepared and
Knowledge and practice are positively correlated to each tested for its effectiveness.
other at 0.05 level of significance (r = +0.768*). Calculated
χ 2 value shows there is significant association between age 12. Conclusion
group and type of family of respondents and with their Post- The video-assisted teaching significantly brought out the
test Knowledge level as well as association between gender improvement in the knowledge and practice in the
of respondents with Post Practice level. Above findings transporters of experimental group, analysis of data showed
show that the Video-assisted Teaching regarding range of that there is no significant co-relation between knowledge
motion exercises was effective on improving the Knowledge and practice. The video-assisted teaching was found to be
and Practice of restricted mobile patients as well as it helped effective in providing information and improving the skills.
in the enhancing quality of life. The entire study gave a heartening experience to the
While correlating the present study with above study, it researcher.
shows that there is effect of video assisted teaching on the
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