HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING
IDEAL SIZE OF A CITY = 10,000 – 20,000 (by Aristotle)
HIPPODAMUS
Gridiron Layout
City in the form of Grid
PIRAEUS, Athens Harbor
NEOPOLIS – New Town
PALEOPOLIS – Old Town
URBAN DESIGN
GREEK – Sense of finite
Romans – Political Power & Organization
USE OF SCALE
GREEK – based on Human Measurements
Romans – Proportion that would relate to the Parts of the Building
Settlements – Rectilinear & Circular
MODULE
GREEK – use of House
Romans – use of Street
FORM
A Latin word meaning Open Space or Market Place
Administrative & Corporate Heart of Rome
REPUBLICAN FORUM – “Roman Forum”
o Designed by Vitruvius
o Proportion 3:2 (Length to Width)
o Small Area, 6 acres
o Architectural Masses, Full of Odd Corners
o Curia – Senate House
IMPERAIL FORUM – “Urban Space”
o Architectural or Urban Masses were made Subordinate to Spaces
o Composed of Piazas formed by Colonnades
o Colonnade serve as Transition (Spacious, Open, Sense of Openness)
ANCIENT GREECE
Acropolis
Agora
ANCIENT ROME
Republican Forum
Imperial Forum
MEDIEVAL ERA
Decline of Rome
Urban Settings – Military Strongholds, Castles, Monasteries
RENAISSANCE ERA
Ideal Cities
o Accomplishments of Early Renaissance– Public Works & Civil Improvement of Projects
o Leon Battista Alberti – Foremost, Theoretical
o Rebuilding the Ferrara – 1ST Modern City
o Palazzo Diamenti – Most Famous Structures
o Biaggio Rosetti – Earliest Modern Urban Designers
o Leonardo Da Vinci – Sketched a City Straddling River
Proposed Movable Houses
Anticipated the “Greenbelt Concept”
Satellite Town for Workers
REBUILDING LONDON
Several Designers :
o Christopher Waren
o John Evelyn Robert Hooke
o Valentine Knight
o John Gwynn – Produced The Plan of London (1716)
INDUSTRIAL TOWNS
Tony Garnier - French Architect
o Une Cite Industrielle (1901- 1904)
Anticipated the Modern Day Zoning
Plan is incredibly Detailed
Don Arturo Soria Y Mata
o La Ciudad Lineal
o Stalingrad (Planned Linear City)
o Created Madrid’s 1st Streetcar & Telephone System
THE CONVENTIONISTS & PARK MOVEMENT
George Perkins Marsh
o Founder of Modern Conservation
o Man & Nature
Frederick Law Olmsted
o Pioneer of American Park System
o Central Park in New York
o Cities – planned for generations ahead
o Maintain sufficient breathing space
GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT
Ebenezer Howard
o Garden City Concept
o “Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Social Reform”
Letchworth – 1st Garden City
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
Connurbation
o The Wave of the Population Inflow to Large Cities
o Wave of Backflow
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT
Golden Age of Urban Design (Termed the “City Beautiful Era”)
World’s Fair
As a Civic Art
As Urban Renewal Operations
Civic Centers ( City Hall, Country Courthouse, Library, Museum & Plaza)
Public Works ( Bridges, Rivers, Colleges & Universities, Railroads)
City as a Whole
Daniel Burnham – “Make No Little Plans, They have no Magic to stir Man’s Blood”
ARCHITECTS IN URBAN PLANNING
Eliel Saarinen
Le Corbusier
o Une Ville Contemporaine
o Plan Voisin (Neighborhood Plan)
o Le Plan de Paris
o Spokesman “ International Movement”
o Chandigrah, India – Designed Entire City
Louis Khan – Central Philadelphia
Kenzo Tange – Plan for Tokyo
o Circulation as a Determinant of Urban Form
Frank Lloyd Wright – Disappearing City
o Broadacres – every Family on acreland
o Changed Scheme
o Full Mile High Skyscraper
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Constantine Dioxadis – Arch Transition
o Ekistics Grid – System for Recording Planning Data & Ordering Planning Process
o Ekistics – Science of Human Settlement
