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პედაგოგიკის სახელმძღვანელო უმაღლესი სასწავლებლისთვის

This document provides an overview of pedagogy as an academic discipline. It discusses pedagogy's origins and development over time. Key points include: 1. Pedagogy studies educational principles, methods, and systems for teaching children and developing their abilities. 2. Classical philosophers like Plato and Aristotle recognized the importance of education and pedagogy's role. Their works helped establish pedagogy as a field of study. 3. Over time, prominent pedagogical theorists like Comenius, Locke, Rousseau, and others further developed pedagogical theory and practice. 4. Pedagogy analyzes objectives, subjects, methods, terminology and other aspects of

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Irma Irma
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773 views300 pages

პედაგოგიკის სახელმძღვანელო უმაღლესი სასწავლებლისთვის

This document provides an overview of pedagogy as an academic discipline. It discusses pedagogy's origins and development over time. Key points include: 1. Pedagogy studies educational principles, methods, and systems for teaching children and developing their abilities. 2. Classical philosophers like Plato and Aristotle recognized the importance of education and pedagogy's role. Their works helped establish pedagogy as a field of study. 3. Over time, prominent pedagogical theorists like Comenius, Locke, Rousseau, and others further developed pedagogical theory and practice. 4. Pedagogy analyzes objectives, subjects, methods, terminology and other aspects of

Uploaded by

Irma Irma
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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soxumis saxelwifo universiteti

gulnaz xuxua

pedagogika

Tbilisi 2009

1
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo Sedgenilia pedagogikis
kursis programis mixedviT. masSi ganxilulia skolaSi
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis organizaciis
meTodologiuri da Teoriuli sakiTxebi, yovelmxriv
harmoniulad ganviTarebuli srulfasovani pirovnebis
formirebasTan dakavSirebuli pedagogiuri procesebi,
sistemebi da komponentebi, maswavleblis profesiuli
momzadebis, skolis marTvisa da xelmZRvanelobis aspeqtebi.
wigni gankuTvnilia umaRlesi saswavleblis pedagogiuri
profilis fakultetis bakalavriatisa da magistraturis
studentebis, pedagogebisa da mSobelTaTvis.

redaqtori: irakli danelia


Studgartis universitetis
privat _ docenti

recenzentebi: amiran lomaZe


pedagogikur mecnierebaTa doqtori

luara sordia
filologiur mecnierebaTa doqtori
profesori

robert Smidti
filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtor_fuli
sociologiisa da kulturis dargSi
ganaTlebis referenti

medea salia
doqtoranti praqtikos-maswavlebeli

ISBN 978-9941-0-1439-0
gulnaz xuxua 2009 weli

2
preambula

yovlisSemoqmedma RmerTma Tavis unikalur qmnilebas


_ adamians unikaluri misia daakisra: gamravleba, aRzrda,
Sroma, dedamiwis samoTxed gadaqceva, RvTis kanonebis dacva,
garemomcvel samyarosTan mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba,
sibrZnisa da gonierebis moxveWa, mTeli miwieri da sulieri
sikeTiT sargebloba; aCvena cxovrebis azri da adamianis
daniSnuleba. “akurTxa RmerTma isini da uTxra maT RmerTma:
“inayofiereT, gamravldiT, aavseT dedamiwa, daepatroneT
mas da Tqven gemorCilebodnen zRvis Tevzebi, cis
frinvelebi da yvela cocxali arseba dedamiwaze” (dabadeba
1:28). SemcodvelTa warRvniT dasjis Semdeg misca
werilobiTi instruqcia _ 10 mcneba da sibrZnis wigni
biblia, rom bednierad da maradiulad ecxovraT adamianebs
mSvidobian, mdidar da ulamazes garemoSi.
adamiani isev ganudga Tavis Semoqmeds da satanis mxare
daiWira. RmerTma kvlav grandiozuli RonisZieba gaatara
Tavis Secdenili ZeTa WeSmaritebisaken mosaqcevad. a.w.aR.
I saukuneSi sakuTari Ze ieso qriste Semoswira kacobriobas
codvebisgan gamosasyidad da aRdgomis Semdeg saTaveSi
dauyena mwyemsad da maswavleblad. arc Qqristes mier
gaRebuli sisxli daafasa kacobriobam garda misi mciredi
nawilisa. daumorCileblobas Sedegad moyva yvela is
ubedurebebi, rac dRes Wirs kacobriobas: aTasobiT cru
religiebi, uzneo politika, binZuri komercia, korufcia,
materializmi, egocentrizmi, terorizmi, omebi, ekologiuri
da ekonomiuri krizisi, zneobrivi da sulieri degradacia
da mTeli msoflio aRmoCnda ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe.
gamosavali erTaderTia. codvebis gulwrfelad
monanieba da erTaderT WeSmarit RmerTTan dabruneba
qristes meSveobiT. sulierobis amaRleba Teokratiuli
ganaTlebiT, bibliuri SemecnebiT, gonebis ganaxlebiT da
axalkacad SemosviT: “ . . . raTa moiSoroT Zveli pirovneba,
3
romelic . . . iryvneba macdunebeli survilebiT, ganiaxloT
gonebis aRmZvreli Zala da SeimosoT axali pirovneba,
romelic Seqmnilia RvTis nebis Tanaxmad WeSmariti
simarTliTa da erTgulebiT” (efesoelebi 4:22-24).
Teokratiuli ganaTleba arafriT ar zRudavs saero
ganaTlebas. piriqiT, sulieri adamianis xelSi saero
ganaTleba iqceva namdvil ganZad, samarTlianobisa da
mSvidobis, siyvarulisa da keTildReobis wyarod.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, tradiciulisgan
gansxavavebiT, winamdebare pedagogikis saxelmZRvanelo
agebulia Teokratiuli da klasikuri pedagogikis
meTodologiur safuZvelze istoriuli memkvidreobiTobis,
Teokratiuli da saero ganaTlebis harmoniul TanxmobaSi
moyvanis principiT; erTiani pedagogiuri procesis erTiani
sistemis xelovnurad: swavlebis Teoriad anu didaqtikad
da aRzrdis Teoriad anu pedagogikad, swavlebis
princi pebad da meTodebad da aRzrdis princi pebad da
meTodebad gaTiSulobis gamo gaorebuli pedagogika
aRdgenilia Tavis bunebriv mdgomareobaSi; pedagogikis
kursis yvela sakiTxi gaSuqebulia axleburad, Teokratiul
WrilSi; Sesulia axali Tema: sulierobis aRzrda;
calkeul Tavebad aris gamoyofili da Sevsebuli saleqcio
Temebi: gonebrivi aRzrda, pedagogiuri procesi da sistemebi,
ekologiuri aRzrda, ZneladaRsazrdelebi da pedagogiuri
xelovneba.
pirovnebis formirebis pedagogiuri sistemebi da
koponentebi warmodgenilia erTmTlian pedagogiur
meqanizmad, rom praqtikos maswavlebels gauadvildes
mTelsa da nawilebs, zogadsa da kerZos Soris organuli
kavSirebis danaxva, pedagogikis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba
dabneulobisa da gaurkvevlobis gareSe.
Cveni mcdeloba, pedagogikis mecnierebas aRedgina Tavisi
Teoriuli da praqtikuli Rirebuleba, cxadia, unaklo ar
iqneba. Tu vinme Seecdeba mis gaumjobesebas, didad moxaruli
viqnebiT.

4
Tema I. pedagogika rogorc
sazogadoebrivi mecniereba

sakiTxebi:

1. pedagogikis gansazRvreba, misi warmoSoba da


ganviTareba;
2. pedagogikis mizani da amocanebi;
3. pedagogikuri terminologia;
4. pedagogikis struqturuli agebuleba;
5. pedagogikur mecnierebaTa sistema;
6. pedagogikis mosazRvre mecnierebani.

pedagogika uZvelesi da marad mwvane sazogadoebrivi


mecnierebaa swavla-ganaTlebisa da aRzrdis Sesaxeb. igi
ikvlevs pedagogiur miznebsa da amocanebs, Sinaarss,
kanonebsa da kanonzomierebebs, princi pebs, meTodebs,
formebsa da saSualebebs; arkvevs kavSirebs pedagogiur
sistemebsa da mosazRvre mecnierebebs Soris. termini
pedagogika berZnuli warmomavlobisaa da Sedgeba ori
sityvisagan: “paidos” _ bavSvi da “agogos” _ tareba. e. i.
bavSvis winamZRoloba, megzuroba, marTva, zedamxedveloba.
droTa ganmavlobaSi, garkveuli pedagogiuri codna-
gamocdilebis dagrovebis, SemoqmedebiTad aTvisebisa da
sistemaSi moyvanis safuZvelze aRzrdis mecnierebas uwodes
p e d a g o g i k a, xolo am mecnierebis amTvisebelsa da
praqtikos realizators _ p e d a g o g i.
pedagogikam ganviTarebis rTuli da xangrZlivi gza
ganvlo. misi elementebi Caisaxa maSin, roca pirveli bavSvi
daibada dedamiwaze. vin iyo is pirveli bavSvi, romelmac
warmoSva pedagogikuri mecnierebis saWiroeba?
rasakvirvelia, es iyo kaeni, kacobriobis pirveli winapari
5
wyvilis, RvTis qmnilebebis _ adamisa da evas pirmSo. maT,
cxadia, araviTari pedagogiuri codna_gamocdileba ar
gaaCndaT aRzrdasTan dakavSirebiT, magram yovlisSemoqmedis
mier maT bunebaSi Cadebuli Semecnebis unaris wyalobiT
TandaTanobiT SeiZines aRzrdisaTvis saWiro pedagogiuri
codna-gamocdileba, rogorc sawyisi safuZveli, saTave
pedagogikuri mecnierebisa.
antikuri xanis berZenma filosofosebma (demokrite,
sokrate, platoni, aristotele da sxv.) Seicnes ra, adamianis
usazRvro potenciuri SesaZlebloba srulfasovan
pirovnebad Camoyalibebisa, zustad gansazRvres aRzrdis
faqtoris pedagogiuri da sazogadoebrivi roli da
mniSvneloba filosofiis wiaRSi da Seqmnes pedagogiuri
codnis mdidari baza. SemdegSi aTenur-spartanuli da
romauli pedagogiuri Sexedulebebis SemoqmedebiTad
aTvisebisa da ganzogadoebis safuZvelze I saukunis
romaelma mecnier-pedagogma da oratorma markus fabius
kvintilianem sistemaSi moiyvana da damoukidebel
mecnierebad Camoayaliba pedagogika, rasac adasturebs misi
sufTa pedagogiuri Txzulebis 12 wigni “oratoris
darigebani”.
pirvel saukunidan warmarTul da qristianul
religiaTa dapirispirebam Seqmna garkveuli problemebi
da adreul da Sua saukuneebSi erTgvari dacema ganicada
pedagogikam meTodologiuri safuZvlis uqonlobis gamo.
aRorZinebis xanaSi gazafxuli daudaga yvela mecnierebas
da maT Soris pedagogikasac. arenaze gamoCndnen pedagogikis
klasikosebi: ian amos komenski, jon loki, Jan-Jak ruso,
adolf distervegi, pestaloci, helveciusi, konstantine
uSinski, iakob gogebaSvili da sxvani, romlebmac aRadgines
kvintilianes pedagogika da ganaviTares drois moTxovnis
Sesabamisad; SeinarCunes mTavari RerZi, misi gvari,
umdidresi zogadkacobriuli pedagogiuri Teoria da
saskolo praqtika, rogorc sazogadoebis progresuli
gardaqmnis erTerTi mZlavri saSualeba. pirveli
RvTivSTagonebuli wigni biblia gvaswavlis, rom yvelaferi
6
Seiqmna Tavis gvarisdamixedviT gansazRvruli funqciiTa
da daniSnulebiT. “da Seqmna RmerTma cxovelni maTi
gvarisamebr, da pirutyvi _ misi gvarisamebr, da yoveli
qvewarmavali miwisa _ misi gvarisamebr” (dabadeba 1: 25).
gvaris Secvla iwvevs ugvanobas, gadagvarebas da
SesaZlebelia _ gadaSenebasac! es exeba yovelives, da, cxadia,
mecnierebasac, rom man degradacia ar ganicados.
pedagogikas gaaCnia Tavisi kvlevis obieqti (aRsazrdeli),
sagani (aRzrda), mizani (aRsazrdelis srulfasovan
pirovnebad formireba), amocanebi (gonebrivi, zneobrivi,
sulieri, SromiTi, ekologiuri, esTetikuri, fizikuri
srulyofa); sakuTari terminologia, kvlevis meTodebi,
swavlebisa da aRzrdis meTodebi, kanonebi da
kanonzomierebani, pedagogiuri princi pebi, pedagogiuri
procesebis formebi da saSualebebi da a. S., rac uryev
dagils unarCunebs mas sxva mecnierebaTa Soris. ufro
metic, pedagogika, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, sayovelTao
da permanentuli mecnierebaa, radgan yoveli adamiani
potenciuri mSobelia da pirveli aRmzrdeli; xolo mis
permanentulobas gamravlebis uwyvetoba ganapirobebs.
rogorc yvela mecnierebas, pedagogikasac gaaCnia Tavisi
terminologia, romelic gansazRvravs mis arss, sazRvrebsa
da funqciebs, rac advilad gasageb da dasamaxsovrebels
xdis mis Sinaarss, rameTu, sityvis saSualebiT Sedis azri
cnobierebaSi da sityva Tavis mxriv axdens azris
provocirebas. amitom figuralurad sityvas azris sxeuls
uwodeben (g. robaqiZe). pedagogiuri terminebia: aRzrda,
swavleba, swavla, ganaTleba, codna, aRsazrdeli, aRmzrdeli,
maswavlebeli, pedagogi, moswavle, studenti, leqtori,
gakveTili, leqcia,saswavlo procesi,pedagogiuri situacia,
seminari, gamocda, pedagogiuri praqtika, sabavSvo baRi, skola,
koleji, liceumi,gimnazia,teqnikumi,instituti,universiteti,
akademia, bakalavriati, magistratura, doqtorantura, docenti,
doqtori, profesori, akademikosi da a. S.
termini aRzrda, rogorc m. i. demkovi miuTiTebs,
warmoiSva laTinuri zmnis _ “e d u k a r e” _ gan, rac
7
niSnavs bavSvis ganviTarebis im potenciur
SesaZleblobis gamovlinebas, miTiTebas, romelic unda iqces
faqtad, realur sinamdviled garegani zemoqmedebis Sedegad.
rusuli sityva “v o s p i t a n i e” Sedgeba ori
nawilisagan: sityva “pitanie” (kveba), xolo TavsarTi “vos”
(maRla, zemoT) miuTiTebs aRmaval mizanze.
qarTuli sityvac “aRzrda” or nawilad iyofa. “zrda”
fizikur _ biologiuri procesia simwifisken mimarTuli,
xolo “aR” TavsarTi fizikur, gonebriv, sulier da
zneobriv aRmasvlaze, Tvisobriv cvlilebaze miuTiTebs.
samyaroSi arsebuli cocxali qmnilebani Tavis formas
Tavis gvaris da mixedviT iRebs ganviTarebis procesSi.
magaliTad, uzarmazari xe TandaTanobiT viTardeba pawawina
Teslisagan; aseve patara kvercxujredebisagan izrdebian
goliaTi cxovelebi, samyaros unikaluri qmnileba _ a d a
m i a n i. es procesi mimdinareobs subieqturi da obieqturi
faqtorebis TanxvedriT.
adamiani Sedgeba sxeulisa da sulisagan. suliereba,
cxadia, mTavari da umniSvnelovanesi mdgomareobaa adamianSi
pirovnebis arsebisa. amitom aRzrdis cneba miuTiTebs
rogorc sxeulis fizikur aseve sulier ganviTarebaze,
rogorc umaRles mizanze.
aRzrdis cnebas ornairi gagebiT ganixilaven:
filosofiur da pedagogiur aspeqtSi. aRzrda farTo anu
filosofiuri gagebiT niSnavs cxovrebis yvla sferoSi
kacobriobis mier dagrovili codna-gamocdilebis
Taobidan Taobaze gadacemis process. am istoriuli
memkvidreobiTobis princi pis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe,
SeuZlebeli iqneboda sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba, radgan
yovel Taobas Tavad mouwevda wina Taobebis mier
aRmoCenilis xelaxla aRmoCena, rac aramc Tu praqtikulad,
Teoriuladac ki warmoudgenelia.
aRzrda, viwro pedagogiuri gagebiT, niSnavs
mizanmimarTul, gegmazomier pedagogiur zemoqmedebas
aRsazrdelze misi yovelmxriv, harmoniulad: gonebrivad,

8
sulierad, zneobrivad, esTetikurad fizikurad
ganviTarebuli, srulfasovani pirovnebis formirebas.
aRzrda warmoadgens sazogadoebriv, istoriul da
maradiul kategorias ramdenadac is yovelTvis gulisxmobs
aRsazrdels, sazogadoebis momaval wevrs; ramdenadac
aRzrda ganpirobebulia sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebiT, misi
mizani da Sinaarsi icvleba mocemuli sazogadoebis
cvlilebebis Sesabamisad; Sobadobis uwyvetoba
ganapirobebs aRzrdis maradiulobas.
aRzrdis pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb yvela aRiarebuli adamiani werda. Tagors swamda,
“rom kacobriobis yvela problemam aRzrdaSi unda hpovos
gadawyveta”. “yvelaferi is _wers Jan Jak ruso _ rac ar
gagvaCnia dabadebisas da uimisod ar vargivarT didobaSi,
mogvca aRzrdam.” “aRzrda _ ambobs r. oueni _ qveynad
arsebuli yoveli sikeTisa da borotebis, ubedurebisa da
bednierebis pirveli wyaroa.”
swavlebis cnebaSi moiazreba ormxrivi pedagogiuri
procesi, romelSic monawileoben maswavlebeli da
moswavleebi. pirveli gadascems droisa da sivrcis
gansazRvrul dimensionebSi saswavlo progaramiT
gaTvaliswinebul codna-gamocdilebasa da unar-Cvevebs
da meore mxare iTvisebs mas. swavleba emyareba Semecnebis
cnobil Teorias _ sensualizms, rac gulisxmobs samyaros
Semecnebas SegrZnebebiT, grZnobaTa organoebis meSveobiT.
sensualizmis Teoria mocemulia formulaSi kompendiumis
saxiT: “cocxali konkretuli gansWvretidan abstraqtuli
azrovnebisaken da misgan praqtikisaken”. ase ikvreba wre
azrobrivi moZraobisa. am Teoriis mixedviT, swavleba
moicavs sam etaps: SegrZneba-aRqma, warmosxva-gaazreba da
damaxsovreba-gamoyneba. aqedan Semecnebis pirveli etapi
SegrZneba, romelic xorcieldeba grZnobaTa
analizatorebiT, konkretul azrovnebas emyareba. gareSe
gamRizianelebTan uSualo kontaqts. rogorc ian amos
komenskim Tqva, araferia cnobierebaSi, rac SegrZnebaSi ar

9
gvqonia. amitom rac ufro mravalmxrivi, mravalferovani
da intensiuria SegrZnebebiT miRebuli STabeWdilebi, miT
ufro mdidaria warmosaxva da azrovneba ganviTarebis
obieqturi kanonis _ raodenobrivi cvlilebis Tvisobriv
cvlilebebSi gadasvlis – Tanaxmad. azrovneba mudam
informaciis adekvaturia.
swavlebas oTxi mTavari funqcia akisria, romelic
saerToa nebismieri saswavlo sagnis gakveTilisTvis. esenia:
saganmanaTleblo, ganmaviTarebeli, aRmzrdelobiTi da
SromiTi.
swavlebis saganmanaTleblo funqcia gulisxmobs
informaciebis miRebas samyaros Sesaxeb. im ganaTlebis
Sinaarsis aTvisebas, romelic asaxulia saswavlo gegmebSi,
programebSi, ZiriTad da daxmare saxelmZRvaneloebsa da
sxva codnis wyaroebSi. ganaTlebis Sinaarsi gulisxmobs
cnebebs, cnobebs, faqtebs, sagnebs, movlenebs, wesebs, kanonebs,
princi pebs, meTodebs, gansazRvrebebs, debululebebs,
Teoriebs, formulebs, saxelebs, saxelwodebebs, TariRebs
da a. S.
sawavlebis ganmaviTarebeli funqcia iseT fsiqologiur
procesebs ukavSirdeba, rogoricaa SegrZnebebi, warmosaxvebi,
azrovneba, metyveleba, yuradReba, nebisyofa, niWiereba,
mexsiereba da sxva. yovelive es emsaxureba iseTi saazrovno
operaciebis ganviTarebas, rogoricaa: Sedareba, klasifikacia,
anlizi, sinTezi, ganzogadoeba, sistematizacia, Sefaseba,
daskvna da sxv. aseve swavlis, weris, kiTxvis, angariSis
inteleqtualuri unarebis formirebas.
swavlebis aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia moicavs gonebriv
(ideebis, mrwamsis, rwmenis, msoflmxedvelobis, poziciis),
zneobriv (humanizmi, patriotizmi, internacionalizmi,
patiosneba, samarTlianoba, Sromismoyvaroba, yovelgvari
sikeTe), sulier (RvTis rwmena, bibliuri kanonebisa da
princi pebis codna da cxovrebaSi gamoyneba da a. S.),
ekologiuri ( bunebrivi garemosa da misi saisicocxlo
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb codna, bunebis siyvaruli, misi dacva

10
da movla), SromiTi (Sromismoyvareoba, SromiTi unar-Cvevebi,
mSromelis dafaseba, Sromis produqtebisadmi gafrTxileba),
esTetikuri (silamaze, mSveniereba, amaRlebuli, komikuri,
tragikuli kategoriebis codna da silamazis kanonebiT
cxovreba), fizikuri (janmrTelobis, Tavdacvisa da
Sromisunarianoba) aRzrdas.
swavlebis SromiTi funqciis sworad ganxorcieleba
garkveulwilad ganapirobebs swavlebis zemoTxsenebuli
funqciebis rentabelurobasac, rameTu, rogorc
demokritem Tqva: “swavleba axdens saswaulebs mxolod
Sromis safuZvelze”. radgan swavlebis SromiT funqciaSi
Sedis Sromismoyvareobis, fizikuri da gonebrivi SromiTi
unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba moswavleebSi. aq xdeba moswavlis
darwmuneba imaSi, rom yovelive is materialuri da sulieri
saganZuri, rac aucilebelia pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis
arsebobisa da Segnebuli cxovrebisaTvis, iqmneba mxolod
Sromis safuZvelze. amitom Sromisa da mSromelisadmi
dadebiTi damokidebulebis gamomuSavebas aRsazrdelebSi
udidesi zneobrivi, samedicino, fsiqologiuri, sulieri,
ekonomiuri, ekologiuri, socialuri da esTetikuri
mniSvneloba aqvs.
swavla, rogorc pedagogikuri cneba, monoqcevaa, roca
subieqti Tavad iRebs saWiro informaciebs damoukideblad,
individualurad ukve aTvisebuli codnisa da
inteleqtualuri unar-Cvevebis bazaze.
ganaTlebis cneba mianiSnebs gonebriv sinaTleze,
azrovnebis asamoqmedebel codna-gamocdilebis garkveul
maragze. ganaTleba swavlebis Sedegia. is Sinaarsis, donisa
da mimarTulebis mixedviT sami saxisaa: zogadi anu saSualo
ganaTleba, romelsac zogadsaganmanaTleblo skola iZleva
10-11 wlis ganmavlobaSi. (XII klasi sisulelea adamianis
sicocxlisa da Sromisunarianobis xangrZlivobas rom
warmovidgenT), aseve, TiTqmis igive funqcias asrulebs
gimnazia, koleji, liceumi. am periodSi moswavleebi
ecnobian sazogadoebriv, sabunebismetyvlo da teqnikur,

11
aseve xelovnebis dargTa zogad safuZvlebs, igeben samyaros
Seqmnisa da misi ganviTarebis uzogades obieqtur kanonebs,
arsebobisa da moZraobis princi pebsa da wesebs da a. S.
zogadi ganaTleba warmoadgens sabazo safuZvels
ganaTlebis Semdgomi safexurebisaTvis.
ganaTlebis sistemis meore rgolia saSualo specialuri
ganaTleba, romelsac teqnikumebi iZleva. igi uamrav dargebs
anu mimarTulebebs Seicavs.
ganaTlebis mesame rgolia umaRlesi saswavleblebi:
instituti, universiteti, akademia, romelic mowodebulia
moamzados maRalkvalificiuri kadrebi saxalxo
meurneobis sxvadasxva dargebSi, mwarmoebluri Tu
aramwarmoeblur sferoebSi. umaRlesi ganaTleba imden
dargebs moicavs, ramdenic kvlevis obieqtia dedamiwaze.
codnis cnebaSi igulisxmeba praqtikuli moqmedebis
Teoriuli safuZvlebi, codna-gamocdilebisa da praqtikuli
moqmedebis unar-Cvevebis erTianoba. is warmoadgens
subieqtis inteleqtualur sakuTrebas da nebismier dros,
nebismier situaciaSi SeuZlia gamoiyenos. amave dros is
warmoadgens bazas axali codna-gamocdilebis misaRebad,
marad cvalebad drosa da sivrceSi. ganaTleba ufro
Teoriul aspeqtSi warmogvidgeba, codnaSi Teoriisa da
praqtikis srul integraciasTan gvaqvs saqme. “codna kacs
wonas aZlevs, xolo aRzrda brwyinvalebas sZens” _ uTqvams
Cesterfilds.
ganxiluli terminebi ZiriTadi pedagogikuri
kategoriebia, romelic gasaRebis anu klitis rols
asruleben am mecnierebaSi.
pedagogikis struqtura. roca pedagogikis struqturas
vexebiT, Cven virCevT mis klasikur gagebas, radgan moqmed
pedagogikaSi miRebuli struqturuli ganlageba
ewinaaRmdegeba mis bunebas da ukargavs gavlenis Zalas.
magaliTad “aRzrda” da “swavleba” cal-calke “aRzrdis
Teoriad” da “swavlebis Teoriad” anu didaqtikad, swavlebis
principebad da aRzrdis principebad, swavlebis meTodebad

12
da aRzrdis meTodebad aris danawevrebuli, TiTqos
pedagogika sxva mecniereba iyos da didaqtika _ sxva.
pedagogika da didaqtika mxolod sinonimuri cnebebia da
meti araferi. es naTlad Cans ian amos komenskis “did
didaqtikaSi.” swavlebisa da aRzrdis rogorc erTiani
procesis xelovnurad gaxleCvas mohyva pedagogikuri
mecnierebis gaoreba, ramac Zala daukarga da raRac
gaugebrobad aqcia.
pedagogikisadmi amgvarma arasworma midgomam didi
sirTule da gaugebroba Seqmna mis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi.
gansakuTrebiT ziani miayena skolas. sagnis maswavlebeli
mxolod programuli informaciebis gadacemiT,
saganmanaTleblo funqciiT ifargleba, radgan Tvlis, rom
aRzrdaze sxva, “aRzrdis” organizatori, klasis
damrigebelia pasuxismgebeli. amasobaSi yvelaze meti ziani
adgeba aRsazrdels, visTvisac imarTeba pedagogiuri
procesi da aq, cxadia, aRzrdis miznis miRweva faqtiurad
Seferxebulia swavlebisa da aRzrdis Sinagani organuli
kavSirebis kanonzomierebis darRvevis gamo.
pedagogikis klasikoss ian amos komenskis Tavis ukvdav
“did didaqtikaSi” swavleba da aRzrda ganxiluli aqvs
rogorc erTi organo, romelic erTdroulad or funqcias
asrulebs, ufro zustad, swavleba warmodgenilia rogorc
aRzrdis saSualeba.
klasikuri da saukeTeso Tanamedrove gagebiT,
pedagogikis Teoria aris aRzrdis Teoria, romelic Tavis
arsebaSi gulsixmobs swavlebas, rameTu aRzrda saTanado
informaciebis miRebis gareSe, ubralod ar arsebobs.
magaliTad, humanizmis aRzrda ar Sedgeba manam, sanam
aRsazrdels ar vaswavliT adamianisa da moyvasis cnebas,
rogorc RvTis unikalur qmnilebas, siyvaruliT
siyvarulisTvis Seqmnil gonier arsebas, cxovrebis azrs
da adamianis daniSnulebas. rom humanizmi vlindeba
adamianebTan, bunebasTan da mTel samyarosTan
urTierTobaSi, maT Semecnebasa da gonivrul gamoyenebaSi.

13
aRzrdisaTvis saWiroa Sesabamisi materialur-teqnikuri
baza, safuZveli, sanitarul-higienuri pirobebi da yovelive
amas sWirdeba mecnierul safuZvelze organizeba, marTva
da xelmZRvaneloba. roca ase, xelovnurad Seqmnili Siga
struqturebisa da ganyofilebebis gareSe, erTmTlian
organizmad, erT Teoriad iqneba warmodgenili, maSin aris
pedagogikis Teoria maswavleblisTvis praqtikuli
saxelmZRvanelo.
pedagogikis Sesavali Seicavs sawyis informaciebs,
romelic hqmnis pedagogikis mTlian xeds, zogad
warmodgenas pedagogikis sagnis, miznis, amocanebis, misi
obieqtis _ aRsazrdelis pirovnebad formirebis,
maswavleblis, pedagogiuri sistemebis, saxalxo ganaTlebis
sistemisa da marTvis Sesaxeb.
aRzrdis Teoria arkvevs saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi
procesis sistemebs, sagakveTilo da klasgareSe procesebs,
aRzrdis mizans, (masSi avtomaturad igulisxmeba
swavleba),Sinaars, kanonebs, princi pebs, meTodebs,
organizaciul formebs, codnis Semowmeba-Sefasebis saxeebsa
da kriteriumebs da a. S.
skolaTmcodneobis Tema, rogorc mTelis nawili,
logikurad ukavSirdeba saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT process
da arkvevs skolis marTvisa da xelmZRvanelobis principebs,
mis mizanmimarTul, gegmazomieri mowyobis, moswavleTa
kontigentisa da pedagogiuri kadrebis dakompleqtebis,
skolis materialur-teqnikuri bazis Seqmnis, saswavlo-
aRmzrdelobiTi gegmebis SemuSavebisa da sanitarul-
higienuri normebis dacvis, pedagogiuri sabWos muSaobis,
skolis, ojaxisa da sazogadoebis potencialis amoqmedebisa
da koordinirebis sakiTxebs.
pedagogikur mecnierebaTa sistema anu dargebi: Tavisi
kvlevis obieqtis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, pedagogika
mravalmxrivi da mravalferovani mecnierebaa. igi Sedgeba
urTierT organul kavSirSi myofi Semdegi dargebisagan:
1. zogadi pedagogika;

14
2. asakobrivi pedagogika: skolamdeli, dawyebiTi
ganaTlebis, saSualo skolis, umaRlesi ganaTlebis
pedagogika;
3. socialuri pedagogika;
4. samxedro pedagogika;
5. defeqtologa: surdo anu yrumunjTa pedagogika,
tiflo anu usinaTloTa pedagogika, oligofreno anu
gonebrivad SezRudulTa pedagogika, koreqciuli
pedagogika;
6. kerZo anu sagnobrivi meTodika;
7. pedagogikis istoria.
zogadi pedagogika pedagogikis yvela dargis
meTododlogiur safuZvels warmoadgens. igi ikvlevs yvela
ti pis saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi dawesebulebebis
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT procesebs, pedagogikur sistemebs,
yvela asakis aRsazrdelTa asakobriv da individualur
Taviseburebebs, asakobrivi periodizaciis pedagogiur
safuZvlebs fsiqologiur da socialuri monacemebis
gaTvaliswinebiT; aRzrdis zogad princi pebs, meTodebsa,
formebsa da a. S.
asakobrivi pedagogika, zogad pedagogikaze dayrdnobiT,
swavlobs konkretulad ama Tu im asakobriv periodisTvis
damaxasiaTebel asakobriv da individualur specifikas,
swavlebisa da aRzrdis Taviseburebebs. pedagogikaSi
miRebulia Semdegi asakobrivi periodizacia: skolamdeli
_ dabadebidan 6 wlamde; umcrosi saskolo asaki 6-7-dan
10-11 wlamde; saSualo saskolo asaki 11-12-dan 14-15-mde;
ufrosi saskolo asaki _ 14-15-dan 17-18 wlamde. aqedan
gamomdinare, asakobrivi pedagogika akonkretebs zogadi
pedagogikis monacemebs moswavleTa asakobrivi
Taviseburebebisa Sesabamisad.
socialuri pedagogika arkvevs bavSvis pirovnebad
formirebis, misi socializaciis, sazogadoebasTan, SromiT
koleqtivTan umtkivneulod adaptaciis unar-Cvevebis

15
ganviTarebis socialur faqtorebs, romelSic moiazreba
mega, makro, mezo da mikro faqtorebi.
pirovnebis socializaciis megafaqtorebSi Sedis
kosmosi, planeta, samyaro; makrofaqtorebSi _ qveyana, eTnosi,
eri, sazogadoeba, saxelmwifo; mezofaqtorebSi _ regioni,
masobrivi komunikaciis (megamasmedia) saSualebebi,
subkultura,, ubani; socializaciis mikrofaqtorebi _ ojaxi,
Tanatolebis wre, religiuri da saaRmzrdelo
organizaciebi, mikrosociumi, sporti da a. S.
samxedro pedagogika emsaxureba patriotebis, samSoblos
damcvelTa momzadebas.
defeqtologia ikvlevs fizikuri da gonebrivi naklis
mqone aRsazrdelTa kanonzomierebebs, princi pebsa da
meTodebs. pedagogiuri koreqciis, prevenciisa da
kompensaciis sakiTxebs. es aris humanizmisa da demokratiis
klasikuri nimuSi, zrunva sustebis, daCagrulebis
mdgomareobidan gamosayvanad, sazogadoebis sruluflebian
wevrad momzadebis mizniT.
kerZo anu sagnobrivi meTodikebi, eyrdnoba ra zogad
pedagogikas, is akonkretebs ama Tu im sagnis swavlebis
mizans, mis saganmanaTleblo, ganmaviTarebel, aRmzrdelobiT
da SromiT funqciebs, Sinaarss, moculobas, dozebsa da
droebs klasebis mixedviT. imdeni kerZo meTodikaa, ramdenic
saswavlo saganicaa. magaliTad: qarTuli enis swavlebis
meTodika, qarTuli literaturis swavlebis meTodika,
maTematikis swavlebis meTodika da a. S.
umaRlesi skolis pedagogika arkvevs specialuri
pedagogiuri ganaTlebis miRebisa da maRalkvalificiuri
kadrebis momzadebis mecnierul safuZvlebs, ganaTlebis
Sinaarss, saswavlo gegmebsa da programebs, pedagogiur
p rinci pebs, meTodebs, profesiuli daostatebis
organizaciul formebs, Teoriisa da praqtikis, arCeuli
profesiis cxovrebasTan, realur sinamdvilesTan
dakavSirebis gzebsa da saSualebebs.

16
pedagogikis istoria gvamcnobs pedagogikis mecnierebis
warmoSobas, ganviTarebis kanonebsa da kanonzomierebebs;
iZleva warsulis gaTvaliswinebis, awmyos gagebisa da
momavlis ganWvretis saSualebas; Seicavs retrospeqtrul
da Tanamedrove mecnierul da praqtikul Rirebulebebs.
misi safuZvliani codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia pedagogikuri
mecnierebis ganviTareba. rogorc es kirion II Tqva
istorizmis princi pTan dakavSirebiT: rogorc anbanis
gareSe SeuZlebelia iswavlo wera-kiTxva, aseve SeuZlebelia
pedagogikis gageba da ganviTareba misi istoriis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.
pedagogikis istoria gviCvenebs Tu ra ganapirobebs
aRniSnuli mecnierebis saWiroebas, mis ganviTarebas,
warmatebas Tu warumateblobas. xels uwyobs aRmoCenilis
xelaxla aRmoCenis Tavidan acilebas, gvicavs amao
garjisagan; iZleva saSualebas warsulis miRwevebiT
sargeblobis, Rirseul adamianTa warmoCenis, sxvisi Sromis
dafasebis, mSromelisadmi pativiscemisa da madlierebis
grZnobis ganviTarebisa. senekam kargad Tqva warsul
monapovarTa RirebulebasTan dakavSirebiT, rom “yvelanairi
wamali gakeTebulia Cvenamde, Cven isRa dagvrCenia,
viswavloT misi aRmoCena da gamoyeneba”. marTlac, mecniereba
gamogoneba ki araa, aramed arsebulis aRmoCenaa da Tu ar
gvecodineba aRmoCenili, aRmoCenilis aRmoCena Cvens
gamogonebad mogveCveneba da sibneleSi erT wreze mogviwevs
mudmivad triali. aqac minda senekas ukvdav sibrZnes
daveyrdno mecnierul aRmoCenasTan dakavSirebiT. “pirdapir
gzas, romelic me vipove gvian xetialiT daRlilma, vuCveneb
sxvebs”, swored am gzas mihyveboda niutoni, romelmac Tqva:
“me Tu Cems TanamedroveTa Soris maRali vCandi, es imitom,
rom gigantebis mxrebze videqio”. aseve uadgilo ar iqneba
Tu gavixsenebT laibnicis debulebas drois uwyvetobasa
da istoriuli memkvidreobiTobasTan dakavSirebiT. “awmyo,
Sobili warsulisagan, dedaa momavlisa”.

17
pedagogikis mosazRvre mecnierebani. rogorc yvela
mecniereba, pedagogikac Tavis miznebisaTvis iyenebs
monaTesave mecnierebaTa monacemebs. adamiani warmosdgeba
sxeulisa da sulisgan da warmoadgens aRzrdis or mxares.
aqedan gamomdinareobs pedagogikis kavSiri im
mecnierebebTan, romelnic Seiswavlian adamians sxvadasxva
aspeqtSi. pedagogikis mokavSire mecnierebebia: fsiqologia,
filosofia, medicina, adamianis fiziologia, ekologia, eTika,
esTetika, sociologia da a. S.
fsiqologia erTerTi mniSvnelovani damxmare
mecnierebaa pedagogisaTvis. amasTan dakavSiriT germanelebs
aqvT aseTi frazeologiuri gamoTqma: “ver iqnebi
maswavlebeli, Tu ara xar fsiqologio”. fsiqologia,
rogorc fsiqikis mecniereba, swavlobs iseT fsiqikur
procesebs, romelic Zalian mniSvnelovania SemecnebisaTvis,
gansakuTrebiT swavlebis ganmaviTarebeli funqciis
ganxorcielebisaTvis. es procesebia: SegrZneba, aRqma,
warmosaxva, azrovneba, metyveleba, yuradReba, nebisyofa,
mexsiereba, niWiereba, temperementi, xasiaT da a. S.
fsiqologiuri codna iZleva saSualebas, moswavleTa
asakobrivi da individualuri Taviseburebebis Sesabamisad
iqnes agebuli saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi RonisZiebaTa
sistemebi, saswavlo gegmebi, programebi, ZiriTadi da damxmare
saxelmZRvaneloebi, praqtikuli da laboratoriuli
samuSaoebi, TvalsaCino didaqtikuri masalebi, sanitarul-
higienuri pirobebi da sxva.
da, rac mTavaria, fsiqologias maswavleblisa da
moswavleTa urTierTobis optimalur dargulirebaSic
garkveuli wili udevs. Tumca ramdenadac sasargebloa
fsiqologia, imdenad da zogjer ufro metad sazianoa
fsiqologiaSi gadavardna, fsiqologizmi pedagogikaSi,
radgan, rogorc fsiqologiis mamamTavari d. uznaZe ambobda,
pedagogikur daskvnebs pedagogikosi unda akeTebdes da
ara fsiqologi.

18
pedagogikas aseve uSualo kavSiri aqvs filosofiasTan.
igi adgens samyaros ganviTarebis uzogades obieqtur
kanonebs, romelTa konkretizacias axdens calkeuli
mecnierebani da maT Soris pedagogikac Tav-Tavisi kvlevis
obieqtTa Sesabamisad. pedagogika filosofiidan iyenebs
ganviTarebis uzogades obieqtur kanonebs, romelTa
dakonkretebas axdens Tavisi miznis mixedviT. es kanonebia:
1. raodenobrivi cvlilebis Tvisobriv cvlilebebSi
gadasvlis kanoni;
2. dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da brZolis
kanoni;
3.uaryofis uaryofis kanoni.
am kanonTa arsis asaxsnelad gamoviyenoT martivi
magaliTi. vimoqmedoT warmosaxviT. aviRoT wyali, SevdgaT
macivris sayinuleSi da garkveuli drois Semdeg
davakvirdeT Tu ra mdgomareobaSi gadava wyali?
_ gaiyineba.
_ ram gamoiwvia misi yinulad qceva?
_ temperaturis raodenobrivma cvlilebam minusisaken.
axla es yinuli gamovitanoT da SevdgaT anTebul
gazquraze da davakvirdeT process. ras SevamCnevT?
_ yinuli iwyebs lRobas, Tbobas, gacxelebas, duRils,
aorTqlebas.
wylis xuTive mdgomareoba gansxvavebulia.
_ ram ganapiroba es cvlilebebi?
_ amjerad plusi temperaturis raodenobrivma zrdam.
_ rogor mimdinareobs procesi?
_ TandaTanobiT, temperaturis cvlilebis mixedviT.
axla davadginoT Tu ra kavSiri aqvs am process
pedagogikasTan. analogiuri. warmovidginoT moswavle
sawyis etapze. axalSobils aranairi codna-gamocdileba
ar gaaCnia, garda ganviTarebis potenciuri SesaZleblobisa.
magram TandaTanobiT, gareSe zemoqmedebis Sedegad, droisa
da informaciis raodenobrivi zrdis kvalobaze icvleba,
izrdeba da viTardeba bavSvi. da, rac ufro met WeSmarit

19
informaciebs iRebs, miT ufro droulad mimdinareobs
misi socializacia, pirovnebad formireba.
rac Seexeba meore filosofiur kanons, rasac hqvia
dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da brZolis kanoni,
pedagogika mas gverds ver auvlis, radgan isic obieqtur
realobas Seexeba. yovelive Tavis TavSi Seicavs or
dapirispirebul mxares, ganviTarebis mamoZravebel Zalebs,
Sinagan da garegan winaaRmdegobas da am winaaRmdegobaTa
WidilSi imarjvebs Zlieri. bavSvi, rogorc bio-socialuri
arseba warmoadgens pirovnebis sawyis formas, romelSic
Cadebulia srulfasovan pirovnebad Camoyalibebis
potenciuri SesaZlebloba, romelic garemosTan
urTierTobis procesSi gardaiqceva biologiur da
sociogenur moTxovnilebad, rogorc ganviTarebis
tendencia. es aris pirveli Sinagani winaaRmdegoba, romlis
dakmayofilebasTan dakavSirebiT warmoiSoba meore
garegani winaaRmdegoba, romelic xels uSlis mis
dakmayofilebas. es aris: asaki, fizikuri da fsiqikuri
moumwifebloba, informaciulobis, saTanado codna-
gamocdilebis deficiti. maSasadame, moxda ganviTarebis
mamoZravebeli Zalebis: Sinagan da garegan winaaRmdegobaTa
Sejaxeba. am barieris gadasalaxavad saWiroa Seiqmnas
mdgomareobis Sesatyvisi fsiqologiuri da pedagogiuri
pirobebi. es ki maswavleblis kompetenturobaze, mis
erudiciasa da ostatobaze, aqtivaciaze, stimulsa da
motivaciazea damokidebuli. maswavlebeli qmnis iseT
pedagogiur da yofiT situaciebs, rac moswavleebs
daanaxvebs miRweulsa da misaRwvs, realursa da idealurs
Soris sxvaobas da “gaamwvavebs” am winaaRmdegobebs,
agrZnobinebs codnis deficits, aumaRlebs inteleqtualur
d sociogenur moTxovnebs, rac aRZravs mas moqmedbisken am
winaaRmdegobaTa bunebrivi daZlevisaTvis progresuli
SedegiT.
uaryofis uaryofis filosofiuri kanonis gacnobiereba
maswavlebels daaZlevinebs arqaul- konservatorul,

20
stereotipul kompleqsebs; gaaTavisuflebs drogardasuli
Sexedulebebisa da tradiciebisagan; gadaalaxvinebs
asakobriv bariers moswavle-axalgazrdobasTan
urTierTobaSi.
samyaros arsebobis wesi moZraobaa. yvelaferi moZraobs,
yvlaferi viTardeba da icvleba, icvleba Sexdulebebic,
midgomac, urTierTobebic da ase Semdeg da maswavlebeli
am progresul cvlilebebs ar unda CamorCes. man unda
gaiTvaliswinos, rom misi Sromis obieqti, misi moswavlec
sxvadasxva faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT icvleba da swrafad
mimdinarobs misi aqseleraciis procesi. amitom
urTierTobis meTodi, romelic guSin efeqturi iyo, dRes
ukve garkveulwilad moZvelebulia. uaryofis uaryofis
kanons emorCileba, rac rodi niSnavs Zvelis xelaRebiT
uaryofas, piriqiT, swored Zvelidan warmoiSoba axali.
xem uaryo Tesli, romlisganc wrmoiSva TviTon, magram man
Tavis TavSi gaimeora is arsebiTi, gvari da jiSi, mTeli
genokodi, rac am Tesls axasiaTebda kidev ufro
gaumjobesebul xarisxSi raodenobrivad da Tvisobrivad.
ganviTarebis uzogadesi kanonebis codna
uzrunvelyofs pedagogikuri mecnierebis ganviTarebas,
saskolo praqtikis optimizacias, drois moTxovnebTan
sworebas, saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis mecnierul
doneze agebas obieqturi kanonebis safuZvelze.
pedagogika aranakleb warmatebiT iyenebs filosofiur
kategoriebs: formisa da Sinaarsis erTianobis, mizez-
Sedegobriobis, SemTxveviTobisa da aucileblobis da a. S.
kavSirebs. ar arsebobs forma Sinaarsis gareSe da, piriqiT,
Sinaarsi formis gareSe. magaliTad, saswavlo-
aRmzrdelobiTi procesis organizaciuli formaa
gakveTili, xolo Sinaarsia is, rac am gakveTilze xdeba.
adamianis formaa misi fizikur-biologiuri determinanti,
xolo Sinaarsia misi socialuri mdgomareoba, pirovnuli
da profesiuli Tvisebebi, codna-gamocdileba, socialuri

21
determinanti. maSasadame pirovneba aris formisa da
Sinaarsis mTlianoba.
mizez_Sedegobriobis kategoriis gacnobiereba da
pedagogikis sivrceSi gadmotana emsaxureba bevri
pedagogiuri problemebis axsna-gagebas, mis prevenciasa da
koreqcias. samyaroSi araferi xdeba umizezod. yovel mizezs
Sedegi mosdevs da, piriqiT, yovel Sedegs Tavisi mizezi
aqvs. magaliTad, cnobili bibliuri andaza: “rasac dasTes,
imas moimki” mizez_Sedegobriobis naTeli nimuSia.
moswavlis akademiuri CamorCeniloba Tu socialur-
moraluri defeqti Sedegia garkveuli mizezisa. es mizezebi
SeiZleba iyos mravalnairi: uniWoba, swavlisTvis
moumwifebloba, avadmyofoba, sizarmace, ojaxuri pirobebi,
TanatolTa wre, araswori Sexedulebebi, grZnobaTa
umarTaoba, ganawyeneba, fizikuri an gonebrivi nakli,
SegrZnebaTa analizatorebis defeqti da a. S. magram SedegSi
yovelTvis aris mizezis si ptomebi, mimaniSnebeli niSnebi
zogjer cxadi, zogjer faruli saxiT. amitom saWiroa
mocemuli Sedegis SesaZlo, savaraudo mizezebis codna,
rom kvlevisa da logikis gziT mivagnoT realur mizezs
konkretulad, rac mogvcems saSualebas swori diagnostikisa
da “mkurnalobisa”.
rac Seexeba SemTxveviTobisa da aucileblobis
filosofiuri kategoriis pedagogiur aspeqtSi
gacnobierebas, is aucileblad Tavidan agvacdens bevr
pedagogiur problemebs, SemTxvevaTa msxverplobas.
maSasadame, ganviTarebis uzogadesi obieqturi kanonebisa
da kategoriebis safuZvelze pedagogiuri procesebis
organizebis codna da unar-Cvevebi, maswavlebels aZlevs
saSualebas warmatebiT gaarTvas Tavi mis mierve arCeul
profesiul movaleobas.
adamianis fiziologiidan pedagogika warmatebiT iyenebs
misTvis saWiro monacemebs. kerZod, codnas adamianis
centrlur-nervuli sistemis, refleqsebis, reaqciebisa da
sxva aRzrdasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.

22
medicina mniSvnelovan samsaxurs uwevs pedagogikas
gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca problema exeba aRsazdelis
fizikur da gonebriv defeqtebs. am sferoSi pedagogiuri
koreqcia eyrdnoba samedicino daskvnebs.
pedagogikas agreTve kavSiri aqvs eTikasa da esTetikasTan.
zneobrivi da esTetikuri aRzrda organulad ukavSirdeba
aRniSnuli mecnierebebis Sinaarss. pirovnebis morluri
saxis Camoyalibeba eTikuri normebisa da wesebis codnis
gareSe warmoudgenelia. pedagogikis DdaniSnulebaa am
normebisa da wesebis moswavleTa inteleqtualur
sakuTrebad, Segnebad, grZnobebad da moqmedebis unar-
Cvevebad gadaqceva, sazogadoebis Rirseul wevrad momzadeba.
eTikur normebsa da wesebSi igulisxmeba is zneobrivi
kategoriebi, rogoricaa: humanizmi, patriotizmi,
internacionalizmi, siyvaruli, sikeTe, samarTlianoba,
patiosneba, mSvidoba, Sromismoyvareoba, sulieroba,
mimtevebloba, yovelive is, rasac biblia sulis nayofebs
uwodebs.
zneobrivi aRzrda adamians awmyoSic da momavalSi icavs
safrTxeebisagan, amoraluri qcevebisagan.
pedagogika ekologias ukavSirdeba ekologiuri aRzrdis
problemiT da iqidan iRebs monacemebs ekologiuri
ganaTlebis, kerZod, bunebis sasicocxlo, samedicino,
valeologiuri, ekonomiuri, eTikuri da esTetikuri
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. ekologiuri aRzrdis aqtualobas
dRes ganapirobebs dedamiwaze Seqmnili ekologiuri
problemebi, rac garkveulwilad ganpirobebulia
mosaxleobis ekologiuri kulturis dabali doniT. am
xarvezis aRmosafxvrelad saWiroa bunebis _ floris,
faunas, miwis, wylis, haeris da maTi dacvis, movlis,
gamdidrebis Sesaxeb saTanado informaciuloba,
ekologiuri Segnebis, ekologiuri grZnobebisa da
ekologiuri moqmedebis moTxovnilebisa d unar-Cvevebis
gamomuSaveba.

23
esTetikuri aRzrdac pirdapir KkavSirSia esTetikis
safuZvlebis codnasTan. samyaros esTetikuri SegrZneba
da aRqma, misadmi esTetikuri damokidebuleba adamians
uyalibebs esTetikur gemovnebas, esTetikur kulturas, rac
vlindeba silamazisa da mSvenierebisaken, amaRlebulisa
da idealurisaken swrafvaSi, xelovnebis gagebasa da
silamazis kanonebiT cxovrebis, esTetikuriT tkbobisa da
esTetikuris Seqmnis moTxovnilebaSi.
amrigad, pedagogika aris uZvelesi, magram marad mwvane
sazogadoebrivi mecniereba yovelmxriv harmoniulad :
gonebrivad, zneobrivad, sulierad, esTetikurad, fizikurad
srulfasovani pirovnebis aRzrdis kanonebis, princi pebis,
meTodebis, formebisa da saSualebebis, aseve pedagogikuri
Teoriis praqtikuli realizatoris _ maswavleblis
profesiuli momzadebis Sesaxeb. pedagogikis Teoria udevs
safuZvlad pedagogikuri ciklis konkretul, gamoyenebiT
dargebs.

24
T e m a II. maswavleblis profesia

sakiTxebi:

1. maswavleblis profesiis arsi, misi sazogadoebrivi


roli da mniSvneloba;
2. epiTetebi maswavleblis profesiaze;
3. maswavleblis kompetnciebi;
4. maswavleblis profesiuli daostatebis
pedagogiuri safuZvlebi.

maswavlebelia is oficialuri piri, romelsac aqvs


specialuri pedagogiuri ganaTleba, dauflebulia
swavlebisa da aRzrdi Teorias da kacobriobis mier
dagrovil codna-gamocdilebas gadascems axal Taobas misi
damoukidebeli cxovrebisaTvis momzadebis mizniT.
maswavlebloba uZvelesi, umSvenieresi, RmrTTan wilnayari
profesiaa. kacobriobas dasabamidan dRemde hyavs ori
udidesi maswavlebeli: yovlisSemoqmedi RmerTi da misi
sayvareli Ze ieso qriste. maTgan modis “yvela keTili
saboZvari da yvela srulyofili niWi” (iakobis 1:17).
maswavlebels udidesi sazogadoebrivi roli akisria.
man unda uzrunvlhyos Rirseuli axali Taobis momzadeba,
romelic ganapirobebs sazogadoebis kulturul dones,
mis ganviTrebasa da Seuferxebel aRmasvlas.
yvela epoqasa da sazogadoebaSi cnobdnen da aRiarebdnen
maswavleblis udides sazogdoebriv rolsa da
mniSvnelobas. gamoCenili sazogado Tu saxelmwifo
moRvaweebi, pedagogikisa da literaturis klasikosebi
araviTar epiTetebs ar iSurebdnen maswavleblis Sesamkobad,
mis mimarT pativiscemis gamosaxatavad, maswavleblis
profesiis zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobis xazgasasmelad.
antikuri xanis berZeni filosofosebi sokrate da misi

25
mowafe antisTene bavSvis srulyofil pirovnebad
Camoylibebas maswavleblis damsaxurebad miiCnevdnen.
pedagogikis mecnierebis fuZemdebeli markus fabius
kvintiliane qveynis kulturul aRmavlobas maswavlebls
ukavSirebda. “brZeni romaelis” aRmzrdels kvintilianem
specialuri wigni miuZRvna _ “oratoris darigebanSi”,
romelSic srulyofilad warmoaCina idealuri
maswavleblis saxe. romis imperatorebi gansakuTrebul
yuradRebasa da mzrunvelobas iCendnen maswavleblis
mimarT. isini yovel saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi gamoscemdnen
brZanebulebebs, (zogierTis asli Cvenamdea moRweuli),
romelic iTvaliswinebda maswavleblis ekonomiur da
socialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas, moralur
fsiqologiur Tu emociuri moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebas. garkveuli SeRavaTebi mis ojaxzec
vrceldeboda. magaliTad, romis imperatorma Ppii antonma
masavleblebs duwesa axali privilegiebi: komunaluri
gadasaxadebis ganaxevreba da ojaxis wevr mamakacebis
samxedro samsaxuridan ganTavisufleba. 333 wlis 27
dekembers konstantine imperatorma gamosca specialuri
brZaneba: “eqimTa da maswavlebelTa privilegiebis Sesaxeb”,
romelic iTvaliswinebda rogorc eqimis, aseve
maswavleblisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebis yovelgvari
gadasaxadebisagan da sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi
davalebebisagan ganTavisuflebasa da usafrTxoebis
grantias. “Cven _ vkiTxulobT brZanebaSi _ moviTxovT
maTTvis daxmarebisa da premiebis gacemas, raTa isini mTeli
arsebiT miecnen pedagogiur saqminobas da meti mondomebiTa
da momzadebiT aswavlon mravali Tavisufali mecnierebani
da zemoT CamoTvlili xelovnebani”. imperatorma vespasianem
markus fabius kvintilianes kerZo ritorikuli
saswavlebeli saxelmwifo saswavleblad gadaakeTa da
uxvad daafinansa, maRali xelfasi dauniSna mis
xelmZRvanelsa da maswavleblebs.

26
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis mier gamoCenili zrunva
da yuradReba maswavlebels avalebda d Sinaganad
ganawyobda keTilsindisierad mohkideboda masze mindobili
saqmes da warmatebiT aResrulebia Tavisi profesiuli da
moqalaqeobrivi movaleoba.
marTalia, yovelTvis ia-vardebiT mofenili rodi iyo
maswvleblis gza. antagonistur sazogadoebaSi
progresulad moazrovne, demokrati maswavleblebi
xelisuflebisaTvis arasaimedo pirebad aRiqmeboda, magrm
miuxedavad yovelgvari diskriminaciisa da represiebisa,
maTSi imdenad maRali iyo profesiuli pasuxismgeblobis
Segneba, rom araviTar winaaRmdegobas, araviTar dabrkolebas
ar uSindebodnen, oRond mieRwiaT naTeli miznisTvis. amis
naTeli magaliTia sokrates cxovreba. mas brali dasdes
masebSi progresuli ideebis gavrcelebis gamo da
samudamod aukrZales maswavlebloba. igi am sasjels ver
Seegua da Tavi moikla.
qarTuli pedagogikis fuZemdebeli iakob gogbaSvilic
usamarTlobis msxverpli iyo. carizmis rusifikatorulma
reJimma bevrjer miiyvana TviTmkvlelobamde, magram,
sabednierod, aRsruleba ar ewera am iZulebas.
bevri maswavlebli iyo aseT mZime mdgomarebaSi, magram
verc patimroba, verc gadasaxleba ver axrevinebda qeds
WeSmarit saxalxo maswavleblebs. swored, aseTma rCeulma
maswavleblebma Seqmnes pedagogikuri mecniereba da
Rirseuli adgili daikaves pedagogikis istoriaSi.
gamoCenili adamianebi amitom amkoben maswavleblis
saxels dauSurveli epiTetebiT. maswavlebels kvintilianem
brZeni winamZRoli uwoda. ian amos komenskim ase Seafasa
maswavleblis sapatio profesia: maswavleblebi
“dayenebulni arian maRal sapatio adgilze, rom maT
Cabarebuli aqvT saucxoo Tanamdeboba, romlis ukeTesic
mzis qveS araferi SeiZleba iyos” (“kargad mowyobili
skolis kanonebi”). komenskim skolis direqtors
“maswavlebelTa maswavlebeli” uwoda, romelic misi azriT,

27
is unda “warmoadgendes mTavar sinaTles mTeli
skolisaTvis da mis dasayrdens” (iqve). adolf distervegi
maswavlebels mzes adarebda. “ maswavlebeli _ wers
distervegi _ skolisaTvis igivea, rac mze samyarosaTvis”-
o. konstantine uSinskim maswavlebels swavleba-aRzrdis
centraluri figura uwoda. iakob gogebaSvilma _ sulieri
moZRvari. ilia WavWavaZem _ “mzrdeli yrmisa” da ase
dausruleblad SegviZlia magaliTebis moyvana, magram
vfiqrobT esec sakmarisia, progresul sazogadoebaSi
maswavleblis avtoritetis dasamowmeblad. es abzaci minda
davasrulo erTi cnobili anegdotis SexsenebiT.
gabrazebulma maswavlebelma uxeS moswavles uTxra: Sens
asakSi aleqsandre makedonels naxevari msoflio hqonda
dapyrobilio. moswavlem upasuxa: mas aristotele hyavda
maswavlebelio.
maswavleblis profesiuli kompetenciebi. maswavlebels
urTulesi amocanebi akisria. man bavSvi, jer kidev
biologiuri arseba yovelmxriv harmoniulad, gonebrivad,
zneobrivad, sulierd, esTetikurad, fizikurad ganviTarebul
srulfasovan pirovnebad unda aqcios, romelic
umtkivneulad SeZlebs kuTvnili adgili daikavos
sazogadoebaSi. igi erTdroulad asrulebs sagnis
maswavleblis organizatoris, informator-propagandistis,
damrigeblisa da megzuris funqciebs. am kompetenciebis
Sesasruleblad maswavlebels sWirdeba Semdegi Tvisebebis
ganviTareba:
1. qristianuli morali;
2. profesiuli gataceba (siamaye) da bavSvis siyvaruli;
3. ganswavluloba da erudicia;
4. komunikabeluroba da metyvelebis kultura;
5. codna-gamocdilebis gadacemis unari;
6. saqmisadmi SemoqmedebiTi midgomis unari;
7. pedagogiuri optimizmi;
8. siaxlis SegrZnebis unari;
9. pedagogiuri ostatoba: pedagogiuri strategia da

28
taqti, avtoriteti, pedagogiuri sindisi, intuicia da
alRo, identificirebis unari, garegnuli ier-saxe, Cacmisa
da varcxnilobis kultura;
10. esTetikuri gemovneba da sxva.

qristianuli moralis matarebeli unda iyos qristiani


maswavlebeli, rac niSnavs yovlisSemoqmed RmerTTan
urTierTobas misi sayvareli Zis qristes meSveobiT. roca
NnaTelRebuli ieso iordaniis wylidan amovida, masze
gadmovida RvTis wminda suli mtredis saxiT da yvela iq
myofma moismina RvTis sityva: “es aris Cemi sayvareli Ze,
romelic moviwone me”(maTe 3:17) da meored feriscvalebisas
igive sityvebi gaisma RvTisgan mciredi, magram metad
sayuradRebo mowodebiT: “. . . mas usmineT!” (maTe 17:5). es ki
imas niSnavs, rom vicodeT RvTis mcnebebi da am mcnebebiT
vxelmZRvanelobdeT cxovrebaSi qristesdarad. RvTis
ZiriTadi kanonebi da princi pebi sayovelTaod cnobil
aT mcnebaSia Cadebuli kompendiumis saxiT, romelSic
mciredi cvlilebebi Seitana ieso qristem axali rjulis
Tanaxmad, romelTa Soris aris mcneba: “ise moeqec sxvas,
rogorc Sen ginda mogeqcnen” (maTe 7:12), rac yvelas, magram
gansakuTrebiT sWirdeba maswavlebels misi Sromis obieqtis
Tavseburebidan gamomdinre.
saerTod RvTis rwmena umZlavresi saSualebaa
yovelgvari codvisa da borotebisagan TavSekavebisa,
RvTismosaobisa da RvTisnierebisa. rasac safuZvlad udevs
RvTis, rogorc yovlisSemoqmedis da moyvasis siyvaruli.
qristianuli rwmena egocentrizmze, materializmsa da
yovelgvar gulisTqmebze, xorciel survilebze maRla
ayenebs adamians, amdidrebs sulierobas da icavs satanis
maxeebisagan. rwmenas safuZvlad udevs WeSmaritebis codna
RvTis Sesaxeb, romlis uSret wyaros warmoadgens RvTis
sityva _ biblia! “mTeli wminda werilebi RvTisgan aris
STagonebuli da sasargebloa saswavleblad, Sesagoneblad,

29
gamosasworeblad da simarTleSi aRsazrdelad” (II timoTe
3:16. biblia axali qveynierebis Targmani, 1984).
rwmena niSnavs uxilavis dajerebas RvTis sityvis _
bibliisa da RvTis qmnilebebis safuZvelze.
profesiiT gatacebisa da Sromis obieqtis siyvarulis
gareSe warmodgenac ki Wirs warmatebaze. pedagogiur
saqmianobas, figuralurad rom vTqvaT, aucileblad
sWirdeba garda Tavisa, gulic, grZnobebi, bavSvebis
siyvaruli, rogorc xidi maswavlebelsa da moswavleTa
Soris. v. suxomlinskma dawera: ‘SeuZlebelia bavSvis aRzrda
mivandoT mas, visac Tavis bavSvoba ar axsovs”-o. profesiiT
gataceba profesionalizmis, maRalkvalificiurobis,
kompetenturobisa da enTuzizmis uSreti wyaroa. amitom
profesiis sworad arCeva udidesi pirovnuli da
sazogadoebrivi saqmea. amasTan dakavSirebiT, biblia iZleva
brZnul darigebas: “Seicani Tavi Seni”. radgan yoveli
adamianisTvis mocemulia individualuri niWi. I
korinTelebis me-12 Tavis 1-11 muxlebSi weria: “niWi
sxvadasxvanairia. . . msaxurebanic sxvadasxvanairia. . .
moqmedebanic sxvadasxvnairia . . . vinaidan erTs eZleva
sibrZnis sitya, meores _ codnis sityva. . . zogs rwmena. .
. zogs gankurnebaTa niWi. . . zogs _ saswaulmoqmedeba, zogs
_ winaswarmetyveleba, zogs STagonebiT warmoTqmuli
sityvis garCeva, zogs sxvadasxva ena, zogs enebis ganmartebis.
. . da am yvelafers erTdaigve suli akeTebs”. niWisa da
midrekilebis mixedviT profesiis arCevis problema
skolaSi proforientaciuli muSaobis gziT wydeba, rac
iZleva saSualebas saTanado informaciebis miRebisa qveynad
arsebuli profesiebis nusxis, konkretuli profesiisa da
specialobisaTvis saWiro fsiqologiuri da fizikuri
monacemebisa da profesiis adgilobrivi an regionaluri
moTxovnilebis Sesaxeb.
dedamiwaze 2500 – ze meti profesiaa cnobili. yvela
aravin ar icis, magram aris specialuri formula, romlis
mixedviT maTze adamians garkveuli warmodgena eqmneba. am

30
mxriv Zalze efeqturi gamodga klimovis mier SemuSavebuli
sqema, romelSic mTeli profesiaTa arsenali dayofilia
jgufebad Sromis obieqtis mixedviT.
pirvel jgufSi _ “adamiani da adamiani”, Tavs iyris
iseTi profesiebi, romlis Sromis obieqtia TviT adamiani.
magaliTad, pedagogiuri, fsiqologiuri, samedicino,
iuridiuli, politologia, sociologia, EeTika, esTetika,
parikmaxeris, gamyidvelis profesiebi da a. S. adamianebTan
profesiuli urTierToba specialistisgan garda
profesionalizmisa, moiTxovs garkveul pirovnul Tvisebebs,
magaliTad moyvasis siyvaruls, aqtiur komunikabelurobas,
moTminebasa da TavSekavebas, mimteveblobas da a. S.
meore jgufi _ “adamiani da buneba”, aq adamianis Sromis
obieqtia buneba, mTeli Tavisi ekosistemebiT, flora, fauna,
miwa, wyali, haeri da rac masSia bunebrivi da Sesabamisad
am jgufSi Tavs iyris yvela sabunebismetyvelo profesiebi:
biologiuri, qimiuri, geografiuli, agronomiuli, ekologia,
dekoratoriuli, meloraciuli, okeanologia da a. S.
mesame jgufi _ “adamiani da teqnika” moicavs iseT
profesiebs, romelic dakavSirebulia teqnikasTan, manqana-
danadgarebTan, aviaciasTan, yovelgvar mSeneblobasTan da
Seesabameba inJinris profesia Tavisi uamravi ganStoebebiT,
gansakuTrebiT maTematikisa da fizikis mimarTulebebiT.
meoTxe jgufi profesiebisa _ “adamiani da sqema-
simboloebi” dakavSirebulia naxazebTan, grafikasTan,
modelsa da maketebTan da Seesabameba profesiebi:
arqiteqtoris, moqandakis, mxazvelis da sxva.
mexuTe jgufSi _ “adamiani da xelovneba” dakavSirebulia
mxatvrul azrovnebasTan da eyrdnoba Tandayolil,
gansakuTrebulad gamokveTil specifikur SemoqmedebiT niWs,
romelsac Seesabameba mwerlobis _ poetis, prozaikosis,
musikosis, mxatvris, moqandakis, msaxiobis, reJisoris
profesiebi.
skolaSi yovel saswavlo disci plinas 5 _ 25-mde
profesiis gacnobis saSualeba gaaCnia. sagnis

31
maswavleblebis mier am SesaZleblobaTa optimizacia
TeoriiTa da praqtikiT uzrunvelyofs profesiis sworad
SerCevas. frazeologiuri gamoTqma: maswavleblad unda
daibadoo, es imas niSnavs, rom maswavleblisaTvis
aucilebeli pirovnuli Tvisebebi unda gaaCndes, romelic
aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli maswavleblis
profesiis arCevisas.
rac Seexeba ganswavlulobasa da erudicias, es aris
maswavleblis profesionalizmis guli da suli. man Rrmad
da yovelmxriv unda icodes is sagan, romelsac aswavlis,
icnobdes unda mis ukanasknel miRwevebs. adolf distervegma
martivi da poeturi definicia gaukeTa maswavleblisaTvis
codnis mniSvnelobas. “SeuZlebelia misce sxvas is, rac
Tavad ara gaqvs”-o. maswavlebeli, rogorc codnis gamcemi,
Tavad rom uxvad unda flobdes mas, aq ori azri ar arsebobs.
magram es sakmarisi ar aris. saWiroa agreTve mosazRvre
mecnierebaTa zogadi safuZvlebis codna. amaze pirvel
TavSi ukve vilaparakeT.
maswavlebeli ra codna-gamocdilebis maragsac ar unda
flobdes, Tu mas aklia codnis gadacemis unari da
metyvelebis kultura, verasodes gaxdeba maswavlebeli am
cnebis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. codnis gadacemis unari
dakvSirebulia misawvdomobis dadaqtikur princi pTan,
xolo es ukanaskneli Tavis mxriv _ metyvelebis kulturas
Tan, rac gulisxmobs asaTvisebeli masala gaxados
moswavleTaTvis misawvdomi, advilad gasagebi, saintereso,
pirovnulad da sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo da Rirebuli.
metyvelebis kultura Sedgeba Semdegi komponentebisagan:
informaciuloba anu saTqmelis Sinaarsis codna, logikuri
azrovneba, enis zedmiwevniT codna gamosaxvis
literturuli atributebis gamoyenebiT mWermetyvelebis
garkveul donemde. metyvelebis unari Tandayolili
RvTiuri ZRvenia, xolo metyvelebis kultura _ am unarze
dayrdnobiT swavlisa da swavlebis Sedegi.
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pedagogiuri Sromisadmi SemoqmedebiTi midgoma niSnavs
maswavlebelis unars, moaxdinos pedagogikuri mecnierebisa
da pedagogiuri xelovnebis sinTezi, Teoriis praqtikuli
realizacia, saswavlo_aRmzrdelobiTi procesis
organizeba ara subieqtur mosazrebebze da SiSvel
praqticizmze, aramed mecnierul safuZvelze dayrdnobiT.
pedagogiuri optimizmis gareSe aRsazrdelis
srulfasovan pirovnebad formireba Zalian Znelia.
maswavlebels unda swamdes bavSvis usazRvro potenciuri
SesaZleblobebis. unda axsovdes magaliTebi arc ise
gamorCeuli bavSvebisa, romelnic SemdegSi gaxdnen
gamoCenili adamianebi. aseve pedagogikis fuZemdeblis
markus fabius kvintilines sityvebi, rom uniWoebi saerTod
ar ibadebian anomaliuri SemTxvevis garda. “TiTqmis ver
naxavT iseTs, Tavisi sibejiTiT ver daZlios siZnele”.
mTeli samyaro da rac masSia mudmiv moZraobaSia;
cvlileba, ganaxleba, uaryofis uaryofa ganviTarebis
kanonia. da, cxadia, arc pedagogikaa gamonaklisi. magram es
cvlilebebi missave gvaris wiaRSi mimdinareobs da ara
Zvelze xelaRebiT. ZiriTadi genokodi, magistraluri xazi
ucvlelad gadadis, mudmivad meordeba momdevno cvlaSi,
riTac inarCunebs Tavis saxeobas, Tavis gvars. roca
siaxlezea laparaki, mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswinebac,
rom yoveli axali yovelTvis ar aris progresuli da
yoveli Zveli _ reaqciuli. siaxlis progresuloba mis
SedegebSi vlindeba. pirovnebis formirebaSi garda
aRzrdisa, sxva faqtorebic axdenen gavlenas, rac bunebrivad
dgeba problema, raRac pedagogiuri midgomebis, pedagogiuri
teqnologiebis, meTodebisa da xerxebis gadasinjvisa.
siaxlis jansaRi SegrZneba maswavlebelsac sulierad
ajansaRebs da aaxalgazrdavbs. moZvelebulsa da arqauls
CaWidebuli maswavlebeli umalve kargavs pedagogiur
funqcias da cxovrebas CamorCenili “ukan midevnebuli
lampari”-viT iqneba.
33
maswaleblisadmi wayenebul moTxovnebs Soris
mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia pedagogiur teqnikas, romelic
TavisTavSi moicavs pedagogiur ostatobas, pedagogiur
xelovnebas, romlis Sesaxeb gakvriT visaubreT zemoT,
pedagogiur taqts, avtoritets, pedagogiur sindiss,
intuicias da alRos, garegnul ier-saxes, Cacmulobisa da
varcxnilobis kulturas, Jestikulacias da a. S. pedagogiuri
taqti niSnavs zomierebis SegrZnebas. sokrate pedagogiur
taqts gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebda aRzrdaSi. misi
azriT, moswavlis SefasebaSi gadaWarbeba an ara obieqturoba
SeiZleba zogjer sabediswero aRmoCndes. amitom
maswavleblisgan moiTxovda zomierebas, nebismier
situaciaSi wonasworobis SenarCunebas, problemis civi
gonebiT gaanalizebas, radgan cxel gulze gamotanili
ganaCeni SeiZleba ar iyos obieqturi da ziani maiayenos
bavSvis norC fsiqikas. XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi TaobaTa
Soris gaCaRebuli ideuri brZola ufro gaamwvava grigol
orbelianis leqsma “pasuxi SvilTa”, romelSic cxel
gulze gamotanili ganaCeni gadaWarbebuli aRmoCnda da
roca risxva daucxra, Tavadve Searbila teqstis is adgili,
sadac ewera: “koRo-buzebo, katis knutebo, saidan knaviT?”
avtoriteti germanuli sityvaa da gavlenianobas niSnavs.
avtoritetuli adamianis sityvas kanonis Zala aqvs.
maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris urTierTobis mTavri
iaraRi sityvaa da Tu maswavlebeli uavtoritetoa, misi
sityvac Zalas kargavs. aravis, arc simdidres, arc ganaTlebas,
arc Tanamdebobas, arc socialur warmomavlobas ar
SeuZlia adamians avtoriteti Seuqmnas, Tu subieqti Tavisi
pirovnuli TvisebebiT ar imsaxurebs mas. maswavlebels
avtoritets uqmnis profesionalizmi, zneoba, kerZod,
samarTlianoba, patiosneba, saqmisadmi erTguleba, jansaRi
princi puloba, obieqturoba, miukerZoebloba,
komunikabeluroba, mesaidumloeba. aseve esTetikuri
gemovneba. maswavleblis avtoriteti keTilmyofel
zegavlenas axdens moswavleebze da mis moTxovnebs
nebayoflobiT emorCilebian. yvelas SeuZlia gaixsenos
34
am niSnebiT gamorCeuli misi sayvareli da dauviwyari
maswavlebeli.
pedagogiuri sindisi is damcavi meqanizmia, romelic
akontrolebs maswavleblis azrovnebas, sityvas, qcevasa da
moqmedebas da raime gadaxvevis SemTxvevaSi sindisis qejna
Seawuxebs. sindiss figuralurad RmerTic ki uwoda didma
iliam.
moswavlis ganwyobasTan identificirebis unari qmnis
karg fsiqologiur atmosferos, rom maswavlebelma klasSi
moipovos ndoba da sworad aagos pedagogiuri urTierToba.
alRo da intuicia karnaxobs maswavlebels
identificirebis droulobasa da zomierebas, xolo Sedegi
ki _ mis efeqturobas.
Zalian mniSvnelovania maswavleblis garegnuli iersaxe,
Cacmulobisa da varcxnilobis kultura. guCa kvaracxeliam
dawera, gaxangrZlivebuli yvaviloba ara esTetikuriao. am
ganzogadoebuli debulebis gaTvaliswineba maswavlebels
daicavs erTgvar uxexulobisagan garegnul iersaxesTan
dakavSirebiT. sibere yvelasaTvis arasasurveli
mdgomareobaa da xandisxan vcdilobT mis dafarvas Cacma-
varcxnilobisa da makiaJis saSualebiT, rom xelovnurad
gavixangrZlivoT axalgazrduli ieri. sasacilo
mdgomareobaSi rom ar aRmovCndeT, saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT
asaki, fizionomiuri agebuleba, socialuri mdgomareoba,
eTnikuri mentaliteti, sazogadoebrivi azri. yovelive amas
aregulirebs esTetikuri gemovneba, rac maswavlebels sZens
momxiblvelobas, sifaqizes, uqmnis sasurvel imijs.
maswavleblis profesiuli momzadeba. rogorc zemoT
aRvniSneT, aris frazeologiuri gamoTqma, maswavleblad
dabadebis Sesaxeb. amas mTlianad ver vuarvyofT, ramdenadac
Tandayolili unarebis faqtorsac mniSvnelovani roli
akisria pirovnebis formirebaSi. akaki wereTeli
“gamzrdelSi” ambobs: “marto wrTvna ras uzams, Tu bunebamc
ar uSvela”. marTalia profesia swavlebis gziT SeiZineba,
magram mas bunebrivi winamZRvrebi, pirovnuli Tvisebebi

35
sWirdeba. es gansakuTrebiT aucilebelia
maswavleblisTvis. amitom nebismieri ver iqneba
warmatebuli maswavlebeli. pedagogiuri kadris momzadeba
moiTxovs specialur pirobebs, subieqtur da obieqturi
faqtorebis Tanxvedras, rac gulisxmobs saxelmwifo
saganmanaTleblo politikis, ganaTlebis marTvis
organoebis, umaRlesi pedagogiuri saswavleblebis,
pedagogiuri mowodebis kontigentis, maRalkvalificiur
profesor-maswavlebelTa kadrebis aqtiur kavSirs da maTi
funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofas saTanado materialur-
teqnikuri baziT, sityviTa da saqmiT.
pedagogiuri kadrebis momzadeba xdeba mizanmimarTulad,
gegmazomierad institutebSi, universitetsa da akademiaSi
saxelmwifos mier dadgenili aRzrdis miznis Sesabamisi
maswavlebis profesiuli standartaebis mixedviT, romelic
aisaxeba saswavlo gegmebSi, programebsa da
saxelmZRvaneloebSi, romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia
erovnuli da saerTaSoriso miRwevebi da mecnierebaTa
genetikuri kodi. profesiuli standartis mixedviT
maswavlebels naTlad unda hqondes warmodgenili:
1. pedagogiuri mizani da misi misaRwevi amocanebi,
Sinaarsi, princi pebi, meTodebi, formebi swavlebis
teqnikuri saSualebani, codnis Semowmeba _ Sefasebis
saxeebi da kriteriumebi, da a. S. am codniT mas
uzrunvelyofs pedagogikuri ciklis sagnebi:
pedagogikis Teoria da istoria, socialuri da k
oreqciuli pedagogika, kerZo anu sagnobrivi meTodika;
2. maswavlebelma unda icodes zogadi da asakobrivi
fsiqologia, rom gansazRvros moswavlis asakobrivi
da ivdividualuri Taviseburabebi, fsiqikur-i
inteleqtualuri unarebi, rac mas saSualebas miscems,
daicvas moswavlis bunebasTn aRzrdis Sesabamisobis
pedagogiuri kanoni;
3. maswavlebels unda axasiaTebdes znekeTiloba,

36
humanizmi, pedagogiuri optimizmi, komunikabeloba,
urTierTobis kultura, raSic mas daexmareba eTikis
mecniereba;
4. maswavlebeli unda iyos gemovnebiani, ar unda uWirdes
silamazisa da mSvenierebis, amaRlebulis, komikurisa
da tragikulis SegrZneba, aRqma da gageba arc
xelovnebaSi da arc realur sinamdvileSi. es
SesaZlebelia esTetikis codniT;
5. pedagogiur urTierTobaSi mniSvnlovan rols
asrulebs maswavleblis logikuri azrovnebis,
intuiciisa da alRos unari, raTa mizez-Sedegobriv
kavSirebSi ganixilos movlenebi da gaakeTos swori
daskvnebi. am unars igi logikis codniT SeiZens;
6. maswavleblis mTavari samuSao iaraRi aris sityva,
amitom igi unda flobdes metyvelebis kulturas,
oratorul xelovnebas, rasac gramatikis, mxatvruli
literaturis da ritorikis safuZvliani codniT
ganiviTarebs;
7. RvTismosaoba da RvTismoSiSoba exmareba
maswavlebels sulierobis amaRlebaSi, codvaTa da
borotebaTgan TavSekavebaSi. WeSmariti RvTiuri rwmenis
SeZena SesaZlebelia mxolod WeSmaritebis Semecnebis
safuZvelze, romlis Seucvlel wyaros RvTvsulier
wignTa krebuli _ biblia warmoadgens;
8. maswavlebeli valdebulia kargad erkveodes saskolo
sanitarul-higienur normebSi, radgan am pirobebis dacva
aucilebelia bavSvis janmrTelobis dacvisa da saWiro
fsiqologiuri, aseve esTetikur da romantikuli
atmosferos Sesaqmnelad.
9. maswavlebeli kargad unda icodes marTvisa da
xelmZRvanelobis princi pebi, menenjmetis safuZvlebi.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, profesiuli standartebis
Sesabamisad maswavleblis momzadebis saswavlo saganTa
37
nusxaSi adgili unda hpovos Semdegma mecnierebebma:
1. zogadi pedagogika;
2. asakobrivi pedagogika;
3. socialuri pedagogika;
4. defeqtologia yvela Tavisi qvedargebiT;
5. koreqciuli pedagogika;
6. pedagogikis istoria;
7. fakultetis profiluri sagani, romelic unda
aswavlos skolaSi, Tavisi meTodikiT;
8. zogadi fsiqologia;
9. asakobrivi fsiqologa;
10. eTika;
11. esTetika;
12. logika;
13. ritorika;
14. bibliismcodneoba;
15. skolis higiena;
16. im enis gramatika, romelzedac swavlobs;
17. pedagogiuri praqtika;
18. ucxo ena;
19. informatika.
maswavleblis profesionalizmi da patiosneba
gazomvadia Sedegebis mixedviT. qristem Tqva: “xe nayofiT
Seicnoba”-o (maTe 12:33). maswavleblis Sromis nayofi misi
moswavlis gonebrivi, sulierobis, zneobrivi, esTetikuri
da fizikuri ganviTarebis doniT ganisazRvreba, romlis
dadgena xdeba pedagogiuri gamokvlevebiTa da moswavlis
qcevisa da moqmedebis, ganaTlebulobis, garemomcveli
sinamdvilisadmi damokidebulebis, msoflmxedvelobis,
poziciisa da mrwamsis mixedviT. is umaRles saswavlebeli
unda iyos maswavleblis kvalifikaciis mimniWebelic da
pasuxismgebelic, sadac miiRo pedagogiuri ganaTleba.
maswavlebelma Tavisi profesiuli da moqalaqeobrivi
38
movaleoba warmatebiT rom Seasrulos, amisTvis saWiroa
agreTve Tavisufleba, zedmeti inspeqtireba Trgunavs mis
Zalebs, uqrobs enTuziazms; materialuri, socialuri,
fsiqologiuri, moraluri stimulebi, rogorc es iyo
antikur xanis saberZneTsa da romSi.
maswavlebloba RvTiuri profesiaa. sxvisi swavleba
da damoZRvra didi pativia da amis moraluri,
inteleqtualuri da profesiuli ufleba unda hqondes
mas mopovebuli Tavisi ganaTlebiT, patiosnebiT,
keTilzneobiTa, SromismoyvareobiT da sxva saukeTeso
pirovnuli da profesiuli TvisebebiT.
aseve maswavlebeli, misi sazeo Sroma saTanadod unda
iyos Sefasebuli saxelmwifos, sazogadoebisa da mSoblebis
mier.

39
Tama III. pirovne bis formireba

sakiTxebi:

1. pirovnebis cneba;
2. Teoriebi pirovnebis formirebis Sesaxeb;
3. biologiuri memkvidreobiTobis roli pirovnebis
formirebaSi;
4. socialuri garemos faqtori da pirovnebis formireba;
5. aRzrdis faqtori pirovnebis formirebaSi;
6. asakobrivi periodizacia.

pirovneba aris samyaros unikaluri qmnileba, romelic


Camoyalibebulia gonebrivad, zneobrivad, sulierad,
esTetikurad da fizikurad, garkveuli adgili ukavia
sazogadoebaSi da asrulebs Tavis profesiul da
moqalaqeobriv movaleobas. pirovnebis sawyis formas bavSvi
warmoadgens, romelsac Tandayolili aqvs srulfasovan
pirovnebad formirebis potenciuri SesaZlebloba.
pedagogikis daniSnulebaa am unarebis realur faqtad
gadaqceva, praqtikul moqmedebaSi moyvana; im biologiur,
fsiqologiur, filosofiuri da socialuri faqtorebis
koordinireba erTian pedagogiur sistemaSi saboloo,
generaluri pedagogiuri miznis misaRwevad.
pirovnebis formirebis problema arasodes moxsnila
dRis wesrigidan. yovelTvis iyo sazogadoebisa da
mecnierTa msjelobis sagani. am problemiT dainteresebuli
iyvnen, upirveles yovlisa, mecnier-pedagogebi,
filosofosebi, oratorebi, mogvianebiT CaerTnen
fsiqologebi. am problemis kvlevasa da farTod gaSuqebaSi
didi wvlili miuZRviT antikuri xanis filosofosebs
(demokrite, sokrate, platoni, aristotele da sxv.) romael

40
oratorebs (seneka, ciceroni, katon ufrosi, katon umcrosi),
pedagogikis klasikosebs ( m.f. kvintiliane, ian amos komenski,
jon loki, Jan-Jak ruso, adolf distervegi, konstantine
uSinski, iakob gogebaSvili, anton makarenko, vasil
suxomlinski da sxvebi.
mecnierTa am kvleva-ZiebaSi, pirovnebis formirebis
problemasTan dakavSirebiT, Camoyalibda uamravi Teoriebi,
romelTa Soris gamoikveTa sami ZiriTadi Teoria, romelTa
CarCoebSi Tavsdeba danarCeni sxva. esenia:
bilolgizatoruli, sociologizatoruli da
konvergenciuli.
biologizatoruli Teoria saTaves Soreuli
warsulidan iRebs. platoni da aristotle Tvlidnen, rom
adamianis sazogadoebrivi daniSnuleba bunebiT winaswar
ganisazRvreba, rom monebi da monaTflobelebi,
xelisufalni da xeqveiTni dabadebidan arian am
mdgomareobisaTvis gamiznulni. XVI saukuneSi aRmocenda
biologizatoruli Teoriis axali ganStoeba _ preforizmi,
romlis mixedviT adamians TiTqos CanasaxSive gaaCnia
momavali pirovnebis yvela Tviseba, winaswar Cadebulia
masSi programa da misi ganviTareba xdeba spontanurad
raodenobriv da Tvisobrivi zrdiT, (gadidebiT).
preforistebis mixedviT, pirovnebis ganviTarebaSi
gadamwyveti roli mxolod biologiur faqtors eniWeba
da gamoricxavs socialur garemosa da aRzrdis faqtors.
biologizatoruli Teoria kidv ufro ganamtkica XX
saukunis fsiqologiurma mimdinareobam, romelic
biohviorizmis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. am Teoriis
ti piuri warmomadgeneli e. Tordaiki amtkicebs, rom
adamianis niWi da Segneba ganisazRvreba mxolod
memkvidreobiT. es Tvisebebi ise eZleva adamians, rogorc
anatomiur-fizologiuri monacemebi, rogorc magaliTad,
Tvali, xelebi da sxva. Tordaikma adamiani genebis anu
“batareis” koleqciad gamoacxada da aRzrdisa da sxva
faqtorebis roli nulamde daiyvana.

41
pragmatistuli pedagogikis mimdevrebi: jon diu, a. kobsi
mxars uWeren biohvioristebs imis mtkicebiT, rom TiTqos
adamianis Sinagani buneba ar emorCileba garegan
zemoqmedebas. maTi daskvnebis mixedviT, saerTod ar rCeba
adgili pirovnebis formirebis sxva faqtorebs.
sociologizatoruli Teoria, kidev sxva ukiduresobaSi
vardeba. is radikalurad daupirispirda
biologizatoruls. mas socialuri garemos roli
absolutSi ahyavs da, saerTod ugulvebelyofs biologiur
da aRzrdis faqtors da pirovnebas socialuri garemos
produqtad acxadebs. am Teoriis maxeSi gaeba pedagogikis
klasikosi jon lokic keTili motivebiT. man Tavisi “sufTa
dafis” Teoria garkveul politikur situaciaSi
biologizatorebis winaaRmdeg iaraRad gamoiyena.
sinamdvileSi mas Zalian kargad esmoda pirovnebis
formirebis problema, misi sirTule da sworad gansazRvra
kidevac saamiso gzebi da saSualebebi, rasac mowmobs misi
ukvdavi pedagogikuri memkvidreoba, gansakuTrebiT “fiqrebi
aRzrdaze”.
orive Teorias axlavs dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi.
dadebiTia is, rom srulfasovan pirovnebis formirebaSi
erTic aucileblia da meorec, oRond urTierT mWidro
kavSirSi da ara cal-calke an erTi, an meore. orive faqtoris
gareSe warmoudgenelia aRzrda. am calmxrivobisa da sxva
faqtoriebidan izolirebis gamo mcdaria aRniSnuli
Teoriebi _ erTic da meorec. orive Teoria emsaxureba
sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli klasebis interesebs,
socialuri uTanasworobis, eqspluatatoruli wyobilebis
gamarTleba-ganmtkicebasa da gaxangrZlivebas.
bilogizatoruli Teoria udevs safuZvlad rasizmis
samarcxvino Teorias.
aranakleb ziani miayena evoluciurma Teoriam
pedagogikuri mecnierebis ganviTarebas. xeli SeuSala
pirovnebis formirebis Sesaxeb swori obieqturi
Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibebas. darvinis maimunis
42
gaadamianebis evoluciuri Teoriis ganmtkicebas xeli
Seuwyves misma mimdevrebma. stiven jei gouldenma Tqva: “
adamianebi ganviTardnen maimunismagvari winaprebisagan”.
amasve amtkicebs jorj geilordi: “adamianTa winapari iyo
adamianismagvari maimuni.” samwuxarod, Cvens gverdiTac arian
adamianebi, romlebic dResac amave Sexedulebas iziareben.
maSin ismis kiTxva: sad aris dRes is adamianismagvari
maimuni? nuTu mxolod isini amowydnen?
adamianis warmomavlobis istorias TviTon
yovlisSemoqmedi RmerTi gvatyobinebs bibliis meSveobiT.
bibliis pirveli wignidanve vigebT WeSmarit informacias,
Tu rogor Seqmna RmerTma adamianTa pirveli wyvili: adami
da eva Tavis ZesTan _ ieso qristesTan erTad Tavis msgavsad
da xatad Semecnebis, siyvarulisa da gamravlebis unariT:
“da Tqva RmerTma: “ SevqmnaT adamiani Cvens xatad da msgavsad”
(dabadeba 1:26) da “ Seqmna RmerTma kaci, Tavis xatad Seqmna
igi, mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna isini” (dabadeba 1:17).
uwoda maT saxelad adami da eva. edemis baRSi anu samoTxeSi
daasaxla isini, akurTxa da aseTi davaleba misca:
“inayofiereT da imravleT, aavseT dedamiwa, daeufleT mas,
epatroneT caSi frinvels, zRvaSi Tevzs, yovel cxovels,
rac ki dedamiwaze dadis” (dabadeba 1:28). am davalebis
Sesruleba Nnamdvilad ar SeeZlo maimuns. ufro metic,
adami da eva rom azrovnebisa da metyvelebis unariT iyvnen
aRWurvili, amaze isic metyvelebs, rom RmerTma adams daavala
cxovelebisa da frinvelebisaTvis saxelebis Serqmeva: “
da ufalma RmerTma miwisgan gamosaxa yvela cxoveli
mindvrisa da yvela frinveli cisa da miiyvana adamTan,
raTa exila, ras uwodebda maT: da rasac uwodebda adami
yovel cocxal arsebas, igi iqneboda saxeli misi.” “da
uwoda adamma saxelebi yvela pirutyvs, ciur frinvelT da
mindvris yvela cxovels” (dabadeba 2:19,20).
adamianTa pirveli wyvilis gonierebisa da metyvelebis
unarze miuTiTebs agreTve dialogi RmerTsa da maT Soris.
magaliTad: “gaafrTxila ufalma RmerTma adami, uTxra:
yvela xis nayofi geWmeva am baRSi. mxolod keTilisa da
43
borotis Secnobis xis nayofi ar SeWamo, radgan rogorc
ki SeWam, mokvdebi;” “dauZaxa ufalma RmerTma adams da uTxra:
adam sada xar?
miugo: Seni xma momesma baRSi da SemeSinda, SiSveli
rom var da davimale.
uTxra: vin giTxra SiSveli rom xar? im xis nayofi xom
ar giWamia, me rom agikrZale?
uTxra adamma: Sen rom dedakaci momiyvane, man momca im
xis nayofi da mec SevWame.
uTxra ufalma RmerTma dedakacs: es ra Caidine?
Tqva dedakacma: gvelma Semacdina da mec SevWame”
(dabadeba3:9-14).
adams aseve sityvieri urTierToba hqonda evasTan.
yovelive es cxadyofs, rom adami metyvelebda, sxvis
metyvelebasac igebda da Tavadac awarmoebda sityvebs. aq
pirdapir naTelia, rom metyveleba evoluciis nayofi ar
aris. igi mzad mieca RvTisgan kacobriobas. iakobis 1:17-Si
weria: “yvela keTili saboZvari da yvela srulyofili
niWi maRlidan modis, naTelTa mamisgan.”
RmerTi gvicxadebs, rom yvelaferi Tavis
gvarisdamixedviT warmoiSva. “da Seqmna RmerTma cxovelni
miwisa maTi gavarisamebr, da pirutyvi _ misi gvarisamebr,
da yoveli qvewarmavali miwisa _ misi gvarisamebr”
(dabadeba1:26). da, Tu WianWvela WianWvlisgan, iremi irmisgan,
arwivi arwivisgan, xaxvi xaxvisagan da a. S. warmoiSva, maSin
raRa adamiani, es unikaluri da umSvenieresi, gonieri,
moazrovne, metyveli, Semoqmedi arseba warmoiSva yvelaze
usaxuri da mdabio cxovelis _ maimunisagan.
cnobilia, rom solomon brZenze ufro didi
kacobriobas ar hyolia arc manamde da arc mis Semdeg.
evoluciis Teoris mixedviT ki sami aTasi wlis Semdgomi
adamianebi sami procentiT mainc ufro ukeTesni ar unda
vyofilviyaviT?!
maS, axla mivyveT logikas. RmerTma adamianTa pirveli
wyvili – adami da eva Seqmna srulyofili, solomonic

44
jer kidev Zv/aR XI-X saukuneebSi sakmaod srulyofilad
gamoiyureba misi drois kvalobaze, rasac ver vityviT Cvens
droSi, XXI saukuneSi mcxovrebze. amis Tqmis safuZvels
iZleva msoflioSi gamZvinvarbuli boroteba, Zaladoba,
usamarTloba, siZulvili, ufro mokled, egocentrizmi,
materializmi, korufcia da aseul aTasobiT metasTazebiviT
modebuli cru religia da a.S. adamiani Tavisi unikaluri
anatomiur-morfologiuri struqturiT, sxeulis nawilTa
ganlagebiTa da funqcionaluri kavSirebiT,
inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobiTa da sxvadasxva
saswaulebiT cxadyofs, rom is udidesi sayvaruliT,
sibrZniTa da gonierebiT aris Seqmnili da aseTi Semoqmedi
RvTis garda vin unda yofiliyo. swored, adamianis Seqmnis
Sesaxeb mcdarma Sexedulebam miiyvana kacobrioba sulier,
zneobriv da fizikur degradaciamde. evoluciis Teoriam
adamians afiqrebina, rom Tu maimunisgan var, axla masze
bevrad maRla vdgevaro da mieca TviTkmayofilebas, magram,
mere ifiqra, vai, Tu RvTisgan var mis xatad da msgavsad
Seqmnili, maSin mas xom bevrad CamovrCebio. cota dafacurda
da aRzrdas, ganaTlebas ufro seriozulad miudga, magram
erTeulTa mondomeba sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda, rac dRes
cxadze ucxadesia.
axla ganvixiloT pirovnebis formirebis
konvergenciuli Teoria. ucxo sityvaTa leqsikonis
mixedviT, konvergencia laTinuri sityvaa, rac niSnavs
msgavsebas, daaxloebas, mecnieruli gagebiT, garkveul
sistemaTa kombinacias, erT mTlianobad SekavSirebas. am
SemTxvevaSi konvergenciis Teoria gulisxmobs pirovnebis
formirebis biologiur, socialur da aRzrdis faqtorTa
urTierTganpirebulobis kanonzomierebas, romelic
Teoriuladac da praqtikuladac gamarTlebulia.
pirovneba bio-socialuri arsebaa. biologiuria masSi
is cxoveluri determinanti, romlis SeqmnaSi subieqti
ver iRebs monawileobas. igi mas eZleva memkvidreobiT,
rogorc bunebrivi fondi. ra igulisxmeba biologiur

45
determinantSi? is, rac saerToa adamiansa da cxovels Soris?
es aris anatomiur-morfologiuri struqtura, sxeulis
nawilebi, fizikuri da zogierTi fsiqikur unarebi:
moZraoba, kveba, gamravleba, Zili, SegrZnebebi, instiqtebi da
sxva. adamians ar SeuZlia am determinantSi raime
cvlilebebis Setana. Tundac erTi Reri Tmis, an kbilis
amoyvana, mesame Tvalis an xelis damateba, gadaadgilebac
ki. aba, warmoidgineT erTi wuTiT da sxeulis romelime
nawili, magaliTad, Tvali an cxviri warmosaxvaSi
gadaadgileT. ras igrZnobT? simaxinjes, tkivils,
ufunqciobas an SeiZleba, saerTod sabediswero aRmoCndes.
mokled, es praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.
axla warmoidgineT, Cveni sxeulis TiToeuli nawilis,
ai, Tundac Tvalis SesaZlebloba. mxedvelobisa da
silamazis es unikaluri organo xedavs yvelafers, rac
mis irgvlivaa; SeigrZnobs formas, zomas, fers, raodenobas,
moculobas, simaRles, sidables, sisustes, sigamxdres,
simsuqnes, moZraobas, mimikas, Jestikulacias, Sesabamisobas,
Sefardebas, msgavsebas, gansxvavebas, proporcias, simetrias
da a. S. Tvali 80%-mde informacias awvdis tvins
mxdevelobiTi analizatorebis saSualebiT.
tvini, romelic maqsimum 1500 grams iwonis, misi
inteleqtualuri SesaZlebloba ganusazRvrelia. igi
YyovelTvis mzad aris, Zilis garda, ganuwyvetliv miiRos,
gadaamuSaos da saimedod Seinaxos ganusazRvreli
raodenobisa da Sinaarsis informaciebi da saWiroebis
mixedviT miawodos mis flobels.
nervuli sistemis moqmedeba xom gamaognebelia. guli?!
es patara sxeuli, romelic 4 tona sisxls tumbavs dRe-
Ramis ganmavlobaSi, samedicino mecnierebac ki uZluria,
Cawvdes mis sakvirvelebas.
sxeulis nebismieri nawilis, Tundac patara TiTis
gaWrasac ki SeigrZnobs mTeli sxeuli, tkivili da uZlureba
Seawuxebs, rac sxeulis nawilTa urTierTkavSirs,
urTierTganpirebulobasa da urTierTdamokidebas

46
gvamcnobs, mis erTmTlianobaze, sistematurobaze metyvelebs.
aseTi uzustesi da mtkiced mowesrigebuli, gonieri da
Semmecnebeli sistema SeuZlebelia gonieri da brZeni
Semoqmedis gareSe , meqanikurad da evoluciis gziT
Seqmniliyo.
Semecnebis, azrovnebisa da metyvelebis Tandayolili
unari warmoadgens adamianSi socialurobis Canasaxs, mis
srulfasovan pirovnebad aRzrdis potenciur
SesaZleblobas, riTac igi gansxvavdeba cxovelisagan,
danarCeni samyarosagan.
amrigad, is rac moiazreba biologiur determinantSi,
warmoadgens pirovnebis aRzrdisa da formirebis
biologiur faqtors.
socialuri determinanti, bilogiurisgan gansxvavebiT,
aRzrdis saSualebiT SeiZineba memkvidreobiT miRebul
unarebze dayrdnobiT. amitom, garkveuli mosazrebiT
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavisi socialuri determinantis
Semoqmedi TviT adamiania. mas SeuZlia gaxdes Rirseuli
an uRirsi pirovneba. amaSia adamianis RvTiTboZebuli
arCevanis Tavisufleba.
socialur determinantSi igulisxmeba is, rac SeiZineba
swavla-aRzrdisa da gamocdilebis gziT. es aris ganaTleba,
Segneba, metyvelebis kultura, profesia, zneoba, esTetika,
sulieroba, urTierTobis kultura, movaleobisa da
pasuxismgeblobis Segneba, SromiTi unar-Cvevebi da a.S.
magram es avtomaturad ar moxdeba. socialuri
determinantis Seqmna aris urTulesi, xangrZlivi da
Sromatevadi procesi. aRsazrdelze biologiuri,
socialuri da pedagogiuri faqtorebis erTiani,
kompleqsuri da mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedebis Sedegi,
romelic pedagogikaSi konvergenciuli Teoriis
saxelwodebiT aris cnobili.
maSasadame, WeSmaritia konvergenciis Teoria, romelic
aRiarebs samive _ biologiur, socialuri garemosa da
aRzrdis faqtorebis erTianobis, urTierTganpirebulobis
obieqtur kanonzomierebas.
47
ian amos komenskim axalSobili mcenaris Tesls Seadara,
romelic TavisTavSi Seicavs uxilav nawilebs: fesvs, tans,
totebs, foTlebs, yvavilebs, nayofs, romelnic garkveuli
garegani pirobebis gavleniT TandaTanobiT gamovlindebian
uzarmazari xis saxiT, romlic imdenjer imden nayofs
moisxams, romlis daTvla kacs ar ZaluZs. amis TvalsaCino
magaliTad vaSlis xec sakmarisia. aqedan naTelia, rom
Tesli TavisTavad, Sesabamisi bunebrivi pirobebisa da
mzrunvelobis gareSe, mxolod Teslad darCeba da misi
memkvidreobiT miRebuli potenciuri SesaZlebloba
ukvalod gaqreba.
asevea aRsazrdelic. masSi RvTisgan Cadebulia
srulfasovan pirovnebad formirebis inteleqtualuri
unarebi, romelsac saTanado pirobebSi mis ganviTarebas
sazRvari ara aqvs. adamiani memkvidreobiT miRebuli
grZnobis organoebiT ukavSirdeba garsamyaros da araferia
masSi, romlis Semecneba ar SeeZlos mas am SegrZnebis
analizatorebis wyalobiT. marTalia, Semecnebis unari
individualuria, romlis gaTvaliswinebas gulisxmobs
swored, bavSvis bunebasTan aRzrdis Sesabamisobis
pedagogiuri kanoni.
amrigad, biologiuri faqtori iZleva saSualebas,
pedagogikam sworad gansazRvros aRsazrdelis asakobrivi
da individualuri Taviseburebebi da mis Sesabamisad
SeimuSaos saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT RonisZiebaTa sistema.
socialuri garemo Tavisi mravaferovani: mega, makro,
mezo Tu mikro sferoebiT erTerTi (da ara erTaderTi,
rogorc es sociologizatorebs miaCniaT) mZlavri
faqtoria pirovnebis ganviTarebasa da formirebaSi. miwieri
da zecieri faqtorebis pedagogiuri aspeqtebis mecnieruli
gaazreba da misi saskolo praqtikaSi gamoyeneba,
maswavlebisgan moiTxovs pedagogikur mecnierebaTa
Teoriul codnasa da pedagogiur xelovnebas, Rrma
logikur azrovnebas da aucileblad did sulierobas.
socialur garemos miwier faqtorebSi igulisxmeba is
garemomcveli sinamdvile, romelSic cxovrobs adamiani.
48
magaliTad: sazogadoebriv-politikuri da ekonomiuri
wyoba, erovnuli kultura, religia, ideologia, wes-
Cveulebebi, tradiciebi, geografiul-bunebrivi garemo,
migraciuli da emigraciuli procesebi, demografiuli
problemebi, socialuri institutebi: ganaTlebis sistema,
ojaxi, sakomunikacio saSualebani, multmedia da a. S. aseve
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen megafaqtorebi: kosmosi,
planeta, samyaro, mze, mTvare, varskvlavebi, mizidulobis
kanoni pirovnebis formirebaze.
mowesrigebuli socialuri garemo, maRal kulturuli
done qmnis xelsayrel pirobebs yovelmxriv hamoniulad,
gonebrivad, zneobrivad, sulierad, esTetikurad da
fizikurad ganviTarebuli srulfasovani pirovnebis
CamoyalibebisaTvis. am pirobebs, mowesrigebul socialur
da bunebriv garemos, sulier da materialur Rirebulebebs
qmnian, swored es srulyofili pirovnebebi. msoflios
Svidi xelTqmnili saocreba, udidesi miRwevebi mecnierebaSi,
teqnikaSi, kulturaSi, xelovnebaSi RvTis nebiT adamianis
TaviT, guliTa da xeliT Seiqmna, rac adamianis
RvTisnierebaze miuTiTebs. es aris gacema-miRebis
ekonomiuri kanoni. rac ufro meti daixarjeba ganaTlebaSi,
miT ufro maRali iqneba sazogadoebis ganviTarebis done.
pirovnebis formirebis mesame da gadamwyveti faqtoria
aRzrda, pedagogiuri faqtori. aRzrda pedagogiuri gagebiT
niSnavs mizanmimarTul, gegmazomier pedagogiur
zemoqmedebas aRsazrdelze misi damoukidebeli
cxovrebisaTvis momzadebis mizniT. pedagogika axdens
aRsazrdelze zemoqmedebis faqtorebis, gaTvaliswinebuli
da gauTvaliswinebli, stiqiuri da bunebrivi procesebis
pedagogiur sistemaSi moyvanas da aRzrdis samsaxurSi
Cayenebas, xolo praqtikosi maswavlebeli ki _ mis praqtikul
realizacias, subieqturi da obieqturi faqtorebis
logikur Tanxvedras srulfasovani pirovnebis
formirebisaTvis saWiro pedagogiuri da fsiqologiuri
pirobebis Sesaqmnelad. aRzrdis udides mniSvnelobasTan

49
dakavSirebiT rusi fiziologi da fsiqologi i. seCenovi
werda: “1000-dan 999 SemTxvevaSi fsiqologiuri Sinaarsis
xasiaTi adamians eZleva aRzrdis saSualebiT, . . . xolo
1000-dan 1 SemTxveva damokidebulia mis individualur
Taviseburebaze” (seCenovi. m. rC. fil. da fsiq. Txz. m., 1974,
gv.,176); i. xarlamovi wers: “aRzrda asrulebs gadamwyvet
rols pirovnebis ganviTarebasa da formirebaSi. mxolod
aRzrdis saSualebiT xorcieldeba adamianis ganviTarebisa
da pirovnuli Tvisebebis formirebis socialuri
programa”(i. f. xarlamovi. pedagogika. m. 1999, gv.78). axla
vnaxoT aRzrdisa da bilogiuri faqtoris Sesaxeb I
saukunis mecnier-pedagogisa da oratoris m. f. kvintilianes
mosazreba. Tavis wignSi “oratoris darigebani” igi svams
aseT kiTxvas: ra aris mTavari oratoris aRzrdaSi _ niWi
Tu aRzrda? da TviTonve iZleva pasuxs: niWic da aRzrdac
da iqve ganagrZobs: “Tu am or moments erTmaneTisagan
ganvacalkevebT, niWs SeuZlia bevri ramis gakeTeba, magram
mxolod swavleba niWis gareSe veraviTar nayofs ver
gamoiRebs. xolo maTi erTad moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi
mWevrmtyveluri unaris gamovlinebas bunebis damsaxurebad
miviCnev da, Tu oratoruli xelovnebis umaRles miRwevebTan
gvaqvs saqme, aRzrdas mivaniWeb upiratesobas”. ase magaliTad,
“unayofo miwa _ wers kvintiliane _ verafers miscems
saukeTeso miwaTmoqmedsac ki, xolo nayofier miwaze raime
sasargeblo mainc gaizrdeba misi damuSavebis gareSec . . .
maSasadame, Tu miwac nayofieria da miwaTmoqmedic izrunebs
mis kargad damuSavebaze, mosavalic bevrad meti da
xarisxiani iqneba”. biologiuri faqtoris xarisxi rom
gansazRvravs aRzrdis Sedegis xarisxsac, amis
dasadastureblad sxva magaliTic mohyavs mecnieruli
pedagogikis fuZemdebels argumentad: “Tu moqandake
praqsitelma statuetka uxeSi qvisgan gamoTala, is dabali
xarisxis iqneba, magram Tu is marmarilos qvisgan gamoTala,
igi Zvirfasi gamova. masasadame, _ asakvnis avtori _ “buneba
aris masala, xolo mecniereba mxatvari. es ukanaskneli

50
aZlevs mas saxes, formas, xolo is pirveli mas Rebulobs.”
rogorc vxedavT, kvintilianes mixedviT, bunebrivi,
memkvidreobiT miRebuli monacemebi da Sesabamisi aRzrda
ganapirobebs pirovnebis formirebas.
arc Tanamedrove pedagogika pirovnebis ganviTarebasa
da formirebas ar ganixilavs rogorc socialuri garemosa
da aRzrdis zemoqmedebis raRac pasiur obieqts. piriqiT,
cnobs TviT pirovnebis aqtiurobis, mis SemoqmedebiT-
gardamqmneli moqmedebis rols missave socializaciaSi.
moswavlis Sinagan damokidebulebas masze garegani
zemoqmedebis Zalisadmi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs
aRzrdis obieqtis gasubieqtebaSi. ganviTarebis
mamoZravebeli Sinagani da garegani Zalebis urTierTWidili,
maT Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegoba gvevlineba moswavlis
aqtivizaciis wyarod. moswavles garemomcvel
sinamdvilesTan urTierTobaSi uCndeba sociogenuri
moTxovnebi: swrafva didobisaken, Tavisuflbisa da
damoukideblobisaken, TviTdamkvidrebisa da
TviTrealizaciisaken, survili imisa, rom endobodnen,
angariSs uwevdnen, afasebnen, awinaurebdnen, yuradRebas
aqcevdnen da a. S. magram mas mocemul momentSi ar SeuZlia
am moTxovnebis erTbaSad dakmayofileba Tavisi asakobrivi
mdgomareobisa da momzadebis donis, saamiso informaciuli
deficitis gamo. maSasadame, ukve saxezea ori
dapirispirebuli mxare, ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zalebi:
Sinagani winaaRmdegoba da garegani winaaRmdegoba, romelTa
daZleva moiTxovs garkveul drosa da Zalisxmevas,
Sesabamisi WeSmariti informaciebis miRebas swavla-aRzrdis
saSualebiT da, rac ufro mravalmxrivi, mravalferovani
da intensiuria Semecnebis procesi, miT ufro droulad
daiZleva es winaaRmdegoba, romlis Sedegad miiRweva
sociogenuri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba, misi
raodenobrivi cvlilebis xarjze Tvisobrivi cvlileba,
ganviTarebis donis amaRleba da axali inteleqtualuri
moTxovnebis gamowveva da isev aqtiuroba mis
dasakmayofileblad.
51
pedagogikis daniSnulebaa ndoma-survilsa da mis
dakmayofilebas Soris Seqmnili winaaRmdegobis
dasaZlevad Sesatyvisi pedagogiur da fsiqologiuri
pirobebis Seqmna. saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis iseTi
mecnieruli organizacia, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos
swavlebis saganmanaTleblo, ganmaviTarebeli,
aRmzrdelobiTi da SromiTi funqciebis realizacia,
pedagogiuri procesis sistemebis: sagakveTilo, klasgareSe
da skolisgareSe aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis algoriTmuli
koordinacia-integraciis gziT. mecnierebaTa safuZvlebisa
da saganTaSorisi kavSirebis gageba-aTviseba, didaqtikuri
TamaSobebi, SromiTi saqmianoba, sporti, eqskursiebi,
turistuli laSqrobebi, sagnobrivi da mxatvrul-
SemoqmedebiTi _ poeziis, musikis, mxatvrobis, qorqeografiis
wreebi, praqtikul-laboratoriuli samuSaobebi da sxva
pedagogiur RonisZiebaTa sistemebi miznobrivad,
gaazrebulad da SemoqmedebiTad unda iqnes gamoyenebuli.
am urTulesi da aucilebeli procesebis sulisCamdgmeli,
organizatori, koordinatori, k. uSinskis sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, “mTavari figura” aris maswavlebeli. am Wapanis
gasawevad maswavlebels sWirdeba mZlavri muxti,
dauSreteli energia, ekonomiuri, fsiqologiuri, moraluri
stimulebi. samagiero kurTxevebi iqneba Rirseuli axali
Taoba _ naTeli, mSvidobiani da bednieri momavali erisa
da qveynisa.
asakobrivi periodizacia. pirovnebis formirebis
urTulesi gza ar aris sworxazovani. igi moicavs
bunebrivad gansazRvrul etapebs, romelsac asakobriv
periodizacias uwodeben. am problemas yuradReba miaqcia
Zv/aR. XI-X saukuneSi solomon brZenma. man dawera: “ymawvili
Tavis gzis dasawyisSi gawvrTveni da igi sibereSic ar
gadauxvevs mas” (solomonis igavebi 22:6). Semdeg es debuleba
ganaviTra aristotelem da srulyves pedagogikis
klasikosebma (m.f. kvintiliane, ian amos komenski, j.loki,
Jan-Jak ruso, a, distervegi k. uSinski, i. gogebaSvili da

52
sxv.). XX saukuneSi mecnierul-teqnikurma progresma
gamoiwvia garkveuli cvlilebebi, gafarTovda
sainfaormacio komunikaciuri saSualebebi, msoflioSi
mimdinare globalur procesebSi CarTvam daaCqara
aqseleraciis procesi, rac asakobriv periodizaciazec
aisaxa. am cvlilebebis dadgenis srul suraTs iZleva mis
istoriul aspeqtSi Seswavla. magaliTad, aristotelem
aRsazrdelis ganviTareba sam periodad dayo 7 wliani
intervalebiT, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli ganviTarebis
niSnebiT: 0-7 wlamde _ intensiuri fizikuri da fsiqikuri
zrda; 7-14-mde _ Wabukoba; 14-21 wlebi _ sqesobrivi momwifeba
asakis Sesabamisi zneobis, esTetikis codnisa da unar-
Cvevebis elementebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
pedagogikis mecnierebis fuZemdebelma m.f. kvintilianem
bavSvis ganviTarebis asakobrivi periodi gansazRvra misi
gonebriv-inteleqtualuri da fizikuri SesaZleblobebis
mixedviT. am SesaZleblobebis gansxvavebuli doneebis gamo
mTlad zust asakobriv zRvars ar avlebs. skolamdel
asaks dabadebidan 6-7 wlamde Seufarda ojaxuri aRzrda;
6,7-dan 11,12 wlebs _ elementaruli anu dawyebiTi skola;
11,12_15,16 wlebs _ gramatistuli skola; 15,16 wlidan
axalgazrda survilisamebr umaRles saswavlebelSi
agrZelebda swavlas. visac mWevrmetyvelebis niWi
aRmoaCndeboda, is Sedioda kvintilianes mier daarsebul
ritorikul saswavlebelSi, sadac swavlis xangZlivoba 5
wliT ganisazRvreboda. maSasadame, meoTxe periodi 16,17-
20,21 wliT Semoifargleboda. kvintilianes yvela
asakobrivi periodisaTvis gansazRvruli aqvs Sesatyvisi
pedagogiuri midgoma Tavis unikalur pedagogikur
Txzulebis 12 tomian wignSi “ oratoris darigebani”.
kvintilianes mixedviT, saskolo asaki bavSvis swavlisaTvis
momzadebis doniT ganisazRvreboda da ara wlebiT. es
weli SeiZleba yofiliyo 6 an 7.
sainteresoa komenskiseuli figuraluri asakobrivi
periodizacia. man adamianis asaki Seadara weliwadis

53
droebs: bavSvoba _ gazafxuls, axalgazrdoba _ zafxuls,
zrdasruloba anu mowifuloba _ Semodgomas, sibere _
zamTars. aRsazrdelis asakobriv periodizacias komenskim
6 wliani cikli daudo safuZvlad da dabadebidan 24
wlamde moaqcia 4 periodSi da Seufarda skolis 4 safxuri:
dedobrivi skola, yrmobas _ mSobliuri enis skola,
siWabukes _ gimnazia da mowifulobas _ akadmia (umaRlesi
saswavlebeli).
arc Jan-Jak rusos dautovebia es problema uyuradRebod.
aRsazrdelis ganviTarebis miseuli asakobrivi
periodizacis mTliani gaziareba dRes araviTar
aucileblobas ar warmoadgens, magram masSi mTavaria
princi pi bavSvis ganviTarebis biologiur da socialur
safuZvelze asakobriv periodad dayofisa, romelic
yovelTvis unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. es priodebia: 0-
2 weli, intensiuri fizikuri zrda; 2-12 wlebi _ gonebrivi
zrda; 12-15 wlebi _ fsiqikuri Zalebis ganviTareba da,
bolos 15-18 wlebs “qariSxlisa da vnebaTa” wlebs uwodebs
da Tvlis zneobrivi da sqesobrivi momwifebis periodad.
qarTuli pedagogikis sinamdvileSic mniSvnelovani
adgili ukavia bavSvis ganviTarebis asakobriv
periodizacias. magaliTad, sulxan saba orbeliansac hqonda
garkveuli mcdeloba am problemis gaSuqebisa, romelic
istoriuli TvalsazrisiT Zalian mniSvnelovania. iakob
gogebaSvili gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda aRzrdaSi
asakobrivi da individualuri Taviseburebis
gaTvaliswinebis princips. swored am pedagogiur principze
aago man Tavisi ukvdavi saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebi da
klasgareSe sakiTxavi sabavSvo literatura.
Tanamedrove pedagogikaSi, romelic eyrdnoba klasikur
da Tanamedrove pedagogiur miRwevebs, miRebulia Semdegi
asakobrivi periodizacia: skolamdeli, dabadebidan 6 wlamde
Tavisi etapebiT: Cviloba, skolamdelis wina da skolamdeli
asaki; saskolo asaki: umcrosi saskolo _ 6-10; saSualo
saskolo asaki _ 10-15; ufrosi saskolo asaki _ 15-18 wlebi.

54
asakobrivi Tavisebureba ZiriTadad saerToa erTnairi
asakis bavSvebisaTvis erTnair pirobebSi, umetesad gonebriv,
zneobriv da esTetikuri ganviTarebis sferoSi da es
msgavseba ganpirobebulia erTiani saswavlo gegmebiTa da
Tematuri programebiT, saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis
erTiani organizaciuli formebiT, erTiani codnis
wyaroebiT a. S. miuxedavad am erTiani moTxovnebisa da
pedagogiuri pirobebisa, TviT klaselebic ki gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan ganviTarebis doniT. swored am sxvaobaSi
gamoixateba maTi individualuri Taviseburebebi, rogorc
bunebrivi fsiqikuri Tvisebebis specifikuroba. magaliTad:
centralur nervuli sistemis ti pi, xasiaTi, tempi, ritmi,
tvinis amRgznebi da Semkavebeli punqtebis harmoniuloba,
niWiereba, aTvisebis xarisxi, mexsiereba, nebisyofa, yuradReba
da a. S. es RvTiT boZebuli unarebi yvelas gansxvavebuli
xarisxiT aqvs. gansxvavebuli ojaxuri da sxva socialuri,
ekonomiuri pirobebic aRrmavebs biologiur da
socialuri determinantis sxvaobas.
asakobrivi sxvaoba ZiriTadad mkafiod gamoixateba
asakobriv monakveTebSi. skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis
ganviTarebis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebia intensiuri
fizikuri zrda, metyvelebis unaris gamovlineba,
moWarbebuli cnobismoyvareoba, mimbaZveloba, konkretuli
azrovneba, mindoba da a. S. garesamyarosadmi bavSvis
interesi maqsimalurad unda iqnes gamoyenebuli
pedagogiuri miznisaTvis. mravalmxrivi SegrZnebebiT
STabeWdilebebis moxdena, leqsikuri maragis,
warmodgenebisa da warmosaxvebis gamdidreba axdens
fsiqikur cvlilebebs, konkretuli, saxieri azrovnebis
wiaRSi abstraqtul da logikuri azrovnebis elementebis
ganviTarebas. am asakSi maswavlebeli bavSvisTvis
warmoadgens avtoritets, mis sityvas kanonis Zala aqvs. is
baZavs sayvarel maswavlebels, amitom mibaZvis obieqti
yovelmxriv uzado unda iyos. leqsebi, zRaprebi, sabavSvo
moTxrobebi, gamocanebi, rebusebi, suraTebi, gasaferadebeli

55
naxatebi, parkebi, cirki, zooparkebi, multifikaciuri
filmebi plasteliniT Zerwva da a. S. es aris aRzrdis
unikluri saSualebebi.
skolamdeli asakis bavSvis saqmianobis mTavari saxea
TamaSi. didaqtikuri TamaSebi bavSvs unviTarebs SromiT
unar-Cvevebs, azrovnebas, urTierTobis elementarul
kulturas, sisxartesa da moqnilobas, xels uwyobs
skolisaTvis momzadebas.
dasabamidanve cnobilia Sromis udidesi
aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvneloba. Sroma TamaSisgan Tavisi
SedegiT gansxvavdeba. Sroma, Tu bavSvis asakis, sqesis da
fizikuri SesaZleblobis Sesatyvisad da mizanmimarTulad
aris organizebuli, igi safuZvlad edeba gonebriv, zneobriv,
esTetikur da fizikur aRzrdasac. am asakSi ufro metad
mSoblebi da ojaxuri kultura axdens did gavlenas.
skolamdel asakSi eyreba safuZveli aRzrdis yvela
elementebs. am safuZvlis simtkice da xarisxi ganapirobebs
mis Semdgom ganviTarebas.
umcros sasklo asakSi icvleba bavSvis socialuri
mdgomareoba. mas aq eniWeba moswavlis statusi, rac misTvis
sazogadoebrivad Rirebuli movlenaa. mTeli 6 weli
emzadeboda is amisaTvis. da, aha, dadga misTvis es sanatreli
dRe _ pirveli seqtemberi! axali garemo, ucnobi pedagogiuri
koleqtivi da moswavleTa wre, ucnobi garemocva _ advili
ar aris adaptacia. skola ise unda daxvdes axalbedebs,
rom minimaluri problemebiT moaxerxon maT axal
mdgomareobasTan Segueba, pirveli aRtacebisa da sixarulis
SenarCuneba. skolam imedebi ar unda gaucruos bavSvs.
skolaSi rom Semodis bavSvi, mas Tan moaqvs garkveuli
codna-gamocdileba, “moraluri kodeqsi,” erkveva bunebasa
da adamianebTan urTierTobis normebsa da wesebSi. imTaviTve
unda daadginos maswavlebelma moswavlis ganviTarebis
faqtiuri done, misi SesaZleblobebi, midrekilebebi da
interesebi, asakobrivi da individualuri Taviseburebebi
da mdgomareobis Sesatyvisad gansazRvros pedagogiuri

56
amocanebi da meTodebi. moswavlem skolaSi axal ampluaSi
unda igrZnos Tavi aucileblad, rom ar gauqres winandeli
mgznebareba. yovel gakveTilze, yovel pedagogiur
RonisZiebebSi unda grZnobdes zrdas, aRmavlobas, Tvisobriv
cvlilebebs, Tavisi socialuri reitingis amaRlebas;
maswavlebeli marjved unda axdendes aRsazrdelis
mibaZvisa da cnobismoyvareobis, Rirebuli moTxovnebis
provocirebasa da misi dakmayofilebisaTvis saWiro
pedagogiur procesebSi mis aqtiur CarTvas. skolaSi
miRebuli codna-gamocdilebis pirovnuli da
sazogadoebrivi Rirebuleba ganapirobebs SemecnebiTi
interess, moswavlis aqtivobas, inteleqtualuri motivis
Seqmnas., skolisa da maswavleblis mimarT dadebiT
damokidebulebas.
saSualo saskolo asakSi mdgomareoba radikalurad
icvleba. mas samarTlianad uwodeben gardatexis rTul
periods. moswavle iwyebs kritikul azrovnebas,
RirebulebaTa gadafasebas, TviTdamkvidrebisa da
TviTrealizaciisaTvis brZolas. uCndeba sociogenuri
moTxovnebi da is ar elodeba im momavals, rasac
maswavlebeli uqadis. is cxovrobs dRevandeli dRiT da
surs dapirebulis axlave miReba. biologiuri da
socialuri faqtorebis gavlenis qveS eqceva da sustdeba
pedagogiuri faqtoris Zala. sqesobrivi momwifeba,
romantikuli grZnobebis moWarbeba, araproporciuli
fizikuri zrda TviTdarealizaciisa da TviTdamkvidrebis
moZalebuli survili erTgavar diskomforts,
arasrulfasovnebis SegrZnebas uqmnis moswavles.
aRniSnuli mdgomareobisadmi mozardis damokidebulebis
xasiaTi misi individualuri TaviseburebebiT aris
ganpirobebuli. amitom yvela gansxvavebulad udgeba
situacias. erTni SedarebiT umtkivneulod gamodian
mdgomareobidan, zogi gamosavals xifaTebis ZiebaSi
poulobs da SeiZleba asocialurobaSi an
antisocialurobaSi gadaizardos. prosocialuri jgufis

57
aRsazrdelebi ufro delikaturad umklavdebian bunebriv,
magram maTTvis uCveulo mdgomareobas. radgan isini ufro
informirebulni, inteleqtualurad motivirebulni arian
da sociogenuri moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas skolis
pirobebSi, SemecnebiT saqmianobaSi axerxeben.
problemur asakobriv periodSi mozardebs sWirdebaT
sagangebo fsiqologiuri da pedagogiuri pirobebi, dadebiT
Tvisebebze dayrdnobis, ndobisa da pativiscemis pedagogiur
principebze agebuli delikaturi urTierTobebi,WeSmariti,
socialurad da pirovnulad Rirebuli informaciebi,
CarTva iseT SemecnebiT, kulturul, saxaliso RonisZiebebis
momzadebasa da CatarebaSi, romelic mianiWebs mas esTetikur
da moralur kmayofilebas, Tavs agrZnobinebs pirovnebad.
Tu saTanadod movaxerxebineT mozardebs am rTuli
periodis gadalaxva, momdevno periodSi maTTan pedagogiuri
TanamSromloba naklebad problemuri iqneba. Tu piriqiT
moxda da moswavles skolis pirobebSi, klasSi ar mieca
misi sociogenuri moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis saSualeba,
igi amas Seecdeba mis farglebs gareT stiqiur pirobebSi.
ganawyenebuli moswavle yovelTvis i povis misnair
mdgomareobaSi myof Tanamoazres da TuU maTma ricxvma
sams miaRwia, mere, eriha, zRva muxlebamde eCvenebaT da
yvelanairi gziT cdiloben imis kompensacias, rac
pedagogiur procesebSi ver miiRes. skolaSi misulebi
skolis gareT erTobian, moweva, sma, Zalebis demonstrireba,
upiratesobis damtkiceba da skola, gakveTilebi gadadis
ukana planze. irRveva swavlebis Tanmimdvrobisa da
sistemturobis didaqtikuri princi pi da Sedegad saxezea
akademiuri da pedagogiuri CamorCeniloba, rac Semdeg
safuZvlad edeba xelmiSvebul moswavleTa
asocialurobasa da antisocialurobas. es aris skolisa
da ojaxis umZimesi problema, romelsac ikvlevs
defeqtologia da procesi gadadis koreqciul
pedagogikaSi.
ufros saskolo asakSi ukve daZleulia biologiur-
fizikuri da fsiqologiur-moraluri problemebi.
58
moswavle gadasulia axal Tvisobriv mdgomareobaSi.
ganviTarebuli aqvs abstraqtuli azrovneba, ukve iwyebs
fiqrs, ocnebas momavalze, uCndeba inteleqtualuri,
socialur da profesiuli motivebi, xdeba misanswrafuli.
dgeba arCevanis winaSe, cxovrebis ra gzas daadges. igi
grZnobs ufrosebis, maswavleblis, mSoblebis daxmarebis,
informaciuli deficitis Sevsebis aucileblobas.
moswavlis aseTi fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba aRzrdis
idealuri momentia, romelic marjved unda iqnes
gamoyenebuli aRzrdis subieqtebis mier. TvalsaCino
piradi magaliTebi, ocnebis ideali, proforientaciuli
muSaoba, Teoriis cxovrebasTan, realur sinamdvilesTan
dakavSireba, iseTi efeqturi pedagogiuri saSualebebia,
romelic uadvilebs moswavleebs swor arCevans,
sazogadoebrivad Rirebul sulier da materialur
faseulobebze orientirebas.
Tu am kriteriumebs ar pasuxobs ufrosi saskolo asakis
moswavlis ganviTarebis done, unda vivaraudoT, rom
socializaciis procesi SeCerebulia da jer kidev
instiqtebis doneze varT, biologiur mdgomareobaSi da
amis mizezi marto moswavleSi ar aris. TavTavisi wili
pasuxismgebloba am procesSi monawile mxareebs: skolas,
ojaxs, sazogadoebas, saxelmwifos ekisreba.
magram aRzrda rogorc pedagogiuri procesi, masze
uSualo pasuxismgebeli ufro metad maswavlebelia, radgan
dasaxelebuli mxareebidan specialuri pedagogiuri da
zogadi fsiqologiuri ganaTleba, pedagogis Tanamdeboba
mxolod maswavlebels aqvs. amitom, rogorc komenski ambobda,
aRzrdis saqme maszea mindobili. maswavlebelia saswavlo-
aRmzrdelobiTi procesis “centraluri figura”. amitom
yovlad dauSvebelia maswavleblis rolis, misi
pedagogiuri faqtoris damdableba, romlis gamalebuli
mcdelobaa XXI saukuneSi kacTmoZule programistebis
malTusisa da alen dalesis mimdevrebis mxridan sorosis
finansuri mxardaWeriT. maswavlebeli unda iyos

59
sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos mxridan udidesi yuradRebiT,
zrunviTa da pativiscemiT ganebivrebuli, diax,
ganebivrebuli, Tavisufali ara pasuxismgeblobidan, aramed
aRzrdisadmi pedagogiur midgomaSi.
amrigad, zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare vRebulobT
pedagogiur daskvnas, rom pirovnebis ganviTareba, aRzrda
da formireba aris urTulesi saxelmwifoebrivi,
sazogadoebrivi, ojaxuri da pedagogiuri problema. am
problemis warmatebiT gadawyveta damokidebulia,
upirveles yovlisa, saxelmwifos saganmanaTleblo
politikaze, maswavleblis profesionalizmsa da
pedagogiur ostatobaze, rom man uzrunvelyos pirovnebis
formirebis biologiuri, socialuri da pedagogiuri
faqtorebis aRzrdis samsaxurSi Cayeneba, pedagogiuri
Sromis mecnieruli organizacia misi optimizaciisa da
intensifikaciis safuZveze, rom warmatebiT iqnes miRweuli
aRzrdis generaluri mizani _ yovelmxriv harmoniulad
ganviTarebuli, gonebrivad, zneobrivad, sulierad,
esTetikurad da fizikurad Camoyalibebuli, srulfasovani
pirovnebis formireba.

60
Tema IV. pedagogiuri procesi
da misi sistemebi

sakiTxebi:

1. pedagogiuri procesi da misi sistemuri


Semadgenloba;
2. pedagogiuri procesiis ZiriTadi komponentebi;
3. pedagogiur-fsiqologiuri kanonzomierebani;
4. pedagoguri procesis ZiriTadi funqciebi da
etapebi.

pedagogiuri procesi hqvia urTierTgnpirobebul


pedagogogiur sistemaTa erTobliobas, romelSic
mimdinareobs aRsazrdelis pirovnebad formireba.
pedagogiuri procesebis mTavari sistemebia:
1. skolis saswavlo-materialur-teqnikuri baza,
sanitarul-hgienuri, moralur- fsiqologiuri da
esTetikur-romantikuli pirobebi;
2. pedagogiuri da moswavleTa koleqtivi anu
Semadgenloba, mSobelTa aqtivi, sazogadoebrivi
organizaciebi da a. S. ;
3. saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis saklaso-
sagakveTilo sistema;
4. klasgareSe pedagogiuri RonisZiebaTa sistema;
5. skolisgareSe saganmanaTleblo-saaRmzrdelo
dawesebulebaTa sistema.
am sistemebs Soris urTierTkavSirs gansazRvravs
subieqturi da obieqturi faqtorebi. pedagogiur
subieqtebad gvevlinebian saxelmwifo, skolis
xelmZRvaneloba, pedagogiuri koleqtivi, mSobelTa aqtivi,
aRzrdis saqmiT dakavebuli sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi.
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obieqtis rolSi ki warmogvdgebian isini, romlebzedac
xorcieldeba mizanmimarTuli, gegmazomieri pedagogiuri
zemoqmedeba. eseni arian: skolamdeli aRsazrdelebi,
moswavleTa koleqtivi, klasi, jgufi, konkretuli moswavle.
magram ganviTarebis obieqturi kanonidan gamomdinare,
subieqtisa da obieqtis TavTavisTvis arseboba ar niSnavs
pedagogiur process manam, sanam subieqtis mier ar moxdeba
pedagogiuri zemoqmedebis obieqtis anu aRsazrdelebis
gasubieqteba.
pedagogiuri procesis strategiul xazs maswavleblisa
da moswavleTa urTierTmimarTuli miznobrivi aqtivoba
warmoadgens, rac gulisxmobs pedagogiuri zemoqmedebis
Sedegad aRsazrdelis SemecnebiT aqtivobas gamoxatuls
swavlebisa da swavlis, ganaTlebisa da TviTganaTlebis,
aRzrdisa da TviTaRzrdis stimulSi. swored, amitom
iTvleba “pedagogiuri urTierTgavlena” anu
“urTierTzemoqmedeba” meTaur, winamZRol, xolo
“pedagogiuri zemoqmedeba,” “pedagogiuri gavlena”,
“.pedagogiuri damokidebuleba” Tanmxleb cnebebad.
pedagogiuri urTierTzemoqmedebis procesSi aRzrdis
subieqtsa da obieqts Soris mravalnairi kavSirebi iCens
Tavs. rogoricaa: informaciul-saganmanaTleblo,
organizaciuli, komunikatoruli da sxva saurTierTo
kavSirebi.
marTvac da TviTmarTvac pedagogiuri procesis
Semadgeneli nawilia. marTva eyrdnoba zemoT CamoTvlil
kavSirebs.
pedagogiuri procesis analizisas, asev aucilebelia
logikuri, kerZod, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis
gaTvaliswineba. radgan aRzrdis warmatebisa Tu
warumateblobis mizezTa gamokvlevas ganmsazRvreli
mniSvneloba aqvs prevencia-koreqciisaTvis. e. i.
makoreqtirebeli zemoqmedebis pedagogiur RonisZiebaTa
sistemis zust da efeqtur proeqtirebisa da xarvezis
droulad acilebisaTvis.

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rogorc i. babanski, i. xarlamovi da sxvebi miuTiTeben,
pedagogiuri procesis marTvis strategiuli xazis
gansazRvrisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs memkvidreobiTobis
princi pis, swavlebisa da aRzrdis srulyofis istoriuli
tendenciebis Seswavlas, romelic saSualebas iZleva erTi
mxriv, Secdomebisa da naklovanebebis Tavidan acilebisa,
xolo meore mxriv, mecnierulad, praqtikulad Rirebul
pedagogiur saSualebaTa gamoyenebisa, aseve aRmoCenilis
xelaxla aRmoCenis Tavidan acilebisa.
pedagogiur process pedagogiuri sistemebis garda,
gaaCnia pedagogiuri komponentebi, romelnic specialur
procesualuri xasiaTiT gamoirCevian. pedagogiuri
procesis iseTi msxvili sistema, rogoricaa saswavlo-
aRmzrdelobiTi procesi, igi Tavis mxriv moicavs mxolod
misTvis damaxasiaTebel urTierTganpirobebul kavSirebs,
romelnic komponentebSi aisaxebian, romelTa
urTierTmimarTebebSi xorcieldeba swavlebis
saganmanaTleblo, ganmaviTarebeli da aRmzrdelobiTi
amocanebi. aqedan gamomdinare, procesualur komponentebs
warmoadgenen ara TviT maswavlebeli da moswavle, arc
aRzrdis pedagogiuri pirobebi, aramed aRzrdis mizani,
amocanebi, Sinaarsi, kanonebi, princi pebi, formebi, meTodebi
da saSualebebi. saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis
komponentTa erTianoba da urTierTganpirebuloba,
erTmTlianoba warmoadgens mis struqturul wyobas. ase
da amrigad, “sistemis” cneba romlSic mimdinareobs procesi
da “procesi rogorc sistema” identur cnebebs ar
warmoadgenen, magram arc izolirebulad ganixilebian.
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT process sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis moTxovnebiT ganpirobebuli garkveuli
mimarTuleba da generaluri mizani gaaCnia. swored, es
mimarTuleba gansazRvravs aRzrdis konkretul mizansa
da Sinaarss. mizani es aris moqmedebis winaswar
gacnobierebuli saboloo Sedegi. miznis sicxade da misi
miRwevis realuri SesaZlebloba gansazRvravs fsiqikur-

63
inteleqtualuri da fizikuri Zalebis mobilizebasa
da koncentracias sasurveli Sedegis misaRwevad. miznis
gareSe adamianis qceva da moqmedeba qaosuria da unayofo,
Zala, dro da energia fuWad ixarjeba. biblia gvixsnis,
rom rwmenis gareSe adamiani hgavs mesaWis gareSe qarTagan
atacebul xomalds, romelic aqeT-iqiT talRebs exeTqeba.
asevea adamiani miznis gareSe. amitom sakmaod mniSvnelovania
miznis garkveva-dasaxvis, miznobrivi qceva-moqmedebisa da
swavlebis sakiTxi pedagogikis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi.
pedagogikis arc erT klasikoss (da ara marto pedagogikis)
arasodes gamorCenia mxedvelobidan aRzrdis miznis
garkvevis aucilebloba. magaliTad, idealuri pirovnebis
uzustesi modelis warmosaxvis safuZvelze kvintiliane
aRzrdis miznad saxavs “brZeni romaelis” Camoyalibebas.
“brZen romaelSi” kompendiumSia mocemuli gonieri,
ganswavluli, brZeni da patriotis gageba; aristotelem
aRzrdis mizani ase naTlad Camoayaliba: “yovelmxriv
harmoniulad ganviTarebuli pirovnebis formireba” da
daakonkreta: fizikurad, gonebrivad, zneobrivad da
esTetikurad ganviTarebuli, romelsac dRemde ar
daukargavs aqtualoba. ufro metic, mas bevri araferi
momatebia, imdenad universaluri aRmoCnda. komenskim
sulierobis primatSi gansazRvra aRzrdis mizani: “RvTis
moSiSi”, “RvTismosavi”; pestalocma_ “WeSmaritad
adamianuri”; i. gogebaSvilma _ “axali ti pis qarTveli”
“axali kaci”; i. WavWavaZem arCevani gaakeTa “kacur kacze”
da a. S.
aRzrdis mizani garkveul kanons eqvemdebareba. rogorc
zemoT vTqviT, igi yovelTvis sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebiT
aris ganpirobebuli da am ukanasknelis cvlileba iwvevs
misi Sinaarsis cvlilebas, magram “brZeni qarTvlis”, “
“brZeni rusis”, “brZeni frangis” da a. S. pedagogiuri
formula imdenad universaluria da zogadkacobriuli,
rom msoflios arc erT ers ar awyenda arc erT droSi.
cvlilebaSi vgulisxmobT mis dakonkretebas droisa da

64
sivrcis dimensionebSi ganaTlebis Sinaarsis
TvalsazrisiT.
pedagogiuri procesis imave sistemis meore koponentia
aRzrdis amocanebi, romlis qvesistemebia: gonebrivi aRzrda
da ganaTleba, mecnieruli msoflmxedvelobis formireba,
zneobrivi aRzrda, sulierobis aRzrda, ekologiuri da
SromiTi aRzrda, proforientaciuli muSaoba, esTetikuri
aRzrda, fizikuri aRzrda.
aq jer-jerobiT SemovifarglebiT am amocanebis mokle
anotaciebiT, radgan qvemoT TiToeuli maTgani calcalke
vrclad iqneba ganxiluli.
gonebriv aRzrdaSi igulisxmeba ganaTlebis Sinaarsis,
gansazRvruli codnis fondis aTviseba, saazrovno
operaciebis, fsiqikuri da inteleqtualuri unarebis
ganviTareba, mecnieruli msoflmxedvelobis formireba da
a. S.
zneobrivi aRzrdis daniSnulebaa pirovnebis moraluri
saxis formireba, mocemul sazogadoebaSi dadgenili qcevisa
da moqmdebis normebisa da wesebis daufleba, zneobrivi
Segnebis, zneobrivi grZnobebisa da zneobrivi moqmedebis
unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba. kvintilanem aRzrdaSi zneoba
daayena pirvel adgilze, “SeuZlebelia _ ambobs is _ uzneo
kacisgan oratori gamovides”-o. es debuleba SeiZleba
nebismieri profesiis adamianze ganzogaddes.
sulierobis aRzrdis problemam, saerTod ver hpova
asaxva Tanamedrove pedagogikaSi. swored, am
umniSvnelovanesi problemis ugulvebelyofas mohyva is
uRmerToba, zneobrivi da sulieri degradacia, romelic
risxvad atydeba Tavze dRes mTel msoflios.
esTetikuri aRzrda gulisxmobs silamazisa da
mSvenierebis, diadisa da amaRlebulis aRqmis da gagebis,
esTetikuri kulturisa da gemovnebis ganviTarebas.
fizikuri realoba biologiuri determinantia da mis
SeqmnaSi subieqti ver iRebs monawileobas, es mxolod
RvTis prerogativaa. aRzrdas isRa SeuZlia, rom xeli

65
Seuwyos janmrTelobis, Sromisa da Tavdacvis
unarianobisa, funqcionaluri moZraobebisa da moqnilobis
gaumjobesebas.
aRzrdis mizani gansazRvravs pedagogiuri procesis
momdvno komponents _ ganaTlebis Sinaarsi. masSi
igulisxmeba samyaros Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani informaciebi,
romelic filosofiur, sabuenebismetyvelo, sazigadoebriv-
humanitaruli, fsiqologiur-logikuri, eTikur-esTetikuri,
religiuri da saxelovnebo codnis ciklis saswavlo
sagnebSia gadmocemuli. es Sinaarsi asaxulia saswavlo
ggmebsa da programebSi da gaSuqebulia ZiriTad da damxmare
saxelmZRvaneloebSi.
pedagogiuri procesis saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi
sistemis mesame komponentia pedagogiuri princi pebi, rac
niSnavs im amosaval debulebas, im safuZvels, romliTac
xelmZRvaneloben saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT procesSi. igi
maorientirebel funqcias asrulebs maswavleblisaTvis
da xels uwyobs sasswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis
sworad da efeqturad warmarTvas. es princi pebia:
mizanswrafuloba, mecnieruloba, Segnebuloba da aqtiuroba,
misawvdomoba, sistematuroba da Tanmimdevroba, swavlebisa
da aRzrdis erTianoba, Teoriisa da praqtikis erTianoba,
TvalsaCinoeba, codnis Rrmad da mtkiced SeTviseba,
asakobrivi da individualuri Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswineba, aRzrdaSi dadebiTze dayrdnoba,
aRsazrdelis pirovnebisadmi pativiscema, mkacri, magram
samarTliani momTxovneloba, arCevanis Tavisufleba da
sxva.
pedagogiuri procesis amave sistemis Semdegi koponentia
pedagogiuri meTodebi, romelic uzrunvelyofs minimaluri
danaxarjebiT maqsimaluri Sedegebis miRwevas. pedagogiuri
meTodebi misawvdoms, gasagebs, dasaZlevsa da sainteresos
xdis saswavlo process. pedagogikasa da saskolo
praqtikaSi miRebulia Semdegi pedagogiuri meTodebi:
verbaluri anu zepirsityvieri, romlis SemadgenlobaSi

66
Sedis akromatikuli _ monologiuri, eroTematikuri anu
dialogiuri; wignze muSaobis meTodebi; praqtikul-
laboratoriuli meTodebi; darwmunebis, informaciis, 13.8
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT procesSi iCens Tavs
aRsazrdelze garegani zemoqmedebisa da Sinagani reaqciis,
miRebisa da masze ukukavSiris erTianoba; aseve iwyeba
TviTgavlena sakuTar Tavze, romelic praqtikulad
TviTswavlebis, TviTganaTlebis, TviTaRzrdis,
TviTkontrolisa da TviTregulaciaSi gamoixateba.
rogorc g, a. danilovi aRniSnavs, pedagogiuri procesi
_ es aris Sinaganad urTierTdakavSirebuli procesebisa
da sistemebis erToblioba, romlis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom socialuri codn-gamocdileba Tavisi
mravalferovnebiTa da sirTuliT gardaiqmneba mzardi
adaminis pirovnul niSan-Tvisebad, mis idealad da uyalibebs
azrovnebas, ideurobas, zneobas, esTetikur gemovnebas, mtkice
xasiaTs, Segnebasa da moqmedebis praqtikul unar-Cvevebs.
pedagogiur procesSi codna-gamocdileba da unar-Cvevebi,
obieqtur-socialuri gadadis subieqturSi, adamianis
individualur-fsiqikur monapovarSi, mis inteleqtualur
sakuTrebaSi.
es pedagogiuri procesebisa da sistemebis
urTierTqmedeba stiqiurad rodi mimdinareobs. is
moZraobaSi mohyavs marTvisa da TviTmarTvelobis meqanizms.
subieqtisa da obieqtis mizanmimarTulad marTuli
urTierTzemoqmedebis logikuri Sedegia saswavlo-
aRmzrdelobiTi procesi, sadac xorcieldeba
saganmanmanaTleblo, ganmaviTarebeli da aRmzrdelobiTi
funqciebi.
maSasadame, saswavlo pedagogiuri procesi warmoadgens
swavlebis, aRzrdis, ganviTarebis, aseve TviTganaTlebisa
da TviTaRzrdis organulad urTierTdakavSirebul erTian
process, sadac mimdinareobs kacobriobis mier dagrovili
codna-gamocdilebis mizanmimarTul, gegmazomieri gadacema
moswavleTaTvis da am ukanasknelis mier misi aTviseba,

67
gaazreba, damaxsovreba da saWiroebisamebr
SemoqmedebiTad gamoyeneba, SemdegSi saWiro codna-
gamocdilebis damoukideblad mopovebis unar-CvevebiT.
pedagogiur da moswavleTa koleqtivebisa da skolis
xelmZRvanelTa, administraciuli da pedagogiur-meToduri
korpuss Soris moqmedebs uRTierTobis saskolo sistema,
romlis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom es urTierToba moicavs
maorganizebel, makoordinirebel, administraciul, meTodur
da makontrolebel funqciebs, romelic mimarTulia skolis
moSaobis xarisxisa da efeqturobis amaRlebisken, rac
gulisxmobs maswavlebelTa codna-gamocdilebis mudmivad
ganaxlebas, kvalifikaciis amaRlebas mecnierebaSi
mopovebuli miRwevebis kvaldakval, rom ar CamorCes uaxles
pdagogiur standartebs; moaxdinos mTeli pedagogiuri
procesebisa da sistemebis koordinacia-integracia,
materialur-teqnikuri bazis mowesrigeba, skolis, ojaxisa
da skolisgareSe kulturul-saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebaTa pedagogiuri potencialis gamoyeneba.
pedagogiuri procesi eqvemdebareba ganviTarebis
obieqtur kanonebsa da princi pebs, ganviTarebis
mamoZravebel Zalebs. magaliTad, winaaRmdegoba SemecnebiT
da sxva sociogenur moTxovnebsa da moswavleTa mier misi
dakmayofilebis realur SesaZleblobaTa Soris
warmoSobili dapirispirebuli mxareTa Sejaxeba moiTxovs
intensiur SemecnebiT-inteleqtualur aqtivobas miRweulsa
da misaRwevs Soris arsebuli problemis gadasaWrelad.
am aqtivobaSi moiazreba faqtobriv mdgomareobis kvlevis
safuZvelze swori diagnostika, TiToeuli moswavlis
asakobrivi da individualuri Taviseburebebis, miznis
misaRwev pedagogiur saSualebaTa konkretuli gansazRvra
da mis Sesabamisad mimdinare, axlo, Sualeduri da Soreuli
ganviTarebis perspeqtivebis proeqtireba da misi
praqtikulad amoqmedebisaTvis saWiro saswavlo-
aRmzrdelobiTi amocanebis, princi pebisa da meTodebis
dakonkreteba, iseTi problemuri pedagogiuri situaciebis
68
Seqmna, romelic aucileblad gamoiwvevs moswavleebSi
Tvisobriv cvlilebas, rogorc zankovi wers, ganviTarebis
uaxloes zonaSi gadayvanas.
amrigad, pedagogiuri procesi _ es ar aris swavleba-
aRzrdis, ganaTlebisa da ganviTarebis ubralo, meqanikur-
stiqiuri procesi, aramed es aris pedagogiuri sistemebis,
procesebis, subieqturi da obieqturi faqtorebis urTulesi
urTierTdamokidebuli da urTierTganpirobebuli
urTierTmimarTebebi obieqtur kanonebsa da mkacr
logikaze damyarebuli.
pedagogiuri procesis, rogorc erTmTlianobis
kanonzomierebani dgindeba am procesis arsebiTi, mtkice,
ucvleli da ganmeorebadi Sinagani da garegani, farTo da
viwro kanonzomieri kavSirebis kvlevis safuZvelze.
es kavSirebia: pedagogiuri procesebis kavSiri
sazogadoebriv procesebTan da pirobebTan; pedagogiuri
procesebis Sinagani kavSirebi; kavSiri swavlebis,
ganaTlebis, aRzrdisa da ganviTarebis procesebs, aseve
aRzrdisa da TviTaRzrdis, TviTganaTlebis procesebs
Soris; pedagogiuri marTva-xelmZRvanelobasa da
aRsazrdelis damoukidebloba- Tavisuflebis procsebs
Soris; aRzrdis subieqtebs: skolis, maswavleblis, ojaxis,
sazogadoebriobis moswavleze aRmzrdelobiT gavlenebs
Soris; kavSiri saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis
komponentebs: pedagogiur mizans, amocanebs, ganaTlebis
Sinaarssa da mimarTulebebs, principebs,meTodebs, formebsa
da saSualebebs _ Soris.
aRniSnuli kavSirebis arsidan gamomdinare, pedagogiuri
procesebis kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb i. babanski vrcel
da mniSvnelovan konkrtizacias akeTebs. rogoricaa:
1. pedagogiuri procesis SesaZleblobis zRvari
aRzrdaSi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis moTxovnebsa da
mis SesaZleblobebs arasodes ar aRemateba;
2. pedagogiur sistemebis efeqturoba ganpirobebulia
mis qvesistemebis: materialur-teqnikuri baziT,

69
sanitarul-higienuri normebis dacviT, pedagogiur-
fsiqologiuri da moralur-esTetikuri pirobebiT,
romelSic mimdinareobs pedagogiuri procesi;
3. edagogiur sistamasTan logikur
urTierTkavSirSia swavlebis, ganaTlebis, aRzrdis,
ganviTarebis, aseve swavlis, TviTganaTlebis,
TviTaRzrdis, marTvisa da TviTmmarTvelobis
procesebi;
4. pedagogiuri procesebis efeqturobas agreTve
aRzrdis subieqtTa moqmedebis erTianoba
ganapirobebs;
5. sazgadoebrivad ganpirobebuli pedagogiuri
amocanebis ganxorcieleba dakavSirebulia
aRsazrdelis asakobriv da individualur
TaviseburebebTan;
6. pedagogiuri procesi aseve organulad aris
dakavSirebuli aRzrdis konkretuli Sinaarsisa da
amocanebis urTierTkavSirTan;
7. pedagogiuri meTodebi da saSualebebi yovelTvis
ganpirobebulia pedagogiuri miznebiT, amocanebiTa
da ganaTlebis SinaarsiT;
8. saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis
organizaciuli formebi aRzrdis miznebiT,
amocanebiT, SinaarsiT, Sesatyvisi meTodebiTa da
saSualebebiT aris ganpirobebuli;
9. pedagogiuri procesis yvela, Sinagani da garegani
sistemebis urTierTkavSirebisa da
urTierTganpirobebulobebis globaluri gaazreba
da gaTvaliswineba uzrunvelyofs maqsimaluri
pedagogoiuri Sedegebis miRwevas gansazRvrul
droSi;
10. Cveni mxridan, saTanado kvlevis safuZvelze,
mizanSewonilad migvaCnia maswavleblis mier mTelisa
da nawilis, zogadisa da kerZos Soris arsebuli
obieqturi kavSirebis pedagogiur aspeqtSi danaxva da

70
praqtikaSi gaTvaliswineba.
swavlebisa da aRzrdis organuli erTianoba im
obieqturi kavSirebiTaa ganpirobebuli, romelic maT Soris
arsebobs. swavleba aRzrdis saSualebaa. aRzrda
warmoudgenelia swavlebis, codna-gamocdilebis, saWiro
informaciebs gadacemisa da moswavlis mier misi miRebisa
da aTvisebis gareSe. Tumca swavlebasac da aRzrdasac
axasiaTebT gansxvavebuli, specifikuri niSnebi. swavlebis
specifikuroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is win uswrebs
aRzrdas, qmnis codnis fonds, reglamentiT gansazRvrulia,
SegrZnebebzea uSualod damyarebuli da misi Sedegi maleve
gazomvadia. aRzrda swavlebis funqciac aris da Sedegic,
is reglamentebSi ar jdeba, igi ZiriTadad adamianis
fsiqologiuri, sulieri, moralur-emociuri,
msoflmxedveluri mdgomareobaa. aRzrdis Sedegi ufro
mogvianebiT, Sesatyvis situaciaSi gamoCndeba xolme.
swavlebis aRmzrdelobiTi funqciis warmatebiT
ganxorcielebis maCvenebelia moswavlis gonebrivi
zneobrivi, sulieri, esTetikuri da fizikuri ganviTarebis,
misi Segnebis, grZnobebisa da moqmedebis praqtikuli unar-
Cvevebis done.
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesi ZoriTad da damxmare
organizaciul formebs moicavs. ZiriTadi formaa
gakveTili, romelic xasiaTdeba Semdegi niSan-TvisebebiT.,
rogoricaa: erTnairi asakisa da momzadebis moswavleTa
mtkice, ucvleli Semadgenloba, anu klasi, reglamenturoba,
stabiluri cxrilisadmi daqvemdebarebuloba, monacvleoba,
saswavlo sagnis, programis, saxelmZRvaneloebis erTianoba,
maswavleblis wamyvani roli, programiT gaTvaliswinebuli
codna-gamocdilebisa da unar-Cvevebis gadacema da aTviseba,
codnis Semowmeba-Sefaseba da a. S.
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis damxmare
organizaciul formebad iTvleba is pedagogoiuri
RonisZiebebi, rac arasagakveTilo dros mimdinareobs da
klasgareSe muSaoba hqvia. is nebayoflobiTobis principzea

71
agebuli. aq moswavles eZleva arCevanisa da iniciativis
Tavisufleba, radgan igi gakveTilisagan gansxvavebiT, ufro
TviTSemoqmedebiTobis, improvizaciebis, treningebis,
didaqtikuri TamaSebis, imitaciebisa da romantikis sferoa.
gakveTilze Tu maswavlebelia mTavari wamyvani, klasgareSe
muSaobaSi ki maswavlebeli ufro zedamxedvelis,
konsultantis rolSi gvevlineba.
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis aseve mniSvnelovani
komponentia pedagogiuri meTodebi, romelTa kombinacia-
integracia am procesis organizaciuli formebiTac aris
ganpirobebuli.
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesi moicavs
Tanmimdevrul etapebs, rogoricaa: mosamzadebeli,
ganmaxorcielebeli da Sedegebis analizi. mosamzadebel
etapze dgindeba saswavlo Tematuri gegma, klasgareSe
muSaobis gegma, romelSic ganisazRvreba pedagogiuri
miznebi, amocanebi, Sinaarsi, formebi, meTodebi da sxva
pedagogiuri saSualebebi.
momdevno anu meore etapze xdeba SemuSavebul, ganxilul
da damtkicebuli samuSao gegmebisa da programebis
realizacia, dasaxuli miznisa da amocanebis ganxorcieleba.
mesame etapi eTmoba analizs gaweuli muSaobis Sedegebis
efeqturobis dasadgenad, warmatebisa da warumateblobis
mizezebis dadgenasa da saWiro Sesworebebis Setanas.
amrigad, pedagogiuri procesebisa da sistemebis Sesaxeb
mecnieruli codna da am codnis praqtikul-SemoqmedebiTad
gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebi gansazRvravs skolis generaluri
miznis _ yovelmxriv harmoniulad ganviTarebuli:
gonebrivad, zneobrivad, sulierad, esTetikurad da
fizikurad Camoyalibebuli, “brZeni qarTvelis” aRzrdis
warmatebas.

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Tema V. saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi
procesis organizaciuli formebi

akiTxebi:

1. formisa da Sinaarsis erTianobis princi pi;


2. gakveTili, rogorc saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi
procesis ZriTadi organizaciuli forma
3. gakveTilTa ti pebi da maTi daxasiaTeba;
4. gakveTilis struqturuli agebuleba;
5. maswavleblis mzadeba gakveTilisaTvis;
6. kombinirebuli gakveTilis gegmis saorientacio
nimuSi.

formisa da Sinaarsis erTianobis filosofiuri


kanonis Tanaxmad ar arsebobs forma Sinaarsis gareSe da,
piriqiT, Sinaarsi formis gareSe. forma Sinaarsis
garkveuli fizikuri gamovlinebaa. saswavlo-
aRmzrdelobiTi procesis ZiriTadi organizaciuli farmaa
gakveTili, xolo misi Sinaarsia is, rac am gakveTilze
iswavleba. maSasadame, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom kacobriobis
istoriaSi, rogorc ki Sedga swavlebis procesi, mas hqonda
Tavisi formac da Sinaarsic. dRemde sayovelTaod
miRebulia azri, rom saklaso-sagakveTilo sistemas
safuZveli Cauyara XVII saukunis Cexma pedagogma ian amos
komenskim. da es azria gatarebuli pedagogikis istoriisa
da pedagogikis Teoriis dRemde moqmed yvela
saxelmZRvaneloSi. pedagogikis wyaroebSi ki sul sxva
viTarebaa. specialur saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT
dawesebulebebSi swavlebis procesis aRmniSvnelad
wyaroebSi moxseniebulia cneba “mecadineoba”. swavlebis

73
formis faqtze mianiSnebs I saukunis romaeli mecnier-
pedagogi da oratori markus fabius kvintiliane Tavis
pedagogiur TxzulebaSi “oratoris darigebani”. masSi
avtori ganazogadebs im ritorikuli skolis pedagogiur
gamocdilebas, romelSic Tavad swavlobda. mecnieri igonebs
Sejibrebis procesSi Tu rogor cdilobdnen bavSvebi erTi
meores ar CamorCenodnen, Tavi Rirseulad sWerodaT. avtori
araerTgzis miuTiTebs jgufur da koleqtiur
mecadineobaze, moswavleTa Soris Sejibrebaze
maswavlebilis xelmZRvanelobiT. “ maT Soris _ werda
kvintiliane _ imarTeboda Sejibreba pirveli adgilisa
da umaRlesi Tanrigis mosapoveblad. aq vlindeboda maTi
momzadebis done, warmateba da warumatebloba . . .
gamarjvebuli Seqebasa da mowonebas imsaxurebda da
privilegirebul mdgomareobas ikavebda. pirveli sityva
mas ekuTvnoda, amasTanave gamarjvebisaTvis rogorc sityvier,
ise raime nivTier jildosac iRebda”( m.f. kvintiliane.
“oratoris darigebani”, wg-ni I, gv. 22-23, sankt-peterburgi,
1834).
Sejibrebaze, ki rogorc pedagogiuri meTodze,
Tanamedrove gagebiT vimsjelebT, is moiTxovs Tanabar
mxareebs, Sejibrebis erT konkretul saxes Tu saqmes,
winamZRols, organizators, Semfasebelsa da a. S. es ki imas
niSnavs, rom kvintilianes mier naxsenebi Sejibreba amave
komponentebs und moicavdes. miTumetes, rom Tavis wignSi
bevrgan axsenebs sityvas “tolebTan” Sejibrebas. ufro
metic, igi pirdapir sityva “gakveTils axsenebs: “ramdenadac
maxsovs, es (Sejibreba _ g. x.) ufro gviRvivebda wyurvils
mWevrmetyvelebis gakveTilisadmi, vidre maswavleblis
Segonebebi, ZiZa-aRmzrdelis zrunva da mSoblebis
dapirebebi” (iqve). aq ukve saxezea mecadineobis anu
swavlebis formac, Sinaarsic da am procesis monawileebi:
maswavlebeli da mowafeebi.skolaSi Sesvlis asakic
74
gansazRvrulia 6-7 wliT skolisaTvis momzadebis donisa
da individualuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. rac
imaze mianiSnebs, rom TanatolTa mtkice, ucvleli
Semadgenlobis jgufi anu klasi ukve arsebobda.aqve minda
aRiniSnos, rom sityva M”mecnierebac” naxsenebia amave wignSi
zogierT mecnierTa gasakvirad. am da sxva wyaroebze
dayrdnobiT ikveTeba daskvna, rom saklaso-sagakveTilo
sistema XVII saukunemde da pedagogikis klasikosis ian
amos komenskamde didi xniT adre, I saukuneSi ukve
arsebobda.
maSasadame, gakveTili droiTa da saskolo praqtikiT
aprobirebuli universaluri pedagogiuri formaa, romelic
antikuri xanidan iRebs saTaves. XX saukunis dasasruls
mecnierTa didi nawili, gakveTils Tvlida ra ukve
moZvelebul formad, Seecada mis Secvlas, magram misi
unikalurobis gamo veravin maxerxa raime ukeTesi formis
SemoTavazeba. jer iyo da, XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijnaze
inglisSi gavrcelda e. w. belankasteris sistema a. bellas
da d. lankasteris erToblivi avtorobiT (saxelwodebac
aqedan aris), romelic erTdroulad 600 moswavlesTan
maswavleblis muSaobas iTvaliswinebda, sadac
maswavleblis roli nulamde iyo dayvanili. maTTan
mecadineobas faqtiurad maswavleblis TanaSemwe,
dekurionebad wodebuli ufrosklaselebi atarebdnen.
amgvari mecadineoba n. krupskaiam Seafasa yvelaze
obieqturad: “moswavle, romelmac icoda sami aso, aswavlida
mas, vinac erTic ar icoda, xolo xuTi asos mcodne aswavlida
imas, vinac samiode aso icoda.”
amerikeli fsiqologis e. parkxerstis mier
SemoTavazebuli iyo e. w. dalton-gegma, romelic
ukiduresad individualizebuli iyo da gamoricxavda
jgufur da, miT umetes, koleqtiur swavlebas. igi
efuZneboda debulebas gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
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uTanasworobis Sesaxeb, romelic TiTqos memkvidreobiT
iyo ganpirobebuli. marTalia, yvela erTnairi gonebrivi
SesaZleblobis ar aris, magram arc isea saqme, rom ramdenimes
erTad Tavmoyra ar SeiZlebodes. aqac maswavleblis roli
ubralo konsultantis donezea dayvanili.
rac Seexeba “tramp-gegmas”, romelic gakveTilis nacvlad
SemoiRo amerikelma pedagogma lloida trampma, rogorc
swavlebis axali organizaciuli Fforma, isic ukiduresad
individualizebuli iyo. igi 100-150 moswavleTan
erTdroulad mecadineobas iTvaliswinebda sul sxvadasxva
Temaze swavlebis teqnikuri saSualebaTa gamoyenebiT. es
formac, rogorc sxva zemoT dasaxelebuli formebi ara
pedagogiuri, humanizmisa da demokratizmis ideebs sruliad
gamijnuli iyo da aRiareba ver hpova.
gakveTilis universaluroba dResac ar aris daculi .
pedagogikis Tanamedrove saxelmZRvaneloebSi gakveTilis,
rogorc pedagogikuri cnebis, definicia calmxrivia. igi
pedagogikis yvela saxelmZRvaneloSi moixsenieba rogorc
swavlebis ZiriTad organizaciul formad da aRzrda,
rogorc swavlebis ZiriTadi funqcia da Sedegi, mTlianad
ugulvebelyofilia. swavleba didaqtikis ganyofilebaSia
moqceuli, aRzrda kidev aRzrdis Teoriis ganyofilebaSi
da mxolod klasgareSe pedagogiur procesSi aqvs adgili
miCenili, ramac erTgvari dabneuloba Semoitana saskolo
praqtikaSi. sagnis maswavlebeli Tavis kompetenciad
mxolod programuli masalebis swavlebas Tvlis da
mxolod informaciis gadacemiT ifargleba, aRzrda ki
klasis damrigeblis prerogativad miaCnia. swavlebisa da
aRzrdis am erTmTlianobis xelovnurad gaxleCvam didi
ziani miayena aRzrdis, srulfasovani pirovnebis
formirebis saqmes. arc erT pedagogikis klsikoss es ar
gaukeTebia. m. kvintiliane swavlebis Sedegs moswavlis
aRzrdis doniT gansazRvravda. komenskim swavlebisa da
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aRzrdis organuli erTianoba didi didaqtikiT gamoxata
da erT sibrtyeSi romaniviT ikiTxeba. swavlebis Teoriad
da aRzrdis Teoriad ar ganucalkevebia.
amovdivarT ra swavlebis bunebidan, viTvaliswinebT
klasikos pedagogTa pedagogiur koncefciebs da praqtikos
maswavlebelTa mosazrebebs, vTvliT, rom swavlebisa da
aRzrdis erTianoba gakveTilis gansazRvrebaSive unda iyos
Cadebuli. magaliTad ase: gakveTili aris saswavlo-
aRzrdelobiTi procesis ZiriTadi organizaciuli forma
da ara rogorc aris, “gakveTili aris swavlebis ZiriTadi
organizaciuli forma.”
miuxedavad yovelgvari kritikisa da damaxinjebisa,
gakveTili iyo, aris da iqneba universaluri forma
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesisa, misive bunebidan
gamomdinare. tyuilad SfoTaven fsevdomecnierebi
gakveTilis, saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis, am
unikaluri organizaciuli formis siZvelis gamo. aris
kategoriebi, formebi, meTodebi, urTierTobebi, romelnic
JamTacvlas, droisa da sivrcis dimensionebs ar
emorCilebian. magaliTad: siyvaruli, mSvidoba, patiosneba,
samarTlianoba, mSveniereba, swavleba, aRzrda da a. S.
maS ase, gakveTili aris saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi
procesis universaluri organizaciuli forma, romelsac
axasiaTebs Semdegi niSan-Tvisebebi:
1. erTdaimave asakisa da momzadebis moswavleTa
mtkice, ucvleli Semadgenloba anu klasi;
2. gansazRvruli reglamenti;
3. stabiluri sagakveTilo cxrilisadmi
daqvemdebarbuloba;
4. gakveTilTa monacvleoba;
5. saswavlo gegmis, programisa da
saxelmZRvaneloebis erTianoba;
6. koleqtiuri da individualuri mecadineobis
77
Serwyma;
7. swavlebisa da swavlis, aRzrdisa da TviTaRzrdis
erTianoba;
8. maswavlebeli _ meTauri da winamZRoli saswavlo-
aRmzrdelobiTi procesisa;
9. codnisa da unar-Cvevebis gadacema, aTviseba,
Semowmeba- Sefaseba;
10. gakveTili rogorc savaldebulo da sayovelTao
forma.

erTdaimave asakis moswavleTa Semadgenloba anu klasi


iZleva saSualebas erTiani gegmiT, programiTa da
saxelmZRvaneloebiT mecadineobisa da erTiani amaRlebuli
ideebisken swrafvisa. Tanaswori mdgomareoba moswavleebs
uqmnis samarTlianobis, humanizmisa da demokratizmis
SegrZnebas, moyvasobisa da moyvrobisadmi dadebiT
damokidebulebas. rac Seexeba klasSi koleqtiur da
individualur muSaobas, es arc ise advili, magram
aucilebeli procesia, rameTu aRzrdaSi moswavleTa
asakobrivi da individualuri Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswineba erTerTi mniSvnelovani pedagogiuri
princi pia. romlis praqtikul realizacias emsaxureba
pedagogiuri meTodebi da xerxebi. swavlebis teqnikuri
da multmediuri saSualebebi, TvalsaCino didaqtikuri
masalebis optimaluri gamoyenebis pedagogiuri xelovneba.
arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom pedagogiurad Zlieri bavSvebi
karg gavlenas axdenen sustebsa da saSualoebze bunebrivad
mimdinare urTierTswavlebisa da urTierTganaTlebis
meoxebiT.
gakveTilis reglamenturobas, romelic
daqvemdebarebulia sagakveTilo cxrils, wesrigis,
sifxizlis, fsiqikuri da inteleqtualuri Zalebis
koncentracia-mobilizaciis reJimSi gadahyavs procesi da
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misi monawileebi. gakveTilebis cxrili da zari
araCveulebrivi pedagogiuri instrumentebia, romelic
awesrigebs am mTel process.
gakveTilTa monacvleobas droisa da sagnis mixedviT
fsiqologiuri da pedagogiuri safuZvelebi udevs. rogorc
cnobilia, gaxangrZlivebuli erTdaigive zemoqmedeba tvinis
dakavebuli ujredis gadaRlas da mTlian daZabulobas
iwvevs. magaliTad, kodala erTdaigive adgilze kakuniT
uzarmazar xes axmobs; an kidev aviRoT wylis magaliTi.
TiTo wveT wyals SeuZlia qva gaxvritos, Tu is erTdaigive
adglze xSirad ecema. amitom pedagogika icavs moswavles
analogiuri safrTxisgan SemecnebiTi saqmianobis
monacvleobiT. gakveTilebs Soris Sesveneba, gakveTilTa
monacvleoba saganTa mixedviT, qmnis optimalur pirobebs
axal procesSi ukve sxva ujredebis CarTvisa da daRlili
ujredebis dasvenebis, Zalebis aRdgena- ganaxlebisaTvis.
ase saaTiviTaa awyobili saklaso-sagakveTilo sistema,
romelsac efeqturad SeuZlia imuSavos Tavisi obieqturi
kanonebisa da kanonzomierebis safuZvelze, Tu mas
xelovnuri, arakompetenturi, uxeSi CarevebiT ar davazianebT.
gakveTilisadmi moTxovnebi ganpirobebulia skolis
miznebiTa da amocanebiT, swavlebisa da aRzrdis kanonebiTa
da princi pebiT. gakveTilze xorcieldeba swavlebis
ZiriTadi funqciebi; saganmanaTleblo, ganmaviTarebeli,
aRmzrdelobiTi da SromiTi, romelsac Cven ukve SevexeT
pirvel TavSi, roca swavlebis cnebas vixilavdiT. aq
ubralod SegaxsenebT mokled.
saganmanaTleblo moTxovnebs miekuTvneba programisa
da Tematuri gegmis mixedviT Sedgenili gakveTilis gegmaSi
Temis Sinaarsis zusti gansazRvra-konkretizacia, mTavari
informaciebis azrobriv monakveTebad anu sakiTxebad
gamokveTa, cnebebis, cnobebis, faqtebis, movlenebis saxelebis,

79
saxelwodebebis, TariRebis, wesebis, gasazRvrebebis da a. S.
Seswavla;
ganmaviTarebelma funqciam unda uzrunvelyos saswavlo
masalis Sinaarsidan gamomdinre, fsiqikur-inteleqtualuri
unarebis provocireba da ganviTareba mocemul farglebSi;
gakveTilis aRmzrdelobiT funqciaSi Sedis
saaRmzrdelo amocanebis konkretuli gansazRvra Temis
Sinaarsis mixedviT gonebriv, zneobriv, sulier, esTetikur
da fizikuri aRzrdis TvalsazrisiT;
gakveTilze gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes agreTve
SromiTi aRzrdis elementebi isev saswavlo masalis
Sinaarsis farglebSi, gonebrivi da fizikuri Sromis
kulturis ganviTareba Tanmimdevrulobisa da
sistematurobis princi pis safuZvelze.
rac Seexeba gakveTilisadmi organizaciul moTxovnebs,
masSi igulisxmeba gakveTilis gegmis Sedgena Tematur-
kalendaruli gegmis mixedviT; gaTvaliswineba yvela im
teqnikur da didqtikuri TvalsaCino masalebisa da
saSualebebisa, romelic uzrunvelyofs gakveTilis maRal
mecnierul doneze Catarebas.
gakveTilTa ti pologiur klasifikacias safuZvlad
udevs misi Tvisobrivi Taviseburebebi. amis mixedviT
pedagogikaSi cnobilia gakveTilTa Semdegi ti pebi:
1. axali codnisa da unar-Cvevebis gadacemisa da
aTvisebis ti pis gakveTili;
2. axali codnisa da unar-Cvevbis ganmtkicebis
gakveTili;
3. ganzogadoebisa da sistematizaciis gakveTili;
4. ganmeorebis gakveTili;
5. praqtikul-laboratoriuli muSaobis gakveTili;
6. kombinirebuli ti pis gakveTili;
7. codnisa da unar-Cvevebis Semowmeba-Sefasebis
gakveTili.
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axali masalisa da unar-Cvevebis gadacema-aTvisebis
ti pis gakveTili, rogorc wesi, tardeba saSualo da
ufros saskolo asakis moswavleebTan saswavlo wlis,
semestris, sagnis swavlebis an axal ganyofilebis
dasawyisSi. am ti pis gakveTilze mTeli sagakveTilo
dro axali codnisa da unar-Cvevebze muSaobas eTmoba.
igi struqturulad sami nawilisagan Sedgeba: Sesavali,
ZiriTadi da daskvna.
I. Sesavali moicavs Semdeg etapebs:
1. organizaciuli _ daswreba-dagvianebis aRricxva
da sagakveTilo fsiqologiuri atmosferos Seqmna;
2. sayrdeni codnis mokle kiTxvebiT provocireba da
nidagis momzadeba axali codnis misaRebad;
3. axali masalis prezentacia _ ZiriTadi
problemebis dasma;
II. ZiriTadi nawili:
1. axali masalis Tematurad, logikuri
TanmimdevrobiT gadacema, saTanado komentarebSi
moswavleTa aqtiuri monawilobiT;
2. axalaxsnili masalis ganmtkiceba anu katexizacia;
3. savarjiSoebze moswavleTa damoukidebeli muSaoba.
III. daskvniTi nawili:
1. reziume;
2. saSinao davalebis micema saTanado nimuSiTa da
instruqtaJiT;
3. saklaso Jurnalis gaformeba an kompiuterSi
dafiqsireba.
axali codnisa da unar-Cvevebis ganmtkicebis ti pis
gakveTilis daniSnulebaa ukve miRebuli codna-
gamocdilebis gaRrmaveba-ganmtkiceba zepiri, werilobiTi
an praqtikul-laboratoriuli mecadineobiT. aq swavlebis
mTavari meTodia varjiSi. am ti pis gakveTili tardeba
yvela klasSi calkeuli programuli Temis an
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ganyofilebis Seswavlis Semdeg codnisa da masTan
dakavSirebuli praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis garRrmaveba-
ganmtkicebis da sxvadasxva situaciaSi gamoyenebis mizniT.
praqtikulad yvela saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemulia
specialuri kiTxvebi, savarjiSoebi, davalebebi. aseve
maswavlebeli Tavisi Sexedulebisamemr aZlevs damatebiT
samuSaos klasgareSe literaturis gamoyenebis mizniT.
moswavleebi winaswar unda iyon informirebuli rodis,
sad da rogor Catardeba es gakveTili; Tu ra saswavlo
nivTebi, teqnikuri da didaqtikuri saSualebebi dasWirdebaT,
ra sakiTxebze iqneba yuradReba gamaxvilebuli. gakveTilis
efeqturobas ZiriTadad gansazRvravs mecnieruli
organizebuloba, problemis sizuste da sicxade. aseve misi
sazogadoebrivi da praqtikuli Rirebuleba.
ganzogadoebisa da sistematizaciis gakveTili emyareba
abstraqtul azrovnebas da Sesabamisad, tardeba ZiriTadad
ufros da nawilobriv saSualo saskolo asakis
moswavleebTan. programuli masalebis garkveuli Tavis
an ganyofilebis gavlis Semdeg. am ti pis gakveTilis
daniSnulebaa ZiriTadi, sayrdeni azris formulireba
daskvnebis, kanonzomierebis, princi pebis, wesebis,
gansazRvrebebis, debulebebis, koncefciebis, Teoriebis saxiT
imisdamixedviT, Tu ris saSualebas iZleva mocemuli
masalis Sinaarsi. analitikur-logikuri msjelobis gziT
WeSmaritebis povna, mniSvnelovani azrebis Tu
Sexedulebebis logikuri TanmimdevrobiT dalageba,
terminologiis zusti definiciacia, saxelebis,
saxelwodebebis, TariRebis damaxsovreba, faqtebis
konstantacia da a. S. am ti pis gakveTilze miRebuli
codna-gamocdilebis sxvadasxva situaciaSi gamoyenebis
unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba.
ganmeorebis ti pis gakveTili TiTqmis imave funqcias
asrulebs, rasac ganmtkicebis gakveTili, gansxvaveba imaSia,
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rom erTxel ukve ganmtkicebuli codna-gamocdilebis
xelaxla gaxseneba, aRdgena-ganaxleba, Siga da gare kavSirebis,
urTierTdamokidebulebebis, urTierTganpirobebulobis,
urTierTmimarTebebis dagena da ukve gansxvavebul
situaciaSi gamoyeneba. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba
koreqcia, Sevseba_gamokleba da daxvewa. ganmeorebas
frazeologiurad “codnis dedas” uwodeben da, marTlac
asea. ganmeorebis ti pis gakveTili tardeba yvela klasSi
gansazRvruli programis aTvisebis Semdeg, Tavis,
ganyofilebis an sagnis dasasruls, aseve semestrebisa da
saswavlo wlis bolos.
praqtikul-laboratoriuli ti pis gakveTilebi sxva
tipis gakveTilebisagan imiT gansxvavdeba,rom aq mecadineoba
mimdinareobs specialuri swavlebis teqnikuri
saSualebebiT aRWurvil saswavlo kabinetebSi, an savele
viTarebaSi, miwis nakveTze, cxovelTa da frinvelTa fermebSi,
an kidev sxvadasxva produqtis mwarmoebel fabrika-
qarxnebsa da kombinatebSi. igi ZiriTadad tardeba ufros
klasebSi ufro sabunebismetyvelo _ maTematikuri ciklis
saganebis swavlebis procesSi. am tipis gakveTili emyareba
sityvisa da saqmis, Teoriisa da praqtikis erTianobis
pedagogiur princips. misi daniSnulebaa Teoriuli codnis
praqtikuli aspeqtis Seswavla, cdebisa da eqsperimntebis
Catarebis, Teoriasa da prqtikas Soris arsebuli kavSirebis
Secnoba.
codnis Semowmeba Sefasebis gakveTilic yvela klasSi
da yvela saswavlo disci plinaSi tardeba. mas
makontrolebeli da sakoreqcio funqcia akisria. am
gakveTilze dgindeba codna-gamocdilebisa da unar-Cvevebis
aTvisebis moculoba da xarisxi, moswavlis Tvisobrivi
cvlileba-ganviTarebis, gonebrivi, zneobrivi, sulieri,
SromiTi, esTetikuri da fizikuri aRzrdis done, pirovnebis

83
saerTo ganviTarebis asakTan da saswavlo programasTan
Sesabamisoba.
am ti pis gakveTilze yvelaze mniSvnelovania Semowmeba-
Sefasebis obieqturoba. araobieqturi Sefaseba araswor
warmodgenas uqmnis moswavles Tavis Tavze, sakuTar
SesaZleblobebze. gadaWarbebuli an daklebuli Sefaseba
_ orive erTnairad sazianoa. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
usafuZvlo siamayisa Dda TviTdajerebulobis safuZveli
xdeba, meore SemTxvevaSi _ protestis, undoblobis,
siZulvilis. maswavleblisadmi undobloba ki
urTierTobis damangreveli, pedagogiuri gavlenis
damaqveiTebeli aqtia. maswavleblis avtoritets araferi
amcirebs ise, rogorc araobieqturoba, mikerZoeba.
codnisa da unar-Cvevebis Semowmeba-Sefasebis ti pis
gakveTils sakmaod mniSvnelovani aRmzrdelobiTi
zegavlena aqvs aRsazrdelze. Sefasebis procesSi
icnobierebs moswavle Tavis SesaZleblobebs, miRweulsa
da misaRwevs, idealursa da realurs Soris sxvaobas,
aRmasvlisa da warmatebis perspeqtivebs da Sesabamis
fsiqologiur da pedagogiur pirobebSi imuxteba
SemecnebiTi aqtivobisaTvis.
dasaxelebul gakveTilTa tipebs Soris gansakuTrebuli
adgili ukavia kombinirebuli ti pis gakveTils. TviT misi
saxelwodeba “kombinirebuli” migvaniSnebs mis
mravalmxrivobaze. marTlac, kombinirebuli gakveTili
moicavs yvela sxva ti pis gakveTilTa elementebs.
rogoricaa: axali codnisa da unar-Cvevebis gadacema,
ganmtkiceba, wina masalis codnis Semowmeba-Sefaseba,
ganmeoreba, ganzogadoeba da sistematizacia, praqtikuli
mecadineoba da a. S. is yvela klasSi tardeba, dawyebuli I
–dan XI CaTvliT. mas yvelaze meti xvedriTi wona aqvs
MmTeli saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi. yvelaze maRali
doziT, kompleqsurad aq sruldeba swavlebis
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saganmanaTleblo, ganmaviTarebeli, aRmzrdelobiTi da
SromiTi funqcia. am gakveTilis gegmaze ubralo Tvalis
gadavlebac ki cxadyofs mis maStaburobasa da
grandiozulobas. maswavleblis pedagogiuri
kompetenturoba vlindeba da realizdeba gansakuTrebiT
am tipis gakveTilze. kontrolis TvalsazrisiTac,arafriT
ar Camouvardeba Semowmeba-Sefasebis ti pis specialur
gakveTils. ufro metic. aq Semowmeba-Sefasebis mimdinare,
TiTqmis yoveldRiuri saxeoba iZleva saSualebas, rom ar
gai paros da droulad iqnes gamovlenili da
likvidirebuli xarvezebis didi nawili.
maswavleblis mzadeba gakveTilisaTvis iwyeba winsawar
gakveTilis gegmis SedgeniT. gakveTilis gegma Tavisi
saxeobis mixedviT orgvaria: martivi da rTuli anu gegma-
konspeqti. martiv gegmas adgenen ukve gamocdili
praqtikos_maswavleblebi, romelnic daxelovnebulni arian
gakveTilis CatarebaSi. martiv da rTul gegmebSi gansxvaveba
imaSia, rom pirvelSi mokled aisaxeba gakveTilis ZiriTadi
etapebi punqtebis mixedviT. rTulSi ki stenografiulad
aisaxeba gakveTilis mTeli msvleloba. gakveTilis gegmis
Sedgena xdeba saswavlo sagnis programidan winaswar,
saswavlo wlis dawyebamde ramdenime kviriT adre Sedgenil
Tematur-kalendarul gegmis mixedviT, romlis Sinaarss
warmoadgens calkeuli gakveTilis gegmebi. gakveTilis
gegmis Sedgenisas maswavlebeli konkretulad gansazRvravs
klass, sagakveTilo Temas, mizans, amocanebs, meTodebs,
swavlebis teqnikur da multmediur saSualebebs,
didaqtikur TvalsaCino masalebs da, rac mTavaria, amuSavebs
saswavlo masalas da Sinaarsidan gamomdinare akonkretebs
swavlebis (isev gavimeoreb mtkiced damaxsovrebis mizniT)
sganmanaTleblo, ganmaviTarebel, aRmzrdelobiT da SromiT
funqciebs mocemuli mecnierebis ukanaskneli miRwevebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
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TvalsaCinoebis mizniT warmogidgenT erTerTi
gakveTilis, kerZod,kombinirebuli tipis gakveTilis gegmis
saorientacio nimuSs.

kombinirebuli gakveTilis gegmis saorientacio


nimuSi
_________________________________________________________
klasi _ IX.
I. gakveTilis Tema: “mgzavris werilebi”
II. gakveTilis mizani da amocanebi: saganmanaTleblo
ganmaviTarebeli aRmzrdelobiTi da SromiTi.
1. saganmanaTleblo: Tema, daweris dro, personaJebi,
idea, mizandasaxuloba, mwerlis ena, gamosaxvis
mxatvruli xerxebi: stili, figura, terminologia.
2. ganmaviTarebeli: fsiqikur-inteleqtualuri
unarebis ganviTareba: warmosaxva, logikuri
azrovneba, analizi, Sedareba- peralelebi, daskvnis
gamotana.
3. aRmzrdelobiTi: patriotizmis, ideurobis, mecnieruli
msoflmxedvelobis elementebi, mrwamsis, poziciis,
damokidebulebis, Sefasebis, samarTlianobis, mSvenierebis
SegrZneba-aRqmis unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba.
4. SromiTi: wignis kiTxvis, dagegmarebis, citatebis
moZebnis, amowera da damaxsovrebis, Txzulebis weris,
situaciis ilustrirebis, praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis
gamomuSaveba.
III. meTodebi, xerxebi: saskolo leqciuri, teqstze
muSaobis, komentirebis, kiTxva-pasuxebis, instruqtaJis.
IV. TvalsaCinoeba: ilustraciebi, ruka.
V. saSinao davalebis nimuSi.
VI. saTanado literaturis miTiTeba.
VI. daskvna.

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gakveTi lis msv le loba

I. Sesavali: a) organizaciuli nawili _ daswreba-


dagvianebis aRricxva-dafiqsireba, sagakveTilo
fsiqologiuri ganwyobis Seqmna; b) saSinao
davalebis Semowmeba-Sefaseba; g) wina masalis
“yvarlis mTebs” individualuri da frontaluri
gamokiTxva da Sefaseba; klasis codnis Semowmeba
frontaluri kiTxvebiT:

daskvna: sayrdeni codnis, mTavari azris


konstantacia.
II. ZiriTadi nawili: a) axli masalis axsna _
Sesavali sityva, b) teqstidan ZiriTadi adgilebis
amokiTxva, erToblivi komentari.
III. axalaxsnili masalis ganmtkiceba _ katexizacia.
frontaluri kiTxvebi:
1. ra motivisa da Janris nawarmoebia “mgzavris
werilebi? _ “mgzavris werilebi” patriotul-
erovnul motivze agbuli publicistur- prozauli
nawarmoebia.
2. ra mizniT imyofeboda nawarmoebis lirikuli
gmiri sankt-peterburgSi da rogor afasebs is iq
gatarebul wlebs? amoikiTxeT citata. _ nawarmoebis
lirikuli gmiri anu Tavad avtori ilia WavWavaZe
umaRlesi ganaTlebisa da revoluciuri codna-
gamocdilebis misaRebad imyofeboda sankt-
peterburgSi da iq gatarebul wlebs nayofiers da
sasargeblos uwodebda. citatas amokiTxva.
3. ra fiqrebi aReZra poets, roca is ukve umaRles
ganaTleba miRebuli samSobloSi brundeboda? _ Tu
rogor Sexvdeboda mas Tavisi qveyana da rogor SeZlebda
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misi tkivilebis moSuSebas? amovikiTxoT saTanado
adgilebi da komentari gavukeToT.
4. ra tkivilebi awuxebda saqarTvelos? _ saqarTvelo
ganicdida ormag Cagvras: socialurs eqspluatatoruli
wyobilebidan gamomdinare da erovnul usamarTlobas
ruseTis carizmis koloniuri reJimis gamo.
5. rus generalTan dialogiT risi Cveneba surs avtors?
_ misi uwignurobis, sibecis, sulieri da zneobrivi
deficitis.
6. ra ideaa Cadebuli moxeve lelT Runias sityvebSi:
“Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudneso”? _erovnuli
Tavisuflevisa da damoukideblobis.
(klasis gaaqtiurebisaTvis dasmul kiTxvebeze pasuxebs
vameorebinebT saSualo da sust moswavleebs kargad
gagebisa da damaxsovrebis mizniT).
IV. daskvna: a) ZiriTadi azrebis konstantacia.
b) saSinao davalebis micema: dawereT Tema:
“Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudnes”.
g) saTanado literaturis miTiTeba.
amrigad, naTlad Cans saswavlo aRmzrdelobiTi
procesis ZiriTadi formis gakveTilis unikaluroba
pedagogikis generaluri miznis _ yovelmxriv harmoniulad
ganviTarebuli, gonebrivad, zneobrivad, sulierad,
esTetikurad da fizikurad srulfasovani pirvnebis
formirebis _ misaRwevad. gakveTilis universaluroba da
unikaluroba imiT aris ganpirobrbuli, rom aq xdeba mTeli
pedagogiuri procesebis, sistemebisa da komponentebis
funqcionaluri integracia da konstruqcia aRzrdisaTvis
optimaluri pedagogiuri da fsiqologiuri pirobebis
Sesaqmnelad.

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Tema VI. s a s w a v l o – a R m z r d e l o b i T i
procesis damxmare organizaciu li
formebi

sakiTxebi:

1. klasgareSe saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesi __


pedagogiuri procesis meore pedagogiuri sistema;
2. arasagakveTilo saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi
muSaobis arsi, mizani, amocanebi da princi pebi;
3. klasgareSe muSaobis formebi da Sinaarsi;
4. skolisgareSe saswavlo- saaRmzrdelo
dawesebulebebi, maTi muSaobis mizani da amocanebi.

saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis uwvetobas,


sistematurobasa da Tanmimdevrobas uzrunvelyofs am
procesis damxmare meore pedagogiuri sistema _ klasgareSe
aRmzrdelobiTi muSaoba. Cven ukve gavecaniT pedagogiuri
procesis pirveli da mTavari sistemis ZiriTad
organizaciul formas _ gakveTils,mis tipebs,struqturas,
da Sinaarss. axla ki ganvixilavT meore sistemas Tavisi
komponentebiT: mizniT, amocanebiTa SinaarsiTa da formebiT.
klasgareSe saswavlo- aRmzrdelobiTi procesi moicavs
pedagogiur RonisZiebaTa sistemas, romelmac unda
uzrunvelyos gakveTilze miRebuli codna-gamocdilebis
gaRrmaveba-ganmtkiceba, praqtikuli moqmedebis unar-Cvevebis
ganviTareba. es procesi gakveTilisagan gansxvavebiT,
emyareba nebayoflobiTobis princi ps, rac gulisxmobs
arCevanis Tavisuflebas im pedagogiuri sistemis SigniT,
romelic oficialurad dadgenilia, moswavleTa niWis,
midrekilebisa da SemecnebiTi interesis Sesabamisad.
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gakveTilisgan gansxvavebiT, aq maswavlebeli Tavad adgens
moqmedebis strategiul da alternatiul gegmas moswavleTa
iniciativis uflebiT. aRzrdis miznidan gamomdinare,
pedagogiur CarCoSi winaswar gansWvretilia RonisZiebaTa
variantebi, maTi pedagogiur-mecnieruli da praqtikuli
Rirebuleba da romelic ar unda airCios moswavlem, misi
nebismieri arCevani Rirebulia da sasurveli. arCevanis
Tavisuflebis elementi moswavles uqmnis emociur
komforts, srulfasovnebis SegrZnebas da ganawyobs
moqmedebisaTvis.
klasgareSe pedagogiuri procesis damxamare
organizaciuli formebia: praqtikumebi da seminarebi,
fakultativebi, sagnobrivi wreebi, eqskusiebi, turistuli
laSqrobebi, olimpiadebi, konkursebi, festivalebi,
turnirebi, moswavleTa nakeTobebis gamofenebi, Tematuri
dila-saRamoebi, Sexvedrebi gamoCenil adamianebTan,
sportuli RonisZiebebi,TviTSemoqmedebiTi literaturuli,
musikaluri, samxatvro da qoreografiuli seqciebi,
saskolo Jurnal-gazeTebis gamoSveba da a. S.
praqtikumi da seminari saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi
procesis damxmare, Semavsebeli organizaciuli formebia.
igi tardeba ufros saskolo asakis moswavleebTan,
romelSic moswavle asrulebs praqtikul samuSaoTa cikls
programis Sesatyvisad. praqtikumebi tardeba
laboratoriebsa da saxelosnoebSi, sacdel nakveTze,
sawarmoo kombinatebSi. gakveTilisgan gansxvavebiT, es
procesi moswavlis damoukideblobiTa da SemoqmedebiTi
midgomiT xasiaTdeba. maswavlebeli winaswar adgens
praqtikumis gegmas, imaragebs saWiro nivTebs Tu
aRWurvilobas, teqnikur saSualebebs, adgens moqmedebis
instruqcias, iRebs usafrTxoebis prevenciul zomebs. aq
mecadineoba SeiZleba iyos koleqtiuri, jgufuri,
individualuri. amas gansazRvravs davalebis Sinaarsi da
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saswavlo teqnikuri SeasaZleblobebi. maswavlebeli
fxizlad adevnebs Tvalyurs praqtikumis msvlelobas,
saWiro SemTxvevaSi erTveba saqmeSi da axdens koreqcias
manam, sanam moswavleebi zustad ar aiTviseben moqmedebis
instruqcias, praqtikuli moqmedebis unar-Cvevebs.
seminarebi ufro metad humanitaruli ciklis sagnebSi
tardeba ufros klasebSi programis garkveuli Tavis an
ganyofilebis gavlis Semdeg. igi emsaxureba ukve gavlili
masalebis ganzogadoebas da sistmatizacias, sityvis
damoukideblad momzadebisa da sajarod gamosvlis, azris
sworad gadmocemis, sakuTari Sexedulebebis dacvis
Teoriul da praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebas. aqac
maswavlebels winaswar gansazRvruli aqvs seminaris
Catrebis alternatiuli gegma: Tema, formati: referati,
moxseneba, Tezisi da a. S. moswavleebi TviTon irCeven
davalebas, iReben saTanado instruqcias, wyaroebis
dasaxelebas. maswavlebeli Tvalyurs adevnebs mzadebis
process da uwevs saWiro konsultacias, exmareba davalebis
saboloo gaformebaSi. aseve winaswar gansazRvrulia
seminaris Catarebis dro, adgili, Semsrulebeli, oponentebi
da sxva atributebi.
seminarze Sesaval sityvas ambobs maswavlebeli. is xazs
usvams seminaris mizansa da amocanebs, ZiriTad
mimarTulebas. Semdeg gamodian msurvelebi, ismeba kiTxvebi,
epaeqrebian oponentebi. msjeloben, aanalizeben mosmenils,
eZeben WeSmaritebas. SemecnebiTi aqtivoba, komunikabeluroba,
sxvisi azrisadmi pativiscema, reglamentis SegrZneba,
daskvnis formulireba da argumentireba seminarisTvis
damaxasiaTbeli elmentebia.
dasasruls, isev maswavlebeli ajamebs seminaris muSaobas
da aZlevs saTanado Sefasebas. akonkretebs seminaris
dadebiT da naklovan mxareebs da iZleva rCevebs mis
gamosasworeblad.
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fakultatiuri mecadineoba ewodeba iseT jgufur
diferencialur swavlebas, sadac moswavleebi TavianTi
survilisa da midrekilebis mixedviT irCeven ama Tu im
saswavlo sagans, romelSic iRrmaveben mecnierul-Teoriul
codnasa da praqtikul unar-Cvevebs. zogadsaganmanaTleblo
skolebis saswavlo gegmaSi gansazRvrulia fakultatiuri
mecadineoba IX klasidan skolis damTavrebamde. is
emsaxureba proforientaciuli problemis ufro efeqturad
gadawyvetas.
fakultatiuri mecadineoba mimdinareobs leqciuri da
praqtikuli meTodebiT.
pedagogiuri procesis pirveli pedagogiuri sistemis
damxmare organizaciul formas warmoadgens sagnobrivi
wreebi, romelsac uSualod sagnis maswavlebeli
xelmZRvanelobs. masSi erTiandebian moxalise moswavleebi
TavianTi niWisa da interesis mixedviT. skolaSi imdeni
wre arsebobs, ramdeni saswavlo saganicaa, radgan arc erTi
saswavlo disci plina mxolod gakveTilze ver amowuravs
Tavis SesaZleblobebs damxmare, Semavsebeli RonisZiebebis
gareSe. wris muSaoba stiqiurad, meqanikurad rodi
mimdinareobs. marTalia, igi nebayoflobiTobis princi pze
igeba, magram es imas ar niSnavs moswavle, Tu ar unda, arc
erT wreSi ar gaerTiandeba. cxadia, es ase ar aris. sagnobriv
wreebis muSaobis princi pia arCevanis Tavisufleba, rac
niSnavs sasurvel wreSi gaerTianebas. ar arsebobs moswavle,
romelsac 20-ze meti saswavlo disci plinidan erTic ar
izidavdes, romeliRacis niWi ar hqondes. rogorc m. f.
kvintiliane ambobs, uniWoebi saerTod ar ibadebian umciresi
gamonakliss Tu ar CavTvliT.
eqekursia klasgareSe pdagogiuri sistemis komponentia,
romelsac damxmare funqcia akisria. sityva eqskursia
laTinuri wrmomavlobisaa da qarTulad niSnavs
“gamosvlas”, romelime adgilis an obieqtis daTvalierebas
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misi Seswavlis mizniT. am Zireuli azridan gamomdinare,
eqskursia niSnavs saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis
damxmare formas, moswavleTa gayvanas bunebaSi, sawarmoebSi,
RirsSesaniSnav adgilebze, obieqtis uSualod gacnobis
mizniT. eqskursiis pedagogiuri funqciebi sainteresod
aqvs gaSuqebuli i. f. xarlamovs 1999 wels gamocemul
pedagogikis saxelmZRvaneloSi. sadac vkiTxulobT:
1. eqskursia, obieqtze an movlenaze uSualo
dakvirvebis gziT, axdens TvalsaCinoebis pedagogiuri
princi pis praqtikul realizacias;
2. eqskursia amaRlebs swavlebisa da aRzrdis
mecnierul dones da ganamtkicebs kavSirs Teorias,
praqtikasa da cxovrebas Soris;
3. eqskursia uzrunvelyofs agreTve politeqnikuri
ganaTlebis donis amaRlebas sawarmoTa
daTvalierebiT;
4. eqskursia, sawarmoo da soflis meurneobis dargis
procesebze dakvirvebiT, xels uwyobs swor
proforientacias.
Sinaarsisa da miznis mixedviT eqskursia sxvadasxva
saxisaa: sawarmoo eqskursia, sabunebismetyvelo samcniero
eqskursia, ostoriul-filologiuri eqskursia, samxareo-
geografiuli eqskursia, kopleqsuri eqskursia da sxva.
sawarmoo eqskursia ewyoba saxalxo meurneobis
mwarmoeblur sferoSi: fabrika-qarxnebsa da kombinatebSi.
aseT eqskursiebs gegmaven fizikis, qimiis, maTematikis,
geografiis maswavleblebi. aseTi eqskursiebis
daniSnulebaa politeqnikuri, proforientaciluli
Tvalsawieris gafarToeba da SromiTi aRzrda.
sabunebismetyvelo-samecniero eqskursiebi mimarTulia
bunebis gacnobis, ekologiuri da esTetikuri kulturis
amaRlebisken. aseT eqskursiebs atareben ZiriTadad
fizikuri geografiis da biologiis maswavleblebi tyeSi,
mTebSi, mdinareebze da tbebze, botanikur baRSi, zooparkSi
da a. S.
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istoriul-literaturuli eqskursiebi emsaxurebian
istoriisa da literaturis sferoSi gonebrivi
horizontis gafarToebas, eTnografiuli da arqeologiur
codnas, istorizmis, memkvidreobiTobis princi pis
mniSvnelobas sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi, patriotul-
erovnuli grZnobis gaRvivebas, mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi
azrovnebisa da esTetikuri kulturis ganviTarebas. am
saxis eqskursiebs atareben saerTod, sazogadoebriv-
humanitarul mecnierebaTa da ZiriTadad istoriisa da
literaturis maswavleblebi.
samxareTmcodneo eqskursia tardeba mSobliuri mxaris
bunebrivi pirobebisa da istoriuli mniSvnelobis
adgilebis, aseve materialur da sulier RirsSesaniSnaobaTa
gacnobis mizniT.
cnobilia agreTve kompleqsuri eqskursia, romelic
erTdroulad asrulebs, rogorc SemecnebiT, aseve
aRmzrdelobiT da esTetikur funqciebs. rac Seexeba zemoT
dasaxelebul eqskursiaTa saxeebs, cxadia, isini moicaven
am samive funqcias, magram gansxvaveba imaSia, rom aqedan
maTSi erTi romelime funqcia aris wina planze wamoweuli
eqskursiis miznis Sesabamisad. gakveTilis mTlianad
gadatana SeiZleba Temis Sesabamis eqskursiaze. eqskursia
erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamoyenebuliyos axali masalis
Seswavlis saSualebad, an ukve Seswavlilis
gasamtkiceblad. magaliTad, VI klasSi geografiis
gakveTili Temaze: “mdinareebi” SeiZleba Catarebuliqnes
mdinareze uSualo dakvirvebiT, an piriqiT, Tema
“mdinarebze” Seswavliliqnes jer gakveTilze Teoriulad
suraTebis daxmarebiT da Semdeg Catardes eqskursia.
klasgareSe pedagogiuri procesis organizaciuli
formebis urTierT Semavsebeli, urTierT gamaRrmavebeli
da ganmamtkicebeli kavSirebi naTlad ikveTeba mis
pedagogiur Sedegebze. aseve calkeuli eqskursiebis
94
mavalmxrivi SesaZleblobebi iZleva saSualebas misi
kompleqsur reJimSi gamoyenebisa.
geografiis gakveTilze wylis sasicocxlo
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb verbaluri informaciebis miRebis
Semdeg moswavleebis mier piradi gamocdilebis SeZenis
mizniT gamoiyeneba mravali damxmare formebi. movlenebze
uSualo dakvirvebebiT Tavadve aRmoaCenen bunebaSi arsebul
kanonzomierebebs. amaSi maT daexmarebaT martivi
eqsperimentebic. magaliTad, Tu bavSvis yuradRebas
mivamzerT uwylooobiT minavlebuli yvavilebis
gamococxlebas wylis misxurebis Semdeg, is ueWvelad
moeqceva emociebqveS da waruSlel STabeWilebas moaxdens
mis cnobierebaze. Semdgom Tu cnebebSi movaqcevT am
procesebs da sityvebiT davufiqsirebT mexsierebaSi, es
codna-gamocdileba mis inteleqtualur sakuTrebaSi gadava,
romelsac veravin verasodes ver waarTmevs.
konkretuli SegrZnebebis Semdeg masze msjelobiT
azrovnebis maprovocirebeli kiTxvebis saSualebiT
SevqmniT pirobebs moswavlis azrovnebis ufro maRal
etapze gadasasvlelad.
magaliTad:
__ ra mniSvneloba aqvs wyals piradad SenTvis?
__ vsavam, viban, vrecxav, vauTaveb, saWmels vamzadeb,
yvavilebs vusxam, bostans vrwyav da a. S.
__ kidev ra gamoyeneba aqvs wyals?
__ dens gvaZlevs, mis gareSe cxovreba Znelia.
__ wyliT warmoqmnil eleqtroenergiiT muSaobs
fabrika-qarxnebi, metro, matarebeli, troleibusi, tramvai,
televizori, puris cxoba, ganaTeba da kidev uamravi rame
keTdeba deniT.
amis Semdeg hesebze vawyobT eqskursias. imis uSualo
naxva, Tu rogor gamoimuSavebs wyali dens, waruSlel
STabeWdilebas axdens moswavleebze.
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wylis qaRaldTan mimarTebis Sesaxeb azrovnebis
maprovocirebeli kiTxvebis dasma moswavleebSi iwvevs
inteleqtualur aqtivobas, wyalTan qaRaldis kavSiris
Ziebas. maswavleblis daxmarebiT msjeloben bavSvebi da
eZeben pasuxs: qaRalds xe iZleva. xe rom gaizardos, wyali
sWirdeba. qaRaldis kombinatma rom imuSavos denia saWiro.
dens ki wyali gamoimuSavebs! aha, pasuxic! saTanado
informaciebsa da logikur msjelobas Tavad mihyavs
moswavle WeSmaritebamde. Semecnebaze didi siamovneba ar
arsebobs. Semecnebis mniSvnelobaze yvelaze moxdenilad
solomonma Tqva; “Semecnebaa gonebis srulqmna,
srulqmnileba ki _ RmerTTan miaxloeba” ( solomonis
sibrZne 6:24)
am miznobrivi eqskursiidan bolomde rom amoviRoT
sargebeli, moswavleebma kidev erTi davaleba unda
Seasrulon. aq miRebuli STabeWdilebebi werilobiT unda
gadmoscen da misi analizis safuZvelze gaakeTon silaburi
daskvnebi, rac ufro naTlad dagvanaxvebs Catarebuli
eqskursiis efqturobas.
yoveli pedagogiuri RonisZiebis warmateba
ganpirobebulia misi organizaciis Sesatyvisi meTodikiT.
disputi an kiTxva-pasuxis saRamoebic klasgareSe
muSaobis sistemaSi Sedis, rogorc daxmare organizaciuli
formebi, romelic ZiriTadad eZRvneba moralur-eTikur
sakiTxebs. rac Seexeba Sexvedrebs gamoCenil adamianebTan,
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes moswavleTaTvis rogorc
TvalsaCino magaliTi. radgan karg sazogadoebasTan
urTierToba, saerTod, dadebiT gavlenas axdens
axalgazrdebze. maqsimalurad unda SevecadoT
aRsazrdelebi movaridoT cud sazogadoebas, radgan “cudi
sazogadoebani xrwnian karg Cvevebs” (IkorinTelebi 15:33).
codnaSi Sejibrebis suliskveTebis amaRlebis mizniT
skolaSi tardeba sagnobrivi konkursebi, olimpiadebi,
96
turnirebi, festivalebi da asparezobis mravali sxva
formebi.
sagnobrivi olimpiadebi emsaxureba SemecnebiTi
interesis gaRvivebas, sakuTari SesaZleblobebis
koncentrirebas, TavisTavSi pirovnebis povnas.
aRniSnuli formebi scildeba skolis farglebs.
adglobrividan gadadis saqalaqo, raionul, regionalur
da respublikur doneze, rac moswavlisgan moiTxovs maRal
pasuxismgeblobas, did Zalisxmevas, mTeli inteleqtualuri
SesaZleblobebis amoqmedebas. aseve xels uwyobs mis
socializacias.
moswavleTa namuSevrebis gamofenas didi romantika da
enTuziazmi axlavs. gamofena ufro metad SemoqmedebiT
produqcias eZRvneba. es SeiZleba iyos naxatebi, naZerwebi,
suvenirebi da a. S. aseTi gamofenebis mowyoba moswavleTa
specifikuri niWis gamovlinebasa da ganviTarebas uwyobs
xels.
xelovnebis specifikurobidan gamomdinare, umjobesi
iqneboda Tu gamarjveba ar iqneba mizanSi. yoveli Semoqmedi
da damTvalierebelic Taviseburad uyurebs da aRiqvams
samyaros da yovelives, rac masSia. amitom Sefaseba zogjer
uneblied SeiZleba aRmoCndes ara obieqturi. es ki damwyeb
da, miT ufro norC xelovans Cauqrobs stimuls.
mxareTmcodneobisa da turistuli laSqrobebi skolaSi
aRiarebuli pedagogiuri formebia, romelTa daniSnulebaa
gmirTa moZieba, folkloruli nimuSebis Sekreba,
arqeologiur, geologiur da eTnografiul saqmianobaSi
monawileoba da moZiebul masalebze saskolo mini muzeumis
mowyoba, informaciebis gamoSveba, albomebis Sedgena da a.
S. amgvari pedagogiuri RonisZiebebi saxaliso, fizikuri
wrTvnis, gambedaobis, moxexebulobis, gonebamaxvilobis,
urTierT gatanisa da daxmarebis, zneobrivi Segnebisa da
grZnobebis ganviTarebis saukeTeso saSualebaa.
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saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis damxmare formaTa
Soris mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia sportul RonisZiebebs.
ganusazRvreli wvlili Seaqvs mas moswavleTa fizikuri
da zneobrivi aRzrdis saqmeSi, sulisa da sxeulis
gajansajebaSi. skolaSi am mimarTulebiT tardeba
garkveuli muSaoba, magram igi srulad ver uzrunvelyofs
sportul moTxovnebs da am sferoSi gamorCeul
moswavleebs skola aZlevs rekomendacias skolisgareSe
sportul dawesebulebebSi fexburTis, kalaTburTis,
frenburTis, CogburTis, curvis, Tu farikaobis seqciebSi.
cxadia, rom pedagogiuri procesi mxolod skolis
kedlebSi ar wydeba. igi grZeldeba sakolisgareSe
saaRmzrdelo dawesebulebebSi, romlebsac qmnian da
marTaven ara marto saxalxo ganaTlebis organoebi, aramed,
masSi monawileoben profkavSirebi, kulturisa da sxva
saministroebi, departamentebi, uwyebebi Tu sazogadoebrivi
organizaciebi. pirveli, skolis gareSe bavSvTa klubi, iyo
“muraveiniki”, romelic daarsda 1918 wels q. permSi. Semdeg
analogiurad gafarTovda skolisgareSe sabavSvo
dawesebulebaTa qseli da dRes is Tavis piks aRwevs.
musikaluri da qoreografiuli seqciebi, mxatvarTa
asociaciebi, sportuli klubebi, biblioTekebi, muzeumebi,
sabavSvo Teatrebi da a. S. is skolis gareSe saswavlo-
aRmzrdelobiTi dawesebulebebia, sadac moswavleTa SerCeva
xdeba niWis, interesis mixedviT da safuZveli eyreba
momaval mecnierTa, xelovanTa da spotsmenTa momzadebas.
amrigad, pedagogiuri procesis ZiriTad da damxmare:
sagakveTilo, klasgareSe da skolisgareSe saswavlo-
aRmzrdelobiTi sistemebi urTierT mWidro kavSirSi
uzrunvelyofen skolis generaluri miznis __ yovelmxriv
harmoniulad gonebrivad, sulierad, zneobrivad, esTetikurad,
fizikurad ganviTarebul, srilfasovani pirovnebis
formirebas.
98
Tema VII. pedagogiuri kanonebi da
princi pebi

sakiTxebi:

1. pedagogiuri kanonis da princi pis cneba da


urTierTmimarTeba;
2. pedagogiur princi pTa sistema da maTi daxasiaTeba;
3. pedagogiur princi pTa urTirTkavSiri da maTi
praqtikuli realizacia.

kanonis cneba filosofiur leqsikonSi asea


ganmartebuli. kanoni aris movlenaTa Sinagani, arsebiTi
da myari kavSiri, romelic ganapirobebs maTs mowesrigebul
cvalebadobas. kanonis cneba axloa kanonzomierebis
cnebasTan, romelic warmoadgens SinaarsiT
urTierTdakavSirebul kanonTa erTobliobas, romelnic
uzrunvelyofen sistemis cvlilebebSi mdgrad tendencias,
anu mimarTulebas. samyaroSi yvela movlena emorCileba
garkveul kanonebs. e. i. yvelaferi determinebuli da
ganpirobebulia obieqturi kanonebiT. kanonebi arseboben
obieqturad, adamianTa cnobierebisgan damoukideblad,
rogorc saganTa Tvisebebs Soris, an ganviTarebis sxvadasxva
tendencias Soris aucilebel, arsebiT, Sinagan mimarTebaTa
gamoxatuleba.
pedagogiuri kanoni aris zogadi kanonis dakonkreteba
konkretul pedagogiur sferoSi pedagogikis kvlevis
obieqtisa da miznis Sesatyvisad.
pedagogiuri kanonzomiereba ewodeba pedagogiur
procesebs, sistemebsa da procesualur movlenebs Soris
mdgrad, ucvlel, ganmeorebad da siRrmiseul kavSirebs,
romelzedac igeba pedagogiuri mizani, amocanebi, Sinaarsi,
princi pebi, meTodebi, formebi da a. S. pirovnebis
99
formirebis kanonzomierebebisa da ganviTarebis
mamoZravebeli Zalebis Secnobis gareSe rom SeuZlebelia
aRzrdisa da am procesis organizeba da marTva, es
pedagogiuri aqsiomaa.
principi laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs sawyiss,safuZvels,
im amosaval debulebas, riTac xelmZRvaneloben
urTierTmimarTebebSi. pedagogiuri princi pi aris
pedagogiuri urTierTobis, pedagogiuri midgomis is sawyisi,
safuZveli, amosavali debuleba, romliTac xelmZRvanelobs
maswavlebeli. e. i. pedagogiuri princi pi maswavleblisTvis
maorientirebel funqcias asrulebs da xels uwyobs
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis mecnierul doneze
gamarTvasa da warmarTvas, pedagogiuri kanonebis praqtikul
realizacias. magaliTad, bavSvis bunebasTan aRzrdis
Sesabamisobis pedagogiuri kanonis pedagogiur aqtSi
gadmoyavs aRsazrdelis asakobriv da fsiqikur-
individualuri Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebis princi ps.
ganviTarebis uzogadesi obieqturi kanonebis:
raodenobrivi cvlilebis Tvisobriv cvililebaSi
gadasavlis kanoni, dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da
brZolis kanoni da uaryofis uaryofis kanoni, erTad qmnian
im kanonzomierebas, romelic iwvevs cvalebadobas,
ganviTarebas, Tvisobrivad axal mdgomareobaSi gadasvalas
Tavisi gvarisa da genokidis mTlianad gadmotaniT.
aRzrdis sazogadoebrivi miznis sazogadoebrivi
moTxovnebiT ganpirebuloba _ es zogadi kanonia, magram
aRzrdis konkretul drosa da sivrceSi mocemuli
sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebiT ganpirebuloba ki
kanonzomierebaa.
aRzrdis bavSvis bunebasTan Sesabamisoba zogadi
obieqturi kanonia, magram aRzrdis konkretul drosa da
sivrceSi, konkretuli Sinaarsis konkretuli bavSvis
bunebasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana konkretuli pedagogiuri
meTodebiTa da saSualebebiT, es kanonzomierebaa.
swavlebisa da aRzrdis erTianoba zogadi kanonia, magram

100
aRzrdis konkrtuli miznisadmi swavlebis konkretuli
Sinaarsis Sesatyvisoba misi kanonozomierebaa.
aseve swavleba aRzrdis miznis, Sinaarsis, princi pebisa
da meTodebis urTierTkavSiri zogadi kanonia, magram am
pedagogiuri komponentebis konkretizacia droisa da
adgilis mixedviT, kanonzomierebaSi gadadis.
rac ufro garkveulia ganviTarebis obieqturi kanonebis
arsi da Sewonasworebulia pedagogikis sferoSi
konkretul situaciebTan, miT ufro maRalia pedagogiur
princi pTa efeqturoba. pedagogiuri princi pebi aseve
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli pedagogiur mizanTan da
meTodebTan. maTi urTierT integrirebiT warmoiSveba
erTiani pedagogiuri sistema, rasac moZraobaSi mohyavs
mTeli pedagogiuri procesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs
pedagogiuri miznis miRwevadobas.
am rTul procesebSi garkvevisa da gamoyenebisaTvis
mxolod zogadi pedagogikis Seswavla sakmarisi ar aris.
amisTvis saWiroa mTeli pedagogikur mecnierebaTa sistemis
anu mis dargebis, mosazRvre mecnierebaTa safuZvlebis
daufleba da skolaSi pedagogiuri praqtikebis miReba. es
sami sfero urTierT mWidro kavSirSi qmnis optimalur
pirobebs maswavleblis pedagogiuri daostatebisaTvis. es
kargad esmodaT pedagogikis klasikosebs: m. f. kvintilianes,
i.a. komenskis, a. distervegs, k. uSinskis, i. gogebaSvils da
sxvebs, romlebmac Seqmnes unikaluri, zogadkacobriuli
pedagogikuri Teoria, droiTa da sivrciT SeuzRudavi
fundamentaluri safuZveli Semdgomi TaobebisaTvis.
pedagogikur mecnierebaSi dadgenilia adamianis
cnobierebisgan damoukideblad, obieqturad arsebuli
pedagogiuri princi pebi, romelnic am bunebis gamo arian
naklebad cvalebadi da maradiuli. mis am unikalurobas
isic adasturebs, rom dResac moqmedi princi pebi zustad
imave saxiT gvxvdeba kvintilianes pedagogikur moZRvrebaSi
“oratoris darigebani”, komenskis D”did didaqtikaSi”,
gogebaSvilis pedagogikur TxzulebebSi da a. S.

101
es princi pebia:
1. swavlebisa da aRzrdis organuli erTianoba;
2. swavlebisa da aRzrdis mecnieruloba;
3. swavlebisa da aRzrdis, rogorc erTiani
pedagogiuri procesis mizanswrafuloba;
4. Segnebuloba da aqtiuroba;
5. sistematuroba da Tanmimdevroba;
6. misawvdomoba;
7. TvalsaCinoeba;
8. moswavleTa asakobrivi da individualuri
Tavisebureba;
9. Teoriisa da praqtikis erTianoba;
10. codna-gamocdilebis Rrmad da mtkiced SeTviseba;
11. Segnebisa da qcevis erTianoba;
12. moswavlis pirovnebisadmi pativiscema;
13. aRzrdaSi dadebiTze dayrdnoba;
14. mkacri, magram samarTliani momTxovneloba;
15. skolis, ojaxisa da szogadoebis pedagogiuri
moTxovnebis erTianoba.
swavlebisa da aRzrdis organuli erTianobis
pedagogiuri princi pi am or mxares warmogvidgens Tavis
bunebriv, realur mdgomareobaSi, rogorc erTian ganuyofel
pedagogiur process, rogorc mizezsa da Sedegs, rogorc
swavlebis funqcias. am obieqturi realobis xelovnuri
gaTiSva da aRzrdis Teoriad da dadaqtikur Teoriad
gamocxadeba da fizikurad sxvadasxva ganyofilebaSi
ganTavseba da am viTarebis Sesabamisad pedagogiuri
principebisa da meTodebis gaxleCva swavlebis principebad
da meTodebad da aRzrdis princi pebad da meTodebad da
aseve cal-calke mibma swavlebasa da aRzrdasTan,
pedagogikas Tavis Zalasa da daniSnulebas ukargavs, rogorc
es aris gakeTebuli Tanamedrove moqmed pedagogikis
saxelmZRvaneloebSi, rac yovlad dauSvebelia.
saxelmZRvanelos maswavlebeli SecdomaSi ki ar unda
Seyavdes, aramed is gzas unda unaTebdes srulfasovani
pirovnebis formirebis am urTules procesSi.
102
mecnierulobis pedagogiuri princi pi uzrunvelyofs
mTeli pedagogiuri procesebisa da sistemebis Tavis
bunebriv, obieqturi kanonebis safuZvelze mowesrigebas
da realur relsebze dayenebas. radgan swored wesrigia
samyaros moZraobis mTavari Zala. rogorc komenskim Tqva:
“wesrigia saganTa suli.” da, ai, aq aris swored, pedagogikasa
da filosofias Soris Sexebis wertili. pedagogika
filosofiidan iRebs ganviTarebis uzogades obieqtur
kanonebs, akonkretebs da iyenebs Tavisi miznebis Sesabamisad.
swored mecnierulobis princi pzea agebuli saswavlo
gegmebi, programebi saxelmZRvaneloebi, TavlsaCino
didaqtikuri masalebi. maswavlebels aravin avalebs am
kanonebisa da principebis aRmoCenas,magram igi valdebulia,
aRmoCenili kargad gaigos, aiTvisos da gamoiyenos Tavisi
profesiuli movaleobis Sesasruleblad.
mizanswrafulobis pedagogiuri princi pi gulisxmobs
mTeli saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis gneralur
pedagogiuri miznisadmi daqvemdebarebulobas. am mizans
erTxel kidev SegaxsenebT _ “yovelmxriv harmoniulad,
gonebrivad, sulierad, zneobrivad, esTetikurad da
fizikurad ganviTarebul srulfasovani pirovnebis
formireba.” miznis garkveulobasa da dasaxvas gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs nebismier saqmianobaSi, magram misi
mniSvneloba ganusazRvrelia aRzrdis sferoSi.
mizani, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es aris moqmedebis
winaswar gansazRvruli Sedegi. mizani exmareba adamians
mTeli fsiqikur-inteleqtualuri da fizikuri
SesaZleblobebis mizanmimarTulad mobilizeba-
koncentraciaSi, miznis misaRwevad saWiro pirobebis
gansazRvraSi. amitom mizani saswavlo-aRmzdelobiTi
procesis erTerTi umTavresi koponentia, romelic
maorientirebel rols asrulebs pedagogiur saqmianobaSi.
igi mizanmimarTulad da gegmazomierad warmarTavs am
process, gansazRvravs aRzrdis amocanebs, Sinaarss,
princi pebs, meTodebs, formebsa da saSualebebs.

103
idealuri pirovnebis uzustesi modelis warmosaxvis
safuZvelze m. f. kvintilianem aRzrdis miznad dasaxa “
brZeni romaelis aRzrda”. aseTi saocari migneba aRzrdis
miznis lakonurad formulirebisa, arc kvintilianemde
da arc mis Semdgom aravis ar moucia. magaliTisaTvis
moviyavan ramdnime nimuSs: “yovelmxriv harmoniulad
ganviTarebuli pirovneba” (aristotele), “RvTismoSiSi,”
“RvTismosavi”(komenski), “WeSmaritad adamiani” (pestaloci),
“axali tipis qarTveli”,“axali kaci” (gogebaSvili),“kacuri
kaci” ( i. WavWavaZe) da mravali sxva formulebi verafriT
ver upiratesoben kvintilianeseul formiT martiv, azriT
uRrmes da mosamenadad sasiamovno formulaze.
“brZen romaelSi” kompendiumis saxiT aris mocemuli
Wkviani, gonieri, zneobrivi, sulieri, Tavisi qveynis
patriotis srulyofili saxe. “brZeni romaeli” droiTa
da sivrciT, rasobrivi Tu erovnuli niSniT SeuzRudavi
formulaa. cneba _”brZeni” ara marto romaels, aramed
nebismiers iguebs. magaliTad: brZeni qarTveli, BbrZeni
rusi, brZeni ingliseli, brZeni germaneli da a.S, netav,
yvela rom brZeni iyos, mTel msoflioSi araferi problema
ar iqneboda am umSvenieres dedamiwaze. sibrZnesTan
dakavSirebiT bibliaSi weria: “brZeni ilaparakebs
gonivrulad da misi saqmeebi sasargeblo iqneba qveynisaTvis
. . . mis sibrZnes ganadideben erebi da mis qebas gamoacxadebs
eri” (sibrZne ziraqisa 39: 10). aRzrdis miznad mec didi
siamovnebiT avirCevdi kvintilianeseul formulas _
“brZeni qarTveli”.
Segnebulobisa da aqtiurobis pedagogiuri princi pis
SemoqmedebiTad gamoyeneba didad ganapirobebs swavlebisa
da aRzrdis efeqturobas. Segnebuloba niSnavs yofierebis
gacnobierebas. saswavlo-SemecnebiTi saqmianobis moswavlis
mier gacnobierebisa da aqtivobis gareSe warmoudgenelia
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi amocanebis gadawyveta. mowavles
Segnebuli unda hqondes saerTod da mocemul konkretul
situaciaSi saswavlo sagnis Tu konkretuli masalis
104
Seswavlis pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi roli da
mniSvneloba. kvintiliane ambobs: “araferSi ar SeiZleba
srulyofilebis miRweva, saqmis arsis, misi safuZvlis
codnis gareSe”. saswavlo-SemecnebiTi moqmdebis
aucileblobis Segneba avtomaturad gamoiwvevs mis
aqtivobas. xolo rac ufro mravalmxrivi, mravalferovani
da intensiuria subieqtis SemecnebiTi aqtvoba, miT ufro
advilad, droulad da srulyofilad mimdinareobs misi
ganviTareba da socializacia, srulfasovan pirovnebad
Camoyalibeba.
Segnebulobisa da aqtivobis princi pis praqtikul
realizacias xels uwyobs misawvdomobis pedagogiuri
princi pi, romelic Tavis mxriv uSualod dakavSirebulia
moswavleTa asakobriv da individualur Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswinebis princi pTan, romelic bavSvis bunebasTan
aRzrdis Sesabamisobis kanonidan gamomdinareobs. amasTan
dakavSirebiT kvintiliane wers: “bavSvi hgavs viwro yelian
WurWels, romelSic siTxe nel-nela, wveTwveTebad unda
CavasxaT, Torem Tu erTbaSad gadmovapirqvaveT, ufro meti
gareT gadaiRvreba da umciresi nawili moxvdeba WurWelSi”-
o (m.f. kvintiliane, “oratoris darigebani. sankt-peterburgi,
1834,gv. 83).
misawvdomobis princi pi dakavSirebulia maswavleblis
gadacemis unarTan, xolo es ukanaskneli ki_ metyvelebis
kulturasTan. rogorc cnobilia, metyvelebis unari
Tandayolili RvTiuri ZRvenia, xolo metyvelebis kultura
swavla-ganaTlebiT, udidesi ZalisxmeviT SeZenili
saganZuria. sityvas kvintiliane Tafls adarebda, rogorc
futkari uamravi sxvadasxva yvavilis wvenebisgan qmnis
erT unikalur naerTs _ Tafls, asevea sityva, romelic
uamrav mecnierebaTa codnis safuZvelze miiReba.
metyvelebis kultura moicavs Semdeg komponentebs:
informacias _ saTqmelis Sinaarsis codnas, logikur
azrovnebas, enis zedmiwevniT flobas, intonacia-mimikas da
sxva.

105
misawvdomobis princi pi moiTxovs moswavlis fsiqikur-
inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis mixedviT saswavlo
Sinaarsis, misi saganmanaTleblo, ganmaviTarebeli da
aRmzrdelobiTi amocanebis, meTodebis da sxva pedagogiuri
saSualebebis zust gansazRvras. rom uzrunvelyos
arcodnidan codnisaken, martividan rTulisaken,
konkretulidan abstraqtulisaken, Teoriidan praqtikisaken,
azrovnebisa da moqmedebis swori moZraoba; masalis
sirTulisa da moculobis, droisa da moswavlis
inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis urTierT SesabamisobaSi
moyvana; pedagogiuri da komunikatoruli amocanebis
urTierTdamTxveva; pedagogiuri miznis, Sinaarsis,
princi pebis, meTodebis, formebisa da saSualebebis
optimaluri integracia.
TvalsaCinoebis principi, romelic pedagogikaSi “oqros
wesad” aris cnobili, swavlebas xdis misawvdoms. dasaZlevs,
saintresosa da advilad dasamaxsovrebels. TvalsaCinoebis
es efeqturoba Tavisi kanonzomierebiT aris ganpirobebuli,
radgan, rac ufro meti grZnobis organoebi monawileoben
obieqtis SgrZneba-aRqmaSi, miT ufro advilad aiTviseba
igi. komenskim dawera: Tu Cven gvsurs moswavleebi mivaCvioT
WeSmarit da mtkice codnis mopovebas, maSin yvelaferi
unda vaswavloT dakvirvebisa da SegrZnebis safuZvelze”
(komenski. rC. ped. Txz. Tb., 1949). ufro mogvianebiT k. uSinskim
dawera: “ rac ufro meti grZnobis organoebi monawileoben
romelime STabeWdilebis, an STabeWdilebaTa jgufis aRqmaSi,
miT ufro mtkiced inaxeba igi Cvens meqanikur da nervul
mexsierebaSi da Semdeg ufro advilad gavxsendeba igi” (k.
uSinski. Txz. kr. t. 8).
TvalsaCinoeba ZiriTadad umcros saskolo asakSi
gamoiyeneba TavianTi fsiqikur-inteleqtualuri
SesaZleblobebis Taviseburebis gamo. am asakis bavSvebi
jer kidev konkretuli azrovnebis doneze imyofebian.
TvalsaCinoeba ki konkretuli SegrZnebebiTa da
STabeWdilebebiT amdidrebs maT cnobierebas, romlis

106
wiaRSi eyreba safuZveli abstraqtuli azrovnebis
elementebs.
TvalsaCinoeba sxvadasxva saxisaa: realuri sagnebi da
movlenebi naturaluri saxiT; modeli, mulaJi, suraTi,
ilustraciebi, naxatebi, fitosuraTebi; grafikuli
TvalsaCinoeba: diagramebi, sqemebi, tablicebi; teqnikuri
saSualebebi: saswavlo kinofilmebi, televizori,
kompiuteri, video da audio Canawerebi, kompiuteri
internetiT da mravali sxva. TvalsaCinoebis efeqturoba
maswavleblis ostatobazea damokidebuli.
sistematurobisa da Tanmimdevrobis pedagogoiuri
principi gulisxmobs saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis
iseT organizacias, romlis drosac esa Tu is saswavlo
masala an sxva pedagogiuri RonisZieba warmoadgens
bunebriv da logikur gagrZelebas adre aTvisebuli codna-
gamocdilebisa, ganamtkicebs da aRrmavebs miRweuls da
aRsazrdeli ahyavs ganviTarebis Tvisobrivad axal
safexurze.
sistema niSnavs Siga logikur kavSirSi myof calkeul
elementTa erTobliobas. sistemasTan dakavSirebiT k.
uSinski werda: usistemo codna hgavs gaToSil beRurebs,
romelnic erTi meoris gverdiT awyvia da erTmaneTis
arsebobis Sesaxeb araferi ician. es azri SemdegSi m.
krupskaiam ase ganaviTara: mxolod gonivruli da sagnis
arsidan gamomdinare sistema codnisa, iZleva Tavisuflebas,
xolo usistemo, fragmentuli codniT avsebuli Tavi hgavs
areul sakuWnaos, sadac TviT patronic ki verafers agnebs
saWiro dros.”
rac Seexeba Tanmimdevrobis princi ps, igi gulisxmobs
arcodnidan codnisaken, martividan rTulisaken,
konkretulidan abstraqtulisaken, Teoriidan praqtikisaken
TandaTanobiT bunebriv gadasavlas ise, rom yoveli momdvno
gamodiodes wina masalisgan da ganamtkicebdes mas. rogorc
komenski miuTiTebda, yvelaferi unda iswavlebodes
TanmimdvrobiT “dawyebuli Tavidan srul damTavrebamde;

107
safuZveli unda iyos Rrma, yvelaferi Semdgomi unda
emyarebodes winamavals; yvelafri unda mimdinarobdes
ganuwyveteli TanmimdvrobiT, rom dRevandeli
ganamtkicebdes guSindels da gzas uxsnides xvalindels”(
i.a. komenski. “didi didaqtika” Tb., 1949).
codna-gamocdilebis mtkiced da Rrmad SeTvisebis
princi pi gulisxmobs programiT gaTavaliswinebuli
informaciebis, msoflmxedvelobis, zneobriv da esTetikuri
ideebis safuZvlian gaazrebas, inteleqtualur sakuTrebad
gadaqcevas. es miiRweva WeSmariti informaciebis Sesatyvisi
pedagogiuri saSualebebis optimaluri integraciis gziT
Semecnebis SegrZneba-aRqma, warmosaxva-gaazreba, damaxsovreba
– gamoyenebis fsiqologiuri da pedagogiuri etapebis
gavliT. Semecnebis procesSi, romelic sensualizmis
Teorias emyareba, moswavleebi mTlianad unda iyon
pdagogiur procesSi CarTulni, saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi
ciklis aqtiuri monawilenni. amasTan dakavSirebiT i. f.
xarlamovi saintereso pedagogiur koncefcias ayalibebs:
“saswavlo masalis pirveladi SegrZneba-aRqma, misi Semdgomi
Rrma gaazreba, garkveuli muSaobis Catareba mis
dasamaxsovreblad, aTvisebuli codnis praqtikuli
gamoyeneba, aseve misi ganmeoreba da sistmatizacia”
uzrunvlyofs codnis Rrmad da mtkiced SeTvisebas.
frazeologiuri gamoTqma: “ganmeoreba codnis dedaao”,
umniSvnlovanesi saSualebaa codna-gamocdilebis
dasamaxsovreblad. kvintiliane wers, rom erTdaimave
moqmedebis mralgzis gameoreba, varjiSi manam, sanam ar
iqneba codna-gamocdilebisa da misi Sesabamisi moqmedebis
unar-Cvevebi mtkiced aTvisebuli da damaxsovrebuli, axal
masalaze gadasvla ar SeiZleba. k. uSinskic ganmeorebaSi
xedavda codnis simtkicis uzrunvelyofas. is werda, rom
ganmeoreba unda emsaxurebodes ara daviwyebulis aRdgenas,
aramed daviwyebis Tavidan acilebas. amitom “maswavlebeli
108
ganmeorebas unda iyenebdes ara imisaTvis, dangreuli Senoba
Searemontos, aramed dangrevamde unda gaamagros axali
sarTulis dasaSeneblad” (uSinski, rC. Txz. t. X,gv. 425).
maSasadame, codnis mtkiced aTvisebisaTvis saWiroa misi
sistematuri Semowmeba da Sefaseba Tu ra xarisxiTa da
doziT aris aTvisebuli wina masala. yovel axal, momdevno
saswalo Temaze gadasvlamde wina, ukve gavlili masalidan
unda daisvas kiTxvebi da pasuxebis mixedviT dadgindes
aTvisebis siRrme da simtkice da mxolod amis Semdeg unda
“daSendes masze axali sarTuli”.
bavSvs, am unikalur RvTiur qmnilebas Tandayolili
aqvs fsiqikur-inteleqtualuri da fizikuri unarebi,
Seqmnilia arCevanis TavisuflebiT da yovelgvar gareSe
zemoqmedebas, pedagogiuri moTxovnebis gauTvaliswineblad,
aRiqvams garkveul “Zaladobad”, Tavisuflebis SezRudvad.
amitom pedagogiuri mecniereba Serwymuli Tu ar aris
pedagogiur xelovnebasTan, pedagogiuri moTxovnebisadmi
moswavles ar eqneba adekvaturi reaqcia. aseT SemTxvevaSi
pedagogiuri procesi kargavs Tavis Zalas. es ki gamoiwvevs
aRsazrdelis pirovnebis ganviTarebis, misi socializaciis
procesis Seferxebas. iseT SemTxvevaSic ki, roca
maswavlebeli sakmaod dauflebulia pedagogikis
mecnierebas, moswavlebTan urTierTobaSi, pedagogiur
procsze xSirad warumatebelia. amas bevri axsna aqvs, magram
erTerT da sakmaod mniSvnelovani mizezi, riTac SeiZleba
es iyos ganpirobebuli, pedagogiuri xelovnebis dabali
doniT aixsneba.
moswavles, Tavisi asakobrivi mdgomareobisa da
informaciuli deficitis gamo winaswar ara aqvs
gacnobierebuli Tavisi qcevis, swavlisadmi
damokidebulebis saboloo Sedegi. misTvis ufro
mniSvnelovania dRevandeli dRe, vidre is bundovani
momavali, romelsac maswavlebeli Tavazobs. amis
109
gaTvaliswinebiT maswavlebeli unda cdilobdes, rom
yoveli dRe, yoveli pdagogiuri procesi moswavleTaTvis
iyos mniSvnelovani, pirovnulad da sazogadobrivad
Rirebuli.
ra pedagogiuri saSualebebi arsebobs amisTvis?
_ aqve gi pasuxebT, Zalian bevri. pedagogiuri kanonebis,
princi pebis, meTodebis Rrmad da mtkiced codna da maTi
gamoyenebis xelovneba, pedagogiuri ostatoba.
moswavlis pirovnebisadmi pativiscemis pedagogiur
princi ps jadosnuri Zala aqvs. moswavles,
TviTdamkvidrebisa da TviTrealizacis mtkivneul gzaze
sWirdeba siyvaruli, yuradReba, pativiscema sakuTari
srulfasovnebisa da Zalebisadmi rwmenis gasamtkiceblad.
roca moswavle grZnobs, rom maswavlebeli mis pirovnebas
afasebs, angariSs uwevs da pativiscems, pedagogiuri
moTxovnebisadmi morCili, momsmeni da damjeri xdeba.
“pirovnebis problema _ wers a. s. makarenko _ moxsnilia,
Tu adamianSi vxedavT pirovnebas” (a. s. makarenko. pirovnebis
Sesaxeb sazogadoebaSi. Txz. t. VII, gv. 13).
moswavlis pirovnebisadmi pativiscemis princi ps
safuZvlad udevs humanizmi, moyvasis siyvaruli. ieso
qristem Tqva: “yvelaferSi rogorc Tqven gindaT, rom
mogeqcnen sxvebi, Tqvenc iseve moeqeciT maT, radgan es aris
kanonisa da winaswarmetyvelTa wignebis (bibliis _ g. x.)
arsi” (maTes 7: 12).
rac Seexeba aRzrdaSi dadebiTze dayrdnobis
pedagogiur princips, esec humanizmis gamovlinebis maRali
formaa. ar arsebobs adamiani, romelic absoluturad
dadebiTi iyos, an absoluturad _ uaryofiTi, absoluturad
keTili, an absoluturad boroti. sikeTisa da borotebis
marcvali erTad devs adamianis bunebaSi. romelsac miecema
ganviTarebis meti SesaZlebloba, is daikavebs mTavar
adgils. amis codna aZlevs maswavlebels saSualebas, Seqmnas
110
iseTi pedagogiuri pirobebi, rom keTil sawyisebs mieces
ganviTarebis saukeTeso SesaZlebloba, rac avtomaturad
moaxdens boroti sawyisis likvidacias. v. suxomlinskis
azriT, TiToeul bavSvSi moniSnuli unda iqnes misi
dadebiTi mxareebi da aRzrda unda warimarTos iqiTken,
rom “pawias” mieces saSualeba misi ganviTarebisa, rom masSi
gamobrwyindes pirovnuli individualoba. maswavleblis
ostatoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom moswavles agemos
warmateba SemecnebiT saqmianobaSi, SeagrZnobinos Tavisi
srulfasovneba da pirovnebad agrZnobinos Tavi, romelsac
aqvs uflebebi da movaleobebi; daasaqmos im sferoSi,
romelsac aucileblad gaarTmevs Tavs da moi povebs
warmatebas. warmateba ki aRmafrTovanebel da
mastimulirebel gavlenas axdens warmatebulze.
dadebiTze dayrdnobis princi pi uSualo kavSirSia
moswavleTa individualuri Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswinebis princi pTan. “maswavleblis _ wers a. s.
makarenko _ erudicia, swori gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari,
pirobebis migneba da gansazRvra, arc meti, arc naklebi, Tu
esoden saWiro Tvisebebi maswavleblisaTvis vlindebian
Seuwyvetliv, igi solidur safuZvels uyris aRsazrdelis
SemecnebiT aqtivobas.
mkacri, magram samarTliani momTxovnelobis princi pis
efeqturobas ganapirobebs moswavlisadmi gonivruli da
samarTliani moTxovna. moTxovnis gonivruloba da
samarTlianoba gulisxmobs, misi pirovnuli da
sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebisa da Sesrulebis realuri
SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebas. moTxovna ar uda
aRematebodes bavSvis SesaZleblobebs. pedagogiuri
moTxovna maswavleblis mTavari iaraRia da mis efeqturobas
ganapirobebs misi gamoyenebis xelovneba.
pedagogiuri moTxovnis nairsaxeobas ganapirobebs
pedagogiuri situacia, disci plina, organizebuloba,
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SemecnebiTi intersi, Sromismoyvarobis xarisxi, moswavleTa
kulturuli done, maswavleblis avtoriteti da sxva.
pedagogiuri moTxovnebia: Txovna, moTxovna, kategoriuli
moTxovna, gankarguleba, brZaneba, mowodeba, akrZalva da a.
S.
skolis, ojaxisa da sazogadoebis pedagogiuri
moTxovnebis erTianobis princi pi ganasaxierebs mTeli
pedagogiuri procesebis, pedagogiuri sistemebis,
pedagogiuri, moswavleTa da mSobelTa koleqtivebis
urTierT mWidro kavSirs. aRzrdis es kavSirebi aviTareben
aRzrdis erTian generalur xazs, riTac xels uwyoben
generalur pedagogiuri miznisken svlas. ojaxisa da
sazogadoebis pedagogiur kavSiris, maTi erTian
mizanmimarTuli aqtivobis mecnierul uzruvnvelyofas
Tavis Tavze iRebs skola, rogorc uSualo pasuxismgebeli
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis winaSe.
idealze sworebis pedagogiuri principi,zemoT RvTisken,
naTelisa da diadisken aRapyrobinebs Tvals aRsazrdels.
srulyofilebis kriteriumi idealuri pirovnebis modeli
moswavlisaTvis maorientirebel funqcias asrulebs. bavSvi
bunebiT mimbaZvelia, amitom mibaZvis obieqti uzado,
srulyofili da misawvdomi unda iyos mimbaZvelisTvis.
aseTi ideali SeiZleba iyos mxatvruli gmiri, realuri
adamiani, sibrZniT, sityviTa da saqmiT gamorCeuli, RvTis
morCili bibliuri personaJebi: noe, abrami, mose,
fsalmunmomRerali mef daviTi, misi Ze iudeas mefe solomon
brZeni da a. S.
magram upirvelesi, ubadlo da Seucvleli, srulyofili
da maradiuli, RvTis mxolodSobili Ze, mTeli kacobriobis
mxsneli da momavali axali qveynierebis mefe, ieso qriste
unda iyos Cveni da Cven STamomavalTa ideali. TviT RmerTma,
yovlis Semoqmedma dagvariga, usmineT da miyeviT qristes
kvalso: “es aris Cemi Ze, rCeuli, mas usmineT” (lukas 9:35).
112
idalze sworeba mizanmimarTuls, garkveulsa da aqtiurs
xdis moswavles. iwvevs misi fsiqo-fizikuri da
inteleqtualuri Zalebis koncentracia-mobilizacias
gansazRvruli mimarTulebiT. RvTis Zisa da sxva
mniSvnelovani adamianebis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis
gacnoba keTilmyofel, aRmafrTovanebel da
mastimulirebel gavlenas axdens masze. imis Segneba, rom
RvTis Zem _ieso qristem kacobriobisTvis da konkretulad
TiToeulad, yoveli CvenTaganis armagedonSi gadasarCenad
rom Tavi gaswira, awesrigebs aRsazrdelis azrovnebas,
msoflmxedvelobas, mis qcevasa da moqmedebas da satanas
ar eZleva saSualeba masze zemoqmdebisa.
saswaulebis moxdena SeuZlia pedagogikas da
maswavlebels, roca saganmanaTleblo politikuri neba
arsebobs saxelmwifoSi.
maSasadame,pedagogiuri kanonebi da principebi bibliur
kanonebTan da princi pebTan SeTanxmebulad “jadosnur
joxad” iqceva WeSmariti maswavleblis xelSi srulfasovani
pirovnebis formirebis miznis misaRwevad.

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Tema VIII. gonebrivi aRzrda

sakiTxebi:

1. gonebrivi aRzrdis arsi mizani da amocanebi;


2. azrovnebis saxeebi da maTi urTierTkavSiri;
3. gonebrivi aRzrdis kavSiri aRzrdis sxva
komponentebTan;
4. gonebrivi aRzrdis pedagogiuri saSualebebi.

yvelaze unikaluri Rirseba, riTac RmerTma daajildova


adamiani, es aris goneba. uzenaesis gonma Seqmna mTeli
samyaro, ca da miwa da, rac masSia, xolo adamianis goneba
Seimecnebs da iyenebs mas. radgan RmerTma Tavis xatad da
msgavsad Seqmna isini (adami da eva _ g.x.), “misca maT azri,
ena da Tvalebi, yurebi da guli, raTa SeecnoT yovelive”
(sibrZne ziraqisa 17:1,6), rac caSia da dedamiwaze, rom
WeSmaritebis SemecnebiT mieRoT srulyofileba, “TviT
idumalis SecnobiT aRZra goneba kacTa” (eklesiastes 3:11),
vinaidan “Semecneba gonebis srulqmnaa, srulqmnileba ki _
RmerTTan miaxloeba” (solomonis sibrZne 6:24). gonebasTan
dakavSirebiT senekam Tqva: yvlaze didi Rirseba, riTac
RmerTma adamiani daajildova, es aris goneba, amitom adamiani
mudam mis gamdidrebaze da gajansaRebaze unda zrunavdeso.
biblia gvaswavlis, rom sibrZnisa da gonebis wyalobiT
Seicnoba sikeTe da boroteba, rom brZeni kaci gonebiT
Wvrets, ugunuri ki bnelSi davals: (eklesiastes 2:14); “
Ramed Seicvleba naTeli , sibrZnes ki ver Zlevs boroteba”
(sibrZne solomonisa 7:30). Seicno ra, sibrZnisa da
gonierebis fasi, kacobriobis istoriaSi uWkvianesma da
umdidresma adamianma, israelis gonierma mefe-msajulma
114
solomon brZenma, gadawyvita am unikaluri ganZis flobeli
gamxdariyo. amis Sesaxeb igi wers: “sibrZne da goniereba
vamjobine kverTxsa da taxts, yovelgvar simdidres, oqrosa
da vercxls, jansa da silamazes”. “viwye kvleva
gulmodginebiT, gonebiT gansja yovelivesi, rac momxdara
cisqveSeTSi”. RmerTs Sevevdre da “man momca me arsebulTa
utyuari codna, raTa Semecno samyaros wyoba da stiqiaTa
moqmedeba, dasabami, dasasruli, Suaxani, mzebudobaTa
monacvleoba da areTa Senacvlebani, weliwadis brunva da
varskvlavTa ganalageba, cxovelTa buneba da mxecTa Tviseba,
qarTa qrolva da kacTa zraxvani, mcenareTa
mravalferovneba da fesvebis Zala. yovelive Sevicani
dafarulic da gacxdebulic, radgan sibrZnem ganmaswavla,
yovelTa Semoqmedma” (solomonis sibrZne 7:17-21). solomonis
sityvebidan gamomdinare, igi flobda sabunebismetyvelo,
filosofiur, istoriul, astrologiur, sazogadoebriv,
fsiqologiur, geografiul, Teologiur da sxva dargebSi
safuZvlian codnas, amitom gaxda is yvelaze brZeni.
adamianis gonebis SeuzRudaobaze miuTiTebs is udidesi
miRwevebi, rasac xelTqmnili materialuri da sulieri
saganZuri adasturebs. samyaros Svidi saocreba: egvptis
piramidebi, zevsis oqros qandakeba, semiramidas baRebi,
aleqsandriis Suqura, artemides taZari, halikarnasis
mavzoleumi, rodosis kolosi da sxva, arnaxuli mecnierul-
teqnikuri progresi, astrologiur-kosmologiuri
miRwevebi da a.S. magram am winsvlam kacobriobas ver
moutana mSvidoba da bedniereba. gamarTlda solomon
brZenis sityvebi, RvTiuri sibrZnis gareSe qveyniuri
sibrZnis amaoebis Sesaxeb. RvTiuri sibrZne rom RmerTis
gacnobiT miiReba, amis Sesaxeb qristem Tqva: “esaa saukuno
sicocxle, rom gecnobodnen Sen, erTaderT WeSmarit RmerTs
da mas, vinc Sen moavline _ ieso qristes” (ioanes 17:3).
pavle mociqulma dawera: “niWi siyvarulis gareSe
115
araferia. . . . winaswarmetyvelebac rom mqondes, yoveli
saidumlo da mTeli codnac rom vuwyode, sruli rwmenac
rom mqondes, iseTi, mTebis gadaadgileba rom SemeZlos,
xolo siyvaruli ar gamaCndes, araraoba viqnebodi. . . .
radgan siyvaruli “ar Cadis uwesobas, Tavisas ar eZiebs, ar
risxdeba, da ar ganizraxavs borots” (korinTelTa 13:2,5).
umecreba da siyvarulis deficiti udevs safuZvlad
borotebas.
gonebriv aRzrdis udides mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebda
ilia WavWavaZe, roca ganaTlebis aucileblobaze saubrobda.
Tanadrouli ganaTleba, mecnierebaTa safuZvlebis
zedmiwevniT daufleba, mSobliuri enis kargi codna gonebis
gamxsnel saSualebad esaxeboda eris kacs. xolo rac ufro
gonebagaxsnilia adamiani, mwerlis azriT, ufro maRalia
erovnuli Segneba. da, swored, aseT adamianebs ZaluZT
mamulis ayvaveba, erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da
damoukideblobis mopoveba da SenarCuneba.
yovelmxriv harmoniulad ganviTarebuli Taobis
aRzrdis umTavres saSualebad akaki wereTelic gonebriv
aRzrdas aRiarebs. misi azriT, eris bedniereba
damokidebulia Segnebaze, Segneba ki gonebis sidiadis
gamovlinebaa. sazogadoebis progresuli gardaqmna gonebis
xarisxzea damokidebuli. gonebis xarisxs ki, misi azriT,
WeSmariti ganaTlebis, wignierebis, yovelmxrivi
ganswavlulobis done ganapirobebs. radgan “dRes ki
swavla-mecnierebazea yvelaferi damokidebuli. mklavis
Zala grZnoba-gonebis Zlierebad Seicvala, far-xmlis
adgili enam daiWira da mSvildisrisa _ sawer kalamma.
Tqvenc dResve, amTaviTve unda avarjiSoT Wkua-goneba. . . .
moerioT sxvadasxva samecniero wignebs, gaimtkicoT,
gaimagroT grZnoba-goneba da mere gamoxvideT qveyanaSi
savarjiSod, sagmirod” (ak. wereTeli. rCeuli, t. III gv. 373).
yovelmxriv harmoniulad ganviTarebuli pirovnebis
116
formirebis umTavres saSualebad gonebriv aRzrdas
acxadebs qarTuli mecnieruli pedagogikis fuZemdebeli
iakob gogebaSvili. igi aRniSnavs, rom eris wamateba
damokidebulia axali Taobis codniT SeiaraRebaze,
qarTveli axalgazrdobis mecnierul aRzrdaze. “swavla,
codna, mecniereba Ronea imisTana, romelsac dRes win
veraferi udgeba, verc muSti, verc xmali, verc jarTa
simravle. codna uZleveli faria arsebobisaTvis, basri
xmalia mogeriebisaTvis. Tu magaSi fexi gavidgiT, Tu magaSi
win wavdeqiT, Cveni exla dauZlurebuli Rone amoxeTqavs
magar fesvebs”(i. gogebaSvili. rC. nawerebi. t.II, 1940, gv. 53).
gogebaSvilis azriT, mozardi Taobis gonebrivi aRzrda
niSnavs maTi cnobierebis gamdidrebas realuri da
klasikuri ganaTlebiT, mecnierebis uaxloesi miRwevebiT.
gogebaSvils miaCnia, rom realuri ganaTlebis sistema
gonebas aRavsebs cxoveli da nayofieri swavliT. igi
mxolod mecnierebis dauflebiT ar sazRvravs skolis
daniSnulebas da funqcias. skola valdebulia,
axalgazrdobas gamoumuSavos codnis praqtikasTan
dakavSirebis unari. iakob gogebaSvili gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebs axalgazrdobis specialur
ganaTlebas. mas “ukavSirebs igi saqarTvelos momaval
aRorZinebas, meurneobis ukeTesad mowyobas, samSoblos miwa-
wylis dacvas, . . . dakarguli teritoriebis dabrunebasac
ki” (v. asaTiani, mozardi Taobis harmoniuli ganviTarebis
problema XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTvel
ganmanaTlebelTa pedagogiur memkvidreobaSi. Tb.., 1993, gv.
184).
gonebrivi aRzrdis mizania gonierebisa da azrovnebis
unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba moswavleebSi. am miznis
misaRwevad saWiroa gadawydes Semdegi amocanebi: codnis
fondis daufleba, saazrovno operaciebis, inteleqtualuri
unarebis ganviTareba, mecnieruli msoflmxedvelobis
117
formireba. codnis fondis daufleba swavlebis
saganmanaTleblo funqciaa, romelic gulisxmobs garkveuli
informaciebis miRebas samyaros Sesaxeb. kerZod: cnobebis,
cnebebis, faqtebis, movlenebis, kanonebis, kanonzomierebebis,
princi pebis, debulebebis, gansazRvrebebis, Teoriebis,
saxelebis, saxelwodebebis, TariRebis da a. S. am codnaSi
Sedis sabunebismetyvelo-filosofiuri, Teologiuri,
fsiqologiuri, sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri, iuridiuli,
eTikuri, esTetikuri, saxelovnebo da sxva codnaTa
safuZvlebi.
gonebrivi aRzrdis pirveli amocanis warmatebiT
gadawyveta ganpirobebulia zogadi ganaTlebis Sinaarsis
mecnieruli da praqtikuli RirebulebebiT, saero da
Teologiuri codnis urTierTSexamebiT.
zogadasaganmanaTleblo skolam axalgazrdoba unda
uzrunvelyos mecnierebaTa safuZvlebis mravalmxrivi da
mtkice codniT, realur-materialur, klasikur da
Teologiuri ganaTlebiT. mecnierebas, pedagogikis
fuZemdebelma markus fabius kvintilianem mxatvari uwoda,
radgan misi azriT, is aZlevs gonebas saxes, formas, es
ukanaskneli ki Rebulobs mas.
ganaTlebis Sinaarsi asaxulia iseT oficialur
dokumentebSi, rogoricaa: saswavlo gegmebi, sagnobrivi
programebi, romelic dargobrivad da Tematurad
gaSuqebulia saxelmZRvaneloebsa da damxmare
literaturaSi. saswavlo gegmebSi mocemulia saswavlo
saganTa nusxa ganaTlebis sistemis Sesabamisad. rac Seexeba
sagnobriv programebs, masSi asaxulia Tematika im sakiTxebisa,
romelic iswavleba skolaSi klasebis mixedviT.
skolaSi iswavleba sxvadasxva ciklis ocze meti sagani.
sabunebismetyvelo-filosofiuri cikls miekuTvneba:
biologia, qimia, maTematika, fizika, fizikuri geografia,
astronomia. sogadsaganmanaTleblo skolaSi am
118
mecnierebaTa safuZvlebis swavlebis daniSnilebaa bunebis
ganviTarebis obieqturi kanonebis Semecneba. TiToeuli
calcalke ikvlevs bunebis calkeul mxareebs, xolo yvela
erTad iZleva mTlian codnaTa sistemas, saerTod, bunebis
ganviTarebis kanonebsa da kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb.
sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa cikli moicavs codnas
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis obieqtur kanonebsa da
kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb. am ciklis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis
literatura, istoria, ekonomiuri geografia, samarTali,
religia da sxva.
Teologia, romelic yvelaze uZvirfases da
umniSvnelovanes informacias gvawvdis samyaros Semoqmedis,
uzenaesi RmerTis Sesaxeb, umciresi adgili, an saerTod ar
ukavia adgili skolis saswavlo gegmaSi. amas imiT xsnian,
rom es sasulero skolis prerogativaa da saero skolis
funqciebSi ar Sediso. qristem ganurCevlad, yvelasaTvis
gaswira Tavi da yvela valdebulia swamdes pativi miagos
mas Tavisive sakeTildReod. rwmenis saguZveli ki
sauZvliani codnaa. amitom rogorc qristem Tqva, unda
vecnobodeT erTaderT WeSmarit RmerTs da mas, vinc man
moavlina _ ieso qristes” bibliisa da qmnilebaTa meSveobiT.
xelovneba, rogorc sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxva,
emsaxureba mxatvruli azrovnebisa da SemoqmedebiTi unar-
Cvevebis ganviTarebas, mxatvruli naazrevis aRqma-gagebas;
xelovnebis dargebis: mxatvruli literaturis,mxatvrobis,
musikis, moqandakeobis, qoreografiis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb
zogadi codnis miRebas.
gonebrivi aRzrdis meore amocanaa saazrovno
operaciebis ganviTareba, romelic swavlebis ganmaviTarebl
funqciaSi moiazreba. rac gulisxmobs analizis, sinTezis,
Sedarebis, klasifikaciis, ganWvretis, Sefasebis, daskvnebis
gakeTebis codnasa da unar-Cvevebs SegrZnebebisa da aRqmis
safuZvelze.
119
analizi kvlevis meTodia, romlis dros xdeba
warmosaxviT an garkveuli situaciaSi realurad mTelis
Semadgenel nawilebad Tu elementebad daSla da calcalke
Seswavla, sinTezi ki _ am daSlili elementebis isev
gamTlianebas. analizi konkretulidan zogadisaken,
calkeulidan mTelisaken warmosaxviT, an faqtobrivad
azrobriv moZraobas niSnavs. anlitikuri azrovneba
exmareba subieqts logikuri kavSirebis,
urTierTmimarTebebis, urTierTdamokidebulebebisa da
ganpirebulobebis dadgenaSi, diagnostikasa da
prognozirebaSi, prevenciasa da koreqciaSi.
Sedareba tvinis iseTi funqciaa, romelic
urTierTSepirispirebis gziT adgens sagnebsa Tu movlenebs
Soris arsebul sxvaobebs, paralelebs, analogiebs,
ti pologias da a. S. magaliTad, Sedarebis gziT arCevs
sikeTesa da borotebas, WeSmaritsa da mcdars, lamazsa da
maxinjs, formebs, ferebs, moculobas, ukeTess, uaress da a.
S. rac ufro informirebulia adamiani, miT ufro zusti
da WeSmaritia misi arCevani.
klasifikacia iseTi saazrovno operaciaa, romlis
mixedviT xdeba saganTa da mvlenaTa msgavsi niSnebis, saxeobis,
gvaris, ojaxis, feris, formis, moculobis, gemos, sunis,
simaRlis, sigrZis da mravali sxva niSnis mixedviT
dajgufeba da ganzogadoeba. magaliTad: xili, bostneuli,
cxovelebi, frinvelebi, Sinauri cxovelebi, gareuli
cxovelebi, mwerebi, niWierebi, uniWoebi, wiTlebi, yviTlebi
da a. S.
gonebrivi aRzrdis mesame amocanas warmoadgens
inteleqtualuri anu saswavlo-SemecnebiTi unr-Cvevebis
ganviTareba, swavlis swavla. wera, kiTxva, angariSi,
wakiTxulis gadmocema, amocanebis amoxsna, Teoremis
damtkiceba, winadadebis garCeva, wignze muSaoba, citatebis
morgeba, damxmare saxelmZRvaneloebis, leqsikonebis,
120
enciklopediis gamoyeneba, dagegmva, recenzireba, referatis,
moxsenebis momzadeba da a. S. is inteleqtualuri unarebia,
romelTa gareSe warmoudgenelia swavla da swavleba.
mecnieruli msoflmxedvelobis formireba gonebrivi
aRzrdis urTulesi amocanaa. igi swavlebis aRmzrdelobiT
funqciaSi Sedis. mecnieruli msoflmxedveloba
gulisxmobs mecnierul SexedulebaTa mwyobr sistemas.
mas safuZvlad udevs mecnieruli codna codnis sxvadasxva
dargebidan, cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoebidan. Sesabamisad
arCeven msoflmxedvelobis saxeobebs. magaliTad:
filosofiuri, politikuri, religiuri, eTikuri, esTetikuri
msoflmxedveloba da sxva. msoflmxedveloba gansazRvravs
adamianis Segnebas, qcevasa da moqmedebas, pozicias,
damokidebulebas, Sefasebas da a. S. msoflmxedvelobis
ZiriTadi Sinaarsia yofierebasa da cnobierebas Soris
mimarTebebis, ganviTarebis obieqturi kanonebis,
kanonzomierebis, princi pebis, samyaroSi arsebuli
logikuri da dialeqtikuri kavSirebis, ganpirebulobebisa
da damokidebulebebis gacnobiereba.
maSasadame, gonebrivi aRzrdis miznis miRwevas gonebrivi
aRzrdis amocanebis swori, Tanmimdevruli da sistemuri
gadawyveta ganapirobebs. gonebrivi sijansaRis
mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT Jan-Jak rusom saintereso
mosazreba gamoTqva: “saRi goneba danarCen grZnobaTa kargad
mowesrigebuli xmarebis Sedegia da gvaZlevs codnas saganTa
bunebis Sesaxeb. amitom am meeqvse grZnobas sakuTari organo
ar gaaCnia”.
gonebrivi aRzrdis amocanaTa Soris prioritetul
adgilzea ganswavluloba da azrovnebis ganviTareba, rac
sityvisa da saqmis erTianobaSi poulobs asaxvas. azrovneba
fsiqologiisa da logikis sferoSia da misi arsi, saxeebi,
dinamika kargad damuSavebuli problemaa. am monacemebze
dayrdnobiT, pedagogika azrovnebis ganviTarebis
121
saSualebebs ganixilavs. amitom Cven mxolod CamovTvliT
azrovnebis saxeebs da SemovifarglebiT mokle
komentarebiT, radgan rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, azrovnebisa
da masTan dakavSirebuli sxva inteleqtualuri operaciebis,
rogorc tvinis unikaluri funqciebis kvleva pedagogikis
sagani ar aris. pedagogiuri TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania
maswvlebelma icodes azrovnebis saxeebi da swori
orientireba gaakeTos imaze, Tu rogor ganuviTaros
moswavleebs misi esa Tu is saxe azrovnebisa.
logikasa da fsiqologiaSi dadgenilia azrovnebis
Semdegi saxeebi. esenia: konkretuli, abstraqtuli,
dialeqtikuri, logikuri, induqciuri, deduqciuri,
sistemuri, Teoriuli, simboluri, analitikuri, mecnieruli
azrovneba, mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi, reproduqtiuli,
produqtiuli da a. S.
konkretuli azrovneba cocxal ganWvretas, uSualo
SegrZnebebs eyrdnoba da is Semecnebis pirvel etaps
warmoadgens, romlis gareSe ar arsebobs azrovnebis sxva
saxe. rac ufro mdidaria es cocxali ganWvreta, miT ufro
maRalia STabeWdilebebi, warmodgena-warmosaxvebi.
abstraqtuli azrovneba, rogorc azrovnebis umaRlesi
forma, swored, am warmodgena-warmosaxvebs eyrdnoba. igi
fsiqologiaSi ganixileba rogorc dedaazris gageba.
magaliTad, adamianma SeiZleba zedmiwevniT gaigos igav-
arakis, andazis, leqsis da a. S. TiToeuli sityva, sityvaTa
Soris mimarTebebi, magram misi zogadi dedaazri
miuwvdomeli, gaugebari darCes. radgan dedaazris
matarebeli ar SeiZleba iyos calkeuli sityvebi, an zogjer
mTeli winadadbac. igi sityvaTa konteqstSi zis, an
qveteqstebSia moqceuli. amitom aris kulturul adamianTa
erTi nawili Znelad gebulobs maxvilgonieri gamoTqmebis
dedaazrs, masSi nagulisxmeb ironias an iumors.
abstraqtuli azri azrovnebis procesSi eZebs TvalsaCino
122
dasayrdens. “TviT uzogadesi abstraqtuli azris “fesvebi”
konkretul sagnebSia Camaluli. azrovneba konkretul
saganTa TvalsaCino asxvidan amodis” (r. naTaZe. zogadi
fsiqologia. Tb., 1956, gv. 347).
logikuri anu cnebiTi azrovneba rom gavigoT, unda
vicodeT TviT cnebis definicia. cneba obieqturi
sinamdvilis ganzogadoebul asaxvas warmoadgens. cnebaSi
igulisxmeba ara TvalsaCino, garegani Tvisebebi sagnisa,
aramed mxolod is niSnebi, romelic saganTa mTeli
klasisTvis saerToa. zogadi niSnebi, romelic imave dros
arsebiTia saganTa am kategoriisTvis. ase magaliTad,
adamianis cnebaSi Sedis Semdegi arsebiTi niSnebi,
rogoricaa: adamiani aris gonieri, metyveli, iaraRis
mkeTebeli, Sromisunariani, Semoqmedi cocxali arseba. es
niSnebi adamianis zogad arss gamoxataven. maSasadame, cnebis
Sinaarsi araTvalsaCino, araaRqmadi xasaiTisaa. igi azria,
codna saganTa Tu movlenaTa klasis arsebiTi niSnebis
Sesaxeb.
amrigad, cneba uSualod, pirdapir ki ar asaxavs
realur sagans, aramed Semecnebis anu mecnierebis meSveobiT,
e. i. SemecnebiT gaSualebuli asaxvaa sinamdvilisa.
logikuri azrovneba mizez-Sedegobriobis kategoriaSia
moqceuli da Sesabamisad sagnebi da movlenebi
urTierTkavSirSi da urTierTganpirebulobaSi imyofebian.
saganTa es obieqturi kavSiri aisaxeba cnobierebaSi cnebaTa
sistemebis saxiT. pedagogikuri TvalsazrisiT logikur
azrovnebas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs aRzrdaSi.
rogorc cnobilia, umizezod araferi xdeba samyaroSi.
yovel mizezs Tavisi Sedegi mosdevs. Sedegis analizi
aucileblad migviyvans mis gamomwvev mizezamde. mxolod
mizezis gagebis Semdeg dgeba koreqciis reJimi. magaliTad
moswavle pedagogiurad an akademiurad CamorCenilia,
maSinaTve ivaraudeba, rom mas aqvs gamomwvevi mizezi.
123
mizezebis dasaSvebi versiebis formulireba da maTze
muSaoba iZleva saSualebas namdvili mizezis dagenisa.
aRniSnul problemaTa dasaSvebi mizezebi SeiZleba iyos
skolisTvis moumwifebloba, avadmyofoba, fizikuri da
gonebrivi nakli, SegrZnebaTa analizatorebis dazianeba,
ojaxuri an ekonimikuri mdgomareoba, sizarmace,
SemTxveviToba, gaugebroba, hobi, sqesobriv momwifebasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi da a. S.
rogorc cnobilia, gamoyofen logikuri azrovnebis
sam ZiriTad formas: cneba, msjeloba da daskvna. ingliseli
mecnierebi: tim kimeli, foster klaini, jim fei, sesil
benua SesaniSnavi wignis “aRzrda siyvaruliTa da
logikiT” Tanaavtorebi logikas aRzrdis erTerT
mniSvnelovan princi pad aRiareben. da mohyavT sainteresi
magaliTebi. magaliTad: tomma dedis rCeva ar gaiTavaliswina,
qudi ar daixura. Sin sveli da gacivebuli dabrunda.
sicxem auwia, saWmels piri ar daakara, Tavs cudad grZnobda.
logika: qudi rom ar daixura, tomi imitom gaxda avad.
mizezi dagenilia. tomi SemdegSi iTvaliswinebda dedis
rCevas; an kidev: TviTdajerebuli jimi varjiSebs xSirad
acdenda. Sedegi: Sejibrebaze damarcxda. logika: damarcxda
imitom, rom mecadineobas acdenda.
dialeqtika aris bunebis, sazogadoebisa da azrovnebis
ganviTarebis uzogadoesi obieqturi kanonebis, Sinagani
wyaroebis, Secnobisa da gardaqmnis Teoria da meTodi.
Sesabamisad dialeqturi azrovneba emsaxureba am
dialeqtikuris Secnobasa da gamoyenebas, xolo es procesi
Tavis mxriv xels uwyobs TviT dialeqtikuri azrovnebis
ganviTarebas. amitom dialeqtikur azrovnebas ara marto
Teoriuli, aramed praqtikuli Rirebulebac gaaCnia.
dialeqtikuri azrovneba maswavleblis warmatebis
sawindaria, igi aZlevs saSualebas sworad gansazRvros
yvela is Siga da gare kavSirebi, damokidebulebebi da
124
moaxdinos pedagogiuri Sromis mecnieruli organizacia,
misi optimizaciisa da intensifikaciis safuZvelze. da,
rac mTavaria, moswavleebs unda xeli Seuwyos dialeqtikuri
azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi.
induqciuri da deduqciuri azrovneba niSnavs kerZodan
zogadisaken da zogadidan kerZosaken azrobriv moZraobas.
magaliTad, cxeli CaiT savse WiqaSi Cadebuli kovzi, wesiT,
iqamde unda gacxeldes, sanamdec wyali wvdeba. sinamdvileSi
kovzi mTlianad cxelia. xis kovzi ki mxolod iqamde
gacxelda sanamdis wyali wvdeboda. msjeloba: risganaa
gakeTebuli kovzi? _ liTonisgan. e. i. daskvna: liToni
siTbos matarebelia, xe ki _ ara. kerZo SemTxvevidan miviReT
ganzogadoebuli daskvna. axla vcadoT piriqiT: liToni
siTbos matarebelia. maSasadame liTonisgan damzadebuli
nivTebic siTbos matarebelia. liTonSi siTbos matarebeli
muxtebi erTaneTTan mWidrod arian dakavSirebulni, xeSi
ki _ara.
axla es magaliTebi ganvazogadoT pedagogiur sferoSi.
magaliTad, Tu zedmeti sentenciebi nikas aRizianebs,
maSasadame zedmeti sentenciebi sxvebsac gaaRizianebs. Tu
zedmeti sentenciebi yvelas aRizianebs, is nikasac
gaaRizianebs. daskvna: moswavleebTan sentenciebi frTxilad
da zomierad unda gamoviyenoT.
Teoriuli azrovneba Teoriis cnebasTan aris
dakavSirebuli. Teoria, rogorc filosofiur leqsikonSia
ganmartebuli, berZnuli sityvaa da pirdapiri gagebiT
niSnavs dakvirvebas, ganxilvas, gamokvlevas. Teoria farTo
gagebiT, aris sinamdvilis ama Tu im sferos Sesaxeb
ganzogadoebuli codnis sistema, romelic aRwers, axsnis
da winaswarmetyvelebs mis Senmadgenel elementTa
garkveuli jgufis funqcionirebas. Teoria gansxvavdeba
praqtikisagan, vinaidan warmoadgens sulier, azrobriv
“asls”, asxvas realuri sinamdvilisa. Teoria warmoiSoba
125
rogorc SemecnebiTi moRvaweobisa da praqtikis Sedegebis
ganzogadoeba da xels uwyobs bunebisa da sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis gardaqmnas.
maswavleblisTvis Teoriuli azrovneba niSnavs
pedagogikis Teoriis codnasa da pedagogiur praqtikaSi
gamoyenebas. pedagogiuri procesebis, sistemebis,
komponentebis funqcionalur konstruirebas pedagogiuri
miznebisa da amocanebis Sesabamisad.
produqtiuli azrovneba aris axlis aRmoCena,
miviwyebulis gaxseneba an miZinebulis gaRviZeba an kidev
raime axali detalis mimateba da axal situaciasTan
SesabamisobaSi moyvana. amitom produqtiuli azrovnebis
ganviTareba gonebrivi aRzrdis erTerTi mniSvnelovani
amocanaa, risTvisac maswavlebeli iyenebs SemecnebiT da
praqtikul procesebs. igi eyrdnoba Teoriul azrovnebas.
reproduqtiuli azrovneba emsaxureba ukve cnobilis,
aRmoCenilis Seswavla-aTvisebas.
roca studentebi igeben azrovnebis am saxeobaTa Sesaxeb,
TviTkritikuli ganwyoba euflebaT da sinanuls gamoTqvamen
miRweulsa da misaRwevs, realursa da idealurs Soris
aRmoCenili sxvaobis gamo da umalve uqrebaT
Tavdajerebulobisa da TviTkmayofilebis mediduri gancda.
es ki ganviTarebis Semferxebeli grZnoba.
gonebrivi aRzrda mWidro kavSirSia aRzrdis sxva
koponentebTan. pirovnebis yovelmxriv harmonieulad
ganviTarebis, mis zneobriv, sulier, esTetikur da fizikuri
Camoyalibebis sayrden safuZvels warmoadgens gonebrivi
aRzrda. aRzrdis nebismieri komponenti warmoudgenelia
misi cnebis, arsis, mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb Teoriuli codnisa
da Sesabimisi Segnebis gareSe. es ukanaskneli ki gonebrivi
aRzrdis saqmea. ramdenadac Segneba aregulirebs adamianis
qcevasa da moqmedebas, poziciasa da damokidebulebas da,
saerTod garemomcvel sinamdvilesTan urTierTobas,
126
amdenad aRzrdis upirvelesi amocanaa adamianis Segnebis
amaRleba, misi yovelmxrivi da mravalferovani codna-
gamocdilebiT gamdidreba, rac gonebrivi aRzrdis mTavar
fumqcias warmoadgens. aqve ikveTeba swavlebisa da aRzrdis
ganuyofloba, organuli kavSiri.
amitom gonebrivi aRzrdis aseTi organuli kavSiri
aRzrdis sxva komponentebTan obieqturi kanonzomierebaa.
swored am kavSiris safuZvelze unda warimarTos mTeli
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesi. es ki damokidebulia
maswavleblis profesionalizmze, mis pedagogiur
xelovnebaze. ai, yvela pedagogiuri gza mainc
maswavleblisaken midis.
zneobrivi aRzrdis mizani pirovnebis moraluri saxis
formirebaa, romelic moiTxovs sami amocanis gadawyvetas.
esenia: zneobrivi Segneba, zneobrivi grZnobebi, neba da
zneobrivi moqmedebis unar-Cvevebi. zneobrivi Segnebis
ganviTarebis mTavari pirobaa zneobis Sinaarsis, zneobrivi
kategoriebis Sesaxeb WeSmariti informaciebis aTviseba.
krZod, mocemul sazogadoebaSi dagenili qcevisa da
moqmedebis normebisa da wesebis swavlebis gziT daufleba,
sulieri gamdidreba.
gonebrivi da zneobrivi amocanebis Tanxvedris saerTo
safuZvelSive iwyeba zneobrivi aRzrdis miznis Sesabamisi
eTikuri codnis Sinaarsis konkretizacia da Teoriulad
da praqtikulad aTviseba. cnobili bibliuri princi pi
“rasac dasTes, imas moimki” kargad esadageba aRzrdas. ris
Teslsac CavdebT bavSvis cnobierebaSi, mxolod imis nayofs
miviRebT da araviTar SemTxvevaSi sxvas. “Teslis” saxeobas
aRzrdis mizani ganapirobebs. Tu zneobrivi aRzrdaa
mizanSi, zneobis Tesli unda daiTesos, Tu esTetikuri __
maSin esTetikis Tesli.
gonebriv aRzrdasTan aris agreTve dakavSirebuli
sulierobis aRzrda. sulieroba mxolod da mxolod
127
RvTisgan miiReba. amisTvis saWiroa saTanado codna. xolo
RvTis Sesaxeb utyuari, WeSmariti codnis miReba
SesaZlebelia bibliis Seswavlis gziT. amitom mogviwodebs
RvTis Ze, ieso qriste: “esaa saukuno sicocxle ecnobodeT
erTaderT WeSmarit RmerTs da mas, vinc man gamogzavna
ieso qristes” (ioane 17:3).
esTetikuri aRzrdac imave princi piTaa dakavSirebuli
gonebriv aRzrdasTan. esTetikuri aRzrdis miznidan
gamomdinare, mis pirvel amocanas warmoadgens esTetikisa
da esTetikuris raobis Sesaxeb Teoriuli informaciis
miReba, silamazisa da mSvenierebis, amaRlebulis, harmoniis,
wesrigis, proporciis, simetriis, Tanxmobis, wonasworobis,
ritmis, riTmis da a. S . aRqmis, gagebis tkbobis, da, saerTod,
esTetikis kanonebiT, esTetikuri idealebiT cxovrebis
moTxovnilebis, esTetikuri kulturis gamomuSaveba
moswavleebSi.
rac Seexeba gonebrivi aRzrdis kavSirs fizikur
aRzrdasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom biologiuri
determinantis SeqmnaSi subieqti ver iRebs monawileobas,
radgan is memkvidreobiT eZleva mas, mainc saR azrovnebaze,
bilogiur-fizikuri agebulebis, mimarTebebis funqciebis
codnazea damokidebuli misi fizikuri sijansaRe,
janmrTeloba, Sromisunarianoba, amtanianoba, sicocxlis
xangrZlivoba. swored am codnisa da Sesabamisi sanitarul-
higienuri normebis dacvis aucileblobis Segneba emyareba
gonebriv aRzrdas. rac ufro met swor onformaciebs
flobs adamiani, miT ufro maRalia misi azrovnebis,
gonierebis done; mdidari, ganswavluli goneba ki
uzrunvlyofs bednier, mSvidobian da lamaz cxovrebas.
yovelmxriv harmoniulad ganviTarebuli pirovnebis
formireba gonebrivi aRzrdis aRzrdis sxva
komponentebTan kavSiriT ar amoiwureba. aRzrdis yvela
komponents rogorc urTierT aseve urTierTkavSiri aqvs
128
sxva pedagogiur procesebTan da sistemebTan. pdagogiuri
codnac da xelovnebac swored am kavSirebis amoqmedebaSi
mdgomareobs. mxolod am gziT miiRweva is generaluri
pdagogiuri mizani __ yovelmxriv harmoniulad
ganviTarebuli pirovnebis formireba.
senekam gviTxra, adamiani RvTis am udidesi ZRvenis _
gonebis gamdidrebisaTvis mudmivad unda zrunavdeso.
solomon brZenma ki gviCvena gza zrunvisa RvTis am udidesi
ZRvenis gasamdidreblad: “yuri unda hqondes sibrZnisken
mi pyrobili da guli gonierebisken geweodes, rom
mouwodebde Wkuas da gonebas gaaRviZebde, rom vercxliviT
misi Sovnis wadili gqondes da ganZiviT dauwyebde Zebnas.
. . . maSin mixvdebi, ra aris simarTle, samarTali da
samarTlianoba, yoveli keTili saqme” (solomonis igavni
2:2,3,4,9).
slomon brZenis am darigebas: codnis miRebis wyurvili,
mondomeba, da sistematuri aqtiuroba _ dRemde, 3000 wlis
Semdegac ar daukargavs Tavisi aqtualoba. Tumca mefe-
msajuli ar malavs im sirTulesac, rac ganaTlebis miRebis
process axlavs da gviziarebs Tavis pirad gamocdilebas
amasTan dakavSirebiT: “ roca guls videv, Semecno sibrZne
da momexila yoveli saqme, rac qveynad xdeba, Cems Tvalebs
Zili ar unaxavT arc dRe da arc Rame” (eklesisaste 8:16).
solomon brZeni Tavis warmatebas pirvel rigSi RmerTs
miawers, Semdeg ki _ maswavlebels da bolos Tavis
Tavdauzogav Sromas.
gonebrivi aRzrdis prcesi mimdinareobs pedagogiuri
procesebis yvela sistemaSi: saklaso-sagakveTilo,
klasagareSe, skolis gareSe saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo
dawesebulebebsa Tu ojaxSi. am mimarTulebiT mainc
gadamwyveti sityva saklaso-sagakveTilo sistemas ekuTvnis.
gakveTili, rogorc saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis
ZiriTadi organizaciuli forma, warmoadgens mecnierebaTa
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safuZvlebis dauflebis, Teoriuli codna-gamocdilebis
miRebis, swavlebis saganmanaTlelo funqciis
ganxorcielebis saukeTeso adgils. gakveTilze euflebian
moswavleebi sabunebismetyvelo, humanitarul-sazogadoebriv,
politeqnikur da sxva codnas. swavlebis procesSi
moswavleebi ecnobian saazrovno operaciebs da gonebas
imdidreben swori da sasargeblo informaciebiT samyaros
ganviTarebis obieqtur kanonebsa da kanonzomierebaTa
Sesaxeb. gonebis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT l. b. aretino
werda: “kiTxva _ es aris sulieri sakvebi, romelic asmevs
da apurebs gonebas.”
klasgareSe pedagogiuri procesi Seicavs gonebrivi
aRzrdis mniSvnelovan SesaZleblobebs. aq xdeba gakveTilze
miRebuli codna-gamocdilebis gaRrmaveba-ganmtkiceba
moswavleTa niWisa da survilis Sesabamisad. magaliTad,
sagnobriv wreSi mocemuli sagnis sxvadasxva aspeqtSi,
sxvadasxva kuTxiT danaxva, princi pulis, arsebiTis wina
planze wamoweva da CaRrmaveba, individualurad damuSaveba,
prezentaciebi, diskusiebi, olimpiadebi, turnirebi da sxva
gonebrivi aRzrdis saukeTeso saSualebebia.
ojaxi is mikro socialuri garemoa, sadac bunebrivad,
mSoblebisa da piradi gamocdilebiT, sagnebze, movlenebze,
faqtebze uSualo, empiriuli dakvirvebebiTa da
urTierTobiT bavSvi iRebs garkveul codna-gamocdilebas
saojaxo sagnebsa da funqciaze, ojaxis wevrTa
urTierTobebze, SromiT saqmianobebze, zneobriv da
esTetikur sakiTxebze.
saklaso, klasgareSe da ojaxur viTarebaSi xdeba bavSvis
pirovnebad formireba, yvela im pedagogiuri amocanebis
ganxorcieleba, rac uzrunvelyofs mTavari pedagogiuri
miznis miRwevas. am procesebSi CarTulia mTeli pedagogiuri
meTodebis arsenali, romelTa optimaluri SerCeva da

130
mocemul situaciasTan SesatyvisobaSi moyvana
uzrunvelyofs gonebriv aRzrdas.
amrigad, gonebrivi aRzrda pedagogiuri procesis is
qvsistemaa, romelic organulad ukavSirdeba sxva
pedagogiur sistemebsa da qvesistemebs, komponentebsa da
procesebs.

131
Tema IX. mecnieruli msoflmxedvelobis
formireba

sakiTxebi:

1. mecnieruli msoflmxedvelobis cneba da misi


mniSvneloba;
2. mecnieruli msoflmxedvelobis Sinaarsobrivi
aspeqtebi;
3. mcnieruli da Teologiuri msoflmxedvelobis
urTierTmimarTeba;
4. mecnieruli da Teologiuri msoflmxedvelobis
formirebis peagogiuri safuZvlebi.

mecnieruli msoflmxedveloba aRzrdis iseTi


komponentia, romelic pirovnebis srulfasovnebas
gansazRvravs. msoflmxedvelobis cneba filosofiur
leqsikonSi ase ganimarteba: msoflmxedveloba aris
principTa,SexedulebaTa da mrwamsis erToblioba,romelic
adamianis, adamianTa jgufisa da sazogadoebis moRvaweobis
mimarTulebas da sinamdvilesTan damokidebulebas
gansazRvravs. igi yalibdeba elementebisagan, romelnic
sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis yvela formas ganekuTvnebian,
e. i. yvela mecnierebaTa Teoriul fundamentze. masSi
did rols asruleben filosofiuri, mecnieruli,
politikuri , zneobrivi da esTetikuri Sexedulebebi.
mecnieruli msoflmxedveloba mecnierul codnas emyareba
da misi Ziri saerToa, magram gamoxatvis forma
inividualuria, radgan calkeuli individis specifikuri
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba, zneobrivi da emociur-
fsiqologiuri momentebic erTvebian masSi. “pirovnebis _
vkiTxulobT n. vasaZis pedagogikaSi, (2000weli) _ yvela
132
Tviseba da Rirseba erTmTlian sistemaSi iyris Tavs da am
sistemis logikuri centri, misi sayrdeni aris
msoflmxedveloba.”
mecnieruli msoflmxedvelobis sawyis safuZvels mainc,
Teoriul ganzogadoebamde ayvanili, realuri faqtebi
warmoadgenen. movlenaTa saerTo da arsebiT mxareebis asaxva
da ganzogadoeba emsaxureba mis axsnasa da ganWvretas, iZleva
princi pebs ara marto im amocanaTa gadasaWrelad, ris
safuZvlzec miiReba daskvna, aramed sxva mxareebisaTvisac,
romelic dakavSirebulia mocemul obieqtTan.
msoflmxedvelobriv ganzogadoebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili
ukavia meTodologiur safuZvels, romelic iZleva gasaRebs
__ Semecnebis principebsa da meTodebs,sinamdvilis Sinagani
kavSirebis, obieqturi kanonebisa da kanonzomierebis
Secnobisa da gagebisa.
msoflmxdveloba, rogorc mecnierul SexedulebaTa
mwyobri sistema samyaros Sesaxeb, gulisxmobs iseT codnas,
rogoricaa: dialeqtikuri kanonebi da kategoriebi;
samyaros Secnobadoba; moZraoba, rogorc samyaros
arsebobis wesi; cnobierebisa da yofierebis
urTierTmimarTeba; dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da
brZolis kanoni; mizezobrivi kavSirebis uzogadoesi
kanoni; raodnobrivi cvlilebis Tvisobriv cvlilebebSi
gadasvlis kanoni; ganviTarebis uwyvetoba-wyvetobadobisa
da mizez-Sedgobriobis dialqtika; arsebisa da movlenis,
formisa da Sinaarsis erTianoba; praqtika, rogorc
Semecnebisa da WeSmaritebis kriteriumi; iseTi cnebebi da
ideebi, rogoricaa: materialuri warmoeba __ sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis safuZveli, sazogadoebrivi formaciebis
cvalebadobis kanonzomiereba; xalxaTa masebis roli
istoriaSi da, umTavresi, yovlis Semoqmedi RmerTis
uzenaesobis rwmena.
mecnieruli msoflmxedveloba warmoadgens cnebebis,
133
ideebisa da Teoriebis samyaros, pirovnebis Sinagan
poziciaSi gadasuls.
moswavleebSi mecnieruli msoflmxedvelobis
formireba niSnavs zemoT dasaxelebuli codniT,
dialeqtikuri kanonebiT, kategoriebiTa da princi pebiT
maT SeiaraRebas. magram es erT dRes erTbaSad ar xdeba.
msoflmxdvelobis formirebas rom asakobrivi
periodizacia da Tanmimdevrobisa da sistematurobis
princi pi udevs safuZvlad, es pdagogiuri aqsiomaa, magram
amis Sesaxeb qvemoT visaubrebT.
yvela sasawavlo sagani Seicavs moswavleebSi
msoflmxedvelobrivi Sexedulebebis formirebis
SesaZleblobas, misi kvlevis obieqtis Sesabamisad.
magaliTad sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebani, romelTa
safuZvlebi iswavleba skolaSi, aswavlis cnebaTa sistemas
bunebis ganviTarebis obieqtur kanonebsa da
kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb. ekosistemebis urTierTkavSirebs,
urTierTdamokidebulebebsa da urTierTganpirebulobebs.
es SeiZleba moswavleebs davanaxoT sruliad martivi
eqsperimentiT. aviRoT sruliad erTnairi gvarisa da asakis
qoTnis yvavilebi da vTxovoT moswavleebs videoze
daafiqsiron orive qoTnis mdgomareoba. Semdeg erTi qoTani
movaTavsoT saTanado pirobebSi, xolo meore ki _ yovelgvar
pirobebs moklebul adgilas. garkveuli drois Semdeg
gamovitanoT orive qoTani da isev vTxovoT moswavleebs
kvlav daafiqsiron videoze. gaakeTon SedarebiTi analizi
da gamoitanon daskvnebi. dausvaT kiTxvebi: ra gansxvavebas
xedavT am or qoTans Soris? cxadia, moswavleTa pasuxebi.
isini ityvian, rom erTi Wkneba da sikvdilis piras aris,
xolo meore Zalian kargad grZnobs Tavs, gazrdilia,
jansaRi feri aqvs da yvavis. __ sworia. axla vsvamT meore
kiTxvas: riT SeiZleba iyos gamowveuli aseTi gansxvaveba?
amis pasuxSi unda amoicnon moswavleebma is
134
ganzogadoebuli kanonzomiereba, romliTac aris
gamowveuli esoden didi gansxvaveba am ori qoTnis
yvavilebs Soris. Cveulebrivi analizis Semdeg erTad
vakeTebT daskvnas. yvavili, romelic iRebda haers, wyals,
sinaTles, mzis sxivebs da ar aklda adamianis mzrunveli
xeli, gaixara. meore imitom daWkna, rom moklebuli iyo
yvela am sikeTes. mesame kiTxva: ra gavigeT am eqsperimentiT?
__ mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri bunebaSi. kiTxvaze, Tu raSi
sWirdeba adamians amis codna, pasuxi moswavleebs miscems
saSualebas gaigon misi praqtikuli Rirebuleba. aqac
SegviZlia gamoviyenoT praqtikuli magaliTi. yvelam viciT,
rom pamidori bunebrivad Semodgomaze Semodis. Cven misi
ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis codna gvexmareba imaSi, rom
pamindvris mosayvanad saWiro bunebrivi pirobebis
xelovnurad SeqmniT, es mosavali miviRoT weliwadis
nebismier dros. da, Tu am saocrebis samedicino, ekonomikur
da esTetikur aspeqtebzec gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas, mas
gauCndeba madlierebisa da kmayofilebis grZnoba RvTisa
da misi momyvanis mimarT. amgvari swavlebiT pirnaTlad
aRvasrulebT swavlebis rogorc saganmanaTleblo, ise
ganmaviTarebl, aRmzrdelobiT da SromiT funqciebs.
msoflmxedvelobis formirebis SesaniSnav SesaZleblobas
iZleva humanitarul-sazogadoebrivi ciklis sagnebi. am
ciklis mecnierebaTa safuZvlebis dauflebiT moswavleebi
icnobiereben sazogadobrivi ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebs,
pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebebs,
samyarosadmi eTikur da esTetikur damokidebulebebs da
amis saWiroebebis safuZvlebs, mis mizez-Sedegobriv
kavSirebs, rac ayalibebs zneobriv da moralur ideebs.
marTalia, ar aris msoflmxedvelobis swavlebis
specialur sagani. is gabneulia sxvadasxva mecnierebebSi
da integracia-konstantacia martivi saqme ar aris. aseT
dros pedagogikas rezervSi aqvs saganTaSorisi kavSirebi,
135
paralel-analogiebis daZebna da erTmTlian sistemad
gaerTianeba. saganTaSorisi kontaqtebi iZleva saSualebas
erTdaigive movlenis sxvadasxva aspeqtSi danaxvisa da
erTiani warmodgenis Seqmnisa, aerTianebs yvela mecnierebas
saerTo mizniT, rac qmnis Sinagani kavSirebis uzarmazar
Zalas. maprovocirebeli kiTxvebiT, dakvirvebebiT, wignze
muSaobiT, sxvdasxva savarjiSoebis SesrulebiT, cnebebze,
kanonebsa da kategoriebze specialuri muSaobiT, moswavlis
yuradRebis centrSi movaqcevT problemas, vavarjiSebT
WeSmaritebis povnamde da mopovebul codnas vaqcevT maT
inteleqtualur sakuTrebad.
msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebis asakobrivi
SesaZleblobebi iseve gansxvavebulia, rogorc TviT
msoflmxedvelobrivi ganzogadoebebia gansxvavebuli
Tavisi siRrmiTa da sirTuliT. amitom sawyis etapze
umTavresia faqtebis dagroveba da msoflmxedvelobrivi
codnis elementebis safuZvlis Cayra. magaliTad, umcros
saskolo asakSi advilad misawvdomia bunebas da
sazogadoebaSi mimdinare movlenebis msoflmxedvelobrivi
xasiaTis matarebeli urTierTkavSirebi da
damokidebulebebi. aseT sferos miekuTvneba elementaruli
warmodgenebi bunebis sezonuri cvlilebebis, yofierebisa
da cnobierebis urTierTmimarTebebis, mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSirebis Sesaxeb da a. S. am asakSi kargad amCneven
moswavleebi sagnebsa da movlenebs Soris msgavsebasa da
gansxvavebas, cvlilebebsa da ganviTarebas, mizezebsa da
Sedegebs.
mozardobis asakis moswavleebi ukve axerxeben bunebaSi
mimdinare ufro rTul procesebs Cawvdnen, gaanalizon
sagnebisa da movlenebis urTierTdamokidebulebebi da
urTierTganpirebulobebi. aseve ufro naTlad
icnobiereben istoriul-sazogadoebrivi procesebis
kanonzomierebebsa da mamoZravebel Zalebs da Tavad midian
136
msoflmxedvelobriv daskvnamde. am asakSi moswavleebs
gacxovelebuli sociogenuri moTxovnebi aqvT.
gansakuTrebiT awuxebT TviTdamkvidrebisa da
TviTrealizaciis problemebi. am moTxovnebis
dakmayofilebisaTvis aqtiuroba afarTovebs moqmedebisa
da urTierTobis areals, rac biZgs aZlevs sazogadoebriv-
politikur, zneobriv da esTetikuri idealebis formirebas.
magram amavdroulad moswavlis moumzadeblobisa da
informaciuli deficitis gamo SesaZlebelia warmoiSvas
safrTxe DSecdomebisa, TviTdajerebulobisa,
gaurkvevlobisa, araadekvaturobisa, ramac SeiZleba
gamoxatuleba hpovos araswor SexedulebebSi, mcdar
poziciebSi. pedagogiur da akademiur CamorCenilobaSi,
asocialurobaSi, ufro metic, antisocialurobaSic ki.
yvela SemTxvevaSi situacias unda akontrolebdes skola,
ojaxi, sazogadoeba.
ufros saskolo asakSi stabiluroba ZiriTadad
ganvlili periodis efeqturobiT aris ganpirobebuli. iq
gaparuli xarvezebi Zalian mZimed aisaxebian momdevno
periodze, radgan gardamavali asaki, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
specifikurobis gamo, rTul periodad ganixileba da
samarTlianadac. Tu skolam moaxerxa im sirTuleebis
daZleva pedagogiuri saSualebebiT, ukve momdevno periodis
bunebrivi problemebis daZleva, aseve bunebrivad iqneba
SesaZlebeli. am asakSi moswavle aRwevs fizikur da sulier
momwifebas da mzad aris mTeli sisruliT aiTvisos
msoflmxedvelobrivi codna, cnebebi, ideebi, Teoriebi,
SexedulebaTa mTeli sistemebi; filosofiuri azrovneba,
SemecnebiTi damokidebuleba samyarosadmi, saganTa da
codnaTa samyaroSi SeRwevis moTxovnileba qmnis noyier
niadags meTodologiuri ideebisa da ganzogadoebis
maRali donis formirebis, mtkice Sexedulebebisa da
mrwamsis, swori orientirebisa da qcevis princi pebis
saboloo formirebisaTvis.
137
amave etapze Cndeba profesiuli motivebi, romelic
axalgazrdas aRZravs saTanado moqmedebisaTvis.
msoflmxedvelobis formirebaSi garkveuli wvlilis
Setana SeuZlia skolaSi proforientaciul muSaobasac,
rom garkveuli informaciebis safuZvelze moswavlem swori
arCevani gaakeTos, gansazRvros Tavisi adgili
sazogadoebaSi da Tavisi nayofieri SromiT garkveuli
wvlili Seitanos sazogadoebis winsvlaSi.
msoflmxedvelobrivi azrovneba religiuri
cnobierebis gareSe ar SeiZleba srulyofilad CaiTvalos,
radgan samyaros warmoSobisa da dabadebis axsna
materialisturi gagebidan SeuZlebelia. RvTis sityvidan,
bibilidan vigebT, Tu rogor Seqmna RmerTma mTeli samyaro
da rac masSia. samyaros is gansacvifrebeli sizusteebi,
urTierTkavSirebi, urTierTdamokidebulebebi da urTierT
ganpirobebulobebi, romelnic emorCilebian arsebobis,
mudmivad ganviTareba _ ganaxlebisa da TviTSenarCunebis
obieqtur kanonebs, kanonzomierebebsa da princi pebs,
metyvelebs imaze, rom yovelive amas hyavs gonieri da brZeni
Semoqmedi. religia da mecniereba ar gamoricxaven erTmaneTs,
radgan mecnierebac RmerTisgan aris. yovlisSemoqmedma
Seqmna yovelive mecnieruli sizustiT.
aTeisturma mimdinareobebma: darvinizmi, marqsizmi,
leninizmi didi dartyma miayena WeSmarit
msoflmxedvelobas da adgili ar dautova rwmenas, ramac
gamoiwvia sulierobis deficiti, uRmerToba. radgan rwmena
_ es aris uxilavis dajereba da imedi xilulis SecnobiT.
RmerTi ori gziT Seicnoba: Tavisi qmnilebebiT da Tavisi
sityviT _ bibliiT. am rwmenis gareSe msoflmxedveloba
carielia. materialisturi anu marqsistuli
msoflmxedveloba daupiririspirda idealizms da mcdar,
cru Sexedulebad gamoacxada idealisturi
msoflmxedveloba, religias, RvTis rwmenas ki uwoda opiumi.
138
am uzustobam, RvTis uaryofam myari niadagi Seuqmna
aTeizms, materializms, egocentrizms, aRviraxsnil komercias,
uzneo politikas, cru religiebs, moralur degradacias,
romlis mware nayofs imkis dRes mTeli msoflio.
msoflmxedveloba unda gvesmodes rogorc WeSmarit
SexedulebaTa mwyobri sistema, romelsac safuZvlad udevs
aseve WeSmariti codna yovlisSemoqmedis, samyaros,
sicocxlis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis, cxovrebis azrisa
da adamianis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb, uxilavis rwmena
xilulTa Semecnebis meSveobiT.
rwmena mxolod mecnierebaTa safuZvlebiT da
saganTaSorisi kavSirebiT ar miiReba. rwmenis Seucvleli
wyaroa RvTivsulieri wigni biblia. igi Seicavs utyuar
cnobebs RmerTisa da misi Zis _ ieso qristes da maTi
Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb. amitom gvirCia RvTis Zem mudmivad
vecnobodeT RmerTs da mas: “esaa saukuno sicocxle
gecnobodnen erTaderT WeSmarit RmerTs da mas, vinc Sen
moavline _ ieso qristes” (ioanes 17:3).

139
Tema X. zneobrivi aRzrda

sakiTxebi:

1. zneobrivi aRzrdis mizani da amocanebi;


2. zneobis kategoriebi anu Sinaarsi;
3. zneobrivi qcevis motivebi;
4. zneobrivi aRzrdis pedagogiuri saSualebebi.

goneba da zneoba adamianis pirovnuli Rirsebisa da


sazogadoebis kulturis donis kriteriumad ganixileboda
yovelTvis, yvela droisa da yvela qveynis sazogadoebaSi.
amasve mianiSnebs didi pedagogis, iakob gogebaSvilis
sityvebi: “adamianis Rirseba ganizomeba gonebrivi simaRliT,
zneobrivi sispetakiTa da sikeTiT, romelsac Tesavs igi
Tavisi moRvaweobiT”.
zneoba anu morali aris sazogadoebaSi dadgenili
qcevisa da moqmedebis normebisa da wesebis erToblioba,
romelsac swavlobs eTikuri mecniereba. zneobrivi aRzrda
ki emsaxureba am normebisa da wesebis aTvisebasa da dacvas.
zneoba qarTuli sityvaa da warmodgeba “zne”- dan. zne,
rogorc g. banZelaZe miuTiTebs, adamianis qcevis
garkveulobaa, rac sxvebTan urTierTobaSi gamoixateba.
“zne”-Si wina planzea wamoweuli moqmedebis garegnuli
forma da Sedegi, TvaliT dasanaxi da xelSesaxebi
sagnobriv-obieqturi viTareba, moqmedeba da Cveva”. . . “zneoba
sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianis xasiaTis arsebiTi niSani”
(g. banZelaZe. eTika. Tb., 1962,18) adamianuri cxovrebis _
aqac g. banZelaZes veyrdnobiT _ da TviT adamianobis
specifika zneobriobaSi mdgomareobs, xolo zneobriobis
specifika Segnebuli, Tavisufali moqmedebis unaria.
140
zneobrivi wesebi da princi pebi gamoxataven Segnebuli,
Tavisufali moqmdebis formebs, mxareebs, aspeqtebs. magram
Tavisufleba imas ar niSnavs, es moqmedeba raime sazRvrebis
gareSe arsebobs. is gansazRvrulia RvTiuri kanonebiTa
da princi pebiT, romelic bibliur mcnebebSia kodirebuli,
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis sferoSi.
xSirad erTmaneTTan ureven zneobasa da morals,
zneobrivsa da moralurs. magaliTad: “zneobrivad da
moralurad aRzrdili adamiani”, “moralurad da eTikurad”,
an kidev, “zneobrivad sufTa, moralurad maRali, eTikurad
Camoyalibebuli adamiani” da a. S. rac zneobrivi aRzrdis
procesze erTgvar gamabundovnebel gavlenas axdens xolme.
saqme imaSia, rom zneoba da morali identuri sityvebia
oRond pirveli qarTuli sityvaa,xolo meore _ laTinuri.
zneobis Semswavlel mecnierebas ewodeba eTika.
pirveli zneobrivi kanoni, romelic RmerTma misca Tavis
xatad da msgavsad Seqmnil adamianebs adamsa da evas, es iyo
akrZaluli xis xelSeuxlebloba edemis baRSi. RmerTma
adamianTa am pirvel wyvils Tavis gamgeblobaSi gadasca
mTeli samyaro, uTxra maT: “inayofiereT da imravleT, aavseT
dedamiwa, daeufleT mas, epatroneT caSi frinvels, zRvaSi
Tevzs, yovel cxovels, rac ki dedamiwaze dadis” (dabadebis
1:28) da gaafrTxila is (adami –g. x.), rom am usasrulo
samyaroSi mxolod erTi xis nayofi ar eWamaT: “yvela xis
nayofi geWmeva am baRSi, mxolod keTilisa da borotis
Secnobis xis nayofi ar SeWamo, radgan rogorc ki SeWam
mokvdebi”-o (dabadebis 217,18).
nacvlad imisa, rom RvTis qmnilebebs, adamsa da evas
madlierebiT mieRoT yovelive da damorCilebodnen RvTis
am samarTlian zneobriv kanons, urCoba gamoavlines da
dedamiwaze codva da codvis sazRauri sikvdili
daamkvidres, romelic memkvidreobiT gadaeca mTel maT
STamomavlobas.
141
zneobisa da uzneobis Sedegebidan gamomdinare,
progresulad moazrovne adamianebi yovelTvis iCendnen
zneobriv-esTetikuri idealebisken swrafvas da bednierebas,
sikeTes zneobis sferoSi eZebdnen. am miznis xorcSesxmas
zneobriv aRzrdaSi xedavdnen. antikuri da Semdgomi xanis
udidesi filosofosebi: demokrite, qsenofonte, sokrate,
platoni, aristotele, romaeli oratorebi: seneka, ciceroni,
pedagogikis klasikosebi: m. f. kvintiliane, ian amos komenski,
jon loki, Jan-Jak ruso, a. distervegi, k. d, uSinski, i.
gogebaSvili da sxvebi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen
zneobriv aRzrdas pirovnebis formirebis saqmeSi.
demokritem pirvelma gamoyo eTika, rogorc codnis
calkeuli dargi. mas zneobrivi srulyofis safuZvlad
srulyofili ganaTleba miaCnda. sokrates ki _ zneobrivi
aRzrdis daniSnulebad sikeTisa da borotebis arsSi
garkveva. misi azriT, bavSvi unda “darwmundes sikeTis
mSvenierebaSi da borotebis simaxinjeSi.” qsenofontem Tavis
pedagogiur romanSi “kiropedia” anu “kiris aRzrda”
zneobriv aRzrdas miuCina centraluri adgili. antisTene
ki zneobrivi aRzrdis mTavar amocanebad zneobriv
Segnebasa da zneobriv grZnobebs Tvlida. Tu platoni
zneobriobad idealur sikeTisken swrafvas Tvlida,
aristotele _ masSi amqveyniur bednierebas xedavda. es
kargad Cans mis ukvdav “eTikaSi’. saxelmwifos simtkicis
safuZvlad kanonebi miaCnda. amitom, misi azriT, kanonis
Semqmneli da damcveli uzado, keTilzneobis, samarTliani
adamiani unda yofiliyo. adamianurobis umaRles
kategoriad ciceroni humanizms miiCnevda, zneobis
safuZvlad ki _ ganaTlebas: “jer daeufle keTilzneobas,
xolo Semdeg sibrZnes, radgan pirvelis gareSe Znelia
iswavlo es ukanaskneli”- brZanebda ciceroni. kvintiliane
kidev ufro kategoriulad ayenebda sakiTxs: “yvelaferze
win zneoba unda idgeso” da iqve ganagrZobda:
142
“SeuZlebeblia upatiosno adamiani gaxdes WeSmariti
oratori”-o. “brZeni romaelis aRzrda” mas ver warmoedgina
zneobrivi aRzrdis gareSe.
aRorZinebis xanis cnobil italiel moRvawes paolo
verjerios Tavis pedagogiur TxzulebaSi “keTilSobiluri
yofaqcevisa da mecnierebaTa Tavisufali Seswavlis Sesaxeb”
mniSvnelovani adgili aqvs daTmobili zneobriv aRzrdaze.
mateo vejios azriT, “bavSvze keTil zemoqmedebas keTili
grZnobebis ganviTareba moaqvs”. fransua rablem Tavis
“gargantua da pantagruelSi” aRzrdis miznad bavSvis
zneobrivi srulyofa da ganaTleba gamoacxada., zneobrivi
aRzrdis saTaved ki _ religiuri aRzrda. miSel montenma
Tavis cnobil TxzulebaSi “cdebi” zneobrivi aRzrda
gonebriv aRzrdaze maRla daayena.
ian amos komenskis eTika mTlianad emyareba qristianul
morals. misi azriT, “adamiani Seqmnilia saganTa
SecnobisaTvis, zneobrivi harmoniisaTvis da RvTis usazRvro
siyvarulisaTvis” da iqve ganagrZobs: “adamiani valdebu;lia
iyos ara marto gonieri, aramed zneobrivi da RvTismoSiSi”
(i. a. komenski. rC. ped. Txz. Tb., 1949, gv.46). jon lokis
ideali zneobrivi adamiania. mas zneobrivi aRzrdis
safuZvlad gonebrivi aRzrda, mravalferovani ganaTleba
miaCnia. “me srulebiTac ar vuarvyof, rom mecnierebaTa
Seswavla xels uwyobs adamianebSi saTnoebisa da sibrZnis
ganviTarebas, kargi sulieri monacemebis safuZvelze. magram
unda daveTanxmoT imasac, rom visac ara aqvs aseTi monacemebi,
maT mivyavarT mxolod iqiTken, rom isini xdbian suleli
da cudi adamianebi” (jon loki. “fiqrebi aRzrdaze” Tb.,
1947, gv.18).
Jan-Jak ruso zneobrivi aRzrdis mTavar amocanebad
Tvlis SromiT da religiur aRzrdas. misi TqmiT, “yoveli
usaqmuri adamiani gaiZveraa ganurCevlad imisa, mdidaria
Tu Raribi, Zlieria Tu susti” (Jan-Jak ruso. Txz. t.III gv.
143
620. rusul enaze). religiuri aRzrda, RvTismosaoba rusos
mixedviT, xels uwyobs aRsazrdelSi keTilTvisebebis
ganviTarebas, misi moraluri saxis Camoyalibebas. amitom
saWirod miaCnia iseTi informaciebis swavleba, romelic
safuZvlad daedeba RvTis rwmenas.
uSinskis miaCnda, rom zneobrivi aRzrda gacilebiT
ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre gonebis farTo codniT gavseba.
zneobrivi aRzrdis konkretul amocanad mas miaCnda
humanizmis, patriotizmis, disci plinis, samarTlianobis,
Sromismoyvarobis, pasuxismgeblobis grZnobaTa aRzrda.
keTil Cvevebs is zneobriv kapitals uwodebda, uzneobas
ki _ zneobriv gakotrebas.
qarTuli pedagogikis fuZemdebeli iakob gogebaSvili
pirovnebis Rirsebas gonebrivi da zneobrivi RirsebiT
gansazRvravda. magram aRzrdis mTavar amocanad mainc
zneobriv aRzrdas acxadebda. znekeTil adamians qveynis
simdidred Tvlida. misi azriT, “patiosanis, keTilSobilis
grZnobebis aRzrda mozardi Taobis gulSi ufro metad
saWiroa da Zvirfasi, vidre gonebis gamdidreba sxvadasxva

codniT” (i. gogebaSvili. Txz., t II, gv.294).


adamianis adamianuroba, ilia WavWavaZis azriT, zneobiT
izomeba da zneobrivi aRzrdisadmi yuradRebis gamaxvileba
mTavari niSania humanur-demokratiuli sazogadoebis
aSenebisa. igi gonebriv aRzrdaze ufro maRla zneobriv
aRzrdas ayenebda, radgan misi azriT, “isev
gonebaganuviTarebeli da zne-xasiaTiT gawrTvnili kaci
sjobia, vidre gonebaganviTarebuli da zne-xasiaTiT
gauwrTvneli”(i. WavWavaZe. rC. naw. t. IV, gv. 209).
zneobrivi gmiris idaluri saxe Seqmn akaki wereTelma
baSi-aCukis saxiT. masSi poetma Tavi mouyara yvela im
maRalzneobriv Tvisebebs, romelic unda axasiaTebdes
zneobriv pirovnebas, rogoricaa: patriotizmi, humanizmi,
144
megobroba, raindoba, mijnuroba, silamazisa da mSvnierebis
aRqmis unari da a. S.
sabWoTa pedagogika, romelic marqsistul meTodologias
daefuZna, samyaros calmxriv, materialistur gagebas
gulisxmobda da idealistur pozicias absoluturad
gamoricxavda; zneobriv aRzrdas religiuri cnobierebis,
yovlisSemoqmedi RmerTis aRiarebis gareSe, SiSvel,
adamianis mier mogonil wesebsa da praqticizmze
dayrdnobiT warmarTavda da Sesabamisad aRzrdis mizanic
miuRweveli rCeboda, rasac adasturebs Tanamedrove
msoflioSi gamefebuli uzneoba, gaugonari boroteba: omebi,
ngrevebi, Zaladoba, korufcia, garyvnileba, cxovrebis azris
TavaSvebul seqsamde dayvana, Suri, sixarbe, siZulvili da
uamravi sxva sisaZagle. bibliuri winaswarmetyveleba, rom:
“ukanasknel dReebSi dadgeba sazareli Jami. . . . vinaidan
adamianebi iqnebian Tavmoyvarenni, vercxlismoyvarenni,
amaynni, ampartavanni, mgmobelnni, mSoblebis urCnni,
umadurnni, uwmindurnni, moZulenni, Seurigebelnni,
cilismwamebelnni, Seukavebelnni, moRalatenni, sastiknni,
keTilis moZulenni, gamcemnni, Tavxednni, gabRenZilnni, ufro
siameTa moyvarulnni, vidre RvTisa” (II timoTes 3:1-4, 12).
xolo maTes 24-eE Tavis 6,7,8 muxlebSi Cawerili
winaswarmetyveleba kidev ufro damZimebul viTarebaze
miuTiTebs: “moismenT omebze da omebis ambebs, . . . vinaidan
aRdgeba eri eris winaaRmdeg da samefo samefos winaaRmdeg
da iqneba SimSili da miwisZvrani adgil-adgil . . . raki
gamravldeba urjuloeba, mravals gauneldeba siyvaruli”.
yovelive amis gamomwvevi mizezi is sulieri sibnelea,
rac uRmerTobas da cru religiebs mohyva. kacobriobis
mier gamogonili uTvalavi religiebisa da milionobiT
cru RmerTebis Tayvanismcemlobis pirobebSi dabneulobam
moicva mTeli qveyniereba. RvTis sityva _ biblia, romlis
utyuaroba mecnierulad damtkicebulia, pirdapir acxadebs,
145
rom “erTia RmerTi da erTia RmerTsa da kacs Soris
Suamavali _ ieso qriste, romelmac Tavisi Tavis SewirviT
Sesabamisi gamosasyidi gaiRo yvelasTvis” (I timoTes 2:5).
es mciredi istoriuli eqskursi, vfqrobT sakmarisia
imis warmosadgenad, Tu ra seriozuli adgili ekava zneobriv
aRzrdas kacobriobis istoriaSi. albaT dameTanxmebiT, rom
dRes ufro meti simwvaviT dgas es problema mTel
msoflioSi. kerpadqceuli fulis Sovna nebismieri gziT,
normad aris qceuli. materializmma sulierobas adgili
ar dautova.
zneobrivi aRzrda pedagogikis mecnierebaSi
warmodgenilia, rogorc aRzrdis erTerTi
umniSvnelovanesi komponenti. romelic gulisxmobs eTikuri
normebisa da wesebis aTvisebasa da dacvas. zneobrivi
normebi da wesebi aregulirebs urTierTobebs
saxelmwifosa da samSoblosTan, sazogadoebasTan, sxva
qvynebsa da xalxebTan, bunebasTan, SromasTan, sulier da
materialur RirebulebebTan, adamianebTan, sakuTar TavTan,
yovelive masTan, rasTanac adamians SeiZleba hqondes
urTierToba mxolod da mxolod rwmenis, RvTismoSiSobisa
da RvTismosaobis safuZvelze.
es urTierTobani ganzogadoebuli saxiT warmogvidgeba
zneobriv kategoriebSi, rogoricaa: humanizmi, patriotizmi,
internacionalizmi, simarTle, samarTlianoba, patiosneba,
siyvaruli, megobroba, Tavmdabloba, Tavazianoba, moTmineba,
mimtevebloba, gulwrfeloba, miukerZoebloba, gulisxmiereba,
da a. S., rac sikeTis cnebaSi Tavsdeba da aT bibliur
mcnebas exmianeba.
imisaTvis, rom gavigoT zneobis sikeTe, unda vicodeT
misi sapirispiro, uzneobis arsi. rogorc cnobilia, zneobas
upirispirdeba uzneoba, romelic borotebis sferoSi
moiazreba da, rac bibliaSi akrZalulia. esenia:
kacTmoZuleoba, Ralati, siZulvili, sixarbe, mkvleoba,
146
Zaladoba, qurdoba, mruSoba, ciliswameba, sicrue, Suri,
sixarbe, egoizmi, Woriknoba, korufcia da meqrTameoba,
mliqvneloba,bilwsityvaoba,sizarmace,maTxovroba, loToba,
garyvnileba da a. S.
zneoba sikeTis, bednierebisa da mSvidobis wyaroa;
uzneoba ki borotebis, yovelgvari ubdurebis, omebis, ngrevis,
siZulvilis, ekologiuri katastrofis, avadmyofobis,
naadrevi siberisa da sikvdilis mSobeli.
swori, Seucdomeli arCevanis saSualeba rom hqonoda
adamians, amitom misca RmerTma mas qcevisa da moqmedebis
zneobrivi kanonebi da principebi. magram,samwuxarod,RvTis,
yovlisSemoqmedis morCileba ar isurva misma qmnilebam,
Tavis xatad da msgavsad Seqmnilma adamianma da satana-
eSmakis, am wuTisoflis macduneblis kerZad iqcia Tavi.
amitom Tqva ioane mociqulma, “mTeli wuTisofeli
borotebaSi Zevso” (I ioanes 5:19).
zneoba da samarTali _ orive qcevisa da moqmedebis
kanonebs aregulirebs, magram maT Soris sxvaoba imaSia,
rom samarTlebriv-administraciul normebsa da wesebs
savaldebulo xasiaTi aqvs da maTi damrRvevis SemTxvevaSi
iuridiul-administraciuli pasuxismgebloba ekisreba da
kanoniT isjeba. iuridiuli kanonebis darRvevas
akontrolebs specialuri iuridiuli organoebi:
sasamarTlo, prokuratura, policia, patruli da sxva.
iuridiuli normebi da kanonebi codvebisgan
Semkavebeli garegani Zalaa, romelic dasjis SiSzea
damyarebuli.
zneobis sferoSi gansxvaveruli viTarebaa. zneobrivi
normebisa da wesebis dacva iZulebiT xasiaTs ar atarebs,
is pirovnebis Sinagani moTxovnolebaa da Segnebulobis
princips emyareba. zneobrivi normebisa da wesebis damrRvev
pirovnebaze zeqmedebis saSualebaa sazogadoebrivi azri,
romelic gamoixateba Semdeg formebSi: sayveduri, gakicxva,
sajaro ganxilva, urTierTobis droebiT Sewyveta da a. S.
147
magaliTad, Tu adamianma samsaxurSi daagviana, an
arasapatio mizeziT gaacdina, is administraciul sasjels
daeqvemdebareba. es iqneba gamafrTxilebeli sayveduri,
xelfasis daqviTva, samsaxuridan moxsna. magram adamians
Tu nacnobTan Sexvedraze daagvianda, amisTvis araviTari
sanqciebi ar arsebobs. ubralod, momlodines SeuZlia
usayveduros, an misces megobruli SeniSvna, es aris da es.
da urTierToba isev Cveul yalibSi grZeldeba.
marqsizmis midevrebi zneobas cvalebad kategoriad
ganixilavdnen. amis argumentad karl marqss aseTi magaliTi
mohyavda: TviT erT sazogadoebriv formaciaSic ki,
pirvelyofil Temur wyobilebis ganviTarebis pirvel
naxevarSi poligamia (sqesobrivi Tavisufleba) zneobriv
normad iTvlebodao, magram mis meore naxevarSi monogamia
(erTcolianoba, erTqmrianoba) iqca eTikur normado.
zneobis kriteriumi RvTis kanonebia, romlis mixedviT
poligamia bibliuri mcnebis: “ar imruSos” sawinaaRmdego
qceva iyo. RmerTma imTaviTve Seqmna erTi mamakaci da erTi
qali siyvarulisa da gamravlebis unariT da daawesa:
“yvelas colqmroba iyos patiosani da sareceli Seubilwavi,
meZaveebsa da mruSebs ki RmerTi ganikiTxavs” (ebraelTa
13:4). amdenad poligamia SeuZlebelia odesme yofiliyo
eTikuri norma.
bibliuri mcnebebi: “ar mokla”, “ar imruSo”, “ar iqurdo”,
“cili ar daswamo”, “sxvisi coli ar indomo”, “ise moeqec
sxvas, rogorc Sen ginda mogeqcnen” da sxva droiTa da
sivrciT SeuzRudavi, maradiuli, ucvleli da
zogadkacobriuli zneobrivi kategoriebia da Taobidan
Taobas gadaecema aRzrdis gziT da, aqedan gamomdinare,
istoriul, maradiul, sazogadoebriv da memkvidreobiT
xasiaTs atarebs.
zneobrivi aRzrda yovelmxriv harmoniulad
ganviTarebuli pirovnebis erTerTi mniSvnelovani mxarea.
zneobrivi aRzrdis mizania eTikuri nirmebisa da wesebis
148
moswavlis inteleqtualur sakuTrebad, mis Sexedulebebad,
rwmenad, da moqmedebis unar-Cvevebad gardaqmna. am miznis
misaRwevad saWiroa Semdegi amocanebis gadawyveta,
rogoricaa: zneobrivi Segneba, zneobrivi grZnoba da
moTxovnileba, zneobrivi moqmedebis praqtikuli unar-
Cvevebi.
Segnebis cneba samcniero literaturaSi ganmartebulia
rogorc yofierebis cnobierebaSi asaxva. zneobrivi Segneba
niSnavs eTikuri normebisa da wesebis Sesabamisad
cxovrebis aucileblobis gacnobierebas. zneobriv Segnebas
safuZvlad udevs zneobis Sinaarsis anu eTikuri normebisa
da wesebis codna. amitom am codnis srulfasovneba da
praqtikuli Rirebuleba ganapirobebs Segnebis xarisxsa
da dones. zneobisa da zneobriobis arsis, misi Teoriul-
praqtikuli da pirovnul-sazogadoebrivi rolisa da
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb WeSmariti informaciebiT cnobierebis
gamdidreba iwvevs zneobrivi Segnebis amaRlebas, misi
gasagnebisaken swrafvas, rac Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs
eTikur msoflmxedvelobasa, qcevisa da moqmedebis
kulturaSi.
ramdenadac zneobrivi Segneba aregulirebs zneobriv
grZnobebsa da qcevebs, amdenad aucilebelia zneobrivi
kategoriebis Sesaxeb garkveuli informaciebis miReba, rac
unda uzrunvelhyos eTikurma mecnierebam, magram am
kategoriebs zogadad mainc mimovixilavT aq, rom
mkiTxvelisTvis advilad gasagebi iyos zneobrivi Segnebis
arsi. magaliTad aviRoT humanizmi. humanizmi aris eTikuri
kategoria, romelic kacTmoyvareobas gulisxmobs. igi
ganasaxierebs bibliur princi ps: “giyvardes moyvasi Seni,
viTarca Tavi Seni”. kacTmoyvaroba upirispirdeba
kacTmoZuleobas. pirveli sikeTea, meore ki _ boroteba.
siyvaruli aSenebs, siZulvili angrevs. amitom mRerian ase:
“rac mtrobas daungrevia, siyvaruls uSenebia”. siyvarulis
149
gonebamiuwvdomeli magaliTi mogvca Tavad
yovlisSemoqmedma da ieso qristem: “RmerTma qveyniereba
ise Seiyvara, rom Tavisi mxolodSobili Ze misca, raTa
visac is swams ar daiRupos, aramed maradiuli sicocxle
hqondes. . . rom misi meSveobiT gadarCeniliyo qveyniereba”
(ioane 3:16,17). qristec usityvod daemorCila mamis nebas
da sakuTari sicocxle msxverplad gaiRo yvelasaTvis
dedamiwaze, raTa ganwmendiliyvnen da ecxovraT RvTisTvis
misaRebi zneobrivi normebiT, rom Tavi daecvaT kacobriobis
macdunebeli satana-eSmakisagan. ecxovraT dedamiwaze
RvTismosaobiT da damtkbariyvnen mSvidobiani da bednieri
cxovrebiT.
maSasadame, zneobrivi Segneba eyrdnoba Teokratiul da
eTikur ganaTlebas. amasTan dakavSirebiT komenski werda.
moswavleebma “unda SeiTvison moZRvreba zneobis Sesaxeb,
romelic gamoxatulia wesebSi da ganmartebulia
magaliTebiT asakis Sesabamisad; maT unda esmodeT igi da
cdilobdnen saqmeSi gamoyenebas” (ian amos komenski. rC.
ped. Txz. 1949, gv.175).
rac Seexeba znobrivi aRzrdis meore amocanas _
zneobrivi grZnobebisa da moTxovnilebis gaRvivebas
moswavleebSi, es warmoadgens nebelobiT-motivaciis sferos,
romelic gulisxmobs eTikur- SemecnebiT aqtivobas,
survils, ndomas zneobrivi normebisa da wesebis
dauflebis, zneobrivi msoflmxedvelobisa da mrwamsis,
aseve zneobrivi moqmedebis uar-Cvevebis aTvisebisaTvis
mzadyofnas. marto imis codna, rom zneobrivi moqmedeba
sikeTea da, piriqiT, uzneoba _ boroteba, es sakmarisi ar
aris. amasTanave aucilebelia moralurisadmi dadebiTi
emociuri damokidebuleba, Sinagani moTxovnileba sikeTis
keTebisa. zneobriv grZnobebze keTilmyofel zegavlenas
axdens dadebiTi TvalsaCino magaliTebi: bibliuri
personaJebi, xelovnebis gmirebi, realuri sinamdvilis
150
Rirseuli, zneobiT, gonierebiTa da sibrZniT gamorCeuli
adamianebi. grZnobebsac codna udevs safuZvlad.
zneobrivi aRzrdis mesame amocanis _ zneobrivi
moqmedebis praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebiT ikvreba
zneobrivi aRzrdis wre. swored praqtika aris is asparezi,
sadac pirovneba axdens Tavisi intleqtualuri da
praqtikuli SesaZleblobebis realizacias, romlis
meSveobiT xdeba sazogadoebis wevri. zneobrivi moqmdebis
unar-Cvevebi gulisxmobs Teoriuli codnis praqtikaSi
sxvadasxva situaciaSi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebs,
profesiuli, moqalaqeobrivi, SromiTi, ojaxuri da sxva
movaleobebis keTilsindisierad Sesrulebas.
rogorc cnobilia, zneobrivi qceva da moqmedeba
yovelTvis ar aris zneobriobiT nakarnaxevi. zneobriobas
zneobrivi aqtivobis motivebi gansazRvravs. motivebi
SeiZleba iyos Semdegi: angareba, gamorCena, gamoCena,
pirvelobisa da liderobis survili, dawinaureba,
yuradRebis centrSi moqceva, kariera, gamdidreba,
upiratesobis damtkiceba, ndobis borotad mopoveba da a.S.
yvelaferi, rac yalbad keTdeba. am motivebiT Cadenili
qceva, raoden sasargebloc ar unda iyos, is zneobriobis
kategoriaSi ar jdeba.
zneobriobis ganmsazRvreli kriteriumebia RvTisa da
moyvasis siyvaruli, madliereba, sxvisi uangaro daxmareba
da sixarulis miniWeba, ubralod, sikeTis qmnis Sinagani
moTxovnileba. rom ase unda da sxanairad ar ZaluZs.
rogorc davinaxeT, pedagogika eTikidan, rogorc misi
mosazRvre mecnierebidan iRebs zneobisa da misi
kategoriebis Sesaxeb codnas da pedagogiuri saSualebebiT
mas aqcevs aRsazrdelis intleqtualur sakuTrebad,
msoflmxedvelobad, mrwamsad, eTikuri moqmedebis praqtikul
unar-Cvevbad. axla ganvixiloT konkretulad saamisod ra
meqanizmebi aqvs pedagogikas.
zneobrivi aRzrda, rogorc aRzrdis Semadgeneli
151
nawili da misi ganuyofeli komponenti kompleqsuri
xasiaTisaa da yvela pedagogiur sistemebsa da procesebs
moicavs. es iqneba saklaso-sagakveTilo sistema, klasgareSe
da skolis gareSe sistemebi da, rac mTavaria, ojaxi.
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesi ZiriTadad, am oTx
borbalze dgas. TiToeul am sistemas TavTavisi roli
akisria am problemis gadawyvetaSi, magram pirveli da
umTavresi, mainc swavlebaa, radgan aRzrda, upirveles
yovlisa, swavlebis funqciaa. yovel klasSi yovel saswavlo
disci plinas gaaCnia met-naklebad zneobrivi aRzrdis
SesaZlebloba, rac aucileblad unda gamoiyenos TiToeulma
maswavlebelma urTierT SeTanxmebulad, romelic unda
aisaxos yoveli gakveTilis gegmaSi. es ki saSualebas miscems
maswavlebels saganTaSorisi kavSirebis praqtikuli
ganxorcielebisa mocemuli sagnis swavlebis meTodikis
safuZvelze. zneobrivi aRzrdis gansakuTrebul saSualebas
iZleva humanitarul-sazogadoebrivi mecnierebaTa saskolo
safuZvlebi. magaliTad, mxatvruli literatura da
istoria realuri saxeebiT emsaxureba zneobrivi idealebis
Seqmnas, visac unda mibaZos da viszedac unda aiRos sworeba.
am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze optimaluria TvalsaCino magaliTis
meTodi, eTikuri saubrebi, disputebi da sxva.
klasgareSe pedagogiuri sistemebi qmnis xelsayrel
pedagogiur pirobebs saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis
uwyvetobisa da ukve miRebuli informaciebis gaRrmaveba-
ganmtkicebisaTvis. aq moswavles eZleva saSualeba
iniciativisa da damatebiTi informaciebis mopovebisa da
damuSavebaSi, sxvadasxva miznobriv pedagogiur
RonisZiebebSi uSualo monawileobisa. aq ZiriTadad
moqmedebs damatebiT sainformacio saSualebebis,
gansakuTrebiT klasgareSe literaturis gamoyenebis
pedagogiuri meTodi. maswavlebeli Tu gakveTilze wamyvania,
aq ufro konsultantis rols asrulebs. xelmZRvanelobas
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uwevs procesis optimizaciasa d intensifikacias.
specialuri muSaoba zneobrivi aRzrdis mimarTulebiT,
aucileblad iZleva adekvatur Sedegebs zneobrivi
amocanebis efeqturad gadawyvetaSi.
skolisgareSe aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis miznobrivi
organizacias kidev garkveuli wvlili Seaqvs zneobriv
aRzrdaSic. sxvadasxva garemoSi, saxvdasxva koleqtivebTan
adaptaciis procesi moswavles mudmivad ayenebs eTikuri
qcevebis reJimSi da axdens mTeli eTikuri codna-
gamocdilebis mobilizeba-koncntracias TviTdamkvidrebisa
da TviTrealizaciis, aseve garkveuli imijis mopovebis
mizniT.
ojaxis roli aRzrdaSi ganuzomelia. gansakuTrebiT
zneobrivi aRzrdis TvalsazrisiT. aq iRebs aRsazrdeli
sawyis elementebs im Tvisebebisa, rac aucilebelia
srulfasovani pirovnebisaTvis. rac ufro maRalia ojaxSi
zogadi, da, kerZod, pedagogiuri kultura, miT ufro naklebia
aRzrdis problemebi ojaxSic da skolaSic.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, gamodis daskvna, rom
zneobrivi aRzrda adamianis pirovnebad formirebis
erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi pedagogiuri procesia, sadac
biologiuri da socialuri garemos faqtorebis
koordinaciis safuvvelze, maswavlebeli uzrunvelyofs
didi siyvarulis, patiosnebis, samarTlianobis, Tvinierebis,
Sromismoyvareobis, mSvidobismyofelobis, yovelgvari
sikeTisa da “kacuri kacobis” Rirseuli TvisebebiT
aRWurvili, srulfasovani pirovnebis formirebas.
zneobrivi Segnebis, zneobrivi grZnobebisa da zneobrivi
qcevis unar-Cvevebis aRzrdas.

153
Tema XI. SromiTi aRzrda

sakiTxebi:

1. Sromis roli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis


ganviTarebaSi;
2. SromiTi aRzrdis mizani da amocanebi;
3. Sromis saxeebi;
4. proforientaciuli muSaobis Sinaarsi;
5. moswavleTa SromiTi aRzrdis da proforientaciis
pedagogiuri saSualebebi.

Sromas, rogorc sazogadoebriv movlenas, ganmsazRvreli


roli akisria adamianis Segnebuli cxovrebisa da
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. yovelive is
materialuri da sulieri faseulobebi, rac aucilebelia
adamianisa da sazogadoebis arsebobisa da Segnebuli
cxovrebisaTvis, iqmneba mxolod da mxolod Sromis
safuZvelze. samyaros Svidi saocreba, mecnierul-teqnikuri
miRwevebi Sromis gareSe, mxolod ocnebis saufloSi
darCeboda. miuxedavad Sromis udidesi materialuri da
zneobrivi Rirebulebisa, igi yovelTvis, magram
gansakuTrebiT klasobriv-eqspluatatorul sazogadoebaSi
dabali socialuri fenis xvedrad iyo gamocxadebuli.
is sajeladac gamoiyeneboda. ufro metic, maRali wris
gardacvlils monebs Tan aklavdnen da imqveynad atandnen,
rom aw ukve iq momsaxurebodnen. mSromelis Sroma arasodes
ar iyo saTanadod dafasebuli. istoriul mecnierebaze
rom araferi vTqvaT, mxatvruli literaturac sakmarisia,
gavigoT mSromelis mZime xvedris Sesaxeb, rom mas ubralod,
adamianadac ar Tvlidnen, monaTflobelur sazogadoebaSi
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saberZneTSi monas molaparake iaraRs uwodebdnen. mSromel
adamianTa CivilebiT, godebiTa da cremlebiTaa gaJRenTili
msoflio literatura. glexis uuflebobisa da mZime
mdgomareobis moTqmaa gamoxatuli leqsSi “glexis Civili”:

“ Raribi glexi viyavi,


mWadiTa gamozrdilia,
uqudo Coxis amara,
qalamneb gacveTilia.
vin momaclida imdensa,
glexsa meswavla anbani,
ameRo wigni mekiTxa,
gamego qveynis ambavi.”
dResac msoflioSi Sromis ufleba warTmeuli
milionobiT adamianebi siRaribis zRvars miRma cxovroben
da SimSiliTa da uwamlobiT ixocebian maSin, roca
umciresobis, erT muWa adamianebis flobelobaSia mTeli
qveynisa da xalxis simdidre. amasac ar jerdebian da
msofliompyrobelobis maniiT Sepyrobili “liderebi”
omebs aCaReben, xelovnur epidemiebs avrceleben, igoneben
ekonomiur krizisebs, Tavad ki gancxromaSi arian. dalesisa
da malTusis kacTmoZule gegmis (romelsac finansurad
uzrunvelyofs sorosis cnobili fondi) mixedviT
moqmedeben, rom mosaxleobis ricxvi dedamiwaze or
mesamedamde daiyvanon. am da mismagvar codvebiT damZimebuli
dedamiwa katastrofis piramdea miyvanili.
Cveni saocari dedamiwa Tavisi usasrulo
mravalferovnebiT: miwa, wyali, haeri, flora, fauna, mze,
mTvare, varskvlavebi RmerTma Seqmna ara marto
sicocxlisTvis, amasTanave am sicocxliT datkbobis,
bednieri da mSvidobiani cxovrebisaTvis, magram vin gaclis?!
Sromisadmi araswori damokidebulebidan gamomdinare,
SromiTi aRzrdis problema skolaSi dRemde formalur
155
xasiaTs atarebs. amas garkveulwilad profesionalizmisa
da profesionalisadmi upativcemlo damokidebuleba,
araswori sakadro politika ganapirobebs. pedagogikis
zogierT saxelmZRvaneloSi SromiT aRzrdis grafa arc
aris. SromiTi aRzrdis aucileblobas yvela droisa da
sazogadoebis progresulad moazrovne moRvaweebi
yovelTvis aRiarebdnen. maT icodnen, rom Sromas ara marto
materialuri sikeTe, aramed SemecnebiTi, moralur-
esTetikuri sixaruli, janmrTeloba da bedniereba moaqvs.
Sromis sikeTesTan dakavSirebiT ezope ambobda: “adamianTa
WeSmariti saunje Sromis unariao”. didi akaki Sromas
bednierebis safuZvlad miiCnevda: “bedniereba am qveynad
SeerTebuli Sromaa”. vaJa, mTisa da baris siamaye, werda:
“morevnas sxvisa nu fiqrob, rom iyos marto saxeli, Seni
Sroma da Rvawlia sayuradRebo saTqmeli.” prozis gigantma
konstantine gamsaxurdiam aseTi qeba uZRvna Sromas: “Sromaa
udidesi siqvele am qveynad da arc araferi amSvenebs vaJkacs
ise, rogorc SromaSi gamoCenili simamace” (“didostatis
marjvena’).
Sromismoyvareoba SemTxveviT ar aris zneobrivi
kategoria. igi namdvilad akeTilSobilebs adamians,
dadebiTad ganawyobs Sromisa da mSromelisadmi, aCvevs
yairaTianobasa da momWirneobas, Sromis iaraRisa da Sromis
produqtisadmi gafrTxilebas. Sromis procesSi axdens
adamiani TviTdamkvidrebasa da TviTrealizacias, SromiTi
koleqtivis meSveobiT xdeba igi sazogadoebis wevri.
SromiTi aRzrdis mizania, swored, Sromisoyvareobisa
da SromiTi unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba moswavleebSi, maTi
fsiqologiuri da praqtikuli momzadeba damoukidebeli
cxovrebisaTvis.
am miznis misaRwevad saWiroa gadawydes Semdegi
amocanebi:
1. keTilsindisieri Sromis piradi da
156
sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobisa da aucileblobis
Segneba;
2. mSromeli adamianis idealis Seqmna;
3. moswavlis SesaZleblobasTan Sesatyvisi SromiT
saqmianobaSi CarTva;
4. Sromis kulturis ganviTareba;
5. Sromis sagnisa da adgilis movla –mowesrigeba;
6. droisa da masalis ekonomiuri xarjva;
7. Sromis disci plina-akuratuloba, inicitiva,
pasuxismgebloba,
8. proforientaciuli mizniT moewavleTaTvis
Sromis sxvadasxva sxeobisa da specialobebze
adgilobrivi moTxovnis gacnoba;
9. Sromis produqtisadmi momWirneoba da
yairaTianoba;
10. koleqtivizmis, Sejibrebisa da urTierTdaxmarebis
grZnobis ganviTareba.
SromiT aRzrdas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs
aRzrdis sistemaSi. igi dakavSirebulia politeqnikur
ganaTlebasTan, gonebriv, zneobriv, sulier, ekologiur,
esTetikur da fizikur aRzrdasTan. Tumca unda iTqvas,
rom gonebrivi aRzrda aris meTauri saerTod aRzrdisa
da ganaTlebisa. politeqnikuri ganaTleba dakavSirebulia
mecnierebaTa safuZvlebis, warmoebis princi pebis
codnasTan. profesiul momzadebaSi igulisxmeba Teoriuli
da praqtikuli codnis erTianoba. SromiT saqmianobaSi
xdeba am codna-gamocdilebis gaRrmaveba da ganmtkiceba.
SromiT procesSi icnobierebs moswavle Teoriuli codnis
mniSvnelobasa da saWiroebas, radgan SromiTi saqmianoba
eyrdnoba politeqnizmis princi ps.
keTilsindisieri da rentabeluri Sroma
akeTilSobilebs adamians, xels uwyobs misi moraluri
saxis Camoyalibebas, eTikuri normebisa da wesebis aTvisebas,
157
socializaciis procesis daCqarebas, moqalaqeobrivi
poziciis Camoyalibebas, koleqtivizmisa da megobrobis
gancdas, movaleobisa da Rirsebis grZnobas.
SromiTi aRzrda aseve mWidro kavSirSia esTetikur
aRzrdasTan. wesrigi, organizebuloba, sisufTave, gaformeba,
ferebis, formebis harmonia, Sromis ritmi, Sromis Sedegis
xarisxi, SromasTan dakavSirebuli sazeimo ritualebi,
mosavlis aRebis dResaswaulebi da a. S. SromasTan
dakavSirebuli esTetikuri Rirebulebebi iwvevs esTetikur
damokidebulebebs, siamovnebisa da sixarulis gancdas. ase
TandaTanobiT eyreba safuZveli esTetikuri kulturis
elementebs aRsazrdelebSi.
SromiTi aRzrda dakavSirebulia agreTve fizikur
aRzrdasTan. SromiT procesSi iwrToba adamiani fizikurad,
uviTardeba funqcionaluri moZraobebi, gamZleoba,
moqniloba, amtanianoba. Sromasac TiTqmis igive moZraobebi
sWirdeba, rac sports, SedegSia mxolod gansxvaveba.
naTelia, rom aRzrdis sistemis komponentebi: gonebrivi,
zneobrivi, SromiTi, ekologiuri, sulieri, esTetikuri da
Ffizikuri aRzrda organul urTierTkavSirisa da
urTierTganapirebulobis kanonzomierebas eqvemdebarebian.
Sroma Tavisi Sinaarsis mixedviT or did jgufad iyofa:
gonebrivi da fizikuri. gonebrivSi iglisxmeba is, rac
inteleqtTan da ganaTlebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
magaliTad: saswavlo, samecniero, SemoqmedebiTi da a. S.
magram gonebriv SromaSic aucileblad adgili aqvs
fizikur Sromasac, oRond ufro mcire doziT. xolo
fizikuri Sroma inteleqts mowyvetili rodia, magram arc
maszea mTlianad damokidebuli. fizikur SromaSi moiazreba
ZiriTadad muSisa da glexis Sroma.
moswavleTa SromiTi saqmianobis ZiriTadi saxeebia:
saswavlo Sroma, sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo Sroma,
TviTmomsaxureba, ojaxuri da mwarmoebluri Sroma.
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yovelive es obieqturi aucileblobiT aris ganpirobebuli.
magram moswavleebs TavianTi asakobrivi mdgomareobis,
moumwifeblobisa da moumzadeblobis gamo jer kidev ara
aqvT gacnobierebuli swavlisa da Sromis obieqturi
aucilebloba. es problemac garkveulwilad arTulebs
aRzrdis process. amitom sWirdeba maswavlebels
pedagogikuri mecniereba da profesiuli xelovneba, rom
es problema SedarebiT umtkivneulod gadaiWras. droisa
da garemos faqtorebic Tavisebur gavlenas axdenen am
procesebze, rac gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes aucileblad.
swavla aris yvelaze rTuli, xangrZlivi da
damqancveli Sroma, romlis Sedegi maSinaTve ar Cans.
swavlis procesis sirTule daviT guramiSvilma ase
poeturad gamoTqva: “swavlis Ziri mware aris, kenweroSi
gatkbildebis”-o. yoveldRe skolaSi siaruli, gakveTilebze
jdoma, mosmena, monawileobis miReba, wignze muSaoba, kiTxva,
wera, saSinao davalebebis momzadeba, savarjiSoebisa da
amocanebis amoxsna, cdebis Catareba, laboratoriuli da
praqtikuli, savele da sacdeli samuSaoebis Sesruleba
da a. S. aseve klasgareSe sxvadasxva pedagogiur
RonisZiebebSi monawileoba, gamosavlelad momzadeba, sxvisi
gamosvlebis mosmena, diskusiebSi CarTva, sxvadasxva
eqsperimentebis Catareba da a. S. moswavlisgan Zalian did
Zalisxmevas, nebisyofis simtkices, drosa da energias
moiTxovs. magram Tu maswavlebeli optimalurad gamoiyenebs
Segnebulobisa da aqtiurobis pedagogiur princi ps, karg
Sedegsac imkis. roca moswavle Seignebs, rom saswavlo-
aRmzrdelobiT procesSi aqtiuri CarTviT miiRebs zogad
ganaTlebas, daeufleba mecnierebaTa safuZvlebs, Teoriul
da praqtikul unar-Cvevebs, eTikur normebsa da wesebs,
esTetikur kulturas, Camoyalibdeba srulfasovan
pirovnebad da mzad iqneba ganaTlebis sistemis momdevno
safexurze swavlis gasagrZeleblad, mis SemecnebiT
aqtivobas araferi daudgeba win.
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moswavle aseve CarTulia sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo
SromaSi. aq moswavle kidev erTxel unda darwmundes Sromis
sikeTeSi. man Tavisi Tavi unda warmoidginos am qalaqis, am
qveynis, am eris nawilad, mis sisxl-xorceul warmomadgenlad,
romelic valdebulia izrunos saerTo sasargeblo saqmeze,
mis winsvlaze, rom uangaro Sromis SedegebSi masac udevs
wili. moswavleebze Zalian efeqturad moqmedebs warsulis
patriotul-humanuri magaliTebi. imis Cveneba, Tu ramdeni
rame uangarod gaukeTebiaT Cvens winaprebs Cven
sakeTildReod, ris gamoc maT siamayiT vigonebT.; rom
yoveli Taoba imiT fasdeba, Tu ra Seuqmnia
STamomavlobisaTvis. amaSia memkvidreobiTobis princi pis
mniSvneloba. sazogadoebriv SromaSi Sedis Sromis iseTi
saxeebi, rogoricaa: skolis, qalaqis Tu soflis gamwvaneba,
stiqiiT, omiT an sxva raime ubeduri SemTxvevebis Sedegad
dazaralebulTa moraluri, fizikuri, materialuri
daxmareba, mSeneblobaSi, mosavlis aRebaSi SeZlebisdagvarad
monawileobis miReba, invalidebis, moxucebis, martoxelebis
daxmareba, qvelmoqmedebis gaweva, bunebis dacva, kulturul-
materialuri RirsSesaniSnaobaTa movla da a. S.
sazogadoebriv SromaSi monawileoba ise unda iyos
organizebuli da pedagogiurad gaTvlili, rom man
aRmzrdelobiTi gavlena moaxdinos aRsazrdelze, Seuqmnas
moqalaqeobriobis SegrZneba da Cvevad eqces aseTi Sromis
gaweva, rac mis zneobriv srulyofilebas Seuwyobs xels.
TviTmomsaxurebiTi Sroma miznad isaxavs moswavlis
mier piradi sayofacxovrebo, sanitarul-higienuri
moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas.
asakobrivi Taviseburebis princi pis gaTvaliswinebiT,
moswavle unda mivaCvioT dRis _ dilis, SuadRisa da saRamos
reJims, rom yvelaferi Tavis dros da adgilas akeTos.
dilis procedurebi: droze adgoma, dilis varjiSi, dabanva,
sauzme, oTaxis dalageba, yvavilebis morwyva, gakveTilebis
160
gadameoreba, saswavlo nivTebis CanTaSi Calageba da
skolaSi wasvla; saskolo, saklaso-sagkveTilo procesebSi
aqtiuri monawileoba. SuadReze: gakveTilebis Semdeg
pirdapir saxlSi wasla, isev higienuri procedurebi, sadili,
dasveneba. Semdeg gakveTilebis momzadeba siZnele-siadvilis
TanmimdevrobiT, pirvel rigSi wignze an sxva codnis
wyaroze muSaoba, Semdeg werilobiTi davalebis Sesruleba.
samuSao magidisa da saswavlo nivTebis dalageba,
tansacmlis mowesrigeba. saRamoze sufTa haerze gaseirneba,
TamaSi, Sin dabruneba, isev higienuri procedurebi, vaxSami,
televizoris Sesaferisi gadacemebis yureba da droulad
meore dRis gegmebze fiqrSi daZineba. msubuqi darigebebiT,
waxalisebiT, mudmivad gverdiT yofniT _ skolaSi
maswavlebeli, ojaxSi mSoblebi, misi sixarulis, warmatebis
an warumateblobis gulwrfelad gaziareba, mis sulier-
emociur mdgomareobasTan identifikacia, gonivrul-
zomieri komunikacia _ is pedagogiuri iaraRebia, romelTa
optimalur-ostaturi gamoyenebiT moswavles davexmarebiT
zemoT dasaxelebuli qcevebi da moqmedebebi,
organizebuloba da wesrigi mis sakuTar unar-Cvevebad
iqces.
rac Seexeba mwarmoeblur Sromas, igi xasiaTdeba
materialuri SedegiT da es saukeTeso stimulia SromiTi
aRzrdisaTvis. i. h. pestaloci swavlebis mwarmoeblur
SromasTan SeerTebas aRzrdis erTerT mniSvnelovan
komponentad Tvlida. man amasTan dakavSirebiT Camoayaliba
pedagogiuri koncefcia, romelsac garkveuli mosazrebiT
dResac ar daukargavs aqtualoba. “miwaTmoqmedeba, ojaxuri
meurneoba da xeloba ar iyo Cemi mizani. adamianobis
ganviTareba iyo is mizani, romlis misaRwevadac
miwaTmoqmedebas, ojaxur meurneobas da xelobas vuyurebdi,
rogorc mxolod damxmare saSualebas” (“linahrdi da
hertruda”). adamians bunebiT aqvs midrekileba yvelaferSi
161
sargebeli naxos da amaSi arabunebrivi araferia, ubralod
saqme imaSia, rom moswavleebs vaswavloT Tu raSi ra
sargeblis miRebaa sasargelo da dasaSvebi. mwarmoeblur
Sromas moswavleTaTvis ZiriTadad saswavlo daniSnuleba
aqvs, magram gasamrjeloc aucilebelia. verasodes
davarwmunebT moswavleebs imaSi, rom Sroma bednierebis
wyaroa, Tu amas realurad praqtikaSi ar davanaxvebT da
vamuSavebT anazRaurebis gareSe. sanam Tavad ar igemebs
Sromis sikeTes. Sromis anazRaureba aRafrTovanebT
moswavleebs da saocrad dadebiTad imuxtebian SromiTi
aqtivobisaTvis da am dros maqsimalurad maRalia Sromis
produqtiuloba, saganmanaTleblo da aRmzrdelobiTi
potenciali radgan, rogorc cnobilia, rasac interesiT
akeTebs adamiani, miT ufro didia misi aTvisebis albaToba.
mwarmoebluri Sroma iZleva farTo SesaZleblobas
swavleba-aRzrdis cxovrebasTan, realur sinamdvilesTan,
Teoriis praqtikasTan dakavSirebisa, cnebebisa da
kategoriebis gagebisa, politeqnizmis arsSi wvdomisa.
SromiTi semestrebi, praqtikuli ardadegebi _ mwarmoeblur
SromaSi CarTvis, praqtikuli SromiTi unar-Cvevebis miRebis
organizebuli formebia.
SromiTi aRzrda sistematizirebuli procesia, romelic
moicavs Semdeg komponentebs: sawavlebisa da aRzrdis
saklaso-sagakveTilo sistema, Sromis gakveTilebi,
klasgareSe pedagogiur RonisZiebaTa sistema da ojaxuri
aRzrdis sistema.
ganuzomelia mecnierebaTa safuZvlebis swavlebis
saganmanaTleblo da aRmzrdelobiTi funqca TviT SromiTi
aRzrdis TvalasazrisiTac, magram SromiTi aRzrdis
ZiriTadi organizaciuli forma mainc Sromis gakveTilebia.
yvela saswavlo disci plina Seicavs SromiTi aRzrdisa
da proforientaciis aspeqts, gansakuTrebiT teqnikur-
maTematikuri ciklis saswavlo sagnebi, romelebic
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uzrunvelyofen Teoriul politeqnikur codnas
cnebebis, kategoriebis, princi pebis, teqnologiebisa da
sxvadasxva meTodebis saxiT.
SromiTi aRzrda da Sromis gakveTilebi urTierT
mWidro kavSirSi imyofebian da erTi meores ganapirobeben.
aq mimdinareobs teqnikuri codnis aTviseba, Sromis
iaraRebTan, sxvadasxva manqana_danadgarebTan muSaobis
Teoriuli da praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba.
moswavlebi Sromis gakveTilze amzadeben pedagogiurad
Rirebul TvalsaCino masalebs, romelic gakveTilze
gamoiyeneba. Sromis produqtiuloba, moswavles sakuTar
pirovnul srulfasovnebis SegrZnebaSic exmareba da es
gancda Zalian mniSvnelovania pedagogiuri zemoqmedebis
efqturobisaTvis.
SromiTi aRzrdis procesi greZeldeba agreTve
klasgareSe pedagogiur RonisZiebebSi, romelsac gaaCnia
uamravi saxaliso- SemecnebiTi da aRmzrdelobiTi formebi,
rogoricaa: sagnobrivi wreebi: teqnikuri sagnebis, qimiis,
biologiis, xelosnobis, meojaxeobis da a. S. aq moswavleebi
ecnobian da iTviseben warmoebis saerTo princi pebs,
teqnologiebs, SromiT unar-Cvevebs.
wreebis muSaobis efeqturobis amaRlebas emsaxureba
iseTi pedagogiuri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba, rogoricaa:
mizanmimarTuloba, produqtiuloba da szogadoebrivi
Rirebuleba.
ojaxs gaaCnia SromiTi aRzrdis mravalmxrivi
SesaZlebloba. gansakuTrebiT raionebSi. aq moswavleebs
axlo urTierToba uxdebaT Sinaur cxovelebTan,
frinvelebTan, bostani, yana, yvavilebi, akvariumi da a. S.
moswavleebi ecnobian maT Tvisebebs, gamravlebis
kanonzomierebebs, movlis, moSenebis wesebs, euflebian
soflis meurneobis ZiriTadi dargebis: miwaTmoqmedebis,
mesaqonleobis, mefrinveleobis da maTi sazogadoebrivi
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb codnis elementebs.
163
SromiT aRzrdasTan proforientaciis kavSiri
pedagogiuri kanonzomierebaa. Sromis gakveTilebi, TviT
Sromis procesi sxvadasxva profesiaTa gacnobis, maTdami
socialur-ekonomiuri moTxovnebis, piradi midrekilebebis,
ama Tu im profesiisTvis saWiro fsiqikuri da fizikuri
Zalebis garkvevis farTo SesaZleblobas iZleva. klimovis
mixedviT, proforientaciuli muSaoba moiTxovs Semdegi
amocanebis gadawyvetas: profganaTleba, profkonsultacia,
profdiagnostika da profadaptacia.
profesiuli ganaTlebis daniSnulebaa moswavleTa
informireba ama Tu im profesiis adgilobrivi moTxovnebis,
mis Sinaarsisa da perspeqtivis, kadrebis fizikuri da
fsiqikuri monacemebis Sesatyvisoba mocemul profesiasTan
da arCeuli profesiis dauflebis SesaZlebloba.
profkonsultacia individualur xasiaTs atarebs da
misi mizania moswavles davexmaroT mis mier arCeuli
profesiis Taviseburebisa da misi SesaZleblobebis
Sesatyvisobis garkvevaSi. profkonsultacia moiTxovs
kompetentur profesionalebs: maswavlebels, fsiqologs,
eqims, dargis specialistebs. maT erToblivad unda gauwion
kvalificiuri konsultacia, rom moswavle ar Secdes
arCevanSi. profkonsultaciis procesSi moswavle
informacias iRebs ara marto profesiis Taviseburebis
Sesaxeb, aramed sakuTar Tavzedac. Seicnobs Tavis Tavs,
Tavis fsiqikur da fizikur Taviseburebebs da
SesaZleblobebs.
profkonsultaciis procesi sam etaps moicavs:
mosamzadebels, damamTavrebels da damazustebels. pirvel
etapze dgindeba moswavlis fsiqo-fizikuri monacemebis
Sesabamisoba arCeuli profesiis TaviseburebebTan. meore
etapze miiReba gadawyvetileba konkretuli profesiis
arCevasTan dakavSirebiT da mesame etapze erTxel kidev
zusteba arCevanis siswore.
164
profdiagnostika swavlobs momaval kadrs yovelmxriv:
biologiur, fsiqologiur Tvisebebs da socialur
orientirebs.
profadaptacia, rogorc terminidan Cans, gulisxmobs
moswavlis SeCvevas im sawarmoosTan, sadac gadis praqtikas.
profesiis, profesiuli Sromis obieqtisa da TviT subieqtis
urTierT Sesabamisobis aqti uzrunvelyofs profesiasTan
adaptirebas.
subieqturi da obieqturi faqtorebis urTierT
damTxvevis safuZvelze arCeuli profesiis daufleba da
am profesiiT muSaoba ganapirobebs Sromis nayofierebas
da profesiul warmatebebs.
Sromis SemecnebiTi, ekonomiuri, zneobrivi da
esTetikuri aspeqtebis gaTvaliswineba, pedagogiuri
procesebis, sistemebisa da komponentebis mizanmimrTuli
integrireba uzrunvelyofs SromiTi aRzrdis miznis
miRwevas, proforientaciis problemis dadebiTad
gadawyvetas.

165
Tema XII. eko logiuri aRzrda

sakiTxebi:

1. ekologiuri aRzrdis arsi, mizani da amocanebi;


2. ekologiuri problemebi dedamiwaze;
3. bunebis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba;
4. bunebis ekonomiuri, eTikur-esTetikuri aspeqti;
5. ekoliogiuri aRzrdis pedagogiuri saSualebebi;

ekologia aris mecniereba, romelic swavlobs cocxali


organizmebis urTierT da garemomcvel samyarosTan
damokidebulebis kanonzomierebebs. dRes mTeli msoflio
SeSfoTebulia ekologiis krizisuli mdgomareobis gamo.
atmosferos, wylebis, niadagis dabinZurebis procesma
praqtikulad mTeli samyaro moicva. sicocxles saafrTxe
emuqreba. dargis mecnierebi intensiurad ikvleven
ekologiuri katastrofis mizezebs da eZeben gamosavals,
magram problema ukve imdenad rTulia, rom kontrols
naklebad eqvemdebareba, ufro metad, ubralod, procesi
umarTavi xdeba. samecniero literaturaSi (bernadski, v.
miloSeviCi, e. girusova, r. korpinskaia, i. liseeva, v. Sandi,
v. kabo, o. anasimova, v. vereSCagina, s. glazaCeva, n. reimersi,
v. danilCuki, o. alieva, v. senkeviCi da uamravi sxva) sakmaod
YRrmad da globalurad aris gaSuqebuli aRniSnuli
problema yvela ganzomilebaSi: mizezi, Sedegi, gamosavali.
ekologiuri krizis mizezebad dasxelebulia Semdegi
garemoebebi:
1. ekonomikis intensiuri ganviTareba, uzarmazari
moculobis wiaRiseuli simdidris mopoveba da
gadamuSavebis araswori teqnologia, narCenebi;
166
2. saxalxo meurneobis damaxinjebuli struqtura;
3. teqnikis sistemis CamorCeniloba da kvalificiuri
kadrebis deficiti;
4. bunebis dacvis da ekologiuri regulirebis
arasrulyofili sistema;
5. ekolgiuri ganaTlebisa da kulturis deficiti;
6. demografiuli siWarbe;
7. soflis meurneobis moSla;
8. energetikuli krizisi;
9. garemos dabinZureba;
10. bunebrivi landSaftis rRveva, tyeebis gaCexva,
florisa da faunis dazianeba;
11. anTdropogenuri zemoqmedeba atmosferoze,
hidrosferoze, niadagze da a. S;
12. Teokratiuli ganaTlebisa da rwmenis deficiti.
“Tavdapirvelad RmerTma Seqmna ca da miwa” (dabadebis
1:1). da uzrunvelyo sasicocxlo pirobebiT idealurad
daregulirebuli meqanizmiT. es meqanizmebia:
1. dedamiwis mdebareoba “irmis naxtomsa” da mzis
sistemaSi, misi orbita, daxriloba, moZraobis siCqare
da mTvare;
2. magnituri veli da atmosfero _ dedamiwis ormagi
damcavi sistema;
3. dedamiwaze arsebuli wylis maragi;
4. bunebrivi ciklebi, romlebic biosferos resursebis
Sevsebasa da gasufTavbas emsaxureba.
aq gavakeTebT mokle anonss Cveni sacxovrisi planetis,
gasaocari dedamiwis Sesaxeb, romlis saSualebas iZleva
dargis mecniereba. mzis sistema, romelic irmis naxtomis
im nawilSi mdebareobs, sadac sicocxlisaTvis xelsayreli
yvela pirobaa Seqmnili. es are galaqtikis centridan
28000 sinaTlis wliT aris daSorebuli da masSi
Tavmoyrilia sicocxlisTvis aucilebeli yvela qimiuri
167
elementi. mzis sistema centridan ufro Sors rom yofiliyo,
qimiuri elementebi arasakmarisad iqneboda, ufro axlos
yofna ki saxifaTo da momakvdinebeli, radiaciisa da sxva
faqtorebis gamo. aseve dedamiwis orbitac mzis sistemaSi
idealur adgilas mdebareobs. igi mzisgan 150000 milioni
milometriT aris daSorebuli. dedamiwa zustad im
sartyelSia moqceuli, sadac temperatura arc Zalian
maRalia da arc Zalian dabali. dedamiwa mzis irgvliv
wrexazze moZraobs, ris gamoc wlis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis
ar icvleba misi daSoreba mzisgan. mze uSreti energiis
wyaroa. is zustad imden energias gamohyofs, ramdenic
aucilebelia sicocxlisaTvis.
mzis sistemaSi Semavali, Cveni dedamiwis mudmivi
Tanamgzavri _ mTvare gansakuTrebul misias asrulebs.
igi Tavisi mizidulobis ZaliT iwvevs dedamiwaze okeanebis
mimoqcevas, rac aucilebelia planetis ekologiisaTvis.
mTvaris gravitacia dedamiwis RerZis uZraobasac
ganapirobebs. mis gareSe planeta bzrialasaviT daiwyebda
ryevas, an amotrialebas, an kidev gadaxras. es ki
katastroful cvlilebebs moaxdenda dedamiwis klimatsa
da wylis miqceva-moqcevaze.
dedamiwis daxriloba da brunvis siCqare iseTi
sizustiT aris daregulirebuli, rom odnav cdomileba
katastrofas gamoiwvevs. dedamiwis daxriloba 23,5
gradusiT ganisazRvreba, rac ganapirobebs weliwadis
droebis monacvleobas, zomier temperaturas da
mravalferovani klimaturi zonebis arsebobas.
dedamiwis brunvis zomieri siCqaris gamo DdRe-Ramis
xangrZlivoba da monacvleobac dabalansebulia. dedamiwa
Semobrunebas ufro did dros andomebdes, mzisken
mimarTuli misi mxare gadaxurdeboda, meore mxare ki
gaiyineboda. dReebis xangrZlivoba ufro mokle rom
yofiliyo, dedamiwis swrafi brunva qariSxlebsa da sxva
168
ubedurebebs gamoiwvevda. fizikosi da evolucionisti pol
deivisi aRniSnavs: “aTeist mecnierebsac ki gulgrils ar
tovebs samyaros masStabebi, misi didebuleba, harmoniuloba,
daxvewiloba da saocari sizuste”.
dedamiwa kosmiuri momakvdinebeli safrTxisganac
saimedod aris daculi. es damcavi sistemebia: mZlavri
magnituri veli da atmosfero.
magnituri veli dedamiwis garSemo kilometrebze
vrceldeba da uxilav safars, magnitosferos qmnis. is
gvicavs mZlavri kosmosuri da mzis mier gamosxivebuli
radiaciisagan. mzis gamosxivebas iwvevs mzis qari, anu maRali
energiis mqone nawilakebis mZlavri gamofrqveva da mzis
afeTqebebi, romelTa Sedegadac erT wuTSi
gamoTavisuflebuli energia miliardobiT wyalbadis
bombis mier gamoyofil energias utoldeba. agreTve mzis
gvirgvinidan plazmis gamofrqveva, ris Sedegadac kosmosSi
miliardobiT tona materiis nawilaki gamoityorcneba. mzis
afeTqebisa da plazmis gamofrqvevis Sedegad warmoiSoba
polaruli ciali, zeda atmosferos nairferovani naTeba,
romelic im magnitur polusebTan axlos Cndeba, romelebic
gvicaven am safrTxisagan.
atmosfero dedamiwis kidev erTi damcavi sistemaa. mis
zedafenaSi, stratosferoSi gvxvdeba Jangbadis nairsaxeoba
_ ozoni, romelic ultraisferi gamosxivebis 99% STanTqavs.
ozoni, rogorc figuralurad amboben, dedamiwis saimedo
javSania. maSasadame, magnituri veli da atmosfero
dedamiwis fxizeli guSagebi arian.
Cveni planetis kidev erTi saocrebaa wyali. wyali anu
macocxlebli siTxe, romlis TiToeuli molekula Sedgeba
mxolod sami atomisgan: ori wyalbadisa da erTi
Jangbadisgan, mecnierTaTvis dRemde amouxsnel amocanad
rCeba, magram erTi ram cxadia, rom is sicocxlisTvis
aucilebelia, radgan cocxali organizmebis sxeulis 80%
wylisgan Sedgeba. dadgenilia wylis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi:
169
1. wyals SeuZlia SeinarCunos siTbo, rac xels uwyobs
zomieri klimatis SenarCunebas dedamiwaze;
2. gayinvisas wylis simkvrive mcirdeba, Sedegad yinuli
wylis zedapirze eqceva da warmoqmnis damcav fenas.
Tu sxva nivTierebis msgavsad, gayinvisas wylis simkvrive
moimatebda, tbebi, mdinareebi da zRvebi fskeridan
zedapiramde gaiyineboda da yvelaferi yinulis safarSi
moeqceoda;
3. wyali gamWvirvalea, rac okeanis siRrmeSi mobinadre
im cocxal organizmebs, romlebsac mzis sinaTle
sWirdebaT, arsebobis saSualebas aZlevs;
4. wylis molekulebi ganicdian zedapirul daWimulobas,
rac mis zedapirze elastikur “kans” qmnis. am
daWimulobis Sedegad mwerebs SeuZliaT wylis
zedapirze gadaadgileba. misi meSveobiT warmoiqmneba
wylis wveTebi da kapilaruli efeqti, rac xels uwyobs
maRal mcenareebSi wylis aqaCvas;
5. wyali saukeTeso gamxsnelia. masSi ixsneba Jangbadi,
naxSirorJangi, mineralebi da sxva nivTierebebi.
wyals dedamiwis “kondicioners” uwodeben. rogorc
cnobilia, dedamiwis zedapiris daaxloebiT 70% wyliT
aris dafaruli, rac did gavlenas axdens mis klimatze.
atmosferosa da okeaneebs Soris uwyvetad mimdinareobs
siTbos, tenisa da airebis urTierTgacvla. Tavis mxriv,
qarebsa da dinebebs mzisgan miRebuli siTbo tropikebidan
polusebisken miaqvT, rac aregulirebs temperaturas
dedamiwaze.
kidev erT idealurad daregulirebul meqanizmze
visaubrebT, romelic sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli
pirobebis Seqmnas uwyobs xels dedamiwaze. es aris
bunebrivi sasicocxlo ciklebi, romelic Cveni planetis
sisufTavesa da sijansaReze arian pasuxismgebelni.
dedamiwaze yvelaferi isea organizebuli, rom sufTa wyalsa
da haers is kosmosidan ar iRebs da arc narCenebiT
170
abinZurebs mas. amas is bunebrivi ciklebis meSveobiT
axerxebs. rogoricaa, magaliTad, wylis, naxSirbadis,
Jangbadisa da azotis wrebrunvis ciklebi.
wylis wrebrunva sam etapad mimdinareobs:
1. mzis energiiT xdeba wylis aorTqleba atmosferoSi;
2. gasufTavebuli wylis kondensaciis Sedegad
warmoiSveba Rrublebi;
3. Rrublebidan ki wyali dedamiwaze brundeba wvimis,
setyvisa da Tovlis saxiT.
amgvarad ikvreba wre. yovelwliurad im raodenobis
wyali brunavs, ramdenic sakmarisi iqneboda yvela
kontinentis 100 santimetrze dasafarad.
naxSirbadisa da Jangbadis ciklebi or ZiriTad process
efuZneba: fotosinTezsa da sunTqvas. fotosinTezis dros
mzis energiis naxSirorJangisa da wylis gamoyenebiT
warmoiqmneba naxSirwylebi da Jangbadi. sunTqvis Sedegad,
romelSic CarTulia adamianebi da cxovelebi,
naxSirwylebisa da Jangbadisagan warmoiqmneba energia,
naxSirorJangi da wyali. amgvarad, erTi ciklis Sedegad
miRebuli nivTierebebi meore cikls xmardeba. es yvelaferi
saaTiviT aris awyobili da yovelgvari dabinZurebisa da
diskomfortis gareSe mimdinareobs.
azotis cikli gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs aminomJavebis,
cilebisa da sxva organuli nivTierebebis warmoqmnaSi.
atmosferos 78% azotisgan Sedgeba. elvisa da sxvadasxva
baqteriis zemoqmedebiT haerSi arsebuli azoti
mcenareebisaTvis advilad asaTvisebel naerTebad
gardaiqmneba. azoti xvdeba im cxovelebis organizmSic,
romlebic mcenareebiT ikvebebian. mcenareTa da cxovelTa
kvdomis Semdeg baqteriaTa sxva jgufi Slis azotSemcvlel
naerTebs da azots niadagsa da haerSi gamoyofs.
aseTi sibrZniTa da siyvaruliT Seqmna RmerTma samyaro
Tavisi yvelaze unikaluri qmnilebis, adamianis
sakeTildReod.
171
axla ismis kiTxva: ratom iqca sicocxlisTvis safrTxed,
ase saocrebiT Seqmnili dedamiwa? raSi gamoixateba es
safrTxe konkretulad?
dRes msoflio SeSfoTebulia iseTi aSkara ekologiuri
problemebiT, rogoricaa: ozonis xvreli; globaluri
daTboba; wylis maragis Semcireba, rac iwvevs saSinel
avadmyofobas, sikvdilianobas, gaugonar siRaribes,
cxovrebisgan ganawyenebas, zneobriv da sulier degradacias,
bunebis samyaros ganadgurebas. jandacvis saerTaSoriso
statistikuri monacemebiT yovelwliurad 19 milioni
adamiani iRupeba, aqedan 75% naadrevad, garemomcveli bunebis
dazianebis Sedegad. aqedan 5 milioni _ dabinZurebuli
wylisa da sakvebis, antisanitariuli mdgomareobiT, 3
milioni _ tuberkulioziT, 3,5 milioni _ dabinZurebuli
haeriT. yovelwliurad 2,5 miliardze meti adamiani itanjeba
avadmyofobiT an wylis ukmarisobis, an misi dabinZurebisa
da cudi sanitaruli pirobebiT. saxalxo meurneobis,
mrewvelobis narCenebis, uzarmazari masis momwamvleli
nivTierebiT atmosferos dabinZurebiT, magaliTad, ruseTis
erTerT qalaqSi, karabaSSi qarxana yovelwliurad 162 aTas
tona momwamvlel nivTierebas yris. msoflioSi ori did
nikelmwarmoebeli sawarmoo imden mZime metalebsa da
Sxamebs uSvebs atmosferoSi, ramdensac mTeli ruseTis
msgavsi sawarmoebi erTad (“niu-iork taimsi”). meqsikaSi
ukve sicocxlisTvis saSiS zRvars miaRwia haeris
dabinZurebis donem. ozonis xvreli safrTxed iqca
msofliosTvis. ozonis koncentraciam normas oTxjer
gadaaWarba ukve avstraliaSi. aq kanis kiboTi daavadeba
samjer gaizarda. avstralielebi “mzes megobrad ki ara
mtrad” Tvlian. msoflios umetes nawilSi ukve sasmeli
wylis problemaa. wylis deficiti aseve mousavlianobas
da SimSilobas iwvevs. es problema aSkraa ukve afrikis
rig qveynebSi. tyis masiuri gaCexvac Tavis mxriv amZimebs
172
ekologiur krizs, rogorc floris, aseve faunis
dazianebiT. bunebrivi resursebis umowyalo, aramiznobriv
moxmarebas aranakleb ziani moaqvs dedamiwisTvis. yovlad
uazro vandaluri omebi gamanadgurebl zemoqmedebas axdens
erTdroulad yvelaferze. bunebisadmi adamanis mxridan
mtaceblur damokidebulebas ekologiur katastrofamde
mihyavs msoflio.
omebi, xanZrebi, industria, transporti, demografiuli
siWarbe da msgavsi wvasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi iwvevs
siTburi balansis rRvevas, rac globaluri daTbobiT
emuqreba dedamiwas. dedamiwis CrdiloeT da samxreT
polusebSi: CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeane, antraqtida _
ukve SemCneulia tempereturis momatebiT gamowveuli
maradiuli yinulebis dnobis da adgilidan daZvris
faqtebi, wyaldidobebi, romelic gamousworebel zians
ayenebs bunebas, mosaxleobas, ekonomikas. amaze metyvelebs
2007 wlis stiqiuri ubedurebebi, romelTanac dakavSirebiT
“adamianTa saqmianobis makoordinebelma gaeros ofisma”
gamosca 14 saswrafo daxmarebis saWiroebis Sesaxeb Txovna,
rac 2005 welTan SedarebiT 4-iT meti iyo. rogorc vxedavT
tendencia arc ise saxarbieloa. aq moviyvanT ramdenime
magaliTs: britaneTSi wyaldidobam 350000 adamiani
daazarala, dasavleT afrikaSi _ 800000, Tavsxma wvimebma
sudanSi 150000 adamiani TavSesafris gareSe datova,
madagaskars ciklonma da Zlierma qviSebma gadauara, ris
gamoc 33000adamiani usaxlkarod da 260000 mosavlis gareSe
darCa, CrdiloeT koreaSi wyaldidobam da mewyerma 960000
adamians udides zarali miayena, bangladeSSi wyaldidobam
daazarala 8,5 milioni adamiani da 3 aTazze meti adamianis
sicocxle Seiwira, indoeTSi wyaldidobis Sedegad 3
milioni adamiani dazaralda, pakistanSi gadauRebelma
wvimebma 377000 adamiani usaxlkarod datova, 296-is sicocxle
emsxverpla, boliviaSi wyaldidobam 350000 adamians miayena
173
ziani, meqsikaSi wyaldidobam da mewyerma naxevari
milioni adamiani datova usaxlkarod, dominikelTa
respublikaSi aseve wyaldidoba da mewyerma aiZula aTeul
aTasobiT adamiani daetovebina saxlkari da ltolvilad
qceuliyo, samxreT kaliforniaSi xanZaris gamo aseve
naxevarmilionze met adamians mouwia mSobliuri mxaris
mitoveba (J. “gamoiRviZeT”, 2008, agvisto).
jandacvis saerTaSoriso organizaciis generaluri
direqtori aRniSnavs, rom “ Tu dRes Cven ar miviRebT
saTanado zomebs, maSin is krizisi, romelSic imyofeba
dedamiwa da misi Semogareni, umwvaves xasiaTs miiRebs da
ekologiuri safrTxe kontrols ar daeqvemdebareba” (J.
“gamoiRviZeT!” 1996, 22 marti, gv. 24).
jon kristma, alabamas univrsitetis dedamiwis
ekosistemebis Semswavleli mecnieruli centris
TanamSromelma Tqva: “roca vcdilobT saocrad rTuli
klimaturi procesebis Sefasebasa da Seswavlas, zogs
Cvengans umweobis grZnoba gviCndeba da eWvi gvepareba imaSi,
gvesmis Tu ara, ra xdeba da ratom”.
giganturi ekosistemebis urTierTdamokidebulebisa da
urTierTganpirebulobis obieqturi kanonzomierebis gamo
xdeba, rom bunebaSi erTi romelime sistemis dazianebas
mosdevs uciloblad sxva sistemebis dazianeba. es kanonebia:
yovelive urTierTkavSirSia da erTi meores ganapirobebs.
Tu magaliTad, adamians sxeulis erTi nawili astkivda, mas
mTeli sxeuli ganicdis. asevea bunebaSic. Tu erT bunebriv
resurs miadga raime ziani, SeiZleba mas mohyves mTeli
rigi ekologiuri problemebisa. amis uamravi magaliTia.
tyis gaCexvas mosdevs mewyeri, faunis daRupva,
sacxovreblebis, savargulebis dazianeba, klimaturi saziano
cvlilebebi da a. S.
meore ekologiuri kanoni _ ukvalod araferi qreba
bunebaSi. amis asaxsnelad sakmarisia davasaxeloT
174
narCenebisa da saSiS nivTierebaTa Camarxva, an kidev,
aorTqlebadi nivTierebebi, meteoritebi da a. S. Seereva an
atmosferos, an wylebs: zRvebs, mdinareebs, okeanebs da iZenen
axal damRupvel funqciebs. akldeba erTs, emateba meores
an sazianod an sasargeblod.
yvelaze did ekologiur safrTxes qmnis radioaqtiuri
narCenebi, romelic okeanebSi da samarxebSi iyreba. rogorc
mecnierebi adastureben, aTaswleulebic rom gavides, misi
ukvalod gaqroba aravis ar ZaluZs. wylidan, atmosferodan,
niadagidan, mcenareebidan erTi meoresTan gadadis da mTel
dedmiwas zians ayenebs. amitom amboben mecnierebi, rom
aravin ar icis, es Senelebuli moqmedebis ekologiuri
mina, rodis afeTqdeba.
mesame ekologiuri kanoni mdgomareobs imaSi, rom buneba
ar akeTebs naxtomebs, aramed win midis TandaTanobiT. es
imas niSnavs, rom adamianma unda daicvas bunebaSi arsebuli
wesrigi. pedagogikis klasikoss ian amos komenskis am kanonis
asaxsnelad mohyavs aseTi magaliTi: Citis warmoSobas aqvs
Tavisi safexurebi. Cven mas veranairad ver davaCqarebT.
roca mas daudgeba dro, kvercxis naWuWs TviTon gastexs
da gareT gamova da, roca es moxdeba deda-Citi ar aiZulebs
mas maSinaTve daiwyos frena da sakvebis Zebna, aramed TviTon
kvebavs, avarjiSebs da TandaTanobiT aswavlis frenas manam,
sanam TviTon ar SeZlebs amas Tavisuflad (“didi
didaqtika”).
bunebaSi arsebul wesrigsa da harmonias umReris didi
vaJa da natrobs ixilos aseTi harmonia adamianTa
sazogadoebaSic. nimuSad moviyvanT leqsidan “Rame mTaSi”
nawyvets: “xevi mTas monebs, mTa xevsa, wyalni tyes, tyeni
mdinareT, yvavili miwas da miwa Tavis aRzrdilTa mcenareT
da me xom yvelas mona var Sublzed oflgadamdinared.”
zemoT aRniSnuli kanonebis darRvevam ganapiroba

175
sicocxlisa da bednierebisaTvis Seqmnili Cveni
ulamazesi da umdidresi planetis _ dedamiwis daavadeba.
vin daarRvia es kanonebi da ratom?
_ amas erTi martivi pasuxi aqvs: iman, vis sakeTildReodac
iyo is Seqmnili. adamianma.
ratom?
samecniero literatura da realuri sinamdvile iZleva
amis zust pasuxebs. mTavari pasuxi da mizezTa mizezi
aris adamianisa da sazogadoebis sulierobisa da
ekologiuri ganaTlebis deficiti da zneobrivi degradacia,
rac gamoixateba Semdeg arazneobriv TvisebebSi: egoizmi,
egocentrizmi, sixarbe da gaumaZRroba, Suri da umecreba,
araSorsmWvreteloba da sxva.
egoizmi da egocentrizmi _orive sazianoa. egoizmia,
roca adamians ar adardebs planetisa da mis bunebrivi
simdidris bedi, TaobaTa momavali, oRond awmyo iyos misTvis
uzrunveli. erT ekologiis problemebze miZRvnili
saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciaze espaneTis premier-
ministrma fili pe gonsalom ganacxada, Turme: “problema
globaluria da gadawyvetac globaluri unda iyoso”,
amerikelma delegatma ganacxada: “amerikuli cxovrebis
wesi gansjas ar eqvemdebarebao”. indoelma ekologma maneik
gandim, piriqiT, daiCivla: “dasavleTSi erTi bavSvi moixmars
imdens, ramdensac 125 kaci aRmosavleTSi”. “aRmosavleTSi
bunebrivi garemos degradacia, praqtikulad, resursebze
dasavleTis moTxovnilebebiTaa ganpirobebuli”- o.
egocentrizmia sakuTar “me”-ze uzomod Seyvareba.
figuralurad rom vTqvaT, mTeli planetis Tavze Semovleba.
sixarbe da gaumaZRroba iseTi uzneo Tvisebebia, romelic
yvelafers akadrebinebs adamians. aseTi adamianebisTvis
miRebaa netareba, maT gaReba ar SeuZliaT, ZiriTadad
momxmarebelni arian, ekologiur wesebs arafrad dagideven,
Tundac buneba sulerTianad moisras. Tu dasWirdaT,
176
kanonsac ki Secvlian bunebis sazianod, oRond flobis
mania daikmayofilon, ekonomiuri upiratesoba moi povon.
kacobriobis yvelaze didi mteri _ es aris umecreba,
ufro sworad WeSmariti codnis deficiti,
yovlisSemoqmedisa da misi qmnilebebis, samyarosa da
sicocxlis warmoSobis Sesaxeb cru warmodgenebi.
msoflmxedveloba codnas efuZneba, Tu codna mcdaria,
mcdaria msoflmedvelobac da Sesabamisad mcdaria
adamianis damokidebuleba garesamyarosadmi. umecreba aris
mizezTa mizezi, ramac buneba miiyvana ekologiur
krizisamde.
SorsmWvretelobis, windaxedulobis unaris deficiti
sazianoa cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, magram gansakuTrebiT
damRupvelia bunebasTan urTierTobaSi. adamianis
umecrebiTa da ugulobiT gamowveuli stiqiuri ubedurebebi
TandaTanobiT da SeumCnevlad mwifdeba da roca
daatydebaT Tavs, adamianebi ukve uZlurebi arian mis winaSe.
ra gamosavali arsebobs? dedamiwis TviTganaxlebisa
da TviTdacvis unaridan gamomdinare, ra Tqma unda, arsebobs
gamosavali, magram amas moindomeben adamianebi?! Zalian
Znelia es daijero mas Semdeg, rac ruseTma 2008 wlis
agvistoSi saqarTveloSi daatriala. aranairi sabrZolo
iaraRi da vandaluri meTodi ar DdauSurvebia aseT gigant
saxelmwifos am cicqna qveynis gasanadgureblad, magram
erovnuli tye-parkebis cexlis alSi gaxveva XXI saukuneSi,
amas solomon brZenic ver axsnida.
pedagogiuri optimizmi ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom
gulxeldakrefili vuyuroT imas, Tu rogor iRupeba Cveni
dedamiwa, RvTis mier sicocxlisTvis Seqmnili unikaluri
sacxovrisi _ planeta. ramdenadac erTerTi mizezi
ekologiuri krizisa aris ekologiuri kulturis dabali
done, aRzrdas SeuZlia am problemis nawilobriv mainc
Semsubuqeba. Tu amaze vizrunebT, Cveni gulwrfeli
177
mcdeloba SeumCneveli ar darCeba yovlisSemoqmeds da
mcire Sanss mainc davitovebT gankiTxvis dRisTvis.
saerTaSoriso ekologiuri problemebidan gamomdinare,
pedagogika ekologiuri aRzrdis miznad moswavle-
axalgazrdobaSi ekologiuri kulturis formirebas
miiCnevs. ekologiuri kultura pirovnebisa da
sazogadoebis civilizirebulobis kriteriumia, igi
warmoadgens ekologiuri ganaTlebis, ekologiuri Segnebis,
ekologiur azrovnebs, ekologiuri qcevisa da moqmedebis
unarCvevaTa erTobliobas.
ekologiuri ganaTleba aris bunebis Sesaxeb garkveuli
codna-gamocdilebis maragi, romelic SeiZineba,
mizanmimarTuli pedagogiuri zemoqmedebis Sedegad, roca
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesi orientirebulia
bunebrivi garemos integraciuli codnis, ekosaqmianobis
unar-Cvevebis dauflebaze, zogadi ekologiuri kulturis
formirebaze. ekologiur codnaSi Sedis WeSmariti
informaciebi Cveni planetisa da sicocxlis warmoSobis,
ekologiuri cnebebisa da kategoriebis, ekologiuri
kanonebis, bunebis sasicocxlo, samedicino, ekonomiuri,
eTikuri, da esTetikuri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. aqve moiazreba
codna Tanamedrove ekologiuri problemebis, mizezebisa
da gamosavlis, anu daavadebuli dedamiwis diagnostikis,
prognozebisa da mkurnalobis Sesaxeb.
ekologiuri Segneba efuZneba ekolgiur ganaTlebas,
swavlebisa da piradi gamocdilebis gziT miRebuli
ekologiuri codnis Sesabamisi msoflmxedvelobis, mrwamsis,
ideebis, poziciis, damokidebulebebis gamomuSavebas.
ekologiuri kanonebis, princi pebisa da wesebis dacvis,
dedabunebasTan urTierTobaSi Tavisi wili
pasuxismgeblobis aRebis aucileblobis gacnobierebas.
ekologiuri aRzrdis aranakleb mniSvnelovani amocanaa
bunebisadmi siyvarulis, misi movlisa da dacvis survilis,
178
Sesabamisi grZnobebis gamomuSaveba moswavle-
axlgazrdobaSi. magram es jer kidev ar aris saqme.
ekologiuri codna ar gadasula praqtikuli moqmedebis
sferoSi. is isev Segnebisa da grZnobebis saufloSia.
ekologiuri Segneba da ekologiuri grZnobebi unda
gardaiqmnas energiad, romelic uzrunvelyofs ekologiuri
qcevisa da moqmedebis unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebas.
ekologiuri aRzrda swavlebis aRmzrdelobiT
funqciaSi moiazreba da Sesabamisad igi pedagogiuri
procesis saklaso-sagakveTilo sistemis erTerT
komponentad ganixileba. ekologia skolis pirobebSi
jerjerobiT calke sagnad ar iswavleba. magram yvela
saswavlo disciplina da,gansakuTrebiT sabunebismetyvelo
sagnebi moicaven ekologiuri codnis mniSvnelovan
elementebs. Tumca am mimarTulebiT arsebobs garkveuli
pedagogiuri sirTuleebi, miuxedavad amisa, misi daZleva
SesaZlebelia saganTaSorisi kavSirebis optimizaciis
safuZvelze, magram umjobesia saskolo saswavlo gegmaSi
calkeul saswavlo disci plinad “ekologiis zogadi
safuZvlebis” saxiT hpovos adgili.
maswavlebelTa pedagogiuri TanamSromloba,
ekologiuri aRzrdis erTiani pedagogiuri xazis,
strategiisa da taqtikis SemuSaveba, saganTaSorisi
kavSirebis integraciisa da konkretizaciis gakveTilisa
da klasgareSe saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT gegmebSi asaxva
da praqtikuli ganxorcieleba, garkveulwilad
uzrunvelyofs moswavleTa ekologiuri aRzrdis
problemis gadawyvetas. ekologiuri ganaTlebis Sinaarsi,
ekologiuri aRzrdisadmi midgomis pedagogiuri principebi,
meTodebi da formebi gansazRvraven ekologiuri aRzrdis
warmatebas. amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa l. tarasovis
“ekologiisa da dieleqtikis” modelis filosofiuri
koncefcia: “yvelaferi, rasac studenti swavlobs, misTvis
179
pirovnulad mniSvnelovani unda gaxdes, radgan is aris
ara damkvirvebeli, aramed dainteresebuli pirovnebaa. amis
Sesabamisad unda SeirCes da mowesrigdes masalis gadacemis
Sinaarsi, forma da meTodebi.” es mniSvnelovani koncefcia
SeiZleba ganvazogadoT skolis pirobebSic, moswavleTa
asakobrivi da individualuri Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswinebis princi pis damatebiT.
ekologiuri aRzrdis organizaciul formebs Soris
aRsaniSnavia miznobrivi eqskursiebi bunebaSi, Tematuri
diskusiebi, mrgvali magida, ekologiuri Sinaarsis
imitaciuri TamaSebi, treningebi, mxatvruli montaJebi da
a. S.
eqskursiebis ekologiuri aspeqtebis gamoyeneba
ekologiuri aRzrdis mizniT es saskolo praqtikaSi
aproborebuli formaa. misi daniSnulebaa bunabisa da
bunebriv movlenebis uSualo gacnoba da maTze dakvirveba,
STabeWdilebebis werilobiTi formiT dafiqsireba, analizi
da saTanado daskvnebis gamotana.
diskusia laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs gansjas,
gamokvlevas, sakamaTo sakiTxebis sajaro ganxilvas. misi
mTavari funqciaa inteleqtualuri ganviTareba,
ekologiuri msoflmxedvelobis, SefasebiTi msjelobis
unaris formireba. azrTa urTierTgacvlis procesSi
viTardeba kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba, sakuTari
Sexedulebebis dasabuTeba, dacva sarwmuno argumentebiT,
sxvisi azrisadmi pativiscemis, urTierTmosmenisa da
metyvelebis kultura. aqve xdeba azris koreqtireba,
WeSmaritebis povna, SemecnebiTi interesisa da saswavlo
motivaciis provocireba, ekologiuri problemebiT
daintereseba, Teoriuli codnis gaRrmaveba.
ekologiuri treningi _ es aris ekologiuri ganaTlebis
kompleqsuri forma, romelic orientirbulia moswavlis
mier ekologiuri aRzrdis amocanebis: ekologiuri codna-
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gamocdilebis, ekologiuri Segnebisa da ekologiuri qcevis
unar-Cvevebis aTvisebaze. treningebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
ZiriTadad jgufuri mecadineoba, konkretuli amocanis
Sesaferisi meTodebis gamoyenebiT. aq ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba
varjiSis meTodi.
ekologiur aRzrdaSi sakmaod efeqturad gamoiyeneba
verbaluri, praqtikul-laboratoriuli da imitaciuri
meTodebi, TamaSi da realurad bunebasTan uSualo
urTierToba.
verbaluri anu sityvieri meTodebi, rogoricaa:
informaciuli, instruqtaJi, saubari, interaqtiuli, kiTxva-
pasuxebi, komentari da a. S. ZiriTadad emsaxureba ekologiis
Sesaxeb Teoriuli codnis aTvisebasa da am codnisadmi
damokidebulebis, ekologiuri msoflmxedvelobis
gamomuSavebas, ekologiuri Segnebis amRlebas.
praqtikul-laboratoriuli meTodebi ekologiur
aRzrdaSi emsaxureba bunebasTan uSualo kavSiris
damyarebas saswavlo mizniT. dakvirvebebis, eqsperimentebis
mowyobas konkretuli ekologiuri amocanis gadasawyvetad.
Teoriuli codnisa da realuri sinamdvilis identurobis
dasadgenad, esTetikuri aRqmebis misaRebad.
imitaciuri meTodi ekologiur aRzrdaSi Tavisebur
elfers iZens. am dros xdeba bunebasTan realuri
urTierTobis saswavlo procesSi modelireba, rac
swavlebas praqtikul xasiaTs aZlevs. igi eyrdnoba
warmosaxvebs da ganamtkicebs ekologiur azrovnebas,
ganzogadoebisa da sistematizaciis unars.
TamaSebi, Tavisi nairsaxeobiT, aRzrdaSi saukuneebiT
ganmtkicebuli pedagogiuri meTodia. TamaSi qcevis
garkveuli saxea, romelic funqcionaluri moZraobebis
da fsiqikur-inteleqtualuri Zalebis ganviTarebas
emsaxureba. TamaSis procesSi moswavleebi emociurad
erTvebian, improvizaciis, alRosa da intuiciis,
181
mixvedrilobisa da swrafi reagirebis unar-Cvevebs iZenen.
TamaSis saxeebia: Tavisufali, roluri, saqmiani, imitaciuri,
SemecnebiT-didaqtikuri da sxva.
rolur TamaSSi moswavleebi ganasaxiereben, saTamaSod
arCeuli Temis mixedviT, romelime cxovelebs, frinvelebs,
xeebs, yvavilebs, weliwadis droebs da a. S. da am TamaSebSi
Rrmad da yovelmxriv ecnobian maT mier gansaxierebuli
floris Tu faunis warmomadgenels, uRvivdebaT bunebisadmi
siyvaruli, misi movlisa da dacvis survili.
pedagogiuri procesebis, sistemebisa da komponentebis
ekologiuri aRzrdis Sesatyvisad koordinacia-integracia
pedagogikis mecnierebasa da maswavleblis profesiul
xelovnebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
amrigad, moswavleTa ekologiuri aRzrdis aqtualoba
globaluri ekologiuri krizisiT aris ganpirobebuli.
radgan am problemis gamomwvev mizezTa mizezad adamianis
umecreba da zneobrivi degradacia aris miCneuli. skolis
pirobebSi ekologiuri atmosferos Seqmna, Teoriuli
codnis praqtikasTan, realur sinamdvilesTan dakavSireba,
ukve arsebuli da mosalodneli ekologiuri krizis mTeli
sigrZe-siganiT gacnobiereba, am problemis sistematuri
gansjis sagnad gadaqceva Seqmnis garkveul Teoriul da
praqtikul safuZvels axalgazrdobam Seicvalos udieri
damokidebuleba bunebisadmi da izrunos Tavisi wvlili
Seitanos dazianebuli dedamiwis movlasa da
gafrTxilebaSi, masebSi ekologiuri kulturis amaRlebaSi.

182
Tema XIII. sulieri aRzrda

sakiTxebi:

1. sulierobis aRzrda da misi roli pirovnebis


formirebaSi;
2. qriste _ sulierobis srulyofili magaliTi;
3. sulierobis wyaro _ RvTivsulieri wigni biblia;
4. sulierobis aRzrdis pedagogiuri saSualebebi.

sulierobis aRzrdas ganmsazRvreli roli akisria


yovelmxriv harmoniulad ganviTarebul, srulfasovani
pirovnebis formirebaSi. samyarosa da misi Semoqmedis
Sesaxeb WeSmariti codnisa da swori Tvalsazrisis
CamoyalibebaSi. sulieroba yovlis SemoqmedTTan aris
dakavSirebuli da mas mxolod RmerTi iZleva. sulierobis
maCvenebelia RvTis siyvaruli. es ki imas niSnavs vicavdeT
mis mcnebebs. sulierad maRal sazogadoebaSi cxovreba
nakleb problemuria. magram problema problemad rCeba,
roca sulierobis aRzrdas kuTvnili adgili ar ukavia
sazogadoebaSi, Tanamedrove pedagogikur mecnierebasa da
saskolo praqtikaSi, roca jerovnad ar aris gamoyenebuli
misi usazRvro gamakeTilSobilebeli potenciali. es
xarvezi aSkarad Cans aRzrdis SedegSi. sulierobas
moklebuli moswavle-axalgazrdoba naklebad emorCileba
pedagogiur moTxovnebs da avtomaturad eTiSeba saswavlo-
aRmzrdelobiT process, rasac Sedegad mosdevs
pedagogiuri da akademiuri CamorCeniloba, asocialuroba,
bolos ki _ antisocialuroba. Tanamedrove socialuri
garemo: komunikaciuri saSualebebis arasworad gamoyeneba,
internetiT gataceba, pornografiuli filmebi, seqsualuri
183
musikebi da cekvebi, narkotikebi, alkoholi, ukanono
seqsualuri urTierTobebi gamanadgurebel zemoqmedebas
axdens moswavle-axalgazrdobis fsiqikaze, grZnobebsa da
emociebze, zneobriv da sulier mdgomareobaze, mis momavalze.
amiT aris ganpirobebuli sulieri aRzrdis aucilebloba,
radgan sulieroba aris erTaderTi meqanizmi, romelic
akavebs codvisa da borotebisagan, swori gziT warmarTavs
aRsazrdelis azrovnebas, qcevasa da moqmedebas, svams
aRzrdis yalibSi da icavs mosalodneli safrTxeebisagan.
sulierobis cnebis, arsisa da mniSvnelobis gagebisa
da miRebis erTaderTi wyaro aris RvTis sityva _ biblia.
amitom sulierobis aRzrda unda efuZnebodes mas. bibliis
mixedviT, sulieroba warmoadgens sulis nayofTa
erTobliobas. “xolo sulis nayofia: siyvaruli, sixaruli,
mSvidoba, sulgrZeloba, sikeTe, yovelive kargi, rwmena, rbili
xasiaTi, TavSekaveba” (galatelebis 5:22). sulierobis
aRzrdis mizani am Tvisebebis formireba unda iyos. radgan
biblia gvixsnis,rom sulieroba ubralod lamazi Tvisebebi
ki ara, sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxia. “xorcieli fiqrebi
sikvdilia, sulieri fiqrebi _ sicocxle da mSvidoba”
(romaelebi 8:6). agreTve bibliidan vigebT, rom suli
RvTisgan modis da xorcielze mofiqrals is ar eZleva.
radgan “xorcs sulis sawinaaRmdego surs, suls ki _ xorcis
sawinaaRmdego.” vinc suliT dadis, gulisTqmebis maxeSi
ar gaebmeba. “xorcis saqmeebi aSkaraa. es aris: siZva,
uwminduroba, ganrisxeba, TavaSvebuloba,
kerpTTayvanismcemloba, spiritizmi, mtroba, dava, eWvianoba,
SuRli, ganxeTqileba, seqtantoba, Suri” (galatelebi 5:16,17,19).
amitom mogviwodebs biblia: “iareT suliT da ar
SeasrulebT xorcis survilebs” (iqve). roca aRsazrdeli
bibliidan igebs am Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, igi ridiTa da
mokrZalebiT ganewyoba RvTis mimarT, mxolod
maswavleblisgan mosmenili ki momabezrebel sentenciebad
184
aRiqmeba da saTanado aRmzrdelobiT efeqturobas
moklebulia.
moswavleebs unda davanaxoT, rom ‘suliT anTebuli’
adamiani eZebs WeSmaritebas, iRebs RvTis swavlebebs da
emorCileba mis xelmZRvanelobas, RvTis morCilebs ki
moemarTebaT gza da arasodes waborZikdebian. radgan
“adamianis nebaze ar aris misi gza; mimavali kaci ver
warmarTavs Tavis nabijebs” (ieremia 10:23), RvTis wminda
sulis anu misi “moqmedi Zalis” xelmZRvanelobis gareSe
adamians ar ZaluZs Seicvalos azrovneba da mihyves qristes
kvals. romaelebis 12:2-Si vkiTxulobT: “nuRar icxovrebT
qveynierebis yaidaze, aramed ganiaxleT goneba da
gardaiqmeniT, raTa darwmundeT, ra aris RvTis neba _
kargi, mosawoni da srulyofili”. uxilavis rwmena da
sulieroba efuZneba WeSmaritebis codnas RvTisa da misi
qmnilebebis Sesaxeb.
yovlis Semoqmedi RmerTi ori gziT Seicnoba: misi
materialuri qmnilebebiT da misive sityviT _ bibliiT.
“misi uxilavi Tvisebebi _ maradiuli Zliereba da
RvTaebrioba _ naTlad Cans qveynierebis Seqmnidan, radgan
yovelive es Seqmnilis meSveobiT Seicnoba.” (romaelebis
mimarT 1:20). SegrZnebebisa da Semecnebis usazRvro unariT
dajildoebul adamians ar epatieba, sargeblobdes yoveli
miwieri da zecieri sikeTiT da ar icnobdes mis Semoqmeds,
WeSmarit RmerTs, ar aRafrTovanebdes misi unikaluri
Semoqmedeba da madlierebis grZnobiT ar ganimsWvalos.
sulierobis aRzrdis procesSi gaTvaliswinebuli
unda iqnes moswavleTa asakobrivi da individualuri
Taviseburebebi, aRzrdis bavSvis bunebasTan Sesabamisobis
pedagogiuri kanonis safuZvelze. rogorc cnobilia,
skolamdel da umcros saskolo asakis bavSvebs axasiaTebT
moWarbebuli cnobismoyvareoba, mibaZveloba da
maswavleblisadmi usazRvro ndoba, rac maqsimalurad unda
185
iqnes gamoyenebuli aRzrdaSi. bavSvs biologiuri,
materialuri da sulieri moTxovnileba aRZravs
garemomcvel sinamdvilesTan urTierTobisken, rac
SemecnebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. is uamrav kiTxvebs svams:
vin? ra? sad? rodis? rogor? ratom? risTvis? ramdeni?
ramdenjer? da a. S. bavSvis mier dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxebi
unda Seicavdes zust informacias im sagnebsa da
movlenebze da maTTan Semoqmedi RmerTis kavSiris Sesaxeb.
aseTi midgoma aRzrdisadmi xels Seuwyobs swavlebis
saganmanaTleblo da aRmzrdelobiTi funqciis
ganxorcielebas, WeSmariti Semecnebis miRebasa da
sulierobis amaRlebas. umcros asakSi, maTi saskolo
programidan gamomdinare, moswavleebs ukve garkveuli
warmodgena unda hqondeT bunebasa da bunebriv movlenebze,
dedamiwaze, florasa da faunaze, herze, wyalze, weliwadis
droebze, Tvebze, kvireebze, dRe-Rameze, ciur sxeulebze: ca,
mze, mTvare, varskvlavebi, aseve cnebebze, saxelebsa da
saxelwodebze, TariRebze da yovlisSemoqmedze. yovelive
es ganapirobebs leqsikuri maragis gamdidrebasa da
azrovnebis ganviTarebas, sulierobis gagebas. amave asakSi
unda Caeyaros safuZveli garkveul warmodgenebs adamiansa
da sazogadoebaze, eTikur normebsa da wesebze, esTetikis
elementebze. saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesi
orientirebuli unda iyos sulierobis amaRlebaze.
moswavlis asakobrivi da individualuri SesaZleblobebis
Sesabamisad unda ganisazRvros adamianis, am unikaluri
qmnilebis RvTiuri warmomavlobis damadasturebeli
bibliuri da faqtobriv-realuri mtkicebulebebi.
adamianis SegrZnebaTa organoebis: Tvalis, yuris, cxviris,
piris Rrusa da kanis, nivTierebaTa cvlis procesis an
gulis funqciebis Sesaxeb mokle xiluli informaciebis
martivi eniT, gasagebad, misawvdomad gadacema, aRsazrdels
uxsnis “gulis Tvalebs” yovelive amis Semoqmedis, uxilavi
186
RmerTis dasanaxad. uxilavis xiluliT dajereba
warmoSobs rwmenasa da sulierobas.
sulierobis aRzrda ufro maRal safexurze adis
saSualo saskolo anu mozardobis asakSi. mozardebi ukve
floben garkveul codna-gamocdilebaTa marags,
sulierobis dones, konkretuli azrovnebis wiaRSi
ganviTarebul abstaqtuli azrovnebis elementebs saganTa
da movlenaTa ufro siRrmiseuli gagebisa da kritikuli
Sefasebis unarebs, iwyeba sakuTari “me”-Ti daintereseba,
TviTgarkvevisa da TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis zrunva, idealis
Zieba, mibaZva da a. S. am dros moswavles sWirdeba
gansakuTrebuli Tanadgoma, swori da Rirebuli zneobrivi,
sulieri da esTetikuri orientirebi, swori,
orTodoqsaluri, WeSmariti Semecneba, romelic mis bunebriv,
kanonier da sazogadoebrivad Rirebul moTxovnebs
daukmayofilebs, TavisTavSi pirovnebas apovninebs.
ufros saskolo asakSi sulierobis aRzrda
naklebproblemuria, Tu mis winare asakSi pedagogiuri
moTxovnebi sworad iyo realizebuli. am etapze aqtiurad
mimdinareobs msoflmxedvelobis formireba, socialuri
da inteleqtualuri motivebis Camoyalibeba, cxovrebis
azrze da adamianis daniSnulebaze dafiqreba, samyaros
SeqmnasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebiT daintereseba.
moswavlis amgvari fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba qmnis noyier
safuZvels pirovnebis yovelmxriv harmoniuli
ganviTarebisa da socializaciisTvis, cxadia, aqve moiazreba
sulierobis aRzrdac.
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis pedagogiur
sistemebs Soris mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia agreTve
pedagogiur meTodebs. meTodTa SerCeva xdeba pedagogiuri
miznis Sesabamisad. sulierobis aRzrdaSi efeqturia
informaciis, darwmunebisa da TvalsaCino magaliTis meTodi,
bibliis kiTxva, Tumca es ar niSnavs sxva meTodebis
gamoricxvas.
187
sulierobis aRzrda sxva pedagogiuri procesebisgan
gansxvavebulia da, cxadia, midgomac garkveulwilad
specifikuri. sulieroba, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
religiuri faseulobebis, WeSmariti RmerTis siyvarulia
da mxolod RvTisgan miiReba igi. amitom yvela informacia
am mimarTebiT RmerTs unda UukavSirdebodes. moswavlem
unda dainaxos, rom am saxis informaciebis wyaros
warmoadgens biblia, mTeli samyaro ki _ TvalsaCinoebas.
swored bibliidan vigebT sulierobis arsisa da
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb da imazec Tu visgan unda viswavloT
is. fili pelebis 2:5-Si vkiTxulobT: “iseTive azrovneba
gqondeT, rogoric qriste iesos hqonda.”
RvTis Ze ieso qriste iyo sulierobis srulyofili
magaliTi, amitom aris bibliaSi rCeva, movusminoT da mivyveT
mis kvals, rom ar gavebaT satanis maxeSi: “esaa Cemi sayvareli
Ze, usmineT mas!” (markozi 9:7). xolo I petres 2:21-Si weria:
“erTgulad mihyeviT mis nakvalevs.” an kidev, “iseTive
azrovneba gqondeT, rogoric qriste iesos hqonda”
(fili pelebi 2:5).
saidan unda gavigoT, Tu rogori azrovneba hqonda
qristes, rom movusminoT da mivyveT mis nakvalevs?
bibliidan. radgan “mTeli wminda werili RvTisgan aris
STagonebuli da sasargebloa saswavleblad, Sesagoneblad,
gamosasworeblad da simarTleSi aRsazrdelad, raTa RvTis
kaci yvelaferSi Caxeduli da yovelmxriv momzadebuli
iyos nebismieri kargi saqmisTvis” (2 timoTe 3:16). ieso
qristes iseTive azrovneba hqonda, rogoric yovlisSemoqmed
RmerTs, radgan mamisagan iyo ganswavluli. adamianic, rac
ufro metad ganiswavleba qristes swavlebebiT, miT ufro
aireklavs mis azrovnebas. qristes gonebis Sesacnobad
saWiroa mis Sesaxeb dawerili cnobebis wakiTxva. ZiriTadad
bibliis oTxi wigni _ maTes, markozis, lukasa da ioanes
saxarebebi da “gamocxadeba”Seicavs utyuar cnobebs Cveni
188
mxsnelis ieso qristes Sesaxeb, romelTa SeswavliT
SegviZlia gavigoT iesos azrovneba daOgrZnobebi.
ieso RvTis suliT aRZruli moqmedebda. ganurCevlad,
yvelas acnobda zecieri mamis nebas RvTis samefos Sesaxeb,
dauRalavad aswavlida WeSmaritebas, exmareboda
daCagrulebs, kurnavda avadmyofebs, aRadgenda mkvdrebs, (amis
ramdenime magaliTic dagvitova). ieso msaxurebisas
yovelTvis avlenda sulis nayofebs: “siyvaruls, sikeTes,
yovelive kargs” da msgavs Tvisebebs. ioanes saxarebis 9:1-
8 muxlebSi vkiTxulobT: “midioda ieso da dainaxa kaci,
romelic dabadebidan usinaTlo iyo”. iesos mowafeebmac
SeniSnes is kaci, magram masSi mxolod codvili dainaxes.
“vin Sescoda, am kacma Tu misma mSoblebma?” – ikiTxes maT.
mezoblebisTvis es kaci maTxovari iyo. “es is kaci ar aris
, rom ijda da maTxovrobda?” _ Tqves maT. iesosTvis ki is
brma iyo, romelsac daxmareba sWirdeboda. ieso daelaparaka
mas da gankurna.
es da mravali sxva SemTxveva naTlad gviCvenebs iesos
azrovnebasa da grZnobebs adamianebis mimarT, rom RvTis
Ze RvTis msgavsad miukerZoebelia da yvelafers kargs
siyvaruliT akeTebs. iesom Tavis mowafeebs uTxra: “axal
mcnebas gaZlevT Tqven: giyvardeT erTmaneTi, rogorc me
SegiyvareT Tqven, Tqvenc ise giyvardeT erTmaneTi. Cemi
mowafeebi rom xarT, imiT gaigeben yvelani, Tu siyvaruli
geqnebaT urTierTSoris” (ioane 13:34,35).
qristem gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gaamaxvila mtris
siyvarulze. “me ki geubnebiT, giyvardeT Tqveni mtrebi,
daloceT Tqveni mawyevrebi, sikeTe uyaviT Tqvens moZuleebs,
da iloceT maTTvis, vinc Tqven gaviwroebT da gdevniT,
raTa iyoT Tqveni zecieri mamis Zeni, visac Tavisi mze
amohyavs borotTa da kaTilTa Tavze da wvimas ugzavnis
marTlebsa da usamarTloebs. vinaidan, Tu Tqven Tqveni
moyvarulebi geyvarebaT, ra iqneba sazRauri? gana mebaJeebic
189
ase ar iqcevian? Tu mxolod Tqvens Zmebs moikiTxavT,
gansakuTrebuls ras gaakeTebT? gana warmarTebic ase ar
iqcevian? maS, iyaviT srulyofilni iseve, rogorc Tqveni
zecieri mamaa srulyofili” (maTe 6:44-48).
umweo adamianebs gamaxnevebeli sityvebiT mimarTavs RvTis
Ze: “modiT CemTan, yovelno maSvralno da tvirTmZimennoO
da me mogasvenebT Tqven. itvirTeT Cemi uReli da iswavleT
Cemgan, vinaidan me mSvidi da Tavmdabali var da hpovebT
sulis simSvides, vinaidan Cemi uReli saamuria da Cemi
tvirTi _ msubuqi” (maTe 11:28,29,30). iesos mier
SemoTavazebuli uReli da tvirTi gulisxmobs RvTis
samefos Sesaxeb WeSmaritebis swavlas, romelic sulier
Svebas moutans da bednieri momavlis imeds Causaxavs
adamians. RvTis Ze Tavadve acxadebs, rom is mSvidia da
Tavmdabali. mis am sulierebas adasturebs misive
urTierToba adamianebTan. man Tavmdablobis STamagonebeli
nimuSi aCvena, roca fexebi dabana Tavis mowafeebs da uTxra:
“iciT ra giyaviT? . . . magaliTi mogeciT, raTa rogorc me
mogeqeciT, Tqvenc ise moiqceT” (ioane 13:12,15).
maTes saxareba ityobineba, rom mamis morCili ieso qriste
TviTneburad arasodes moqmedebda. is sul loculobda
da yovlisSemoqmeds Txovda wminda suliT
xelmZRvanelobas misive nebis Sesasruleblad. Tu qristes
sWirdeboda RvTis xelmZRvaneloba, es ufro metad sWirdeba
maTive qmnilebas _ adamians.
sulierobis ganviTareba sulier sazrdos moiTxovs
sulierobis wyarodan, romelic ase uxvad mogvimzada
yovlisSemoqmedma Tavisi sibrZnis wignis _ bibliis da
misi amxsneli publikaciebis saxiT da dagviyena uangaro,
mosiyvarule da brZeni mwyemsi da maswavlebeli ieso
qriste. is yvelas asmevs sicocxlis wyals, visac wyuria.
garkveviT miuTiTebs biblia sulieri zrdisTvis WeSmariti
Semecnebis uwyvetad miRebis aucileblobaze. koloselebis
190
1:9,10 muxlebSi vkiTxulobT: “ganuwyvetliv vloculob
TqvenTvis, raTa aRivsoT misi (RvTis _ g. x.) nebis SecnobiT,
yovelnairi sibrZniTa da sulieri gonebiT, raTa moiqceT
uflis Rirsad da YyvelaferSi aamoT mas yovel keTil
saqmeSi nayofis gamoRebiT da RvTis SemecnebaSi zrdiT.”
pavle mociqulma piradad timoTes miswera: “. . . nimuSi
iyavi sityvaSi, saqmeSi, siyvarulSi, sulierobaSi, rwmenaSi,
siwmindeSi. vidre movidode , mihyevi kiTxvas, Segonebas da
swavlebas” (1 timiTe 4:12,13). timoTesadmi pavles mier
miwerili darigebebi dResac Rirebulia sulierobis
aRzrdis TvalsazrisiTac.
yovlisSemoqmedma swored Semecnebis unariT ganasxvava
da yvelaferze maRla daayena adamiani gonebiT da uflebiT
da daariga, rom yovel mosaxveWelTa Soris codnisa da
sibrZnis moxveWaa mTavari: “mTavari sibrZne sibrZnis
moxveWaa, yovel mosaxveWelTagan codna moixveWe” (igavebi
4:7). ra codnasa da sibrZnezea aq laparaki? __ WeSmarit
Semecnebaze: samyaroze, adamiansa da maT Semoqmed RmerTze.
bibliis pirveli wigni “dabadeba” martivad, lakonurad
da gasagebad gvamcnobs Tu rogor Seqmna RmerTma ca da
dedamiwa, buneba _ flora, fauna da sxva ekologiur _
kosmiuri sistemebi, Tu ra mdidrulad da ulamazesad morTo
da mokazma dedamiwa adamianTa sacxovrisad, rom maradiulad
da bednierad ecxovraT adamianebs mSvidobian da momxiblav
garemoSi. pirveli ojaxi daasaxla edemis baRSi, romelic
gaSenebuli iyo savaraudod, erayis teritoriaze or
mdinares _ evfratsa da tigros Soris: “gaaSena iehova
RmerTma baRi edemSi, aRmosavleTiT, da iq daasaxla adamiani,
romelic Seqmna” (dabadeba 2:8). misca sasiamovno davaleba,
“akurTxa RmerTma isini da uTxra maT RmerTma: inayofiereT,
gamravldiT, aavseT dedamiwa, daepatroneT mas da Tqven
gemorCilebodnen zRvis Tevzebi, cis frinvelebi da yvela
cocxali arseba dedamiwaze” (dabadeba 1:28). ase gansazRvra
191
RmerTma cxovrebis azri da adamianis daniSnuleba
dedamiwaze. am davalebaSi Cadebulia gamravleba, Sroma,
mTel dedamiwis da rac masSia dapatroneba, movla, dacva
da ganviTareba da yvela am sikeTiT sargebloba.
bibliis mixedviT, sulierobis mTavari kriteriumi
siyvarulia. roca qristes hkiTxes, moZRvaro, romelia
udidesi mcneba kanonSi? man uTxra: “giyvardes iehova, Seni
RmerTi mTeli guliT, mTeli suliT, mTeli gonebiT da
mTeli ZaliT.” “meore ki: “moyvasi sakuTari TaviviT
giyvardes. am mcnebebze didi mcneba ar arsebobs” (markozi
12:30,31). ra aris RmerTis siyvaruli? amaze biblia martivad
da gasagebad gvpasuxobs: “RvTis siyvaruli is aris, rom
vicavdeT mis mcnebebs” da iqve gvamSvidebs, rom “misi mcnebebi
ki damamZimebeli ar aris” (1 ioane 5:3). rogorc cnobilia,
vinme rom Seiyvaro da misi sityva kanonad miiRo, upirveles
yovlisa, saWiroa gaicno is da gaigo misi moTxovnebi. miT
umetes, roca RmerTzea saubari, asmagad gvmarTebs
WeSmaritebis gageba. rogor gavigoT WeSmariteba? bibliis
meSveobiT. es wminda wigni Seicavs utyuar informaciebs:
vin aris RmerTi da ras moiTxovs Cvengan? vin aris ieso
qriste? vin aris satana-eSmaki? ra momavali elis dedamiwas?
ra aris RvTis samefo? da a. S.
biblia gvamcnobs rom WeSmariti RmerTi mxolod erTia.
“erTia ufali, erTia rwmena, erTia naTloba. erTia yvelas
RmerTi da mama” (efesoelebi 4:5,6). zecaSi TuU dedamiwaze,
yvelaferi misi Seqmnilia. man mogvca sicocxle. aseve
pirvelma man Segviyvara da Semogvwira Tavisi
mxolodSobili Ze ieso qriste (ioane 3:16) da amitom
mxolod mas unda vceT Tayvani.
ieso qriste sulierobis klasikuri magaliTia. amitom
RmerTi gvirCevs: ‘vusminoT mas’, ‘mivyveT mis kvals’. amisTvis
unda vflobdeT zust cnobebs misi vinaobis Sesaxeb. rom
is aris RvTis pirmSo, misi ostati, misi sityva. pirmSooba
192
niSnavs imas, rom is aris pirveli da erTaderTi Ze,
romelic uSualod TviTon Seqmna, xolo sityva “ostati”
ki miuTiTebs, rom DdanarCeni yvelaferi, zecaSi Tu
dedamiwaze, RmerTma masTan erTad Seqmna. amasTan
dakavSirebiT igavebis 8:22-31 muxlebSi weria: (aq nawyvets
moviyvanT) “iehovam Semqmna. me var misi SemoqmedebiTi gzis
dasawyisi . . . roca dedamiwas safuZvels uyrida, maSin me
mis gverdiT viyavi, rogorc ostati.” qriste iyo RvTis
warmomadgeneli, misi sityvis gadamcemi. amitom ewoda mas
“sityva.” ioanes 1:4-Si weria: “dasawyisSi iyo sityva . . .
sityva iyo RmerTi. is (qriste _ g. x.) dasawyisSi RmerTTan
iyo. yvelaferi misi monawileobiT gaCnda, mis gareSe
araferi gaCenila. misi monawileobiT gaCnda sicocxle.”
gamocxadebis 19:11-13-Si weria: “vixile gaxsnili ca da ai,
TeTri cxeni. masze mjdoms erTguli da WeSmariti ewodeba
. . . misi saxelia RvTis sityva.” ieso qriste RmerTma
mariamis meSveobiT moavline dedamiwaze, (mariami RvTis
mSobeli ki araa, RvTis Zis ieso qristes mSobelia!), raTa
RvTis sityva eswavlebina da sicocxle gaeRo codvebisgan
kacobriobis ganTavisuflebis mizniT. sikvdilis Semdeg
RmerTma ieso sulier qmnilebad aRadgina da zecaSi
daabruna. dRes ki mefobs qriste. rogorc gamocxadebis
me-7 TavSia Cawerili, man zeca ukve gawminda satana-
eSmakisgan da male, yovelgvar ubedurebasa da borotebas
da mis avtors, zecidan gadmogdebul satanas da mis demonebs,
mospobs dedamiwaze, “im mefeebis dros zecieri RmerTi
daamyarebs samefos, romelic arasodes daiqceva. es samefo
sxva xalxs ar gadaecema. is daaqcevs da bolos mouRebs
yvela am samefos, Tavad ki maradiulad idgeba” (danieli
2:44). aseTi informaciebi momavlis imeds usaxavs msmenels
da uadvilebs awmyos qveyniur problemebs.
imis codna, Tu vin aris satana-eSmaki, ra ubedureba
moutana man kacobriobas da ra moelis mas, yvelafers
193
hfens naTels da didi siyvaruliT, rwmeniTa da imediT
ganawyobs adamians RvTisa da misi Zisadmi, aseve
momavlisadmi. bibliaSi detalurad aris Cawerili
satanasTan dakavSirebuli yvela informacia, rac iZleva
saSualebas Cvens garemomcvel sinamdvileSi mimdinare
procesebisa da movlenebis obieqturi Sefasebebisa da
swori daskvnebis gakeTebisa.
sityva eSmaki niSnavs cilismwamebels, satana ki _ mters
an mowinaaRmdeges. eSamaki da satana RvTisa da kacobriobis
uborotesi mtris saxelia. Tavdapirvelad is RvTis
angelozi iyo, magram yovlisSemoqmedis SeSurda da
pirveloba moindoma, rom misTvis ecaT Tayvani. man adamianTa
pirveli wyvilis Sesacdenad RmerTs cili daswama, TiTqos
is maT atyuebda da ufro Zvirfass umalavda, vidre rac
hqondaT da amiT daumorCileblobisaken ubiZga. mizansac
miaRwia. man qristes Secdenac scada, magram araferi
gamouvida. satana uamrav xerxebs iyenebs adamianTa
Sesacdenad. sicrue, cru religiebi, spiritizmi, politikuri
organizaciebi, xorcieli survilebi, simdidre, xarbi
komercia __ ai, arasruli CamonaTvali im veraguli
saSualebebisa, romelsac mimarTavs “wuTisoflis
mamamTavari.” satanis maxeSi rom ar gavebaT, biblia
gvafrTxilebs: “ifxizleT da geRviZoT! Tqveni
mowinaaRmdege eSmaki, daZrwis rogorc brdRvinavi lomi
da eZebs vin gadaylapos. win aRudeqiT mas mtkice rwmeniT”
(1 petre 5:8,9). am da sxva informaciebis TviT RvTis sityvidan,
bibliidan amokiTxva, erToblivi ganxilva da komentarebi,
sulierobis gaRrmavebis pedagogiuri saSualebebia.
sulierobis amaRlebas xels uwyobs agreTve imis codna,
Tu ra momavali elis ddamiwas RvTis ganzraxvis Tanaxmad.
uzenaesi gvpirdeba, rom unikaluri planeta, Cvens
sacxovreblad Seqmnili dedamiwa arasodes moispoba, is
maradiulad iarsebebs, radgan mis momspobT manamde mospobs
194
samarTliani RmerTi. fsalmunebis 104:5-Si vkiTxulobT:
“myar safuZvelze afuZneb dedamiwas, ar moiryeva
maradiulad”. RvTis Tavdapirveli ganzraxva, rom adamianebs
dedamiwa samoTxed eqciaT da bednierad ecxovraT masze
maradiulad, satana-eSmakma borotad daarRvia. magram
mosiyvarule RmerTs Tavisi keTilSobiluri ganzraxva
adamianebis mimarT ar Seucvlia, ubralod dro misca gons
mosagebad. I saukuneSi RmerTma grandiozuli RonisZieba
gaatara. man Tavisi Zis sicocxle gaiRo kacobriobis
gadasarCenad, sulierobis asamaRleblad. amjeradac RmerTi
qristesTan erTad male miiRebs gadamWrel zomebs da
armagedonSi samudamod mouRebs bolos yovelgvar
borotebasa da usamarTlobas. “vinaidan RmerTi
samarTlianobis moyvarulia da ar miatovebs Tavis
erTgulebs, isini maradiulad iqnebian daculni, borotTa
STamomavloba ki moispoba. marTlebi daimkvidreben
dedamiwas da maradiulad icxovreben masze. . .
Semcodvelebi erTianad moispobian da borot xalxs
momavali ar eqneba” (fsalmunebi 37:28,29,38). xolo maTi
“RmerTi” satana-eSmaki Seborkili 1000 wliT ufskrulSi
Caigdeba. qristes 1000-wliani mefobis dros adamianebi
TandaTanobiT gasrulyofildebian da gaxdebian iseTebi,
rogoric adami da eva iyvnen Secodebamde da mTel ddamiwas
samoTxed gadaaqceven. aseTi bibliuri informciebi
STamagonebel zemoqmedebas axdens aRsazrdelebze, aRavsebs
RvTisadmi uRrmesi madlierebisa da siyvarulis grZnobiT,
rwmeniTa da imediT da win aRudgeba satanas, RvTisa da
kacobriobis uborotes mters, msoflios macdunebels.
RmerTTan miaxlovebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
saSualebaa locva. amitom qristem nimuSi mogvca locvis.
“ase iloceT: Cveno zeciero mama, ganiwmindos Seni saxeli,
movides Seni samefo da iyos Seni neba rogorc zecaSi, ise
dedamiwaze . . . “ (maTe 6:9,10). es locva bevrma icis, magram
195
misi mniSvneloba ki _ cotam. bibliis mixedviT, RvTis
samefo aris mismierve Camoyalibebuli mTavroba, romelsac
saTaveSi udgas aseve mis mier arCeuli mefe ieso qriste,
romelsac bibliaSi “bednieri da erTaderTi xelmwife,
mefeTa mefe da ufalTa ufali” (1 timoTe 6:15) ewodeba. es
mTavroba zecaSia, magram mTel dedamiwas gauwevs
mmarTvelobas. amis Sesaxeb ityobineba gamocxadebis 11:15-
Si Cawerili cnoba: “qveynierebis samefo Cveni uflisa da
misi qristes samefo gaxda da is imefebs maradiulad.” da
Sesruldeba winaswarmetyvelebebi bednier momavalze: “is
samarTlian ganaCens gamoitans erebs Soris da saqmeebs
moagvarebs mravali xalxisTvis. isini TavianTi
maxvilebisagan saxnisebs gamoWedaven da Subebisgan _
sasxlavebs. eri erze aRar aRmarTavs maxvils da aRar
iswavlian oms” (esaia 2:4). “moswmends maT yovel cremls
Tvalebidan da aRar iqneba sikvdili, aRarc glova da
tkivili, radgan winandeli yvelaferi moispo” (gamocxadeba
21:4).
Teokratiuli ganaTleba aris erTaderTi baza sulieri
aRzrdisa, romelic aranairad ar zRudavs saero
ganaTlebas. piriqiT, saero ganaTleba sulieri adamianis
xelSi sikeTed, namdvil ganZad iqceva. Cveni ubadruki
sinamdvile swored, ganaTlebul, magram sulierobas
moklebul adamianTa “naostatari” gaxlavT, samwuxarod.
sibrZnis wigni biblia gvarigebs, rom sulierobaze
zrunva adreuli asakidanve ojaxSi unda iqnes dawyebuli,
radgan ojaxi is keraa, sadac safuZveli eyreba bavSvis
sulieri samyaros Seqmnas, mis gonebriv, fizikur, zneobriv
da esTetikuri aRzrdis elementebs. aq mSoblebTan
urTierTobaSi, saojaxo saqmeebSi uSualo monawileobiT
da praqtikuli gamocdilebiT, mSobelTa darigebebiTa da
rCevebiT izrdeba da TandaTanobiT yalibdeba pirovneba.
amitom mogviwodebs biblia, Svilebs “mieci kargi magaliTi”.
196
aq gaTvaliswinebulia bavSvis mimbaZvelobiTi buneba, rom
igi nimuSze agebs Tavis qcevasa da moqmedebas. amitom nimuSi
unda iyos uzado, wundaudebeli. RvTis kanonis 6:6,7
muxlebSi pirdapir brZanebaa mocemuli mSoblebis mimarT,
rom RvTis sityviT aRzardon TavianTi Ze: “gulSi CaibeWde
sityvebi, romlebsac dRes gibrZaneb: Caagone Sens vaJs da
elaparake maTze saxlSi jdomisas, gzaze siarulisas,
dawolisa da adgomisas.” Svilebi rom sulierad aRzardon,
mSoblebi Tavad unda iyvnen aRzrdilni RvTis SemecnebiT,
RvTis nebis aRmsruleblebi da siyvaruliT asrulebdnen
mSoblis movaleobas. “Sens gulSi gqondes es sityvebi,
romlebic dRes gamogicxade” (iqve). es ki imas niSnavs, rom
RvTis kanonebi jer mSoblebis gulSi unda iyos Cawerili,
rom Svilebis gulSi Caiweros. aq naTlad ikveTeba
aRzrdaSi memkvidreobiTobis principi,codna-gamocdilebis
Taobidan TaobaSi gadacemis uwyvetoba. solomon brZenma,
romelic RvTis SemecnebaSi xedavda cxovrebis azrs, Tqva:
“daewafeT RvTis sityvebs, SeiyvareT da ganiswavleniT”
(sibrZne solomonisa 6:11). radgan “Semecnebaa gonebis
srulqmna, srulqmnileba ki RmerTTan miaxloeba” (sibrZne
solomonisa 6:24).
sulieroba da zneobrioba aRzrdis is umTavresi
komponentebia, romelic emsaxureba srulfasovani, ‘yoveli
keTili saqmisTvis gamzadebuli RvTis kacis’ formirebas.
maT Soris gansxvaveba imaSia, rom pirveli miiReba RvTisgan
da zecieria, meores ki qmnian da ayalibeben adamianebi da
miwieria. zecierisa da miwieris logikuri kavSiri qmnis
harmonias.
amrigad, sulier aRzrdas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs
RvTisnier, srulfasovani pirovnebis formirebaSi,
sazogadoebis sulier gamojansaRebaSi. sulierobis aRzrda
rTuli da xangrZlivi procesia. igi moiTxovs Semdegi
pedagogiuri amocanebis gadawyvetas. pirveli, Teokratiuli
197
ganaTlebis miReba, bibliis kiTxva mudmivad; meore, Sesabamisi
grZnobebisa da emociebis _ RvTisa da misi Zis ieso
qristesadmi rwmenis, imedisa da siyvarulis _ ganviTareba,
mesame, RvTis kanonebisa da principebis Sesabamisad qcevisa
da moqmedebis unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba; meoTxe, saero da
Teokratiuli ganaTlebis harmoniul TanxmobaSi moyvana;
mexuTe, maswavleblisa da mSoblebis momzadeba am sferoSi,
moswavleebSi sulieri aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis
gadasawyvetad.

198
Tema XIV. esTetikuri aRzrda

sakiTxebi:

1. esTetikuri aRzrdis arsi, mizani da amocanebi;


2. esTetikuri aRzrdis kavSiri aRzrdis saxva
komponentebTan;
3. esTetikuri aRzrdis sistemebi saskolo praqtikaSi;
4. esTetikuri aRzrdis procesis komponentebi;
5. eTetikuri aRzrdis pedagogiuri saSualebebi.

pedagogikaSi miRebuli aRzrdis komponentTa Soris


mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs esTetikur aRzrdas. esTetika
berZnuli sityvaa da leqsikonSi ganmartebulia rogorc
mgrZnobeli, grZnobadi. esTetika filosofiuri mecnierebaa
sinamdvilisa da xelovnebis mSvenierebis Sesaxeb, samyaros
Semecnebisa da silamazis kanonebiT cxovrebis, aseve
xelovnebis, mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa da esTetikuri
aRzrdis zogad kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb. esTetika arkvevs
adamianisa da samyaros grZnobad, emociur
urTierTmimarTebaTa kanonzomirebebs. samyaros esTetikuri
aRqma cnobierebis formaa, romlis koncentrireba xdeba
sulierobis, grZnobebisa da emociebis sferoSi. esTetikuri
aRqma ukavSirdeba obieqtis esTetikur Rirebulebasa da
aRmqmelis esTetikur kulturas. esTetikuris safuZvels
warmoadgens harmonia, wesrigi, simetria, proporcia, zomiereba,
wonasworoba, ritmi, riTmi, melodiuroba, JReradoba da a.
S. esTetikuris gagebaSi mniSvnelovania esTetikuri
kategoriebis arsis gageba, rogoricaa: mSveniereba,
amaRlebuli, komikuri da tragikuli. esTetikuri, Tavisi
bunebidan gamomdinare, yovelTvis siamovnebas, tkbobas,
aRfrTovanebas, mowonebas ukavSirdeba. es iqneba realuri
199
sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxvis formebi, meTodebi,
xerxebi Tu saSualebebi sityvaSi, musikaSi, mxatvrobaSi,
qoreografiaSi da bunebaSi arsebuli kanonebisa da
kanonzomierebebSi, maT harmoniulobaSi, realur
sinamdvileSi, adamianur urTierTobebSi da a. S.
esTetikasa da pedagogikas, miuxedavad imisa, rom
sxvadasxva mecnierebebs warmoadgenen kvlevis obieqtiT,
mizniTa da amocanebiT, mainc arsebobs maT Soris mWidro
kavSiri. esTetikis monacemTa gamoyenebis safuZvelze
pedagogika axdens esTetikur aRzrdas, esTetikuris
AaRmqmelTa, SemfasebelTa da ara marto maTi, aramed
esTetikuris SemqmnelTa formirebas. maswavleblis mier
esTetikuris Sinaarsis pedagogiuri procesad gadaqceva
pedagogiuri princi pebis, meTodebis, formebisa da
saSualebebis gamoyenebiT esTetikuri aRzrdis miznis
misaRwevad emyareba am or mecnierebaTa Soris kavSiris
kanonzomierebas.
pedagogika, upirveles yovlisa, esTetikuri aRzrdis
miznis gansazRvrisa da mis Sesabamisad esTetikidan da
Tavis wiaRidan saWiro komponentebis integraciiT axdens
maT konstruirebas dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad.
esTetikuri aRzrdis mizania moswavleebSi esTetikuri
kulturis Camoyalibeba. miznis sicxadisTvis saWiroa
esTetikuri kulturis zusti gageba, konkretulad Tu ra
moiazreba “esTetikuri kulturis” cnebaSi. Cveulebriv,
roca esTetikur kulturazea laparaki, masSi or aspeqts
gulisxmoben: socialursa da individualurs.
sazogadoebis esTetikur kulturaSi igulisxmeba yvela
esTetikur faseulobaTa erToblioba sazogadoebasa da
garesamyaros Soris urTierTobaSi. xolo pirovnebis
esTetikuri kultura niSnavs samyaros esTetikuri anu
silamazis kanonebis safuZvelze grZnobiTi, emociuri
aRqmisa da gardaqmnis unarebis erTobliobas. Segnebuli
200
cxovrebis yvela sfero _ es iqneba SromiTi, yofiTi,
sportuli, samecniero Tu mxatvruli _ aucileblad
moiTxovs esTetikur elementebs. adamianis qcevasa da
moqmedebas, samyarosadmi mis damokidebulebas, yvelanairi
urTierTobebs esTetika unda axldes. rogorc Cexovma Tqva
‘adamianSi yvelaferi mSvenieri unda iyos. “adamianSi
yvelaferi, saxec, Cacmulobac, sulic da azric mSvenieri
unda iyos”-o. esTetikuri aRzrda mowodebulia swored,
axalgazrdobas ganuviTaros esTetikuri moTxovnilebebi,
samyarosadmi, rogorc universalurisadmi esTetikuri
damokidebuleba; silamazisa da mSvenierebis SegrZnebis,
aRqmis, gagebis, Sefasebisa da, rac mTavaria, esTetikuris
Seqmnis survili da unar-Cvevebi.
esTetikuri aRzrdis miznis misaRwevad saWiroa
gadawydes Semdegi amocanebi: esTetikuri Segneba,
esTetikuri grZnobebi da esTetikuri qcevisa da moqmedebis
unar-Cvevebi.
esTetikuri Segnebis formirebaSi igulisxmeba esTetikis
sagnis, cnebebis, kategoriebis, esTetikuris arsis codna da
gageba xelovnebasa da garemomcvel realur sinamdvileSi,
mxatvruli ganswavluloba, swori warmodgenebi, gansja da
rwmena xelovnebis nawarmoebebis, movlenebis, faqtebisa da
sagnebis esTetikur aRqmasTan dakavSirebiT; esTetikuri
idealebi realuris esTetikurobis Sesafaseblad;
warsulis kulturuli memkvidreobis aTviseba da Sedareba
Tanamedrove miRwevebTan misi ganviTarebis tendenciebis
dasadgenad; samyaros esTetikuri aRqmis, SemoqmedebiTi
unarebis, interesisa da miswrafebebis ganviTarebis done.
esTetikur grZnobebSi Sedis emociur-mgrZnobelobiTi
gamoZaxili mSveniersa da maxinjze, amaRlebulsa da
mdabiurze, gmirulsa da simxdaleze; xelovnebaSi komikursa
da tragikulze, cxovrebaze, Sromasa da bunebaze, qcevasa
da moqmedebaze, amasTanave unari sakuTari grZnobebis
marTvisa.
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iswavleba. amitom gonebrivi aRzrda, romelic uSualod
Semecnebas da codnas efuZneba, am Semecnebis obieqtis
esTetikuri aspeqtebis gaTvaliswineba optimalur reJimSi
ayenebs samyaros Sesaxeb codnis fondis dauflebis
urTules process. rac ufro maRalia SemecnebiTi procesis
esTetikuri Seferiloba, miT ufro efeqturad gardaiqmneba
codna msoflmxedvelobad, ideebad, mrwamsad da a. S. romel
moswavles ar aRafrTovanebs g. saRaraZis mier wakiTxuli
galaqtioni, o. meRvineTuxucesis mier gansaxierebuli daTa
TuTaSxia, p. burWulaZis opera, n. bregvaZis mier
Sesrulebuli romansebi, v. kikabiZis estrada da a. S.
warsulis xelovnebis didostatebi: rusTaveli, vaJa,
firosmani; sazRvargareTeli xelovanebis: leonardo da
vinCis, miqelanjelos, botiCelis, pikasos da a. S. mxatvrobis
Tu qandakebis Sedevrebi. magram amas unda pedagogiuri
mizniT gamoyeneba. mxolod maTi arsebobis codna ar aris
sakmarisi, rom is moswavlis esTetikuri kulturis nawilad
iqces. amisTvis aucilebelia xelovnebis nimuSisadmi
grZnobiTi emociuri SegrZnebebis gancdebis gamowveva.
esTetikurisa da eTikuris urTierTkavSiri da maTi
urTierT ganpirebulobac obieqturi kanonzomierebaa.
znekeTiloba, siyvaruli, patiosneba da samarTlianoba,
TanagrZnoba da daxmareba yovelTvis imsaxurebs mowonebas,
yovelTvis siamovnebisa da sixarulis momgvreli da mibaZvis
sagania, radgan sikeTe yovelTvis lamazsa da
mSvenierebasTan, amaRlebulTan asocirdeba. rusma
fsiqologebma Caatares aseTi eqsperimenti: sxvadasxva
qveynis 3000 bavSvs misces davaleba, daexataT, maTi azriT,
yvelaze mSvenieri da yvelaze maxinji suraTi da miecaT
Sesabamisi axsna. 9 wlis bavSvma Tavis naxats aseTi minaweri
gaukeTa: “yvelaze mSvenieria mexanZre. mas wiTeli kaska
aaxuravs da Zalian lamazad gamoiyureba imitom, rom is
guladia da Tavs ar zogavs adamianebis gadasarCenad.”
202
“yvelaze maxinjia roboti. masSi araferia adamianuri.
yvelaze lamazia buneba. is aRmafrTovanebelia, mdeloze
iTamaSeb, mdinareSi icuraveb”_ ase msjelobs 11 wlis bavSvi.
esTetikuris danaxva SromaSi martivi ar aris, miT umetes
maSin, roca Sroma saTanadod ar fasobs. is esTetikuri
aRqmis obieqtad rom iqces, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes
wesrigi, sisufTave, ritmi, tempi, Sromis Sedgis xarisxi da
praqtikuli Rirebuleba. Sromis process agreTve
mimzidvels xdis romantika, musika, cekva, simRera, zogjer
zomieri nadimic. saswavlo Sroma ise unda iyos
organizebuli, rom moswavlem es procesi aRiqvas rogorc
TviTrealizaciis, TviTdamkvidrebis SesaniSnavi, adgili,
romelsac siamovnebac axlavs da kmayofilebac. e. i. rogorc
ityvian, sasiamovnocaa da sasargebloc, rogorc materialuri,
moraluri da emociuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis
saSualeba.
Cveni bunebrivi garemos saocreba, iq gamefebuli harmonia
da wesrigi, silamaze da sargeblianoba esTetikuri tkbobis
sagania. amitom esTetikuri aRzrdis kavSiri ekologiur
aRzrdasTan obieqturi kanonzomierebaa. vis ar xiblavs
Cveni marad mwvane dedamiwa Tavisi wyliTa da heriT,
floriTa da fauniT, umciresi mikrobidan dawyebuli
megaekosistemebiT, gacxadebuli da dafaruli saocrebebiT.
xiluli da uxilavi qmnilebebis grandiozuloba, vis ar
aRafrTovanebs da ar aRZravs maTi Semoqmedi RmerTisadmi
udidesi mowiwebis, madlierebisa da emociuri kmayofilebis
grZnobiT. amitom Tvlian odiTganve didi moazrovneebi
bunebas esTetikuri aRzrdis saukeTeso saSualebad. aq
naTlad ikveTeba esTetikasa da sulierobas Soris kavSiri,
razedac maswavlebelma unda gaamaxvilos yuradReba da
aqcios moswavleTa dafiqrebisa da gansjis sagnad, rom
paralelurad moaxdinos maTi sulierobis amaRlebac.
fizikuri aRzrda Tavisi SinaarsiTa da formiT
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esTetikur aRzrdasTan logikur kavSirSia.
gansakuTrebiT sportis iseTi saxeobebi, rogoricaa:
mxatvruli gimnastika, msubuqi atletika, figuruli sriali
yinulze da sxva. fizkultura da sporti moqnili da
daxvewili, graciozuli moZraobiT, gambedaobiTa da
TavdajerebulobiT, sxeulis silamaziTa da
cxovelmyofelobiT iwvevs aRtacebas, esTetikur grZnobebsa
da emociebs. sxeulisa da sulis harmoniuloba esTetikuri
fenomenia.
esTetikuri aRzrdis efeqturobas garkveulwilad
moswavleTa asakobrivi Taviseburebis gaTavaliswinebis
princi pi ganapirobebs, rac aRzrdis bavSvis bunebasTan
Sesabamisobis kanonidan gamomdinareobs. yovel asakobriv
periods Taviseburi fizikuri da fsiqikuri ganviTarebis
specifikuroba axasiaTebs, romlis gauTvaliswinebloba
aRzrdaSi dauSvebelia.
rogorc fsiqologebi amboben, skolamdeli askis
bavSvebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia konkretuli, xatovani
azrovneba, romelic ZiriTadad SegrZnebebs emyareba. jer
eZlevaT nimuS-warmodgenebi, Semdeg martivi cnebebi. bavSvi
xatvas rom iwyebs, jerjerobiT araviTari mizandasaxuloba
ar gaaCnia. is uazrod, meqanikurad avlebs raRac gaurkvevel
xazebs. magram sistematuri varjiSis gziT, garkveuli drois
Semdeg icnobierebs ferebs, formebs, konturebs, saxels
arqmevs Tavis naxats. bavSvi aqedanve avlens dauokebeli
cnobismoyvareobis, mimbaZvelobis, emociurobis,
STambeWdaobisa da plastikurobis gasaocar unarebs, rac
aucileblad gamoyenebuli unda iqnes miznobrivad
pedagogiuri TvalsazrisiT.
umcros saskolo asakis moswavleebs ufro metad
izidavT ara mxatvruli Semoqmedebis Sedegi, ramdenadac
TviT procesi. maT uyvarT raRacis keTeba, gamogoneba,
detalebSi kirkiti. amis gaTvaliswinebiT maswavlebelma
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moswavleebs unda Seuqmnas arCevanis Tavisuflebis,
iniciativis, damoukideblobis SegrZneba, rom Tavis saqmes
CauRrmavdes da daixarjos bolomde, rom saswavlo
procesidan ukmarisobis grZnoba ar gamohyves. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi sxva saqmes xels ver mokidebs, rac gamoxatulebas
poulobs sxva saswavlo saqmeSi uintersobaSi, saswavlo
energiis daqveiTebasa da mowyenilobaSi, an kidev wesrigis
darRvevaSi.
mozardobis asakSi moswavleebs ZiriTadad axasiaTebT
TviTSegnebis, TviTdamkvidrebis, TviTgamoxatvis
moTxovnileba. aq maswavlebels eZleva saSualeba
esTetikuri aRzrdis procesi gamoadges moswavles Tavisi
sociogenuri moTxovnebis dasakmayofoleblad. mxatvruli
idealis Seqmnis, sxvadasxva esTetikur RonisZiebebSi
monawileobis, misi inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis
gonivrulad gamoyenebis gziT, moswavles unda ganuviTardes
esTetikuri SegrZnebebisa da aRqmis, esTetikuriT tkbobis,
silamazisa da mSvenierebis, zomierebisa da wonasworobis
garCevis unar-Cvevebi.
ufros saskolo asakis moswavleebs ukve ganviTarebuli
aqvT esTetikuri kulturis garkveuli done. uwyvetoba-
wyvetadobis uzogadesi kanonis Tanaxmad, ukve miRebuli
esTetikuri codna-gamocdilebis safuZvelze dayrdnobiT
unda warimarTos esTetikuri aRzrdis procesi maTi
asakobrivi mdgomareobis Sesabamisad. am asakSi maT ukve
amoZravebT socialuri da profesiuli motivebi da
Sesabamisad, ufro ainteresebT adamianisa da yofaqcevis
esTetika, rom advilad moaxerxon adaptacia axal socialur
garemosTan, sazogadoebasTan, adamianebTan.
esTetikuri aRzrda warmoadgens pedagogiuri procesis
erTerT sistemas, romelSic subieqturi da obieqturi
faqtorebi moyvanilia SesabamisobaSi esTetikuri aRzrdis
miznis misaRwevad. es sistema moicavs mTel pedagogiur
205
process. es iqneba saklaso-sagakveTilo Tu klasgareSe
da skolisgareSe sasawavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi saqmianoba.
TiToeuli rgoli iyenebs specifikur pedagogiur formebsa
da meTodebs.
moswavleTa esTetikuri aRzrda calke saswavlo sagani
ar aris, magram yvela saswavlo disci plina moicavs amis
potenciur SesaZleblobas. gansakuTrebiT ki xelovnebis
Ddargebi, rogoricaa: mxatvruli literatura, musika, xatva
da xelovnebis fakultaturi kursebi. romlis gamoyenebis
yvelaze optimaluri pirobebi gaaCnia saklaso-sagakveTilo
sistemas. oRond mTavaria saganTa swavlebis esTetikuri
potencialis gansazRvra esTetikuri ganaTlebis Tematuri
sistemis mixedviT. amisTvis yvelaze xelsayreli pirobebi
iqmneba xelovnebis dargebis swavlebis procesSi.
gansakuTrebiT literaturuli nawarmoebebis ganxilvisas.
esTetikuri ganaTlebis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa esTetikis
sagnis, cnebebis, kategoriebis, esTetikuris niSan-Tvisebebis,
sinamdvilesTan adamianis esTetikuri mimarTeba, rogorc
mSvenierebisa da xelovnebis arsebobisa. sinamdvilesTan
adamianis mimarTebebi mravalferovania: fizikuri,
biologiuri, praqtikul-gardaqmniTi, rwmeniTi (uxilavis
SegrZneba), pragmatul-utilitaruli, zneobriv-socialuri,
Teoriul-SemecnebiTi, esTetikuri da sxva. mimarTeba
yovelTvis or mxares gulisxmobs. es aris subieqtisa da
obieqtis urTieToba da am urTierTobebSi mSvenierebisa
da silamazis obieqturad arsebobis gamo yovelTvis
SeiZleba esTetikuris danaxva mxolod subieqtis
esTetikuri kulturis, esTetikuri gemovnebis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi. mSvenierebisa da lamazis obieqturad arseboba
realuri sinamdvilis Tvisebaa, radgan harmonia da rac
masSi igulisxmeba: wesrigi, simetria, proporcia, ritmi, riTmi,
tempi da a. S. samyaros arsebobis wesia. arsebobis bunebrivi
kanonzomierebaa. kanonzomierebas veravin wauva, winaaRmdeg
206
SemTxvevaSi, umalve isadgurebs qaosi, anarqia, uwesrigoba,
disbalansi, uzneoba, simaxinje, katastrofa da a. S. da es
maSinaTve xdeba cnobadi Sedarebis meTodiT, radgan
kontrasti umalve SeimCneva. mSveniereba da simaxinje,
amaRlebuli da mdabiuri, umankoeba da garyvnileba,
simarTle da sicrue, siyvaruli da siZulvili, sikeTe da
boroteba . . . aba, romelia siamovnebisa da usiamovnebis
momgvreli, bednierebisa da ubedurebis wyaro?
ra aris komikurSi da miT umetes tragikulSi
esTetikuri? Tu maTSi subieqti ver SeniSnavs esTetikurs,
xelovnebis aseTi nimuSi misTvis mxolod Semecnebisa da
sentenciebis sferoSi, esTetikuri grZnobebisa da emociebis
miRma rCeba, Tumca mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes is
faqtic, rom SeiZleba obiqti yovelTvis ar iyos esTetikuri
da subieqti arafer SuaSi iyos. magram esTetikuri
kulturis matarebeli adamiani amasac advilad SeamCnevs
da obieqti nacvlad esTetikurisa, samarTliani kritikis
samizned iqceva.
xelovnebis sferoSi realuris paralelurad
ganzogadoebuli axli mxatvruli realobis Seqmnis
mxatvruli xerxebis: poeturi ena, stili, saxe, ti pi, poeturi
da sintaqsuri figurebi, tropebi, litraturuli
reminiscenciebi, leqsTwyobis ZiriTadi formebi da a. S.
esTetikisa da esTetikuris is Teoriuli safuZvlebia,
romlis codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia literaturuli
nawarmoebis mSvenierebis, misi esTetikurobis gageba. aseTi
midgoma ganzogadebadia xelovnebis sxva dargebisTvisac.
aqedan gamomdinare, esTetikis zogadi safuZvlebis, misi
Teoriuli elementebis aTviseba esTetikuri aRzrdis
pirveli da mniSvnelovani amocanaa. mSvenierebis samyaroSi
Sesvlis pirveli da aucilebeli nabijia
aRsazrdelisTvis.
xelovnebis ciklis saganTa swavlebis procesi iZleva
207
saSualebas esTetikis Teoriis elementaruli codnis
miRebisa.
magram, rogorc cnobilia, esTetikuris aRqmis unaris,
esTetikuri gemovnebis ganviTareba mxolod esTetikis
Teoriis safuZvlebis codniT ar Semoifargleba. radgan
esTetikuri fenomeni esTetikuri grZnobebisa da emociebis
sferoa. amitom esTetikuri aRzrda TviT xelovnebis
nimuSebze, bunebriv garemoze, yofa-qcevaze uSualo
dakvirvebis, uSualo SegrZnebebisa da aRqmebis meTodebiT
unda warimarTos. Teorias arasodes ar SeuZlia im
esTetikuri grZnobebisa da emociebis gamowveva, rogorc
es ZaluZs TviT esTetikuris obieqts. informaciaTa 80%
Tvalis, mxedvelobis meSveobiT miewodeba cnobierebas da
qmnis STabeWdilebebs. magaliTad, ayvavebuli vaSlis xe!
ar SeiZleba bunebis am saocrebam, misma silamazem ferebis,
formebis, zomebis, ganlagebis harmoniulobam mnaxvelSi
ar gamoiwvios aRfrTovaneba, mowoneba, simovneba; misi arsis,
misi praqtikuli Rirebulebis gacnobierebam ar
SegvagrZnobinos misi mSveniereba da esTetikuri tkbobis
gancda, rac logikurad ukavSirdeba zneobriuls _ movla,
dacva, zrunva.; sulierobas _ yovlis Semoqmedi RmerTis
sibrZnis, gonierebis, siyvarulisa da Zalis
grandiozulobis SegrZnebasa da misadmi mowiwebasa da
madlierebas.
sabunebismetyvelo ciklis sagnebis swavlebis procesSi
misi esTetikuri potencialis ostaturad gamoyeneba,
bunebis ganviTarebis obieqturi kanonebisa da
kanonzomierebaTa Seswavla, urTierTkavSirebisa da
urTierTganpirebulobebis harmoniulobis danaxveba
uzrunvelhyofs moswavleebSi esTetikuri
msoflmxedvelobis formirebas, esTetikuri kulturis
amaRlebas.
am process aZlierebs, aRrmavebs da ganamtkicebs
208
klasgareSe pedagogiuri sistemebis miznobrivad, am
mimarTulebiT gamoyeneba. magaliTad, Tematuri saubrebi,
diskusiebi, eqskursiebi, skolisa da saklaso oTaxebis
gaformebaSi monawileobis miReba, TeatrebSi seqtaklebze,
filmebze daswreba da ganxilva, poeziisa da mxatvruli
TviTSemoqmedebiTi saRamoebis mowyoba, am usasrulo da
mravalferovan samyaroSi dasanaxis danaxveba, mosasmenis
mosmineba, dasaynosis daynosva, dagemovneba, Sexebebi da a. S.
es procesi rac ufro mravalmxrivi, mravalferovani da
intensiuria, miT ufro mdidari da mravalferovania
SegrZnebebi da STabeWdilebebi, rac esTetikuri aRzrdis
sayrdens warmoadgens.
pedagogiur procesSi maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs
Soris urTierTobis kultura, komunikabelurobis stili
da xarisxi ganapirobebs TanamSromlobis efeqturobas.
pedagogiuri TanamSromlobis gareSe ki pedagogiuri
procesi Semdgari ar aris. rogorc marcvlis gareSe
wisqvili trialebs da ar fqvavs. urTierTobis mTavari
iaraRi ki, rogogorc mogexsenebaT, es aris metyveleba.
metyvelebis unari RvTiuri ZRvenia, metyvelebis kultura
ki mecnierebiT Seferadebuli. pedagogikis fuZemdebelma
markus fabius kvintilianem sityva Tafls Seadara. rogorc
Tafli warmoadgens uamravi yvavilis wvenTa erT SenaerTs,
asevea sityvac, isic uamrav mecnierebaTa kargad aTvisebis
Sedegad miiReba. sityva zepiri, sityva werilobiTi!
kvintilianes mixedviT, sityva Tavisi RirsebebiT: siswore,
sicxade da silamaze gamoiTqmis erTi umSvenieresi cnebiT
_ mWevrmetyveleba. gakveTili rom moswavleTaTvis
esTetikuri aRsaqmeli iyos, maswavlebeli, rogorc oratori,
metyvelebis kulturis umaRles formas _ mWevrmetyvelebas
unda flobdes. vin ar icis, rom azriani, lakonuri,
logikuri, frTiani sityva, Tavisi gamoTqmisa da warmoTqmis
atributebiT, rogor damatyvevebel zemoqmedebas axdens
209
msmenlis grZnobebsa da emociebze da aRwevs mizans.
mWevrmetyvelebas mudam Tan axlavs paralelebi, meteforebi,
epiTetebi, FfrTiani gamoTqmebi, aforizmebi, andazebi,
gonebamaxviluri da keTili xumrobebi, toni, mimika, intonacia,
diqcia, maxvili, pauza, mgznebareba, keTilmosurneoba da a.
S.
sityvis sidiades gulisxmobda didi SoTa Tavis cnobil
aforizmSi: “gvels xvrelidan gamoiyvans, ena tkbilad
moubari.” perikle, demosTene, ciceroni, seneka saswaulebs
axdenden msmenelebze TavianTi gamosvlebiT. senatis
erTerT sxdomaze ciceronma katilinas ase mimarTa: “rakiRa
saxelmwifos marTvaSi me sityvis Zalas veyrdnobi, Sen ki
iaraRs, amitom Cvens Soris kedeli unda aRimarToso”
(plutarqes rCeuli biografiebi. Tb., 1975, gv. 598).
apoloniosma erTxel cicerons sTxova savarjiSo sityva
berZnulad warmoeTqva. ciceronic xalisiT daeTanxma,
apoloniosi Secdomebs ase ukeT gamisworebso. misi
gamosvliT aRfrTovanebuli msmenelebi mis qebaSi erTaneTs
ecilebodnen, apoloniosi ki ijda Cafiqrebuli da xmas
ar iRebda. cicerons ewyina, ifiqra, ar moewonao. maSin
apoloniosma ase mimarTa: “me, cicerono, gaocebuli var
Seni xelovnebiT da gaqeb kidevac, magram eladis beds
davtiri; aSkarad vxedav, rom Seni wyalobiT romaelTa
xelSi gadadis ganaTleba da mWevrmetyvelebac, es erTaderTi
upiratesoba, rac dResdReobiT mraval mSvenierebaTagan
SemogvrCao” (iqve, gv. 586-587).
aRzrdis sayovelTaobisa da permanentulobis
principidan gamomdinare,esTetikuri aRzrda, rogorc wesi,
mxolod specialuri pedagogiuri RonisZiebebiT ar wydeba.
garda pedagogiuri zemoqmedebisa, bavSvi ganicdis uamrav
gaTvaliswinebul Tu gauTvaliswinebeli situaciebis
gavlenas, magram ganusazRvrelia ojaxis roli. Seucvleli,
myudro, usafrTxo, naTesauri kavSiriTa da siyvaruliT
210
gaerTianebul adamianTa garemocva saukeTeso bunebrivi
adgilia aRsazrdelSi esTetikuri grZnobebisa da emociebis
gamovlinebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. ojaxuri
harmoniuloba,
gonebrivi, zneobrivi, sulieri, esTetikuri da fizikuri
_ ganviTareba., sxeulisa da sulis harmoniuli srulyofa.

211
Tema XV. fizikuri aRzrda

sakiTxebi:

1. fizikuri aRzrdis arsi da mizani;


2. fizikuri aRzrdis roli yovelmxriv harmoniulad
ganviTarebuli pirovnebis formirebaSi;
3. fizikuri aRzrdis pedagogiuri saSualebebi;
4. fizikuri aRzrdis moraluri da esTetikuri aspeqtebi.

kacobriobis istoriaSi dasabamidan dRemde aRzrdis


umaRles idealad sxeulisa da sulis harmoniuli
srulyofa iTvleba. bibliuri debuleba “jansaRi suli
jansaR sxeulSi” dResac inarCunebs Tavis aqtualobas.
RvTiTnabadi adamianis sxeulis silamaze da mSveniereba
mudam warmoadgenda xelovanTa muzis wyaros, rasac mowmobs
xelovnebis is Sedevrebi _ zogadkacobriul _
ganzogadoebuli mxatvruli realoba adamianis sxeulis
realuri silamazisa. rogoricaa: laoqaresis qandakeba
“aplon belvedereli,” praqsitelis “afrodite,”
miqelanjelos 4..20 metriani marmalilos qandakeba
“daviTi,” botiCelis naxati “veneras dabadeba”, ticianis
“venera urbinoeli,” jorjones “venera”, rubensis “venera
da adonisi” da a. S. pedagogikis klasikosebi gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas uTmobdnen fizikur aRzrdas. Jan-Jak ruso
aRzrdis upirveles amocanad Tvlida fizikur aRzrdas,
bavSvis fizikur sijansaRes, sxeulis harmoniul
ganviTarebas, siZnelis gadalaxvis unars. fizikuri aRzrdis
spartanul meTods aniWebda upiratesobas,. misi azriT,
bavSvma imTaviTve unda ganicados cxovrebis simware, rom
didobisas winaaRmdegobebi advilad daZlios. “ arc
212
sabavSvo _ wers ruso _ qudi, arc borblebiani kalaTi,
arc etli, arc maSveli Rvdebi,. me araTu vecdebi davicva
emili dacemisagan, aramed, piriqiT, Zalian ukmayofilo
viqnebi, Tu mas arasodes etkineba rame, Tu ise gaizrdeba,
rom ar ecodineba ra aris tkivili da tanjva” (“emili anu
aRzrdis Sesaxeb”). fizikuri aRzrdis pestalociseuli
koncefcia gulisxmobs bavSvis fizikuri Tvisebebis
erTdroulad, harmoniulad ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli
pirobebis gaTvaliswinebas. funqcionaluri moZraobebidan
gamomdinare, bavSvis aqtivobas, mousvenrobasa (kargi gagebiT)
da sicelqes ganviTarebis memkvidreobiT miRebuli
tndenciebis bunebriv gamovlinebad Tvlis da moiTxovs
TamaSi misi fizikuri ganviTarebisTvis mizanmimarTulad
iqnes gamoyenebuli, radgan “igi sxva ar aris ra, Tu ara
gamoRviZeba axlad Camoyalibebuli cxovelisa, romelsac
unda gaxdes adamiani”. ilia WavWavaZis azriT, “. . . kacs
tani da agebulebac aqvs, romelic wurTvniTa da varjiSiT
unda gaRonierdes, gajaniandes, gamagrdes, radganac
janmrTeloba udidesi madlia, romelsac ki RmerTi
mianiWebs xolme TavisTa rCeulTa” (i. WavWavaZe, rC. nawerebi,
t. 4. gv. 228). iakob gogebaSvili pirovnebis harmoniul
ganviTarebaSi erTerT mniSvnelovan komponentad fizikur
aRzrdas miiCnevda. gogebaSvili fizikur varjiSebs,
sportul TamaSebs fizikuri gajansaRebisa da
gakeTilSobilebis saukeTeso saSualebad Tvlida. “amis
Sedegad _wers didi iakobi _ aSkarad Semcirda bavSvTa
saidumlo biwierebani . . . Semcirda agreTve daavadebaTa
ricxvi, bavSvebi ufro janmrTelad gamoiyurebodnen; Zlier
amaRlda moswavleTa warmateba” (i. gogebaSvili, Txz., t. 3,
1954, gv. 39-40). plutarqe aRniSnavs, rom cicerons kuWis
problema hqonda Turme da amis gamo Zalian gamxdari da
Zalagamoclili yofila, magram fizikuri varjiSis
saSualebiT ise gaikaJa janmrTeloba, rom roca sityviT
213
gamodioda, xmis siZlieris gamo kedlebi zanzarebdao.
RvTis unikaluri qmnilebis, adamianis biologiuri
agebulebis struqturaSi Cven verafers SevcvliT. fizikur
aRzrdas isRa SeuZlia mxolod, rom organizmis zrdasa
da Tandayolili funqcionaluri moZraobebis sworad,
yovelmxriv harmoniulad ganviTarebas, jansaRi cxovrebis
wesis formirebas, janmrTelobas, Sromisa da Tavdacvis
unarianobas, xalisian da aqtiur cxovrebas wesis
Camoyalibebas Seuwyos xeli.
fizikuri aRzrdis upirvelesi amocanaa aRsazrdelis
specialuri codniT SeiaraReba adamianis biologiuri
da fizikuri determinantis, sxeulis nawilebis
funqcionaluri moZraobebisa da sxva fizikuri Tvisebebis:
Zala, siswrafe, siCqare, simarjve, wonasworoba, gamZleoba,
moqniloba da sxva unarebis gamovlineba-ganviTarebis,
fizikuri kulturis pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi
mniSvnelobis, aseve fizikuri ganviTarebis princi pebis,
meTodebisa da formebis Sesaxeb. mokled, yovelive is, rac
fizikuri ganaTlebisa da Segnebis cnebebSi moiazreba da
rasac informaciuli xasiaTi gaaCnia. e. i. fizikuri
ganaTleba fizikuri aRzrdisa da srulyofis mecnieruli
safuZvlebis, pedagogiuri sistemebis, komponentebis da
saSualebebis, sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebisa da
daniSnulebis srulyofili codnaa.
fizikuri aRzrdis praqtikuli mxare gulisxmobs
fizikuri kulturiT dakavebas, fizikur varjiSebSi
sistematiur monawileobas.
fizikur aRzrda dialeqtikur kavSirSia aRzrdis sxva
komponentebTan. rogoricaa: gonebrivi, sulieri, zneobrivi,
SromiTi, esTetikuri da higienuri aRzrda. fizkulturul
mecadineobebze monawileoba amaRlebs organizmis
funqcionalur SesaZleblobebs, gonebriv da fizikuri
Sromis unarebs, zneobriv da esTestikur kulturas,
214
sulierobas, specifikur inteleqtualur Tvisebebs _
azrovnebas, sazrianobas, dakvirvebulobas, gansjis
unarianobas; ganamtkicebs nebisyofas, asrulebs
ganmaviTerebel funqciebs specialuri da saerTo
ganaTlebis safuZvelze.
fizkulturuli mecadineobebi, varjiSebi moiTxovs
urTierTobebis kulturas, qcevisa da moqmedebis normebsa
da wesebs, rac aiZulebs moswavles zneobrivi Segnebisa da
zneobrivi moqmedebis unar-Cvevebis dauflebis
aucileblobaSi. fizikuri aRzrdis procesSi warmoiSveba
sxvadsxva situaciebi, maT Soris konfliqturic, romelic
cvlis moswavlis damokidebulebas sazogadoebisadmi,
adamianebisa da TviT sakuTari Tavisadmi. aCvevs dadgenili
da nebayoflobiT miRebuli wesebisa da normebisadmi
piradi interesebis koleqtivisa da sportis
interesebisadmi daqvemdebarebas,TviTflobas,disciplinas,
patiosnebas, sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebisadmi gafrTxilebas,
swavlis, Sromisa da dasvenebis reJims. misi moqmedebis
programad iqceva Tavisi fizikuri SesaZleblobebis
nayofier SromaSi da sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo saqmeSi
gamoyeneba; sikeTisken swrafva da borotebis siZulvili;
mudmivi mzaoba erovnuli da sportuli Rirsebis
dasacavad; iyos internacionalizmis _ xalxTa megobrobis
da mSvidobis ideebis Tavdadebuli damcveli; Tavisi
fizkulturuli codna-gamocdilebis sxvisTvis
gamziarebeli; metoqeebTan lmobieri; Tavis warmatebaSi
sxvisi wvlilis damfasebeli; zneobrivi da samarTlebrivi
kanonebis pativmcemeli; Tavisi movaleobebis pirnaTlad
Semsrulebeli.
fizikur aRzrdas da spotul miRwevebs maSin aqvs
sazogadoebrivi Rirebuleba, roca is dadebiT gavlenas
axdens aRsazrdelebSi keTilSobiluri Tvisebebis
ganviTarebasa da sulerobis amaRlebaze. adamianis sxeulis
215
saocrebis, misi ganusazRvreli inteleqtualuri
SesaZleblobebis gacnobierebis safuZvelze moswavlis
mier pirovnebis RvTis unikalur qmnilebad aRqma da
yovlisSemoqmedisadmi rwmenis, madlierebis gamovlineba
aris sulierobis arsi.
fizikur da SromiT aRzrdas saerTo is aqvT, rom orive
saWiroebs erTnair fizikur moZraobebs. gansxvavba mxolod
SedegebSia. fizkulturuli moZraobebis Sedegia axali
Taobis Sromisa da TavdacvisaTvis momzadeba, Sromisa ki _
sulieri da materialuri RirebulebaTa Seqmna. samoZrao
aparatis ganviTareba uzrunvlyofs SromiTi saqmianobis
siswrafesa da sizustes, temps, ritms, moZraobis amplitudas,
maqsimalur Zalisxmevas, gamZleobasa da moqnilobas, yvela
im Tvisebebs, rac aucilebelia SromiTi saqmianobisaTvis.
fizkulturuli da sportuli mecadineobis procesSi
moswavleebs uviTardebaT Sromismoyvareoba da SromiTi
unar-Cvevebi. sportuli miRwevebi did ZalisxmevasTan,
muxlCauxrel SromasTan aris dakavSirebuli, magram “rac
ufro mZimea gza, miT ufro didia sixaruli mixi
dasasrulisa, gamarjvebisa”(a. cibaZe, sporti da xalxTa
megobroba. Tb. 1973, gv. 20).
fizikuri aRzrdis procesi, sportuli miRwevebi da
gamarjvebebi dakavSirebulia esTetikur grZnobebTan,
sasiamovno emociebTan, rac esTetikur aRzrdasTan misi
kavSiriT aixsneba. sxeulis swori moxdenili, proporciuli
aRnagoba, harmoniuli Sesatyvisoba, msubuqi moZraoba,
plastikuri gamomsaxveloba da sxva momxiblavoba iwvevs
esTetikur grZnobebs, dadebiT emociebs, siamovnebas, da, rac
mTavaria, sixarulsa da kmayofilebas gvris imis gancda,
rom fizikuri kultura xels uwyobs janmrTelobas,
fizikuri srulyofilebis idealis miRwevas.
esTetikuri tkbobis safuZvels iZleva agreTve
esTetikurad gamarTlebuli is garemopirobebi, sadac
216
tardeba fizkulturuli mecadineoba, adgilis
gaformeba, higienuri normebis dacva, Sesabamisi musikaluri
foni, simRerebi, cekvebi, kinofilmebi da a. S. SeiZleba
sportuli moZraobebi zustad Teoriis mixedviT
sruldebodes, magram ar iyos esTetikis obieqti. process
harmoniuloba, graciozuloba bunebrioba, simsubuqe,
ritmuloba, mxatvruli gamomsaxveloba, qarizmatuloba sZens
esTetikuri zemoqmedebis Zalas. fizkulturis mSveniereba
ganisazRvreba formisa da Sinaarsis harmoniuli
erTianobiT, misi Teoriuli da praqtikuli RirebulebebiT.
yovelmxriv harmoniulad ganviTarebuli pirovnebis
formirebis potenciali ganusazRvrelia fizkulturuli
da sportuli mecadineobis procesSi, Tu jerovani
yuradReba eqceva moswavle axalgazrdobis fizikur
aRzrdas.
rogorc specialistebi miuTiTeben, fizikuri aRzrda
mimarTulia organizmis morfologiur-anatomiuri da
funqcionaluri srulyofis, avadmyofobis prevenciisa da
janmrTelobis dacvis imunitetis amaRlebisaken. adamianis
sensorul-moZraobiTi unarebis ganviTareba
ganpirobebulia yvela fizikuri Tvisebebis _ Zala, siswrafe,
siCqare, moqniloba, amtanianoba, gamZleoba, sruli da
harmoniuli ganviTarebiT. am moTxovnebis Sesasruleblad
saWiroa specialuri codna-gamocdileba da unar-Cvevebi.
sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis moZraobaTa potenciuri
unarebis (siaruli, sirbili, xtoma, curva, tyorcna,
TxilamurebiT sriali, Widaoba) ganviTarebas
uzrunvelyofs Sesabamis moZraobebSi gamudmebuli varjiSi.
es funqcionaluri moZraobebi erTimeores avseben da iZenen
iseT Cvevebs, rac aucilebelia yoveldRiur SromiT
saqmianobaSi da miT umetes sportul aqtivobaSi. fizikuri
aRzrda aseve emsaxureba fizkulturisadmi interesisa da
moTxovnilebis gamomuSavbas. janmrTeli cxovrebis wesi
217
gulisxmobs pirovnebis mudmiv Sinagan mzaobas fizikuri
TviTganviTarebisaTvis. bavSvi bunebiT moZravia da aqtiuri
da amaSi vlindeba misi fizikuri ganviTarebis tendencia,
rogorc Tandayolili unari, romelic aucileblad unda
iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli pedagogiur procesSi, rac imas
niSnavs, rom skolam da ojaxma unda uzrunvelyos misi
ganviTarebisaTvis Sesabamisi mizanmimarTuli pedagogiuri
pirobebi, rac Tavis mxriv es xels Seuwyobs moswavleTa
gonebriv, zneobriv da esTetikur aRzrdas, fsiqikuri
Zalebis ganmtkicebas. fizikuri varjiSebis procesSi
miRebuli siamovneba, kmayofileba da sixaruli moswavleSi
iwvevs fizkulturiT gatacebas da mis CvevaSi ganmtkicebas.
rogorc cnobilia, fizikuri aRzrdis sistema moicavs
Semdeg komponentebs: fizikuri varjiSi, bunebrivi da
higienuri faqtorebi. fizikur varjiSSi Sedis gimnastika
anu tanvarjiSi, TamaSebi, turizmi, sporti. fizikuri
varjiSebi dadebiT gavlenas axdenen kunTebis, tanis Zvlovan
sayrdeni aparatis, sunTqvisa da sisxlis mimoqcevis
organizmis ganviTarebaze, nivTierebaTa cvlis mdgomareobis
gaumjobesobaze, aseve fsiqikis, inteleqtis, grZnobebisa da
nebisyofis srulyofaze.
gimnastikas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. mas, jer kidev
antikur xanaSi, mniSvnelovani adgili eWira saswavlo
gegmaSi. gimnastikis specialuri skolebic ki arsebobda.
fizikuri varjiSis am saxeobas gaaCnia organizmis mTliani
da calkeuli nawilebis harmoniuli ganviTarebis udidesi
potenciali. misi praqtikuli Rirebuleba misi gamoyenebis
xelovnebaSia. gimnastikis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia
moZraobis graciozuloba, moxdeniloba, adekvaturoba, rac
esTetikur grZnobebsa da sasaiamovno emociebs iwvevs,
xvewavs da amaRlebs esTetikur gemovnebas, amdidrebs
esTetikur kulturas. gimnastikis saxeebia: ZiriTadi,
higienuri, sportuli, mxatvruli, mwarmoebluri, samkurnalo
218
da sxva mizniTa da amocanebiT gansxvavebuli.
TamaSi skolamdel asakSi ZiriTadi da saskolo asakSi
nawilobrivi aqtivobis saxea. TamaSi fizikuri, fsiqikuri
da inteleqtualur unarebis gamovlinebisa da ganviTarebis
lamazi, bunebrivi da mniSvnlovani saSualebaa.
pedagogiurad organizebul, memkvidreobiT miRebuli
bunebriv sawyisebze dafuZnebuli didaqtikur TamaSebs
didi wvlili Seaqvs bavSvis yovelmxriv harmoniulad
ganviTarebis saqmeSi. sisxarte, moqniloba, mixvedriloba,
iniciativianoba, koleqtivizmi, mowesrigebuloba da a. S.
is Tvisebebia, romelTa elementebs TamaSis procesSi eyreba
safuZveli.
turizmsac fizikuri varjiSis wiaRSi moiazreben.
turistul RonisZiebebSi monawileobiT moswavle iZens
fizikur wrTobas, gamZleobis, drosa da sivrceSi sworad
orientirebis, rTul pirobebSi gadaadgilebis unar-Cvevebs,
megobrobis, koleqtivizmis, wesrigianobis gamocdilebas.
ecnoba eris kulturul Zeglebs, materialur da sulier
RirsSesaniSnaobebs, bunebasa da geografiul mdebareobas
da a. S.
sports Zalian didi adgili ukavia sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi. fizikuri kulturisgan gansxvavebiT, sporti
xasiaTdeba fizikuri varjiSis sxvadasxva saxeobebSi
maqsimaluri Sedegis miRweviT. am miRwevebis dasadgenad
da gamarjvebulis gamosavlenad imarTeba sxvadasxva donis
Sejibrebebi. Sejibrebis aqti Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia
sportsmenis maRali movaleobisa da pasuxismgeblobis
Segnebasa da grZnobasTan. amitom moswavle Tavdauzogavad
emzadeba gamosasvlelad. emorCileba maswavlebel-
mwvrTnelis moTxovnebs, mecadineobis reJims, iZens
organizebulobis da konstruqciuli azrovnebis,
maqsimaluri Zalisxmevis unar-Cvevebs, rac Tanabrad saWiroa
219
fizikuri da gonebrivi SromisaTvis. sports xalxTa
Soris kulturuli urTierTobisa da mSvidobis saqmeSic
garkveuli wili udevs.
fizikuri aRzrdis bunebrivi faqtorebis roli da
mniSvneloba ganusazRvrelia ara marto fizikuri
ganviTarebis saqmeSi, aramed mas sasicocxlo funqcia
akisria. bunebriv faqtorebs miekuTvneba mze, haeri, wyali,
dedamiwis mwvane safari anu flora. es faqtorebi
bunebrivad moqmedeben adamianis janmrTelobaze, magram
fizikuri aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis Sesabamisad
awyoben specialur procedurebs. mzis sxivebis, wylis
abazanebis, curvis, sufTa haerze gaseirnebis mizanmimarTul,
gegmazomier RonisZiebebs.
fizikuri aRzrdis mniSvnelovan saSualebad iTvleba
aseve higienuri faqtorebic. masSi igulisxmeba yovelive
is, rac emsaxureba fizkulturuli mecadineobis, saswavlo
Sromis optimaluri reJimis, dasvenebis, kvebis, Zilisa da
sxva amdagvar moqmedebaTa higienur uzrunvelyofas.
keTilmyofeli garemos Seqmna ise meqanikurad ar xdeba.
is moiTxovs pedagogiuri Sromis mecnierul organizacias,
dadgenil sanitarul-higienuri normebis punqtualur
dacvas. es exeba saWiro nagebobas, rekonstruqcias, skolis
Senobis, sportuli moednebisa da oTaxebis, rekreciuli
da damxmare saTavsoebis keTilmowyobas; fizikuri
varjiSebisTvis aucilebeli aRWurvilobis, danadgrebis,
inventarebis, sportuli tansacmlis da sxva saSualebebis
zomis, wonis, moxerxebulobis, moswavleTa sqesobriv,
asakobriv da individualur TaviseburebebTan
SesabamisobaSi moyvana. adamianis sicocxlisa da
qmediTunarianobaSi specialistebi gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWeben aqtivobis saxeobaTa ritmul
monacvleobas, daxarjuli energiis aRdgena-ganaxlebas.
magaliTad, saklaso-sagakveTilo, klasgareSe da Tavisufali
220
drois ganawileba-gamoyenebis normativebis sanitarul-
higienur normebTan Sesatyvisoba, aucilebeli pirobaa
pirovnebis yovelmxriv harmoniuli da srulfasovani
ganviTarebisa da aRzrdisaTvis; droisa da sivrcis
dimensionebSi sworad orintirebisaTvis. magram aq
aucileblad gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes dRis reJimis
diferencireba moswavleTa asakobrivi da individualuri
Taviseburebebis princi pis safuZvelze.
axla SevexebiT fizikuri aRzrdis organizaciul
formebs skolaSi. moswavleTa fizikuri aRzrdis
mecnierulad da praqtikulad miRebuli da aprobirebuli
organizaciul formebia stabilur ganrigs
daqvemdebarebuli, moswavleTa erTnairi asakisa da
momzadebis moswavleTa ucvleli kontigentTan mecadineoba,
fizkulturul-gamajansaRebeli RonisZiebebi, klasgareSe
da skolisgareSe fizkulturuli muSaoba.
aRniSnul mecadineobis organizaciul formaTa Soris
ZiriTadi da savaldebulo formaa fizkulturis gakveTili.
misi daniSnulebaa moswavleTa mier saswavlo programiT
gaTvaliswinebuli fizikuri ganaTlebis, Segnebisa da unar-
Cvevebis minimumis daufleba. fizkulturis gakveTili
efuZneba zogadpedagogikur princi pebs, magram gaaCnia
specifikuri maxasiaTeblebic gansxvaveuli miznisa da
amocanebis mixedviT. fizkulturis gakveTilis
struqturuli agebuleba TiTqmis igivea, rogorc sxva
saganTa gakveTilebisa. isic Sedgeba sami nawilisagan:
mosamzadebeli, ZiriTadi da daskvniTi nawili. masamzadebel
nawilSi Sedis organizaciuli sakiTxebis mogvareba,
sagakveTilo ganwyobilebis Seqmna, gakveTilis miznisa da
amocanebis gacnoba. ZiriTad nawilSi adgili aqvs ZiriTadi
varjiSebis Sesrulebas, varjiSis srulyofas, varjiSis
ganmaviTarebeli funqciebis ganxorcielebas, es SeiZleba
iyos Zalis, siswrafis, gamZleobis, moqnilobisa da a. S.
221
moswavleTa fizikuri datvirTva xdeba TandaTanobiT,
Tanmimdevrulad martividan rTulisaken gadasvliT da
is Tavis piks aRwevs gakveTilis meore naxevarSi, Semdeg
gakveTili gadadis daskvniT nawilSi da iwyeba organizmis
funqciuri datvirTvis TandaTanobiTi Semcireba da
gakveTilis bolos ubrundeba sawyis mdgomareobas.
fizkulturis gakveTilze iyeneben mcadineobis Semdeg
damxmare formebs: klasis, gundis, seqciis, aseve frontalurs,
jgufursa da individualurs.
fizkulturis gakveTils mimarTulebis mixedviT yofen
Semdeg ti pebad: zogadi fizikuri momzadebis, sportul-
sawvrTneli da fizikuri momzadebis profesional-
gamoyenebiTi ti pis gakveTili.
zogadi fizikuri momzadebis ti pis gakveTili tardeba
nebismieri asakis adamianebTan _ skolamdelebTan sabavSvo
baRSi, skolaSi, umaRles saswavlebelSi, mozrdilTa
fizikuri momzadebis jgufebSi da mas gamajansaRebeli,
ganmaviTarebeli da aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia akisria.
sportul-sawvrTneli tipis gakveTili tardeba sportis
arCeul saxeobaSi da emsaxureba mis srulyofilad aTvisebas,
SejibrebisaTvis momzadebas da gamarjvebisaTvis brZolas.
profesional-gamoyenebiTi ti pis gakveTili tardeba
mozardebTan, WabukebTan da mozrdilebTan. am ti pis
gakveTilebisTvis niSandoblivia gamoyenebiTi moZraobiTi
moqmedebebis swavleba da profesionaluri SromiTi
saqmianobisTvis saWiro moZraobebis adekvaturi unar-
Cvevebis gamomuSaveba.
saswavlo saqmianobisa da Sinaarsis mixedviT gamoyofen
agreTve gakveTilTa Semdg saxeebs: axali masalis aTvisebis,
ganmtkicebis, sakontrolo da Sereuli tipis gakveTilebs.
pirveli saxis gakveTili axali varjiSis Seswavlasa da
mis koreqcias eTmoba mTlianad, xolo srulyofisa da
ganmtkicebis gakveTili eTmoba maRali rangis
222
sportsmenebTan mecadineobas, maqsimaluri donis miRwevas.
sakontrolo tipis gakveTili, Cveulebriv, eTmoba sportul
Sejibrebas, an SejibrebisaTvis mzadebas, sadac xdeba
warmatebisa da naklovanebis, miRweulisa da misaRwevis
dadgena da saTanado koreqciuli zomebis gatareba.
fizkulturis gakveTili tardeba sxvadasxva adgilebSi:
saSualo da umaRles skolebSi, Ria cis qveS, sportul
moednebsa da darbazebSi, bunebaSi da a. S.
yvela mimarTulebisa da ti pis gakviTilebisaTvis
maswavlebeli sagangebod emzadeba, adgens silabusebs anu
gegma-konspeqts, wianaswar gansazRvravs gakveTilisTvis
aucilebel aRWurvilobas, saswavlo teqnikur da
didaqtikur masalebs da fsiqikurad, inteleqtualurad,
moralurad, emociurad Semzadebuli atarebs gakveTilebs
moswavleebTan erTad SemoqmedebiTad.
fizikuri aRzrdis gakvTilebi mWiro kavSirSia
klasgarSe da skolisgareSe fizkulturul
mecadineobebTan, rac xels uwyobs fizikuri kulturisa
da sportis danergvas masebSi janmrTelobisa da aqtiuri
dasvenebis mizniT. klasgaeSe pedagogiur sistemaSi
Camoyalibebulia fizkulturis wreebi da sportuli
seqciebi, ewyoba TamaSebi, Sejibrebebi, eqskursiebi da
turistuli laSqrobebi, spotiuli dResaswaulebi da
spartakiadebi, romelSic monawileoben maswavleblebi,
moswavleebi da moxalise mSoblebi. klasgareSe
fizkulturuli muSaoba efuZneba nebayoflobiTobis
pedagogiur princi ps. aq erTiandebian moswavleebi
interesis, midrekilebebis, fizikuri da fsiqikuri
SesaZleblobebis mixedviT arCevanisa da iniciativis
TavisuflebiT. swored, aq eZlevaT moswavleebs mTeli
TavianTi sportuli SesaZleblobebis maqsimaluri
gamovlinebis saSualeba. skolaSi warmatebuli moswavleebi
spotuli daostatebis mizniT gadadian skolisgareSe
223
sportul dawesebulebebSi: bavSvTa da mozardTa sportul
skolaSi, sportis sasaxleSi, bavSvTa turistul sadgurebSi,
kulturisa da dasvenebis parkebSi, spotul bazebSi,
araformalur spotul sazogadoebaSi, qalaqisa da mis gareT
sportul banakebSi arCeuli saxeobis mixedviT.
Sromismoyvare da bejiTi sportsmenebi aRweven arnaxul
warmatebebs, uflebian msoflio Cempionis tituls da mTel
msoflioSi saxels uxveWen mSobliur xalxsa da qveyanas.
fizikuri aRzrda skolaSi mimdinareobs skolis
xelmZRvanelebis, mTeli pedagogiuri koleqtivis, ojaxisa
da sazogadoebis da, rac mTavaria, saxelmwifosa da
fizkulturisa da sportis uwyebebis, departamentebis
uSualo Tu SualobiTi mxardaWeriT. am sistemaTa
kavSirebis gareSe verc erTi fizkulturis maswavlebeli,
geniosic rom iyos, verafers gaxdeba, magram aRniSnulTa
mxardaWeriT mas SeuZlia saswaulebi moaxdinos.
fizikuri aRzrdis sawyis elementebs safuZveli eyreba
ojaxSi. adreul asakSi bavSvis fizikur ganviTarebas did
yuradRebas aqceven mSoblebi. dakankaleben Tavs mis
fizikur zrdas, zomas, wonas, janmrTelobas, funqcionalur
moZraobas, mis pirvel fexis adgmas, atitinebas. magram
rogorc ki skolaSi wava, mSobliuri zrunvis prioritetad
iqceva bavSvis mxolod materialuri uzrunvelyofa, rac
dauSvebelia. amitom skolam unda izrunos imisaTvis, rom
ojaxi Rirseul mokavSired gaixados. daarwmunos mSoblebi,
rom bavSvis aRzrda, maTi saerTo saqmea da orive mxarem
TavianTi SesaZleblobebis farglebSi yvelaferi unda
gaakeTon misi yovelmxriv harmoniulad ganviTarebuli,
srulfasovan pirovnebad formirebisaTvis. maswavlebelma
xeli Seuwyos maT pedagogizacias, rom garkveuli
warmodgena SeeqmnaT aRzrdis ZiriTd da princi pul
sakiTxebze.

224
fizikuri aRzrdis warmatebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili
ukavia iseT pedagogiur meTodebs, romelic moswavlebs
daarwmunebs da aRZravs aqtivobisaken sakuTari fizikuri
srulyofisa da socializaciisaTvis. amxriv, karg Sedegebs
iZleva informaciis, darwmunebisa da piradi TvalsaCino
magaliTis meTodebi.
amrigad, Tu gvinda jansaRi, xalisiani, swavlis, Sromisa
da Tavdacvisunariani, znekeTili da gemovnebiani axali
Taobis momzadeba, maSin maTi aRzrdisTvis unda izrunos
ojaxma, skolam, saxelmwifom, sazogadoebam erTiani ZaliT
da urTierT mxardaWeriT pedagogikuri mecnierebis
maqsimaluri gamoyenebiT.

225
Tema XVI. Znelad aRsazrdelebi

sakiTxebi:

1. ZneladaRsazrdelobis cneba;
2. ZneladaRsazrdelTa ti pologia;
3. ZneladaRsazrdelobis gamomwvevi mizezebi;
4. fizikuri, gonebrivi da moraluri defeqtebis
saprevencio, sakompensacio da sakoreqcio pedagogiuri
saSualebebi;

“Zneli bavSvis” cneba oficialurad XIX saukuneSi


Semovida mecnierebaSi. samecniero literaturaSi
“ZneladaRsazrdelobis” cnebaSi moiazreben iseTi
kategoriis bavSvebs, romlebTanac aRmzrdel-maswavleblebs
uZneldebaT muSaoba imis gamo, rom isini ara adekvaturad
reagireben Cveulebriv pedagogiur zemoqmdebaze. maTi
yofaqceva TanatolTa ZiriTadi masisagan Gbevrad
gansxvavdeba.
ZneladaRsazrdelTa tipologias axdenen maTi niSan-
TvisebaTa mixedviT, romelic Tavsdeba or ZiriTad jgufSi:
egzogenuri da endogenuri. egzogenurSi Sedis iseTi
gadaxrebi, romelic miRebulia garedan da periferiuli
xasiaTi aqvs. aq ZiriTadad moralur defeqtebTan gvaqvs
saqme. xolo endogenuri defeqtebi Sinagania da raRac
organul darRvevbTan aris dakavSirebuli. es SeiZleba
iyos fsiqikur da fizikur naklTan dakavSirebuli da
gonebriv-inteleqtualur CamorCenilobaSi gamoixatebodes.
swavlebisa da aRzrdis xelisSemSlel fizikur naklSi
igulisxmeba mxedvelobis, smenis, metyvelebis defeqtebi,
romelnic iwveven meorad defeqtebs. rogoricaa:
226
pedagogiuri CamorCeniloba, akademiuri CamorCeniloba,
asocialuroba da antisocialuroba.
ZneladaRsazrdelobas devianturobis TvalsazrisiT
sam doneze ganixilaven: normis qveviT anu subnormatiuli,
normis zeviT anu supranormatiuli da saSualo anu
denormatiuli.
fizikuri da gonebrivi naklis mqone bavSvTa
ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebs, maTi swavlebisa da aRzrdis
sakiTxebs konkretulad ganixilavs pedagogikuri
mecnierebis erT-erTi dargi _ defeqtologia. es specialuri
dargi pedagogikisa, Tavis obieqtze zemoqmedebis iaraRebad
iyenebs prevencias, kompensacias da koreqcias. defeqtis
kategoriaTa mixedviT, defeqtologias gaaCna Tavisi
qvedargebi anu qvesistemebi. esenia: oligofrenopedagogika
anu gonebrivad CamorCenilTa pedagogika, tiflopedagogika
anu usinaTloTa pedagogika, surdopedagogika anu yru-
munjTa pedagogika, logopedia anu metyvelebadarRveulTa
pedagogika.
egzogenur defeqtSi Sedis, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
socialuri faqtorebiT gamowveuli naklovanebebi.
magaliTad, bavSvi sruliad normaluria fizikurad,
fsiqikurad, inteleqtualurad, magram, miuxedavad amis, is
SeiZleba moxvdes Znelad aRsazrdelTa siaSi, rac
pedagogikosTa da fsiqologTa mudmivi msjelobis sagans
warmoadgens da Sesabamisad pasuxic garkveulwilad
gacemulia. roca bunebrivi monacemebis sijansaRis
miuxedavad, bavSvi problemuria pedagogiuri TavalsazrisiT,
is SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT supranormatiul bavSvTa
kategorias. aseTi bavSvebi adreuli asakidanve avlenen
maRal cnobismoyvareobas, SemecnebiT interess, magram
savaldebulo, skolis sagnebi maT interesmiRma rCeba da
kmayofildebian TavianTi niWierebis wyalobiT mosmenilis
advilad aTvisebiT, romelic, aseve advilad eZleva
227
daviwyebas Semecnebis pedagogiuri princi pebisa da
meTodebis _ codnis Rrmad da mtkiced SeTvisebis
princi pisa da ganmeorebisa da intensiuri varjiSis
meTodebis ugulvebeyofis gamo, rac SeiZleba pedagogiur,
an akademiuri CamorCenilobis mizezi gaxdes; meore
problema, romelic SeiZleba wamoeWras niWier bavSvs, es
aris Tavisi upiratesobis demonstrireba qvenazraxvebi,
ufro metic, borotad gamoyeneba TanatolebTan, rac
SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos konfliqtur situacias an
gaucxovebas; niWieri bavSvis Znelobis maxasiaTebelad
umetes SemTxvevaSi iTvleba moWarbebuli moTxovnileba
yuradRebisa, pirvelobisa, dawinaurebisa, liderobisa da
a. S. araobieqturi, gadaWarbebuli TviTSefaseba, rac
arTulebs masTan Cveulebriv pedagogiur urTierTobas.
supranormatiul bavSvebTan urTierTobaSi Tavs iCens
aseve meore ukiduresoba. bavSvi gamorCeulad niWieria da
akademiuri moswrebac Sesabamisad adekvaturi. warmatebulia
yvelanair inteleqtualur RonisZiebebSi, brwyinvalea
msjelobebsa da gamosvlebSi. magram amas ver vityviT sxva
codnis Tu yofis sferoebSi. arakomunikabeluria, uemocio,
moqalaqeobriv da sazogadoebriv poziciebSi pasiuri,
xSirad konfliqturic, Zunwi, Suriani da egoisti, zedmetad
individualistic.
supranormatiul bavSvebis ganviTarebaSi aSkarad
gamokveTilia disbalansi. erTi unari mozRvavebulad aris
ganviTarebuli sxva unar-Tvisebebis xarjze da darRveulia
pirovnebis yovelmxriv harmoniuli ganviTarebis obieqtur
kanonzomiereba. aseTi ti pis aRszardelebSi gacilebiT
metia antisocialurobis riski. gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu
man ver moaxerxa Tavisi niWis praqtikuli realizacia,
warmatebuli unaris mixedviT dasaqmeba. Tu piriqiT moxda,
warmateba versad gaeqceva. magram cxovreba ia-vardebiT
rodia mofenili satana-eSmakis mier marTul sistemaSi.
228
igi savsea aTasi gauTvaliswinebeli winaaRmdegobebiTa
da warmoudgeneli bunebrivi Tu xelovnuri problemebiT
da am problemebis daZlevas calmxrivad ganviTarebuli
adamianebi ver moaxerxeben. asec rom ar iyos, ra ufleba
gvaqvs, RvTis am unikalur qmnilebas ar SeuqmnaT saWiro
pirobebi srulfasovan pirovnebad formirebis
RvTiTboZebuli potenciuri unarebis ganviTarebisaTvis,
ar davicvaT aRzrdis humanur-demokratiuli princi pebi.
egzogenuri warmomavlobis subnormatiuli
gadaxriloba periferiuli xasiaTisaa da pirovnulobis
mTavr birTvis ver azianebs. amitom saTanado mizanmimarTul
peagogiur zemoqmedebas advilad eqvemdebareba. am
kategoriis bavSvebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi niSan-
Tvisebebi: akademiuri CamorCeniloba, saswavlo-
aRmzrdelobiTi reJimisadmi daumorCilebloba,
agresiuloba, asocialuroba, antisocialuroba, qurdoba,
alkoholisa da narkotikebisadmi miZaleba, seqsualuri
TavSeukavebloba, xulignoba, cinizmi, azartuli TamaSebi
da mravali sxvadasxva saxis ubedureba. aseTi kategoriis
bavSvebze dakvirvebam mecnierebs misca safuZveli,
aRmoeCinaT maTSi pirovnuli, socialurad Rirebuli,
dafaruli unarebi, rogoricaa: Taviseburi keTilSobileba,
raindoba, qurduli, magram Taviseburi obieqturobis,
Rirsebis, siyvarulis, Tavganwirvisa da gmirobis da mravali
msgavsi momxiblavi elementebi, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom
mocemuli moraluri defeqti Sedegia arasasurveli
garemopirobebisa da pedagogiuri xelmiSvebulobisa.
zemoqmedebis faqtorTa xarisxis proporciulia moraluri
defeqtis maCvenebeli.
denormatiuli gadaxrac SeiZleba iyos egzogenuric
da endogenuric. egzonormatiuli anu gare zemoqmedebis
faqtorebiT SeZenili moraluri defeqti imiT gansxvavdeba
supranormatiulisa da subnormatiuli gadaxrebisagan, rom
229
denormatiuls arc arasdros gausinjavs socialurobisa
da miT umetes prosocialurobis gemo. saerTod, ar hqonia
normebis dadgenisa da gagebis Ppirobebi. es ZiriTadad
exeba upatronod darCenil, quCaSi moxetiale bavSvebs.
amrigad, egzogenuri warmomavlobis samive ti pis:
supranormatiuli, subnormatiuli da denormatiuli
gadaxrebi mTlianad eqvemdebareba koreqciuli
pedagogikisa da mowesrigebuli socialuri faqtorebis
zemoqmedebas, moraluri defeqtis koreqtirebas.
13.8 msubuqi formaa debiloba. is sirTulis mixedviT
orgvaria: normasTan miaxloebuli da imbecilTan
miaxloebuli. pirveli kategoriis bavSvebi specialur
skolaSi specialuri pedagogikis zemoqmedebas
garkveulwilad eqvemdebarebian imdenad mainc, rom
SeuZliaT damoukideblad cxovreba, Tavis movla da rCena,
garkveuli saxis saSualo specialuri profesiis aTviseba
da muSaoba. debilobis arsi, rogorc specialistebi
miuTiTeben, SemecnebiTi moqmedebis arasrulfasovnebaSi
mdgomareobs. gansakuTrebiT roca saqme exeba logikur
azrovnebas da, saerTod, saazrovno operaciebs: analizi,
sinTezi, ganzogadoeba, sistematizacia da a. S. samagierod
eufleba eTikur normebs, icavs sanitarul-higienur
saWiroebebs. debils SeiZleba fizikurad arc emCneodes,
an naklebad SesamCnevi iyos misi fsiqikuri mdgomareoba
kargi aRzrdis Sedegad.
bavSvTa gonebriv CamorCenilobas, maTi swavlebisa da
aRzrdis kanonzomierebebs,pedagogiur principebs,Sinaarss,
organizaciasa da meTodebs zogad pedagogikaze dayrdnobiT
swavlobs defeqtologiis qvedargi oligofrenopedagogika,
romelic Tavisi miznebisaTvis iyenebs fsiqologiis,
logopediis, pediatriis, fsiqiatriis, anatomiis,
fiziologiis, genetikis, bioqimiis da rig sxva mecnierebaTa
saTanado monacemebs.
230
adamiani zecieri mamisgan dajildovebulia yvela
sikeTesTan erTad Semecnebis ganusazRvreli unariT,
romelic ar arsebobs SegrZnebebis gareSe. amitom
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs grZnobis organoebs
yovelmxriv harmoniulad ganviTarebuli, gonebrivad,
zneobrivad, sulierad, esTetikurad, fizikurad
Camoyalibebuli srulfasovani pirovnebis formirebaSi.
tvini _ es unikaluri organo sakvebs iRebs garedan
mxolod da mxolod am saocari “mstovrebis”: Tvalis, yuris,
cxviris, piris Rrusa da kanis meSveobiT. rogorc cnobilia,
Semecneba emyareba sensualizmis Teorias, romlis mixedviT
araferia cnobierebaSi, rac ar gvqonia SegrZnebaSi.
mxedvelobis, smenis, ynosvis, gemosa da Sexebis
RvTiTboZebuli unarebis gafrTxileba, misi movla da dacva
da daniSnulebisamebr gamoyeneba pirovnebis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi daniSnulebaa. Zalian didi danaklisia,
roca maT defeqtTan gvaqvs saqme.
mxedvelobis defeqtis cnebaSi igulisxmeba iseTi
anomalia, romlis drosac saganTa da movlenaTa vizualuri
aRqma SeuZlebelia, an ukiduresad gaZnelebulia.
mxedvelobis defeqts swavlobs defeqtologiis dargi
ti plopedagogika. igi arkvevs usinaTlo da
mxedvelobadaqveiTebul bavSvTa swavlebisa da aRzrdis
kanonzomierebebs, prevenciul, sakompensacio da sakoreqcio
saSualebebs, Tvalis struqturul agebulebas, dazianebis
gamomwvev mizezebs da eZebs gzebs mdgomareobis
Sesamsubuqeblad.
mxedvelobis analizatori, aris mTavari informatori,
romelic centraluri nervuli sistemis meSveobiT
ukavSirdeba da informaciaTa 80% awvdis tvins
garesamyaros Sesaxeb. mxedvelobis meSveobiT SeigrZnoba
da aRiqmeba forma, feri, sidide, simaRle, sigrZe, sigane,
moculoba, raodenoba, mdebareoba, mdgomareoba,
231
urTierTmimarTebebi, sibnele, sinaTle, mimarTuleba, moZraoba,
silamaze, xelovnebis mSveniereba da a. S. kiTxva, wera, xatva
_ mxedvelobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. amrigad, Tvali
cnobierebis STabeWdilebaTa gamdidrebis erT-erTi
mTavari saSualebaa. Tvali ara marto SeigrZnobs da
aRiqvams garesamyaros, amavdroulad igi grZnobebisa da
emociebis gamoxatvis Seudarebeli, sakvirveli qmnilebaa.
samwuxarod, aseTi ulamazesi da unikaluri organo
sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo ziandeba da kargavs Tavis saocar
Tvisebas an nawilobriv an kidev mTlianad. Tvalis nawilTa
Semadgenlobis sirTulem, struqturulma agebulebam da
funqciam SeuZlebelia gaoceba da misi Semoqmedisadmi
mowiwebisa da madlierebis grZnoba ar gamoiwvios.
mxedvelobis receptoruli nawili da meqanizmTa urTulesi
sistema urTierTqmedebis safuZvelze axdens saswaulebs.
TviT analizatori sam komponents moicavs. es aris Tvali,
romelic SeigrZnobs gare gamRizianebels, gamtari nervi,
romelic TvalSi aRmocenebul bioeleqtrul dens Tavis
tvinisken atarebs da mxedvelobis zonebi Tavis tvinis
kefis nawilSi, romelebic Rebuloben iq misul aRgznebas
da reagireben miRebuli informaciis adekvaturad. garda
receptorebisa, Tvals gaaCnia sxva sistemebi: mxedvelobis
nervi, baduris garsi, rqovana garsi, cilovani garsi,
cisartyelasebri garsi, sisxlZarRvovani garsi, yviTeli
laqa, broli, minisebri sxeuli. badura Sedgeba urTulesi
nervuli xlarTebisagan, romelic 130 milionamde aRwevs.
mraval faqtors SeuZlia paTologiuri cvlilebebi
gamoiwvios TvalSi. es SeiZleba moxdes dabadebamde da
mas Semdeg. Tandayolili da SeZenili. mxedvelobis
darRvevvis yvelaze gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens
refraqciis anomalia, romlis dros darRveulia brolis
mier sinaTlis gardatexva da misi fokusireba ar xdeba
baduraze. anomaliis simZimis mixedviT gamoyofen defeqtis
232
sxvdasxva saxeebs: miopias anu axlomxedvelobas da
hi permetropias anu Sorsmxedvelobas. aseve kataraqta anu
Bbrolis amRvreva da sxva. mxedvelobis moSlilobas
sxvadasxva mizezebi iwvevs. magliTad: anTebiTi procesebi
Tvalis garsebisa, baduris agebulebis distrofia, kataraqta
anu brolis amRvreva, miopia _ sinaTlis sxivis gadatexvis
unaris dakargva, glaukoma _ Tvalis Siga wnevis darRveva
da sxva.
susti mxedvelobis simaxvile 0,05-dan 0,2-mde aRwevs
saTvalis gamoyenebiT. mxedvelobis daqveiTeba uaryofiTad
moqmedebs bavSvis inteleqtualur ganviTarebaze, gonebriv
aqtivobaze, SegrZnebebsa da aRqmaze. miuxedavad amisa, narCeni
mxedvelobis gafrTxilebasa da maqsimalurad gamoyenebas
didi mniSvnevneloba aqvs bavSvis fsiqikuri
ganviTarebisaTvis. narCeni mxedveloba saSualebas aZlevs
bavSvs iyos Cveulebriv baRSi, skolaSi, oRond
gansakuTrebuli zedamxedvelobis qveS, rac gulisxmobs
sakompensacio teqnikuri saSualebebis CarTvas. magaliTad,
kargi ganaTeba,sakoreqcio saTvaleebi, lupebi,teleskopuri
saTvaleebi da a. S.
mxedvelobis defeqtebs mosdevs seriozuli
garTulebebi, meoradi defeqtebi, Tu droze ar iqna
miRebuli prevenciuli zomebi. roca SegrZnebebis procesi
Seferxebulia, ver xerxdeba sagnebis movlenebis zusti
ARqma, saTanado informaciebis miReba, rac fsiqikur
procesebsa da inteleqtualur ganviTarebaze cudad
aisaxeba. dgeba safrTxe gonebrivi CamorCenilobisa. am
dros smenis organos akisreben damxmaris funqcias da
ramdenadac SesaZlebelia sityvebis saSualebiT awvdian
saTanado informacias sustad mxedvel bavSvs, aRsaqmeli
obieqtis Sesaxeb misi zustad warmosaxvisa da gagebis
mizniT.
bavSvis fsiqikuri da gonebrivi ganviTarebis defeqti
233
imiTac aris ganpirobebuli Tu ra asakSi xdeba
mxedvelobis daqveiTeba. rac ufro gvian eqneba adgili am
problemis gaCenas, miT nakleb problemuria masze
pedagogiuri zemoqmedeba. radgan defeqtis Camoyalibebamde
aRsazrdeli moaswrebda mxedvelobiTi SegrZnebebis
garkveuli maragis miRebas. Tu Tandayolil defeqtTan
gvaqvs saqme, aq ukve damZimebulia pedagogiuri situacia.
ufro samedicino daxmarebas saWiroebs, vidre pedagogiurs.
yvela kulturul qveyanaSi zrunaven gonebrivi da fizikuri
dfeqtis mqone bavSvTa aRzrda-ganaTlebisaTvis. aris
specialuri sakoreqcio skolebi usinaTloTa da
mxedveloba daqveiTebuli bavSvebisaTvis, romelic
aRWurvilia uaxloesi sakompensacio optikur-teqnikuri
saSualebebiT, cnobili brailis SriftiT, romelic didi
mowonebiT sargeblobs momxmareblebSi. asoebis, sxvadasxva
niSnebisa
da cifrebis reliefuri anu amoburculi damwerloba,
rac saSualebas aZlevs momxmarebels, kiTxva awarmoos xelis
saSualebiT.
Cveulebrivi skolis susti mxedvelobis moswavleebi
specialuri RonisZiebebis wyalobiT, jansaR bavSvebs didad
ar Camouvardebian pedagogiuri TvalsazrisiT. SemecnebiTi
interesi da saswavlo motiviacia aRZravs maT
TviTgajansaRebisaTvis aqtivobisaken.
pirovnebis yovelmxriv harmoniuli ganviTarebis saqmeSi
aranakleb mniSvnelovania smena. smenis analizatorebis
saSualebiT vismenT da varCevT erTmaneTisgan uamravi saxis
xmebs. bgerebi, sityvebi, winadadebebi, laparaki, musika
aTasnairi, CurCuli, yvirili, kivili, Cxubi, wivili, sisini,
yefa, knavili, bRavili, Sriali, Cqriali, guguni, braxuni,
kakuni da a. S. gvaZleven informacias am xmebis gamomcemTa
Sesaxeb. zogjer xmis zustad aRqmas SeiZleba sasicocxlo
mniSvnelobac ki hqondes. smenis saSualebiT vukavSiredebiT
234
dedamiwis nebismier wertils sakomunikacio teqnikuri
saSualebebiT. smenis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda musikiT,
poeziiT tkboba.
smeniT SegrZnebebs iwvevs bgerebiT daZruli haeris
talRebis zemqmedeba smenis organoze _ yurze. smenis
SegrZnebebs warmoSobs haeris talRis sigrZe, romelic
decibelebSi gamoixateba da rxevis sixSire, romelsac
gansazRvravs haeris rxevaTa raodenoba wamSi. saSualo
siZlieris metyveleba 60-70 decibels udris wamSi.
smenadobis minimumi da maqsimumi gansazRvrulia 20-dan
20.000-mde rxevis talRebiT. saRi smena saRi metyvelebis
sawindaria. smenis defeqtebs Seiswavlis defeqtologiis
meore dargi surdopedagogika.
smenis defeqtebad iTvleba smeniTi gamRizianeblebis
aRqmis unaris dakargvis iseT SemTxvevebi, roca amis gamo
bavSvi ojaxSi ver eufleba metyvelebas da msmenel
bavSvebTan erTad swavla ar SeuZlia. smenis paTologia
smenis analizatoris dazianebas mosdevs. smenis
analizatoris ganyofilebaTa dazianebis saxisa da
xarisxis mixedviT gansazRvraven defeqtis saxes. siyruves
da smenis daqveiTebas.
smenis funqciis yvelaze mZime darRvevebs siyruves
uwodeben. es is mdgomareobaa, roca bavSvs saerTod ar
esmis aranairi xma. siyruves mosdevs meoradi defeqtebi.
gansakuTrebiT metyvelebis problema _ simunje. amis gamo
ormagi jafa adgeba mxedvelobis organos. is iTavsebs
smenisa da sametyvelo aparatis funqciebs, Jestebis
wyalobiT, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia.
smenis defeqtis meore saxea smenis daqveiTeba.
smenadaqveiTebuls uwodeben iseT bavSvs, romelic
xasiaTdeba smenis nawilobrivi ukmarisobiT, ris gamoc
darRveuli aqvs metyvelebis ganviTareba. aseT bavSvebs
sWirdebaT 15-20-dan 75 decibeliT Zlieri gamRizianebeli,
235
vidre Cveulebriv bavSvebs. smenadaqveiTebuli bavSvis
ganviTarebis mTavari monacemia narCeni smena, romelzedac
unda imuSaos maswavlebelma. sakompensacio teqnikuri
saSualebebisa da savarjiSos gamoyenebiT bavSvi eCveva
narCeni smenis maqsimalurad gamoyenebas, rac gamoixateba
metyvelebis gaumjobesebaSi,codnisa da leqsikuri maragis
gamdidrebaSi.
smenadaqveiTebuli bavSvebis metyvelebis done
ganpirobebulia Semdegi faqtorebiT: debeqtis dadgomis
dro. Tu Ddefeqtma gvian iCina Tavi, bavSvs TiTqmis mTlianad
unviTardeba metyveleba, magram es Tu adreve moxda, saxezea
didi problema. meore faqtori aris specialuri zrunva
bavSvis metyvelebis ganviTarebaze skolaSi Sesavlamde,
xolo mesame faqtori _ es aris bavSvis aqtivoba, rom
daeuflos metyvelebas.
smenis defeqti, marTalia bevr problemebs qmnis bavSvis
ganviTarebis saqmeSi, magram rogorc specialurma
gamokvlevebma daadastures, umciresi gamonaklisis garda,
fizikuri ganviTarebis mxriv arafriT ar gansxvavdebian
isini janmrTeli, unaklo bavSvebisgan. miT ufro, Tu
sakompensacio zomebi droulad da optimalurad aris
gamoyenebuli.
Znelad aRsazrdelobis erTerTi seriozuli mizezia
metyvelebis defeqtebi. yvelaze didi da pirveli saocreba
13.8 organos dazianebiT aris gamowveuli, maSin mas
meorad defeqts uwodeben.
sametyvelo aparati ori ZiriTadi ganyofilebisagan
Sedgeba: periferiuli da centraluri. Tu romelia
dazianebuli, imis mixedviT arCeven metyvelebis paTologiis
saxeebs da Sesabamisad uwodeben centralursa da
periferiuls. pirvel SemTxvevaSi dazianebulia
metyvelebis centraluri ganyofileba, qerqis is nawili
da kvanZebi, romelic metyvelebas ganagebs. periferiuli
236
paTologiis dros ki ziandeba saartikulacio aparati,
gamtari nervebi. orive SemTxveva SeiZleba iyos organuli
an funqciuri xasiaTis. metyvelebis yvelaze mZime
anomaliebs iZleva sametyvelo aparatis organuli
dazianeba. organuli dazianebiT gamowveuli anomaliebia:
alalia, dizarTria, afazia, agrafia, disgrafia, aleqsia,
dileqsia da sxva.
alalia berZnuli sityvaa. “a” niSnavs aras,
lalia_metyvelebas. e. i. arametyvels, utyvs. simZimis
mixedviT arCeven alaliis ramdenime saxes: motorulsa da
sensoruls. orive SemTxvevaSi tvinis sametyvelo zonebia
dazianebuli. motoruli alaliisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
eqspresiuli metyvelebis ganuviTarebloba, leqsikuri
maragis siRaribe, araswori gamoTqma. sensoruli alaliis
dros gaZnelebulia sxvisi naTqvamis aRqmis da gagebis
unari da Sesabamisad verc TviTon agebinebs Tavis naTqvams
sxvas.
metyvelebis sxva defeqtebi kidev ufro mZimea da sakmaod
aferxebs bavSvis gonebriv ganviTarebas. radgan azri,
informacia sityvis meSveobiT Sedis tvinSi, Seferxebis
SemTxvevaSi leqsikisa da azris deficiti iCens Tavs da
uaryofiT gavlenas axens pirovnebis formirebaze.
problemas isic arTulebs, rom cudad metyveli bavSvi
cdilobs iyos TavisTvis da sityvier urTierTobebSi ar
CaerTos, rac SeiZleba naklebad gamoCndes misi nakli. es
SezRuduloba arabunebriv da ara sasiamovno
mdgomareobaSi ayenebs bavSvs metyvelebTan. amitom
garegnuladac SesamCnevi xdeba sxvebisgan raRac
gansxvavebuloba. pirvelad defeqts yovelTvis mosdevs
meoradi defeqti. magram es TvalSi sacemi rom ar gaxdes,
saWiroa specialistebis, aRmzrdel-maswavlebelTa
permanentul-intensiuri zrunva, damatebiTi pedagogiuri
RonisZiebebis gatareba. am TvalsazrisiT iTvlebian
237
gonebrivi da fizikuri naklis mqone bavSvebic Znelad
aRsazrdelad.
garemomcvel sinamdvilesTan urTierTobis
aucileblobidan gamomdinare, bavSvi metyvelebas iwyebs
daaxloebiT wlinaxevridan da ori wlisas ukve 300-mde
sityvas flobs, xolo sami wlisas ki 1200-mde aRwevs. 4-5
wlis asakSi ki metyvelebas garkveulwilad asakis
Sesabamisad praqtikulad dauflebulia. metyvelebis
xarisxi masze zrunviT ganisazRvreba. dadgenila, rom
metyvelebis ganviTarebis yvelaze senzivituri periodi
skolamdel asakSi modis. mas SeuZlia am asakSi ufro
advilad, Cveulebriv bunebriv yofiT pirobebSi aiTvisos
is enebic, romelic sistematiurad esmis quCis pirobebSi.
es naTlad Cans internacionalur ezoebsa da ubnebSi.
pedagogikis mecnierebis fuZemdebeli markus fabius
kvintiliane amitom ayenebda ase mkacrad swored, skolamdel
asakSi, metyvelebis ganviTarebisa da enis dauflebis sakiTxs.
is pirdapir avalebda mSoblebs iseTi ZiZisa da
maswavleblis SerCevas, romlebic mSobliur da berZnul
enas da metyvelebis kulturas zedmiwevniT iqnebodnen
dauflebuli da zneobrivadac gamorCeuli. dagvianebiT
dawyebuli metyvelebis sirTuleze miuTiTebs mglis
xrovaSi gazrdili 9 wlis kamalas magaliTi. man 7 weli
icocxla adamianTa sazogadoebaSi, magram mxolod 100-mde
sityvis SeTviseba moaxerxa, isic damaxinjebulad. radgan
sametyvelo fsiqikuri da fizikuri unarebi ganuviTarebeli
hqonda ametyvelebamde ara adamianur pirobebSi moxvedris
gamo.
es da sxava cnobili magaliTebi xazs usvams im faqts,
rom metyveleba urTulesi funqciuri sistemaa, romlic
mravali komponentis droul, SeTanxmebul da
koordinirebul moqmedebas moiTxovs. metyvelebis defeqti
egzogenuri iqneba Tu endogenuri, Sesabamisi saprevencio,
238
kompensaciuri Tu koreqciuli RonisZiebebis efeqturad
gatarebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli xdeba garkveulwilad
problemis minimumamde dayvana. amas adasturebs saskolo
praqtika. rogorc saTanado wyaroebi ityobineba, Tu rogor
mouxdenia saqveynod cnobil orators qsenofontes Tavisi
Tandayolili metyvelebis defeqtis sruli koreqcia. is
sistematurad muSaobda metyvelebis defeqtis
koreqtirebaze. pirSi kenWebs iyrida da ise laparakobda
xmamaRla, laparak-laparakiT gorakebze arboda da
Camorboda. erTxel kidev Tavi naxevrad gadauparsia, rom
quCaSi gamosvla ar SeZleboda da sardafSi xmamaRla
mecadineobda Turme, metyvelebis naklis mosaSoreblad.
misma mcdelobam saarako Sedegi gamoiRo da igi cnobili
gaxda rogorc didi oratori.
pedagogiur problemebs adgili aqvs bavSvTa emociur-
nebelobiTi gadaxrebis SemTxvevebSic. es, rogorc
specialistebi adastureben, namdvilad ar aris gonebrivi
CamorCeniloba, magram, samwuxarod, xSirad xdeba amisi mizezi.
amitom maswavlebels moeTxoveba garkveul informacias
flobdes am problemasTan dakavSirebiTac, rom SeZlos
mdgomareobis droulad garkveva da saTanado prevenciuli
zomebis miReba mosalodneli meoradi defeqtebis Tavidan
asacileblad. Tu problema mis kompetencias scildeba, ar
daayovnos specialistebis CarTva. amis saSualebas miscems
codnis is minimumi, romlis miReba SesaZlebelia Sesabamisi
literaturis moZiebiT defeqtologiis sferoSi. aq ki
mokle monaxazs gavakeTebT mkiTxvelis sworad
orientirebisaTavis.
emociur-nebelobiT sferoSi gadaxrebis ZiriTad
saxeebad iTvleba nervuli da fsiqonervuli gadaxrebi.
orive SemTxveva vlindeba bavSvis fsiqikuri aqtivobisa
da qcevis dros da sagrZnoblad xels uSlis garemosTan
normalur adaptacias, reqciis adekvaturobas, rac garkveul
239
diskomforts uqmnis urTierTobebSi. gadaxris es saxeobebi
medicinaSi cnobilia nevropaTiisa da fsiqopaTiis
saxelwodebiT.
nevropaTia anu Tandayolili nerviuloba SeiZleba
gamovlindes bavSvis dabadebisTanave. misi simptomebia: cudi
Zili, Wamisas Wirveuloba, Rebineba, kuWis aSla, xSiri tirili,
TiTis wova, mTeli sxeulis rweva, fexebis erTmaneTze xaxuni,
lukmis ReWvisa da gadaylapvis arabunebrivoba. Semdeg
TandaTanobiT TvalsaCino xdeba agznebadoba, mousvenroba,
fusfusi, ganuwyveteli moZraoba, guneba-ganwyobilebis
xSiri cvla, gafantuli yuradReba, TamaSebis wamdauwum
cvla, swrafi gabrazeba, emociebis siWarbe, magram gaboroteba
da gulRvarZlianoba ar axasiaTebs. aris nevropaTiurobis
meore ukiduresoba: gaubedaoba, zedmeti morcxvoba,
pasiuroba, umweoba, arakomunikabeluroba. Tumca es
darRvevebi SesamCnev gavlenas ar axdens maT fizikur
zrdaze, magram Tu saTanado zomebi droze ar iqna
gatarebuli, unebisyofobis gamo arasaxarbielo Sedegebi
maleve iCens Tavs, gansakuTrebiT gonebrivi ganviTarebis
TvalsazrisiT. imisda mixedviT, Tu ra saxis paTologiuri
gadaxra aqvs bavSvs, gansxvavebuli mkurnaloba da
individualur _ pedagogiuri midgoma sWirdeba.
fsiqopaTiur gadaxrebs bevri msgavseba aqvs
nevropaTiasTan, magram mas specifikuri niSnebic axasiaTebs.
es aris qcevis paTologiuri Secvla, romelic gamoixateba
Semdegi niSnebiT: Warbi emociuroba, SiSebi, instiqtebisa
da vitaluri moTxovnilebebis gaukuRmarTeba, zomierebis
grZnobis dakargva, gansakuTrebiT Wamis dros, ara aqvT
zizRis grZnoba, sisufTavis da, saerTod, sanitarul-hgienuri
normebis dacvis moTxovnilebebi, xSirad avlenen sadizmis
niSnebsac. magaliTad, awvaleben cxovelebs, umcros da sust
bavSvebs, ar eridebian ucnob situaciebs, xSirad cruoben,
tyuils iyeneben TavianTi saqcielis gasamarTleblad an
240
akrZalvebisa da dasjis meTodebiT cdiloben fons
gasvlas. amasobaSi defeqts eZleva saSualeba gafurCqvnisa.
akrZalva pedagogiuri meTodia, magram zusti
gansazRvrulobis gareSe wamdauwum misi gamoyeneba
ukuSedegs iZleva xolme.
ZneladaRsazrdelobis kategoriaSi Sedis Yyvelanairi
defeqtis mqone bavSvi, romelic aRzrdis dadgenil
standartebs ar eqvemdebareba da saWiroebs specialur
pedagogiur, fsiqologiur Tu samedicino RoisZiebebs
kompleqsurad, an erT-erT maTgans gaZlierebul reJimSi.
pedagogikuri literaturis analizi da realur
sinamdvileze dakvirveba iZleva saSualebas varaudisa, rom
morCil da mondomebul bavSvebTanac Tu ar Wris aRzrdis
mecierebasa da praqtikaSi aprobirebuli pedagogiuri
midgomebi da meTodebi, aucilebelia damatebiTi,
specialuri RonisZiebaTa sistemebis gatareba, zogjer
sxvadasxva specialistTa CarTva procesSi dadebiTi
Sedegebis misaRebad. es ki Zalin rTuli, Sromatevadi da
xangrZlivi procesia, romelic did ZalisxmevasTan aris
dakavSirebuli. saWiro xdeba specialuri prevenciuli,
sakompensacio da sakoreqcio teqnikuri da didaqtikuri
TvalsaCino masalebis gamoyeneba saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT
procesSi. roca amis saWiroebaa, cxadia, rom gaZnelebulia
pedagogiuri situacia.
ZneladaRsazrdeloba yovelTvis ganpirobebulia
sxvadasxva subieqturi da obieqturi faqtorebiT.
mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad saWiroa problemis
gamomwvevi zusti mizezebis dadgena da Sesabamisi
sakoreqcio pedagogiur RonisZiebaTa sistemis SemuSaveba.
aseT faqtorebad pedagogikaSi Tvlian avadmyofobas,
socialur mega, makro, mezo Tu mikro faqtorebs. am sferos
swavlobs socialuri pedagogika, qveynis politikuri da
ekonomiuri mdgomareoba, Sida dapirispirebuloba,
241
samoqalaqo da dampyrobluri omebi, stiqiuri
ubedurebebi, ekologiuri safrTxeebi, genomodificirebuli
sakvebi, ojaxuri mdgomareoba, fizikuri da moralur-
emociuri tramvebi, sizarmace, aRzrdisadmi araswori
pedagogiuri midgoma, maswavleblis arakompententuroba,
informaciuli deficiti, siyvarulis nakleboba, cudi wre,
alkoholuri da narkotikuli nivTierebebisadmi miZaleba
da a. S.
yvela ubedurebis mizezTa mizezi erTia. es aris
sulierobis, bibliuri codnis deficiti, yovlisSemoqmedis
mcnebebisa da kanonebisadmi daumorCilebloba.
roca ZneladaRsazrdelobas exeba saqme, aq xelaxla
aRzrdis problemac dgeba, rac bevrad aRemateba Cveulebriv
aRzrdas. magram mdgomareoba unugeSo ar aris Znelebze
zemoqmedebis Sesabamis kompleqsur RonisZiebaTa gatarebis
wyalobiT; Tu makoreqtirebel (da ara marto
makoreqtirebel) RonisZiebaTa sistemebs safuZvlad edeba
RvTiuri kanonebi da princi pebi, azrovnebis ganaxlebis
qristeseuli Sexedulebebi, miwierisa da zecierisadmi
gawonasworebuli midgomebi, pedagogiur, samedicino da
fsiqologiuri daxmarebebi, problema nawilobriv, an
garkveul SemTxvevaSi srulad gadaiWreba. gonebriv, fizikur
da moraluri defeqtisgan gankurnebuli bavSvebi
sazogadoebis Rirseul wevrebad aRizrdebian.

242
Tema XVII. ojaxuri aRzrda

sakiTxebi:

1. ojaxis cneba;
2. ojaxuri bednierebis gasaRebi;
3. ojaxuri aRzrdis bibliuri princi pebi;
4. mSobelTa uflebebi aRzrdaSi;
5. Svilebs mieciT kargi magaliTi.

ojaxi aris pirveli socialuri instituti, romelic


daafuZna yovlisSemoqmedma RmerTma samaradisod. ojaxis
cnebaSi moiazreba mowonebisa da siyvarulis safuZvelze
daqorwinebuli mamakacisa da dedakacis SeTanxmebuli
Tanacxovreba, gamravleba da Svilebis Rirseul pirovnebad
aRzrda. qristem Tqva: “Semoqmedma dasabamidan mamakacad
da dedakacad Seqmna isini . . . amitom miatovebs kaci mamas
da dedas, miewebeba Tavis cols da orni iqnebian erT
xorcad” (maTe 19:4,5). “amitom vinc RmerTma SeauRla, kaci
nu daaSorebs maT” (markozi 10:9). kacobriobis pirveli
winapari wyvilis adamisa da evas ojaxSi daibada dedamiwaze
pirveli bavSvi _ kaeni. aqedan Caeyara safuZveli ojaxur
aRzrdas. ojaxis simtkicisa da bednierebisaTvis uzenaesma
mmarTvelma Tavis qmnilebebs misca universaluri kanonebi
da princi pebi, romelic icavs yvela ojaxs borotebisa da
codvebisagan, vinc amiT xelmZRvanelobs.
biblia gvatyobinebs ojaxuri bednierebis
saidumloebebs. pirveli saidumlo aris siyvaruli.
siyvarulis unaric da magaliTic TviT RmerTma mogvca.
“RmerTma qveyniereba ise Seiyvara, rom Tavisi
mxolodSobili Ze misca, raTa visac is swams, ar daiRupos,
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aramed maradiuli sicocxle hqondes” (ioane 3:16). RvTis
Ze _ ieso qristec siyvaruliT iyo aRZruli, roca mamis
nebas daemorCila da kacobriobis gadasarCenad Tavi
gaswira. gonebiT, sibrZniT, siZlieriT da siyvaruliT Seqmna
RmerTma ca da miwa da rac masSia xelTuqmneli, rom
adamianebs bednierad ecxovraT mSvidobian da lamaz
garemoSi. da, rac mTavaria, qristem Tqva, rom WeSmariti
qristianebis amosacnobi niSani iqneboda RvTisa da moyvasis,
aseve mtris siyvaruli. adamianmac Seicno siyvarulis Zala
da Tqva: “rac mtrobas daungrevia, siyvaruls uSenebia”-o.
col-qmruli siyvarulic am diadi, amaRlebuli, RvTiuri
siyvarulis nawilia. romelsac swavla unda.
biblia gvamcnobs ojaxuri bednierebis meore gasaRebs.
es aris urTierT pativiscema. romaelebis 12:10-Si
vkiTxulobT: “pativiscemaSi erTmaneTs daaswariT”. sadac
pativiscema ar aris , iq arc siyvarulia. es ori Tviseba
erTmaneTTan dialeqtikur kavSirSia, erTmaneTs
ganapirobeben. pativiscemas sulieroba da moraluri
Tvisebebi udevs safuZvlad. amitom rCevaa bibliaSi, sanam
qal-vaJi grZnobebs gaumJRavneben erTmaneTs, kargad unda
gaicnon erTmaneTi. sadac siyvaruli da urTierT
pativiscema mkvidrobs, iq aris ukve danarCeni sikeTe:
erTguleba, ndoba, moTmineba da mimtevebloba, urTierTobis
kultura. “kanonebi: ar imruSo, ar mokla, ar moiparo,sxvisi
araferi isurvo da nebiesmieri sxa mcneba am erT mcnebaSia
Sejamebuli: “moyvasi sakuTari TaviviT giyvardes”.
“siyvaruli borots ar ukeTebs moyvass. amitom siyvaruli
kanonis Sesrulebaa” (romaelebi 13:8-10). col-qmrul
urTierTobas awesrigebs da problemebs aqrobs imis Segneba,
rom yoveli mamakacis Tavi qristea, colis Tavi _ qmari da
qristes Tavi _ RmerTi” (I korinTelTa 11:3). am ierarqiis
mixedviT, coli unda emorCilebodes da did pativscemdes
qmars. aseve qmaric valdebulia colis, xolo Svilebi ki
244
_ mSoblebis winaSe. am samTa kavSiris Sesaxeb
vkiTxulobT bibliaSi: “colebo, daemorCileT qmrebs,
rogorc ufalSia sakadrisi. qmrebo, giyvardeT colebi da
nu iqnebiT sastikni maT mimarT. bavSvebo, daemorCileT
mSoblebs yvelaferSi, radgan es mosawonia uflisaTvis.
mamebo, nu gaaRizianebT Svilebs, raTa ar danaRvliandnen”
(koloselebi 3:18-20).
mSoblebma es uzenaesi RmerTis mier boZebuli ufleba-
movaleoba unda gamoiyenon TavianTi Svilebis Rirseul
pirovnebad formirebisaTvis.
ojaxisa da ojaxuri aRzrdis pirovnul da
sazogadoebriv rolsa da mniSvnelobas yovelTvis cnobda
da aRiarebda kacobrioba. amas mowmobs pedagogikis
klasikosTa damokidebuleba am sakiTxisadmi.
mecnieruli pedagogikis fuZemdebeli, I saukunis
romaeli mecnier-pedagogi da oratori markus fabius
kvintiliane mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs ojaxuri
aRzrdis problemas Tavis “oratoris darigebanis” 12
tomeulSi. igi Tvlis, rom Cvili sawyis etapze ojaxSi,
mSoblebis mier yuradRebiT SerCeuli ZiZisa da
maRalkvalificiuri maswavleblis zedamxedvelobiT unda
izrdebodes, xolo 7 wlis asakidan bavSvi aucileblad
skolaSi unda swavlobdes. misi azriT, aRzrdaSi
aucilebelia siyvaruli, romelic gamoixateba siTboSi,
alerssa da moferebaSi, siaxloveSi, Tanadgomasa da dacvaSi
da a. S. amis saSualeba ki mxolod mSoblebs, sisxl-xorceul
naTasavebs gaaCniaT. amdenad mSobeli Seucvlelia.
kvintiliane xazs usvams bavSvis cnobismoyvareobisa da
mimbaZvelobis didi unaris mizanmimarTulad da
optimalurad gamoyenebis aucileblobas adreuli
asakidanve, radgan mimbaZvelobisa da cnobismoyvareoba
TandaTanobiT asakis momatebasTan erTad neldeba. raki
bavSvi ukve flobs garkveul informaciebs samyaros Sesaxeb,
245
hgonia, rom rac man icis, esaa yvelaferi da mSvidad eZleva
TviTkmayofilebas. es ganwyoba ki amuxruWebs mis SemecnebiT
interess da Sesabamisad inteleqtualur ganviTarebas.
ojaxuri aRzrdis problemas miuZRvna ian amos komenskim
Tavisi cnobili pedagogiuri traqtati “dedobrivi skolis
idea”. mecnieris azriT, skolamdeli asakSi unda Caeyaros
safuZveli yvela im TvisebaTa elementebs, rac aucilebelia
didobis dros. dasawyisSive, sanam satana dagvaswrebdes,
bavSvi unda izrdebodes qristes swavlebebiT,
RvTismoSiSobiTa da RvTismosaobiT.
jon lokis ojaxi miaCnda sxvaTa uzneobisagan
Tavdacvis mTavar garantad. mSoblebisgan moiTxovda
keTilzneobis magaliTi yofiliyvnen SvilebisaTvis. RvTis
mowiweba da Sromismoyvareoba CaenergaT aRsazrdelebSi.
Jan-Jak ruso gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebda
mSoblebis rols ojaxur aRzrdaSi. man deda gamoacxada
aRzrdis mTavar figurad: “ar aris deda, ar aris aRzrda”.
qarTuli pedagogikis fuZemdebels iakob gogebaSvils
enis SenarCunebisa da erovnuli cnobierebis ganviTarebis
saimedo kerad ojaxi miaCnda. gansakuTrebiT afasebda is
dedis rols Svilis aRzrdaSi. amitom moiTxovda igi qalTa
maRal ganaTlebas, radgan swamda, rom ganswavluli deda
kargi aRmzrdeli iqneboda.
vaJa fSavelam poeturi xotba Seasxa Rirseuli Svilis
aRmzrdel dedas: “ lamazi Svilis aRmzrdeli,deda micvnia
RmerTada”.
ojaxis am urTules, magram sapatio funqcias dResac
ar daukargavs Tavisi Zala, magram aRzrda dRes iseTi
problematuri gaxda, rogoric arasdros. XXI saukune
amoralurobis, borotebis, materializmisa, komerciisa da
egocentrizmis apogead iqca. mTeli xelTqmnili da
xelTuqmneli, bunebrivi da arabunebrivi simdidre da sikeTe
erTeulebis xelSi moeqca da miliardobiT adamians
246
siRaribeSi xdeba suli. daubalansebelma socialur,
politikur da ekonomiurma viTarebam Raribebs xom avno
da avno, magram ara nakleb ziani miadga mdidrebs moraluri
TvalsazrisiT. sixarbem, flobisa da gandidebis maniam
daaziana maTSi pirovneba da instiqtebis donze daiyvana.
“ama qveynisa ZlierTa” wyalobiT ojaxmac da skolamac
dakarga Tavisi funqcionaluri movaleoba. ojaxSi
fizikuri gadarCenis instiqtma imZlavra da sulierma
faseulobebma ukana planze gadaiwia. xelmiSvebuli bavSvi
darCa Tavis instiqtebTan. biologizaciam gadaaswro
socializacias da dairRva bavSvis yovelmxriv harmoniuli
ganviTarebis uzenaesi kanonic da uflebac. Tavis droze
solomon brZenma dawera: “Tavis nebaze miSvebuli ymawvili
dedis Semarcxvenelia”-o (igavebi 29:15).
dRes mSoblis rolis Sesruleba marTlac Zalian
rTulia, magram is mSoblebi, romelnic RvTis sityvas
mihyvebian, gamosavals ufro advilad pouloben da maTi
Svilebic pirovnuli RirsebebiT gamoirCevian. RvTis
rCevebis gaTvaliswineba imitom aris saukeTeso, rom
qorwinebisa da ojaxis damfuZnebulma RmerTma yvelaze
ukeT icis ra aris saWiro misi bednierebisaTvis. amitom
unda mivyveT mis xelmZRvanelobas da mis sityvas _ biblias.
radgan “mTeli wminda werili RvTisgan aris STagoneuli
da sasargebloa saswavleblad, Sesagoneblad,
gamosasworeblad da simarTleSi aRsazrdelad, raTa RvTis
kaci yvelaferSi Caxeduli da yovelmxriv momzadebuli
iyos kargi saqmisTvis” (2 timoTe 3:16,17). bibliuri rCevebi
xels Seuwyobs meuRleebs droulad gaicnobieron, rom
mSobloba aris seriozuli pasuxismgebloba RvTis,
sazogadoebisa da TviT Svilis winaSe, rom cudad aRzrdili
Svili ara marto ojaxisTvis, aramed sxvisTvisac problemaa.
mkvleli, qurdi, mruSi, umecari, matyuara, muqTaxora, moZalade,
xarbi, Suriani, egoisti da sxva romelime ukeTuri Tvisebis
247
matarebeli adamiani mTeli qveynis ubedurebaa. kargad
aRzrdili, brZeni, gonieri da zneobrivi pirovneba ki _
qveynis simdidre. amis potenciuri SesaZlebloba yvela
bavSvs gaaCnia Sesabamis pirobebSi, vinc gonebrivad da
fizikurad janmrTelia.
pedagogikis klasikosTa aRzrdis is princi pebi,
romelnic nebsiT Tu uneblied emTxveva bibliurs, JamTa
cvlas ar emorCileba da dRemde aqtualobas inarCunebs,
rac mis universalurobaze mianiSnebs. solomon brZenis
rCeva: “ymawvili misi gzis dasawyisSive gawvrTeni da
sibereSic ar gadauxvevs mas” (solomonis igavni 22:6). es
imas niSnavs, rom dabadebidanve unda daviwyoT bavSvis
aRzrda. zogadad miRebulia azri, rom bavSvis aRzrda
qalis saqmea. magram bibliuri TvalsazrisiT, ase ar aris.
Svilis aRzrdaze orive, dedac da mamac erTnairad arian
pasuxmgebelni. “moismine Svilo, mamaSenis darigeba da
dedaSenis kanons nu ugulebelyof”_ vkiTxulobT igavebis
1:8 muxlSi. yvelasaTvis cxadia, rom colqmris
mizanmimarTul TanamSromlobas aRzrdaSi ueWvelad kargi
Sedegi moaqvs. magram aq imasac aqvs didi mniSvneloba
TviT am MmSoblebs ra gamocdileba gamohyvaT memkvidreobiT
TavianTi mSoblebidan.
mSoblebma, upirveles yovlisa, gawonasworebuli
siyvaruli da siTbo unda gamoavlinon SvilebTan
urTierTobaSi. mecnierulad dadasturebulia, rom bavSvebi,
romelnic moklebulni arian mSoblebis alerssa da siTbos,
fsiqikurad da fizikurad normalurad ar viTardebian.
gansakuTrebiT jansaRi grZnobebisa da emociebis
ganviTareba, isev grZnobebisa da emociebis zemoqmedebiT
aris SesaZlebeli. magram es procesi bavSvis gonebriv,
sulier da zneobriv, esTetikur da fizikur aRzrdas
bunebrivad unda axldes da bavSvi codna-gamocdilebis
SeZenasTan erTad unda isrutavdes. marTalia, yvela mSobeli
248
pedagogi ar aris da is Teoriul doneze ver aiyvans
codnas, magram Tavisi damokidebulebiT, zneobrivi da
lamazi qceviTa da moqmedebiT Svilebs miscems karg
magaliTs, aziarebs patiosnebis, adamianebTan, bunebasTan,
cxovelebTan keTil da mzrunveli damokidebulebis
elementebs, sanitarul-higienuri normebis dacvas,
uzrunvelyofs skolisaTvis bavSvis momzadebas.
bavSvis socializacia rTuli da xangrZlivi procesia.
sanam aRsazrdeli Tavad gaarkvevs socialur-zneobriv
faseulobebs, igi eqceva aTasaobiT gaTavaliswinebul da
gauTvaliswinebel qveynierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel keTil
da ukeTur situaciaTa gavlenis qveS. da roca is skolaSi
modis, mas ukve Camoyalibebuli aqvs Taviseburi moraluri
kodeqsi, romlisgan ganTavisufleba arc ise ioli saqmea.
amitom mSoblebi valdebulni arian, gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba da dro dauTmon Svilebs, rom, rogorc komenskim
Tqva, sanam satana dagvaswrebs bavSvis fsiqikis dazianebas,
yvela zomebi iqnes miRebuli, mavne gavlenebis Tavidan
asacileblad. am saqmeSi saukeTeso rCevebs miviRebT, Tu
vixelmZRvanelebiT bibliuri principebiT. Cveni Semoqmedi
pirdapir GgvibrZanebs: “gulSi CaibeWde sityvebi, romlebsac
dRes gibrZaneb: Caagone Sens vaJs da elaparake maTze saxlSi
jdomisas, gzaze siarulisas, dawolisa da adgomisas” (meore
kanoni 6: 6,7). aq naTlad Cans, rom bavSvebs mniSvnelovani
dro unda davuTmoT da mivawodoT raRac mniSvnelovani
sasargeblo informaciebi, rac maT ganuviTarebs sulis
nayofebs: “. . . xolo sulis nayofia: siyvaruli, sixaruli,
mSvidoba, sulgrZeloba, sikeTe, yovelive kargi, rwmena, rbili
xasiaTi, TavSekaveba” (galatelebi 5:22,23). magram pirvel
rigSi TviTon mSobelma unda CaibeWdos Tavis gulSi, e. i.
TviTon unda hqondes es Tvisebebi ganviTarebuli, rom
bavSvma ara marto sityviT moisminos, aramed TviT mSoblebi
unda iZleodnen amis TvalsaCino magaliTs. distrvegma
249
Tqva: “SeuZlebelia misce sxvas is, rac Tavad ara gaqvs”.
visac aRzrda Tavad ara aqvs miRebuli, is verasodes ver
aRzrdis sxvas.
“elaparake maTze saxlSi jdomisas da gzaze
siarulisas”. laparaki unikaluri sakomunikacio
saSualebaa. magram mTavaria Sinaarsi, Tu raze velaparakebiT.
salaparako Tema unda akmayofilebdes bavSvis sulier
moTxovnilebebs, moicavdes rogorc saganmanaTleblo, aseve
zneobriv da esTetikur cnobebs. amis saSualebebs iZleva
sabavSvo moTxrobebi, leqsebi, gamocanebi, rebusebi,sabavSvo
multifikaciuri filmebi, tye-parkebi, flora, fauna, wyali,
miwa, haeri, mze, mTvare, varskvlavebi da a. S. yvelafer amaTze
da maT Semoqmed uzenaes RmerTze bavSvis yuradRebis
mi pyroba da saubari. bunebaze, realur sinmdvileze
uSualo dakvirvebiT aRzrdis unikalur magaliTs iZleva
fransua rable Tavis cnobil TxzulebaSi “gargantua da
pantagrueli”.
rac ufro axlo da meti urTierToba aqvT mSoblebs
SvilebTan, miT ufro maTze iqnebian damokidebuli da
naklebad moeqcevian miuRebeli gavlenebis qveS. bavSebTan
urTierTobaSi laparaki rom momabezrebeli ar iyos,
aucilebelia mosmena. bibliaSi Cawerilia, rom “yoveli
kaci mkvircxli iyos mosmenaSi da neli sityvasa da
risxvaSi” (iakobi 1:19). marto sentenciebi, gauTavebeli
Wkuisswavlebebi maleve kargavs Tavis aRmzrdelobiT Zalas.
amitom kargia Tu monacvleobis princi ps gamoviyenebT da
xSirad SevcvliT urTierTobis formebs. solomon BrZeni
ambobs, rom yvelafers Tavisi dro aqvs. “yovel saqmes aqvs
Tavisi dro cisqveSeTSi: Sobis dro da sikvdilis dro,
dargvis dro da dargulis amoZirkvis dro, mokvlis dro
da gankurnebis dro, dangrevis dro da aSenebis dro, tirilis
dro da sicilis dro, moTqmisa da cekva-TamaSis dro, qvebis
gadayris dro da qvebis Segrovebis dro, xvevnis dro da
250
xvevnisgan Tavis Sekavebis dro, Zebnis dro da
dakargvasTan Seguebis dro, Senaxvis dro da gadayris dro,
daxevis dro da dakerebis dro, dumilis dro da
siZulvilis dro, omis dro da mSvidobis dro” (eklesiaste
3:2-8). darigebebis Secvla erTad gaseirnebiT, garTobebiT,
simRerebiT, cekva- TamaSebiT, gamocanebisa da rebusebis
gamocnobiT, aseve erTad sadiloba, wignebis erTad kiTxva,
naTesavebisa da megobrebis monaxuleba da a. S. aseTi
urTierToba ojaxur mSvidobisa da bednieri momavlis
sawindaria orive mxarisTvis.
cnobilia, rom bavSvis gulSi da TavSi onformaciebis
Canergva advili ar aris. magram aris aRzrdis pedagogiuri
da bibliuri prini pebi da meTodebi, romelTa ostaturad
gamoyeneba namdvilad axdens saswaulebs. magaliTad, bavSvis
asakobrovi da individualuri Taviseburebebis, siyvarulisa
da pativiscemis,aRzrdaSi dadebiTze dayrdnobis, logikisa
da siyvarulis princi pebis optimaluri gamoyeneba,
SemecnebiTi interesisa da saswavlo motivaciebis gamowveva
bavSvs ayenebs im gzaze, romelsac mihyavs sikeTisa da
bednierebisaken. mizanmimarTuli da morgebuli
garemopirobebis mowyobis xelovnebas dauflebuli
mSoblebi da maswavleblebi advilad agvareben aRzrdis
problemas, vidre SiSvel praqticizmze da subieqtur
mosazrebebze mindobili aRmzrdelebi. Tu aRzrdaSi
sistematuroba da permanentuloba ar iqna daculi, es igivea,
rac alag_alag rgolgawyvetili jaWvi.
dagenilia, rom aRsazrdelis cxovrebaSi yvelaze rTul
periodad iTvleba gardatexis periodi. igi moicavs 12-15
wlebs. es sirTule am asakisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
fiziologiuri da fsiqologiuri cvlilebebiT aris
gamowveuli. Tu is pirveli 12 weli nayofierad imuSava
ojaxma da skolam, aRniSnuli sirTule SeiZleba
minimumamde iqnes dayvanili. skolam unda izrunos
251
mSobelTa pedagogizaciaze, rom isini mis aqtiur mokavSired
aqcios, rom erToblivi ZaliT mizani miRweuli iqnes.
mSobelTa pedagogizacia gulisxmobs maTi pedagogiuri
kulturis amaRlebas. mSoblebs garkveuli warmodgena unda
mieceT aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis, kanonebisa da
princi pebis, formebisa da NmeTodebis, gansakuTrebiT
aRsazrdelis asakobriv da individualuri
Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb.
mozardi gogonebisa da biWebis asakobrivi Tavisebureba
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom maT am periodSi axasiaTebT
sqesobrivi momwifeba, mozRvavebuli grZnobebi,
damoukideblobis moTxovnilebebi da ojaxisa da skolis
mier dadgenil SezRudvebs ver eguebian. amas isic emateba,
rom am asakSi fizikurad proporciuli ganviTareba
Seferxebulia, saxeze gamosdiT ferismWamelebi, advilad
iTenTebian da guneba-ganwyobileba ufuWdebaT iqamde, rom
zogjer nervozis an fsiqozis niSnebic ki aReniSnebaT.
marTalia, yvelas ara, magram bevrs rTulad, mtkivneulad
gadaaqvs es periodi. amis Sesaxeb mSoblebi aucileblad
unda iyon informirebuli. aseTi mozardebi jer kidev
gamoucdelebi arian da saWiroeben mSoblebisa da
maswavleblebisagan mxardaWeras, faqiz da gulisxmier
damokidebulebas, saWiro informaciebis miwodebas zogjer
pirdapir, zogjer kidev iribad, individualurad, bunebrivad.
mozardebs Zalian moswonT mSoblebisgan satrfialo
istoriebis an kuriozebis mosmena.
mozardebSi gansakuTrebiT saxifaToa interneti,
pornografiuli filmebi da gadacemebi. igi aucileblad
gamoiwvevs seqsologiur, moralur da emociur problemebs.
am mxriv aucilebeblia mSoblebma gamoiCinon didi
sifxizle da bavSvs SeuzRudon intrnetis Tavisuflad,
ukontrolod gamoyeneba. gamoiyenon axsna-ganmartebebi,
SemaSfoTbeli magaliTebi, eTikuri da dasanamusebeli
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saubrebi, rom uxerxuloba igrZnon aRsazrdelebma TavianTi
gadaWarbebuli ara eTikuri gatacebebis gamo.
dasjis meTodebi nacadi saSualebaa da yvelam viciT,
rom mis gareSe yovelTvis ver davaRwevT Tavs aRzrdasTan
dakavSirebul problemebs, miT umetes maSin, roca arc ise
bevri gakvikeTebia Tavidan da rac axla ar mogvwons, is
Sedegia xelmiSvebulobisa. roca mware Sedegi saxezea, mere
erTbaSad gamkacreba da radikaluri zomebis miReba ara
efeqturi meTodia. ganrisxeba SeiZleba ufro savalalo
SedegiT damTavrdes. aseT dros bavSvis saxlidan wasvla,
TviTmkvleloba an mcdeloba da msgavsi SemTxvevebi arc
ise iSviaTobas warmoadgens. mosalodneli xifaTebi Tavidan
rom avicdinoT, mSoblebs bevr daTmobaze uwevT wasvla.
magram did borotebas rom naklebi boroteba sjobia, esec
xom cxadia. aseT SemTxvevaSi umjobesia mozardisTvis
avtoritetuli pirovnebis delikaturi CarTva, romelic
Tvals auxels bavSvs, gaaxedebs momavlisken, Seuqmnis
warmodgenas sulier da zneobriv faseulobebze, cxovrebis
azrzze, amaRlebulsa da diadze. magaliTad, germaniaSi
aris speciauri samsaxuri, romelic Znelad aRsazrdelebs
miuCens specialists, romelic sakompensacio da sakoreqcio
pedagogiuri muSaobis Sedegad aRwevs sasurvel mizans.
SvilebTan urTierTobaSi mSoblebi kidev erT
gaucnobierebel problemas awydebian. saqme imaSia, rom
bavSvebi izrdebian da icvlebian, mSoblebi ki statistikur
mdgomareobas inarCuneben da maT Soris Sexebis wertilebi
TandaTanobiT erTmaneTs scildeba. mSoblebi SvilebisTvis
ukve aRar arian avtoritetebi. Cndeba umweobis Semcvel
kiTxva: ra vqna? RmerTi Tavis msenels arasodes tovebs
unugeSod: “rCevas mogcem da Tvali meWireba Senze”
(fsalmuni 32:8) es rCvebia: “miende RmerTs mTeli guliT
da sakuTar gonebas nu daendobiT” (igavebi 3:5); “siyvaruli
gamaerTianebeli srulyofili kavSiria”(koloselebi 3:14);
253
“ aRzarde Svilebi da guls gagixareben” (igavebi 29:17);
“Tqveni diax iyos diax, ara ki _ ara” (maTe5:37). “yvelaferi
wesierad da organizebulad xdebodes” (I korinTelebi
14:40) “mosmenamde pasuxis gacema ugunurebaa” (igavebi 18:13)
“sxvebs aswavli da sakuTar Tavs ara?” (romaelebi 2:21).
Cvens Semoqmedze ukeTes mrCevels versad vipoviT,radgan
man icis yvelaze ukeT, rogor unda aRvzardoT misi
mocemuli Svilebi. qorwineba xdeba nebayoflobisa da
siyvarulis safuZvelze uflebebisa da movaleobebis
SeTavsebiT, ojaxze pasuxismgeblobiT. mama, deda da Svili
_ samive mxare unda zrunavdes ojaxSi Seqmnan Tbili
atmosfero. urTierTsiyvaruli, urTierTpativiscema,
urTierTgageba, urTierTdaTmoba, erTmaneTis azris
gaTvaliswineba _ iseTi zneobrivi kategoriebia, rom yvela
tipis ojaxs moergeba. roca adamianebi erTmaneTs uyureben,
rogorc pirovnebebs, romlebsac aqvT ufleba
damoukidebeli azri hqondeT, yovelTvis gamonaxaven saerTo
enas.
mSoblebi valdebulni arian Svilebi arCinon, kargad
aRzardon da pasuxi agon maTze. es aZlevT uflebas
uxelmZRvanelon, uwinamZRolon pasuxi moTxovon TavianT
Svilebs. es RvTiTboZebuli uflebamosileba _ ojaxis
marTva maqsimalurad, mizanmimarTulad da efeqturad unda
iqnes gamoyenebuli maT sakeTildReod. imTaviTve unda
davadginoT wesebi da Sesabamisad vimoqmedeT. winaswar
Semoxazuli unda gvqondes wre uamravi iseTi pedagogiuri
variantebiT, aqedan romelic ar unda airCios bavSvma, yvela
misaRebi iyos. arCevani Tavisuflebis gancdasac da
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobasac gauCens bavSvs aqtivobisaTvis.
ojaxSi dadgenil wesebs yvela, didic da patarac erTnairad
unda emorCilebodes, rom man Tavisi funqcia ar dakargos.
mSoblis avtoritets gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs
aRzrdaSi. vinc sxvas aswavlis, is TviTon unda iyos
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naswavli. rasac bavSvs uwunebs mSobeli, is wuni Tavad ar
unda hqondes da im darigebebs damrigeblis qcevebSi unda
xedavdes, rom sarwmunod miiRos. mSobeli Tu bodiSs ixdis,
bavSvi swavlobs, rom Tavadac unda moibodiSos. Tu mSobeli
xmdabla laparakobs, bavSvic cdilobs xma auwyos. Tu
mSobeli yovelTvis sufTad aris da formaSia, Svilic
Seecdeba mas mibaZos. bavSvebi Zalian did yuradRebas
aqceven mSobelTa garegnul ier-saxes: Cacmulobas,
varcxnilobas, makiaJs, manerebs, metyvelebas da Tu es maT
ideals ar pasuxobs, upativcmulod eqcevian, maT moTxovnebs
naklebad emorCilebian.
Zalian mniSvnelovania mSoblebis mier maTi
uflebamosilebis gamoyenebis kultura. aRzrda ormxrivi
procesia da mxareebi TavianTi mdgomareobis Sesababisad
Tanaswor poziciebSi unda iyon. es imas niSnavs, rom bavSvs
mieces pirobebi Tavisi azri gamoTqvas, gadawyvetileba
TviTon miiRos da srulfasovan pirovnebad igrZnos Tavi,
mSoblebs kiTxos rCevebi, ar eSinodes saxlSi megobris
moyvanis, gamaspinZlebis; darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom
problemis dros mSoblebisgan miiRebs gagebasa da
Tanadgomas, rom ojaxia is adgili, sadac elodebian,
ufrTxildebian, masze fiqroben da mis bednier momavalze
zrunaven.
amrigad, ojaxur aRzrdaSi yvelaze efeqturi meTodebia
mSoblebis piradi magaliTi, SvilebisaTvis mniSvnelovani
drois daTmoba, maTi azrebisa da survilebis wakiTxva,
kanonieri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba, eTikuri saubrebi,
mesaidumloeba, TanagrZnoba, Tanadgoma da a. S. imis
gacnobiereba, rom mSoblebs Svilebis aRzrdaze ufro didi
saqme ar avaliaT, rom maswavlebeli am saqmeSi maTi yvelaze
kompententuri da erTguli mokavSirea.

255
Tema XVIII. pedagogiuri meTodebi

sakiTxebi:

1. meTodis cneba, meTodis daniSnuleba;


2. meTodTa kasifikacia da jgufebi;
3. verbaluri meTodebi da maTi daxasiaTeba:
4. wignze muSaobis meTodebi;
5. praqtikul-laboratoriuli meTodebi;
6. pedagogiuri kvlevis meTodebi.

meTodi berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs “gza raimesken”.


filosofiuri gagebiT ki _ miznis miRwevis saSualebas.
is dakavSirebulia Semecnebasa da TeoriasTan. aris zogadi,
sayovelTao da specialuri ama Tu im konkretul
mecnierebasTan dakavSirebuli meTodebi. TviT erT
konkretul mecnierebac moicavs zogadsa da konkretul
meTodebs. konkretuli meTodi gamodis zogadis wiaRidan
konkretuli situaciebis Sesatyvisad mocemuli mecnierebis
dargebis mixedviT.
pedagogiuri meTodebi, filosofiurisgan gansxvavebiT,
emsaxureba srulfasovani pirovnebis formirebas zogadad,
xolo ama Tu im asakobriv da individualuri
Taviseburebisa da saswavlo sagnis swavlebis miznis,
Sinaarsis, principebisa da formebis mixedviT xdeba zogadi
pedagogiuri meTodebis konkretizacia.
pedagogiur meTodTa daniSnulebaa drois, energiis,
masalebis, sulier da fizikuri Zalebis minimaluri
daxarjviT maqsimaluri Sedegebis miRweva aRzrdaSi.
yovelmxriv harmoniulad ganviTarebuli, gonebrivad,
sulierad, zneobrivad, esTetikurad, fizikurad
srulyofili pirovnebis formirebis urTulesi gzis
Semokleba, gaadvileba da uzrunvelyofa.

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pedagogika meTodTa sam sistemas moicavs: pedagogiuri
kvlevis meTodebi; saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi meTodebi;
kerZo anu sagnobrivi meTodebi.
samecniero pedagogiuri kvlevis meTodTa daniSnulebaa
gamoikvlios da daadginos aRzrdis mizani, amocanebi,
kanonebi da kanonzomierebani, principebi, meTodebi, formebi,
saSualebebi, yovelive is, rac dakavSirebulia mTlianad
pedagogikuri mecnierebis ganviTarebasa da saerTod,
pedagogiuri procesebisa da sistemebis, aRsazrdelis
pirovnebad formirebisa da aRmzrdel-maswavlebelTa
profesiuli momzadebis sferosTan. pedagogiuri kvlevis
meTodTa sistema moicavs sam ZiriTad mimarTulebas:
uzogadesi, zogadmecnieruli da specialuri.
uzogadesi anu dialeqtikuri meTodi warmoadgens yvela
mecnierebis meTododlogiur safuZvels, da iZleva
movlenebis Seswavlisadmi zogadi midgomis bazas, romelsac
akonkretebs calkeuli mecnierebani Tavisi kvlevis obieqtis,
sagnisa da miznis Sesabamisad. kvlevis zogadi meTodebis
realizacias konkretul kvlevebSi axdens
zogadmecnieruli da specialuri, konkretul-mecnieruli
meTodebi.
Semecnebis zogadmecnieruli meTodebi gamoiyeneba yvela
an rig mecnierebaTa sferoSi. aseT meTodebs miekuTvneba
eqsperimenti, maTematikuri meTodebi da sxva.
zogadmecnieruli meTodebi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
mecnierebaSi da TiToeuli maTgani irgebs mas Tavisi
specifikis Sesabamisad da mWidro kavSirSia konkretul-
mecnierul meTodebTan mravalferovani kombinaciebiT.
pedagogiuri problemebis gadasaWrelad gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs ukve Camoyalibebuli saswavlo-
aRmzrdelobiTi procesis faqtobrivi mdgomareobis
Seswavlas, mis Teoriul gaazrebasa da mowinave pedagogiur
gamocdilebaTa SemoqmedebiTad aTvisebas, gaanalizebasa,
ganzogadebasa da sistematizacias. pedagogiuri kvlevis
yvelaze gavrcelebul meTodTa ricxvs miekuTvneba

257
dakvirveba, saubari, anketireba, interaqtiuli gamokiTxva,
moswavleTa mier Sesrulebuli produqciisa da saswavlo
dokumentaciis gacnoba.
winaswar igegmema pedagogiur sferoSi mecnieruli
kvlevis mizani, obieqti, sagani, amocanebi, SeirCeva Sesabamisi
meTodi, kvlevisTvis saWiro yvela teqnikuri da didaqtikuri,
audio da video masalebi, dro, adgili, monawileebi da a. S.
dakvirvebis meTodi gamoiyeneba ama Tu im pedagogiuri
movlenis an mis calkeul specifikuri mxaris Sesaxeb
mniSvnelovani masalebis mosapoveblad. dakvirveba xdeba
bunebriv an specialurad Seqmnil pirobebSi gansazRvruli
gegmis mixedviT.
saubris meTodi gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, roca mizanSia
cdispirTa poziciis, msoflmxedvelobis, mrwamsis,
damokidebulebebis, Sefasebebis, mosmenisa da metyvelebis
kulturis ganviTarebis donis dadgena. saubari
mimdinareobs bunebriv, Tavisufal pirobebSi, yovelgvari
Canawerebis, kiTxvebis dasmisa da pasuxebis dafiqsirebis
gareSe, mkvlevaris mier winaswar SerCeuli Temis irgvliv,
grZnobebis da poziciis Tavisuflad gamovlenis
TvalsazrisiT.
interviurirebis meTodi, gansxvavebiT saubris meTodisa,
Riad gamoiyeneba. am SemTxvevaSi kiTxvebis Sedgena xdeba
winaswar misaRebi informaciis Sesabamisad da aseve Riad
fiqsirdeba pasuxebi.
anketirebis meTodi SedarebiT farTo gasaqans iZleva.
aq SeiZleba erTdroulad gamokiTxuli iqnes mTeli masa
adamianebisa: moswavleebi, maswavleblebi, mSoblebi, skolis
fsiqologebi, teqnikuri muSakebi da a. S. mkvlevarTa mier
winaswar Sedgenili werilobiTi kiTxvarebi urigdebaT
adresatebs gansazRvruli reglamentiT, aseve werilobiTi
pasuxebis gasacemad. SeiZleba gamokiTxva iyos anonimuri
konfidencialurobis saWiroebis mixedviT an saxeldebiTi.
aRniSnul meTodTa gamoyenebisas daculi unda iyos
Semdegi moTxovnebi: kiTxva unda iyos erTmniSvnelovani,

258
martivi, gasagebi. Rirebuli, pasuxis survilis aRmZvreli
da kvlevis miznis Sesabamisi pasuxebis momcemi.
faqtobrivi monacemebis misaRebad mniSvnelovan wyaros
warmoadgens cdis pirTa piradi dokumentebi da maTi
namuSevrebi. dokumentebSi Sedis saklaso Jurnali, piradi
saqmeebi, samedicino istoria, dRiuri, krebebisa da sxdomebis
oqmebi. maTi Sesawavla iZleva mniSvnelovan monacemebs
moswavlis yofaqcevisa da akademiuri moswrebis Sesaxeb.
aseve mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasadgenad.
moswavleTa namuSevrebSi igulisxmeba nawerebi, grafika-
naxazebi, SemoqmedebiTi produqcia: leqsebi, Canaxatebi,
naxatebi da a. S. aRniSnuli masalebis anlizi iZleva
saSualebas maTi individualurobis, akademiur-
inteleqtualuri ganviTarebisa, niWierebisa da
miswrafebebis Sesaxeb.
dasaxelebuli meTodebiT mniSvnelovani informaciebis
mopoveba SeiZleba, magram es ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis,
rom movlenebi Seswavli iqnes siRrmiseulad mTeli
logikuri kavSirebis speqtris gamovlinebiT da, miT ufro,
SeuZlebelia, rom SemuSavdes axali pedagogiuri
rekomendaciebi da praqtikaSi dainergos. eqsperimenti
aris is meTodi, romelic sxva meTodebis daxmarebiT
uzrunvelyofs am siRrmiseul gamokvlevasa da kvlevis
Sedegebis mecnieruli da praqtikuli Rirebulebis
saimedoobas. Tu kvlevis sxva meTodebis meSveobiT
fiqsirdeba realuri pedagogiuri sinamdvile, eqsperimenti
yovelTvis axdens obieqtur kanonzomierebaTa aRmoCenas.
eqsperimenti ornairi reJimiT tardeba: bunebrivi
eqsperimenti da specialurad organizebuli
laboratoriuli eqsperimenti. skolis pirobebSi
ZiriTadad tardeba bunebrivi eqsperimentebi, rom ar
dairRves pedagogiuri reJimi, saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi
procesi. xolo roca mizanSia iseTi aucilebeli
monacemebis miReba, rasac ver uzrunvelyofs bunebrivi
eqsperimenti, maSin mimarTaven meores.

259
eqsperimentuli kvlevis komponentia mecnieruli
hi poTeza, romlis WeSmaritebis dadgenas emsaxureba
aRniSnuli meTodi. mecnieruli hi poTezis anu varaudis
formulirebas safuZvlad udevs sxvadasxva meTodebis
saSualebiT mopovebuli dokumenturi monacemebisa da
samecniero literaturis analizis Sedegebi.
pedagogiuri kvlevis pirveli etapia obieqtis
Sesawavlis safuZvelze faqtobrivi masalebis mopoveba
da Tavmoyra. Semdeg, meore etapze xdeba mopovebuli
masalebis analizi da konkretuli faqtebidan Teoriul
ganzogadoebaze gadasvla. Teoriuli analizis procesSi
mkvlevari movlenebs Soris eZebs mizez-Sedegobriv
kavSirebs, urTierTdamokidebulebebs, urTierT
ganpirebulobebs, adgens im pirobebs, ramac warmoSva
arsebuli Sedegi, gamoyofs SemTxveviTobas
aucileblobisgan da gamohyavs pedagogiuri obieqturi
kanonzomiereba. Teoriuli meTodi gamoiyeneba samecniero-
pedagogiuri da misi mosazRvre mecnierebaTa wyaroebis
da saskolo cxovrebis praqtikidan mopovebuli masalebis
saanalizod, rom ganisazRvros idealursa da realurs,
miRweulsa da misaRwevs Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba da am
gansxvavebis gamomwvevi mizezebi. saTanado literaturis
Teoriuli analizis safuZvelze dgindeba ZiriTadad is
pedagogiuri kriteriumebi, romelic mkvlevars aZlevs
saSualebas realurad arsebuli cdomilebis dadgenisa
da am kriteriumebze sworebisa. pedagogiuri kriteriumi
asrulebs sazomis funqcias.
kvlevis maTematikuri meTodebidan pedagogikaSi
gamoiyeneba registracia raodenobis, ranJirebis, Skalirebis,
statistikuri meTodi da sxva.
registraciis meTodi avlens garkveuli Tvisebebis
raodenobriv maCveneblebs cdispirTa TiToeul da mTeli
jgufis mixedviT. es SeiZleba iyos akademiuri moswreba-
CamorCeniloba, gakveTilze daswreba-gacdena an dagvianeba
da sxva.

260
ranJirebis meTodi (rangis mixedviT dajgufeba)
gulisxmobs Segrovili monacemebis garkveuli
TanmimdevrobiT, zrdis an klebis mixedviT dalagebasa da
kuTvnili adgilis miCenas. magaliTad: friadosnebi,
kargosnebi, samosnebi da a. S. an gamarjvebulebi da
damarcxebulebi.
Skalireba, rogorc kvlevis raodenobrivi meTodi,
gamoiyeneba pedagogiuri movlenebis ama Tu im mxaris
cifrobrivi maCveneblebiT Sefasebis dros. cdispirebs
usvamen kiTxvebs, romlebamac pasuxi unda airCion “ki”,
“ara”, “nawilobriv” nomris mixedviT. nomris raodenobis
mixedviT dadgindeba Skalac.
miRebuli Sedegebis normasTan SepirispirebiT
dadgindeba Sesatyvisoba an piriqiT, Seusabamoba. magaliTad,
normad iTvleba Tu moswavles aTvisebuli aqvs 85-90%. an
swor pasuxTa raodenoba amdenive procents faravs; Tu
bevrad CamorCeba am procents Tvlian, rom programa aris
Zneli, an pedagogi ver akmayofilebs profesiul dones, an
moswavles aqvs raRac problema. am monacemebis analizi
iZleva saSualebas realuri mizezis dadgenisa.
pedagogiuri kvleviT mopovebul masalaTa mTeli dastis
analizisa da maTematikuri damuSavebisas gamoiyeneba
statistikuri meTodi saSualo simaRlis, dispersiis,
saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris, variaciis koeficientisa
da a. S. gamosaTvlelad.
pedagogiuri kvlevis saboloo etaps warmoadgens misi
Sedegebis praqtikaSi danergva, romelic dakavSirebulia
RonisZiebaTa farTo kompleqsTan. rodesac eqserimentiT
dadasturdeba mecnieruli hi poTezis WeSmariteba, misi
mecnieruli da praqtikuli Rirebuleba, Semdg saWiro xdeba
am siaxlis praqtikaSi danergva, sxva pirobebSi gadatana.
amisaTvis mimarTaven mis propagandas presisa da sxva
mediasaSualebebis, samecniero konferenciebis, pedagogiuri
Sekrebebisa da sxdomebis meSveobiT. garkveuli drois
Semdeg xdeba misi masobrivi gavrceleba da moqmedebs manam,

261
sanam dros gauZlebs. Tavisive wiaRSi icvleba da
viTardeba drois moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, magram genokodi
ucvleli rCeba. amas mowmobs dakvirvebis, Sedarebis,
eqsperimentis meTodebi da sxva.
pedagogiuri kvlevebis Catarebis, movlenebis siRrmeebSi
wvdomis, arsebobisa da ganviTarebis ucnobi, an miviwyebuli
obieqtur kanonzomierebaTa mignebsken gzas xsnis
samecniero-pedagogiuri da meTodikuri literaturis
kiTxva, misi SemoqmedebiTad aTviseba. gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania pedagogikisa da saskolo praqtikis
istoriis codna da Rirebulis gaTvaliswineba ori
TvalsazrisiT: istoriuli memkvidreobiTobis, genokodis
urRveobisa da aRmoCenilis xelaxla aRmoCenis amao
garjis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. klasikuri pedagogikis
Seswavlisa da Rrmad gagebis gareSe sip qvaze subieqturi
mosazrebebiTa da SiSveli praqticizmiT an kidev “modaze”
brmad miyolas, adgilobriv eTnikur-kulturuli
specifikurobis gauTvaliswineblad, Sedegad mosdevs erT
gacveTil wreze Tavbru damxvevi uazro brunva. amitom
aucilebelia jer gavecnoT dRemde miRweuls da codna-
gamocdilebis mTidan gadavxedoT samyaros, rogorc amas
akeTebdnen gamoCenili adamianebi. minda aq gavixseno didi
niutonis sityvebi. Tu me Cems TanamedroveTa Soris sxvaze
maRali vCandi, es imitom, rom gigantTa mxrebze videqio.
pedagogiuri kvlevis warmatebas pedagogikis mecnierebsa
da praqtikos maswavleblebs Soris TanamSromloba,
konsultaciebis miReba ganapirobebs. maswavlebelma Tavis
profesiul movaleobas Tavi rom warmatebiT gaarTvas,
amisaTvis saWiroa, upirveles yovlisa, gaicnos da
Seiswavlos Tavisi aRsazrdeli yovelmxriv; daadginos
misi asakobrivi da individualuri Taviseburebebi,
gonebrivi da zneobrivi ganviTarebis done. am monacemebis
misaRebad unda SeeZlos mini diagnostikur gamokvlevebis
Catareba, an saWiroebisamebr mecnieris CarTva, rom bavSvis
bunebasTan SesabamisobaSi moiyvanos pedagogiuri

262
zemoqmedebis saSualebebi. rogorc uSinskim Tqva, Tu gvinda
bavSvi yovelmxriv harmoniulad aRvzardoT, yovelmxriv
unda vicnobdeT maso.
zemoT ganxiluli iyo pedagogiuri kvlevis mTodebi,
maTi jgufebi da saxeebi. amjerad SevexebiT saswavlo-
aRmzrdelobiT sistemaSi Semaval meTodebs. swavleba-
aRzrdis meTodebi iseve ganuyofelia, rogorc Tavad
swavleba da aRzrda. swavlebis aRmzrdelobiTi funqciis
realizeba warmoudgenelia, calcalke, erTmaneTisgan
izolirebulad: swavlebis meTodebad da aRzrdis
meTodebad dayofiT, rogorc es aris Tanamedrove
pedagogikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi. swavlebis meTodebi
didaqtikis ganyofilebaSia avtonomiurad, xolo aRzrdis
meTodebi gadawyobilia aRzrdis Teoriis ganyofilebaSi.
zog saxelmZRvaneloSi jer didaqtikis Teoria iswavleba
sxva dros, sxva semestrSi. Semdeg iwyeba aRzrdis Teoria,
an piriqiT. iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos didaqtika aris
raRac calke damoukidebeli mecniereba. arada didaqtika
Cveulebriv pedagogikis sinonimia da meti araferi.
pedagogikis Semoqmedebma, misma klasikosebma, maT Soris
ian amos komenskim gana didaqtikaSi ar moaqcia swavlebac
da aRzrdac?! didaqtika pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT xom Wkuis
swavlebas, darigebas niSnavs, pedagogikac xom amasve
aRniSnavs. isic xom cnobilia, rom yovelives samyaroSi
TavTavisi, erTaderTi saxeli hqvia, xolo sinonimebi mxolod
misi elferis, patara niuansebis aRmniSvnelia da mTavars
avsebs mxolod. pedagogikis moqmed saxelmZRvaneloebSi
ki didaqtika lamis sxva mecnierebad aris gamocxadebuli.
aseTi midgoma amaxinjebs da Zalas ukargavs pedagogikis
mecnierebas. es ki yovlad dauSvebelia. es exeba ara marto
meTodebs, igive viTarebaa pedagogiur princi pebTan
dakavSirebiT, romlis Sesaxeb ukve visaubreT iq, sadac
princi pebs vixilavdiT.
maSasadame, Cven organulad urTierTdakavSirebul
meTodebs ar vyofT calke swavlebis meTodebad da calke

263
aRzrdis meTodebad, Cven mas ganvixilavT rogorc erTian-
ganuyofel saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi process erTi
miznisken mimaval erTian faqtors. ar arsebobs araviTari
calke swavlebis da calke aRzrdis meTodebi. arsebobs
aRzrdis meTodebi. aRzrda ki swavlebis, ganaTlebis, codnis
gareSe ar arebobs. srulfasovnad aRzrdilia pirovneba
Tu igi naswavlia da ganaTlebuli. amis gareSe rac xdeba,
is aris, gazrda, zrda. es procesi ki, rogorc cnobilia,
biologiuri terminebiT aRiniSneba.
axla ki SevudgeT swavleba-aRzrdis meTodTa Teoriul
analizs. pedagogiuri meTodi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
niSnavs pedagogiuri generaluri miznis _ yovelmxriv
harmoniulad ganviTarebuli, gonebrivad, sulierad,
zneobrivad, esTetikurad da fizikurad srulyofili
pirovnebis formirebis gzas, xerxs, saSualebas. meTodTa
daniSnulebaa saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesi gaxados
misawvdomi, gasagebi, saintereso, advilad dasaZlevi, rom
daZlevis procesma aRsazrdels mianiWos moraluri
kmayofileba, esTetikuri siamovneba da Seuqmnas saswavlo
motivacia. dadebiTad ganewyos swavlisadmi, skolisadmi,
maswavleblisadmi da codnis umniSvnelovanesi wyaros _
wignisadmi. pedagogiuri miznis, amocanebisa da Sinaarsis
konteqstSi Casmuli optimalur meTodTa da princi pTa
kombinaciebiT SesaZlebelia Zalian rTuli da Zneli
informaciebic advilad da sainteresod avaTvisebinoT
moswavleebs. meTodTa efeqturoba misi SedegiT
ganisazRvreba. ar arsebobs universaluri receptebi
aRzrdisa, magram aris uamravi pedagogiuri saSualebebi,
romelTa SemoqmedebiTad gamoyeneba migviyvans miznamde.
meTodi efeqturia, Tu is drois, Zalisa da masalebis
minimaluri daxarjviT iZleva maqsimalur Sedegs.
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi meTodebia: verbaluri anu
zepirsityvieri, wignze muSaobis meTodebi, praqtikul-
laboratoriuli, Segnebaze zemoqmedebis da kerZo anu
sagnobrivi meTodebi. am meTodTa CarCoSi anu wreSi

264
Tavsdeba danarCeni, yvela saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi
meTodebi.
verbaluri meTodebi iyofa or jgufad: akromatikuli
anu monologiuri da eroTematikuli anu dialogiuri.
monologiuria meTodebi, rodesac erTia mTqmeli,
danarCenebi ki _ msmenelebi. xolo dialogiuria meTodebi,
romelSic orive mxare Tanabrad monawileobs, roca yvela
monawile gasubieqtebulia pirvelTan SedarebiT.
akromatikul anu monologiuri tipis meTodTa jgufSi
Sedis Txroba, aRwera, komentari, leqcia, informacia,
instruqtaJi, darwmuneba, waxaliseba, dasja, moxseneba, angariSi,
daskvna da a. S.
eroTematikuli meTodebia: saubari, kiTxv-pasuxebi,
interviu, diskusia, paeqroba.
Txrobis meTodi niSnavs saswavlo Temis Sinaarsis ise
gadacemas, rom moswavleebma gaigon ZiriTadi Tema, idea
siuJeti, personaJebi, saxelebi, saxelwodebebi, TariRebi, cneba-
terminebi, faqtebi, movlenebi, urTierTobebi, zneobrivi
Tvisebebi, da a. S. Txrobis meTodi ZiriTadad emyareba
konkretul-saxier azrovnebas, amitom is gamoiyeneba
dawyebiT klasebSi. erTdaimave gakveTilze gamoiyeneba
meTodTa da xerxTa kompleqsi, magram mas, romelsac wamyvani
adgili uWiravs mocemul pedagogiur situaciaSi, is iTvleba
mTavar meTodad, xolo danarCeni damxmare saSualebebi ki
_ damxmare meTodebad da xerxebad. aRweriTi Txroba imiT
gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi Txrobisagan, rom aq yuradReba
maxvildeba sagnis an movlenis garegnul niSnebze: forma,
feri, moculoba, raodenoba, sisuste, zoma-wona da a. S.
komentaris dro xdeba Sinaarsobrivad, an faqtis, an mTavari
azris gamokveTa da axsna-ganmartebis micema Tavis
Sexedulebisamebr; leqcia doneTa mixedviT orgvaria:
saskolo leqcia da umaRlesi skolis leqcia. leqcia
eyrdnoba abstraqtul azrovnebas da amitom is gamoiyeneba
ZiriTadad umaRles saswavlebelSi, xolo nawilobriv
ufros saskolo asakSi. Txrobis meTodisagan gansxvavebiT

265
mas eTmoba gakveTilis umetesi dro, an kidev mTeli
gakveTili. umcros da saSualo asakis BbavSvebi fizikurad
da fsiqikurad jer kiev ise ar arian momwifebulni, rom
erT saganze, erT procesze ase didxans SeaCeron yuradReba,
radgan jerjerobiT abstraqtul-dialeqtikuri azrovnebis
umniSvnelo elementebs floben, rac sakmarisi ar aris
saswavlo masalis gasagebad. leqciuri meTodisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia: problemis dasma, debulebebi,
koncefciebi, Teoriuli aspeqtebi, klasifikaciebi,
argumentaciebi, sxvadasxva mtkicebulebebi, ganzogadoeba,
sistematizacia da a. S. leqciis efeqturobas ganapirobebs
struqturuli agebis logika, sworad dagegmva, azrobriv
monakveTebad dayofa da yoveli monakveTis reziumireba,
paralelebi, Sedarebebi, saTanado TvalsaCino didaqtikuri
masalebis gamoyeneba da a. S. aseve tempi, diqcia, maxvilebi,
xmis simaRle da sxva.
instruqtaJis meTodis daniSnuleba werilobiTi an
zepiri instruqciis micema moswavleTaTvis gakveTilis
momzadebis, saSinao davalebisa da savarjiSoebis
Sesrulebis, ZiriTadi da damxmare literaturis, saswavlo
teqnikuri saSualebebis, audio da video Canawerebis,
internetis da sxva sainformacio saSualebaTa gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb. Sesasrulebeli davalebis simZimis mixedviT
iyeneben instruqtaJebs. magaliTad, Tu davaleba rTulia
da axali, romlis Sesrulebis unar-Cvevebi jer ar gaaCniaT,
maSin eZlevaT werilobiTi instruqtaJi da saTanado nimuSi
anlogiisaTvis. xolo zepiri instruqtaJi ki _ ukve
nacnobis gasamtkiceblad.
eroTematikuli anu dialogiuri meTodebi
uzrunvelyofs ormxriv aqtiur CarTvas saswavlo
procesSi. SemecnebiTi procesis monawile maswavlebeli
da moswavleebi wamoadgenen mopirdapire mxareebs. saubris
Tema aucileblad nacnobi, ufro metic, naswavli unda
iyos, rom moswavleebma SeZlon dialogSi Tavisuflad
CarTva. sasaubro Tema winaswar aris momzadebuli. mxolod

266
organizebas uwevs maswavlebeli, rom sworad, gamarTulad
da sasargeblod warimarTos saubari. maswavlebels
winaswar aqvs SerCeuli mniSvnelovani kiTxvebi an sakiTxebi,
an TviTon moswavleebs gamoaqvT sasaubro Temidan maTTvis
saintereso kiTxvebi an sakiTxebi, romlis irgvliv unda
gaimarTos msjeloba. saubris meTodma unda uzrunvelhyos
faqtebis, cnebebisa da kanonzomierebebis aTviseba; adre
naswavlTan paralelebis povna da urTirTdakavSireba,
mexsierebis gavarjiSeba, xarvezebis koreqcia, analizisa
da daskvnebis gakeTebis unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba da a. S.
saubris meTods aRmzrdelobiTi mizniTac gamoiyeneba. karg
saubars SeuZlia gamoiwvios darwmuneba, STagoneba,
sasaubro Temisadmi dadebiTi ganwyoba, subieqtis
motivireba da aqtivizacia.
kiTxva-pasuxebis meTodi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba
axalaxsnili masalis aTvisebis Semowmebisa da ganmtkicebis
anu katexizaciis, aseve frontaluri kiTxvebi _ wina
masalidan klasis codnis Semowmebis dros. es ki saSualebas
iZleva raime naklis, xarvezebis droulad Tavidan
acilebisa, codnis gaRrmavebisa da ganmtkicebisa.
interviurirebis meTodsac Tavisi adgili ukavia
eroTematikul meTodTa Soris. aqac winaswar aris
gansazRvruli adresati, Tematika, kiTxvebi, imis da mixedviT,
Tu ra informaciis miReba gvsurs. Riad xdeba kiTxvebisa
da pasuxebis dafiqsireba. am gziT miRebuli informaciebis
analizi da daskvnebis gakeTeba, an kidev daskvnebis gareSe
faqtis dafiqsireba.
pedagogikaSi cnobili da nacadi meTodia diskusia. is
laTinuri warmomavlobisaa da niSnavs gansjas, gamokvlevas,
sakamaTo sakiTxebis sajaro ganxilvas. diskusia efuZneba
garkveul Teoriuli codna-gamocdilebis marags. diskusiis
Tanmxlebi komponentebia problemis gacnoba, gadaWra da
WeSmaritebis dadgena sarwmuno argumentebiT. diskusiis
dros adgili aqvs logikur msjelobas, gansxvavebuli
TvalsazrisTa urTierTanalizsa da urTierTSefasebas da

267
erToblivi gadawyvetilebis miRebas. garda imisa, rom
diskusiis procesSi miiRweva WeSmaritebis dadgena,
amasTanave mas moraluri aspeqtic gaaCnia. sakuTari azris
gamoxatvisa da oponirebis kultura, jansaRi kritika.
diskusiis meTodi moswavles exmareba TviTSefasebisa da
TviTSecnobis, codn-gamocdilebis gaRrmavebis
aucileblobis Segnebis amaRlebaSi. ganxilvis procesSi
naTeli efineba sadiskusio Temis bundovan, sakamaTo mxares.
diskusiis sworad warmarTvas unda akontrolebdes
maswavlebeli da gzadagza saWiroebisamebr unda ereodes
kidec.
paeqrobis meTods didi xnis istoria aqvs. mas axlavs
Sejibrebis elementebi. paeqroba moicavs eqspromtebs,
gamocanebs, andazebs, enissatexebs, gaSairebas. misi mizania
gamarjvebulis gamovlineba. igi moiTxovs farTo ganaTlebas,
erudicias, codnis marags, warmoTqmis kulturas da a. S.
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT procesSi gansakuTrebuli
SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs TvalsaCinoebis meTods. mas
pedagogiur princi psac uwodeben imis da mixedviT
pedagogiuri procesis Tu ra konteqstSi gamoiyeneba. igi
gakveTilze xan meTodad gvevlineba, xan kidev pedagogiur
xerxad. Tu imis saSualeba aris, rom saswavlo masala
naturalur mdgomareobaSi warmovadginoT, is uSualod
SegrZnebebis saSualebiT pirdapir cnobierebaSi aRibeWdeba
da warmoisaxeba. TvalsaCinoebis meTodi or did jgufad
iyofa: ilustraciisa da demonstraciis meTodebad.
ilustraciis meTodi moicavs plakatebs, rukebs, naxatebs
suraTebs, mecnierTa portretebs da a. S. demonstraciis
meTodi niSnavs saswavlo obieqtis audio da vizualuri
saSualebebiTDdemonstrirebas, romelsac aucileblad
axlavs komentirebis meTodic.
codnis Semowmeba-Sefasebis meTodebia zepiri,
werilobiTi an grafikuli gamokiTxva, testuri Semowmeba
da a. S.
waxalisebis meTodi SeiZleba iyos sityvieri,

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werilobiTi, materialuri waxaliseba, dajildoeba
damsaxurebis mixedviT.
wignze muSaobis meTodebi mokrZalebulad
gamoiyurebian, sinamdvileSi yvelaze did saqmes
emsaxurebian. wigni aris codnis amouleveli wyaro.
kacobriobis mier dagrovili codna-gamocdilebis sacavi,
kacobriobis sulieri saunje. moswavleebSi wignis
siyvarulis gaRviveba da informaciebis damoukideblad
mopovebis unar-Cvevebi aRzrdis naxevari saqmea. wigni
uwyinari, uvnebeli, saimedo, uRalato, maradiuli megobari
da erTguli mrCevelia. kompiuteri mecnierebis udidesi
monapovaria, magram win veraferi daudgeba wigns. wigni
SegiZlia ikiTxo yvelgan, yovelTvis, Sin da gareT, gzaSi,
karSi, mjdomare, mdgomare, mwoliare da a. S. rodis
moveswrebiT, rom ojaxSi yvela mis wevrs hqondes
individualuri kompiuteri?! sikeTesTan erTad, rac ram
sisaZaglea qveynad, internetSia Calagebuli, romelsac
dawafebuli arian mozardebi da mTel gonierebisa da
sibrZnis dagrovebis Zvirfas dros mas axmaren da
tvingabruebulebi, zneobaSeryvnilebi, sulieroba
warwymedilebi midian skolaSi da umaRles saswavleblebSi.
mSoblebi da maswavleblebi SeSfoTebulni arian, magram
problemas verafers uxerxeben. mTavaria, ras rogor
viyenebT. Tu borotad gamoviyeneT, erT Rer asanTs SeuZlia
mTeli qveyana gadawvas.
wignze muSaobis meTodebia: individualuri, jgufuri,
koleqtiuri, komentirebuli da deklamatoruli kiTxva.
wakiTxulis dagegmareba, dakonspeqteba, Tezisebis,
referatebis momzadeba, anotacia, recenzireba da a. S.
praqtikul-laboratoriuli meTodebi Teoriisa da
praqtikis urTierTdakavSirebis, piradi gamocdilebis
miRebis Seucvleli saSualebaa. praqtikuli meTodi
moicavs moswavlis saskolo saqmianobis mTel speqtrs.
praqtikuli meTodebia: weriTi savarjiSoebi, grafikueli
naxazebis, sqemebis, rukebisa da atlasebis Sedgena da sxva.

269
praqtikuli meTodi sxvadasxva xerxebis meSveobiT
aorganizebs saswavlo praqtikul process. es xerxebia:
davalebis micema, misi dagegmareba, procesis mimdinareobis
marTva, stimulireba, regulireba, gakontroleba, Sedegebis
Semowmeba-Sefaseba, xarvezis gamovlineba, mizezis dadgena,
koreqtireba da sxva.
praqtikul meTods miekuTvneba agreTve SromiTi
saqmianoba skolis saxelosnoebSi, saswavlo _ mwarmoeblur
saamqroebSi, moswavleTa banakebSi, savele pirobebSi: yana,
citrusi, Cais plantacia, venaxi da a. S. aqve igulisxmeba
saswavlo saxelosnoebSi qaRaldis,xis, liTonis da sxvaTa
gadamuSavebisa da gadammuSavebeli danadgarebTan, sxvadasxva
eleqtroxelsawyoebTan muSaobis unar-Cvevevbis
gamomuSaveba.
laboratoriuli meTodi praqtikuli meTodis
nairsaxeobaa. movlenebze, sagnebze uSualo dakvirvebisa
da procesSi monawileobis saSualebas iZleva.
laboratoriuli meTodi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba
sabunebismetyvelo da teqnikur sagnebSi. mas gakveTilis
nawili eTmoba da mimarTulia Teoriuli codnis
praqtikulad gamoyenebisa da TviT Teoriuli codnis
gaRrmaveba-ganmtkicebisaken. cdebis Catareba, saWiro
xelsawyoebTan Sexebisa da gamoyenebis codna da sxva.
praqtikul-laboratoriuli meTodi aucileblad
dakavSirebulia verbalur da TvalsaCinoebis meTodebTan.
sanam praqtikul-laboratoriuli meTodis realizacias
moaxdenen, iyeneben Sesaval sityvas davalebaze da mis
SesrulebasTan dakavSirebul pirobebze, usafrTxoebis
zomebze, procesis Tanmimdevrobasa da Sedegze da a. S.
saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo meTodTa wreSi Tavsdeba agreTve
sxva pedagogiur urTierTobebTan dakavSirebuli Siga, gare,
pirdapir da irib mimarTebebSi myofi ZiriTadi da damxmare
meTodebi, xerxebi da maTi uamravi niuansebi.
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mastimulirebeli, makoreqtirebeli, makontrolebeli
meTodebi.
mastimulirebeli meTodis funqcia aris moswavleSi
gamoiwvios warmatebiT miRebuli sixarulis gancda,
moraluri kmayofileba, esTetikuri siamovneba. SemecnebaSi
hpovos man TviTdamkvidrebisa da TviTrealizaciis
saukeTeso saSualeba. pedagogikaSi aris rekomendaciebi,
romelTa gaTvaliswineba uzrunvelyofs aseTi grZnobebisa
da emociebis gamowvevas moswavleebSi. magaliTad,
maswavlebelma iseTi kiTxvebi, davalebebi, savarjiSoebi
unda moumzados gasaaqtiurebel moswavleebs, romlebic
advilad dasZleven mas da momdevno analogiuri davalebis
Sesrulebasac safuZvlad daedeba. TanadgomiT,
keTilganwyobiT, daZabulobis moxsniT maswavlebelma Zala
unda apovninos sust moswavles TavisTavSi. amas ki
sistematuri xasiaTi unda hqondes manam, sanam amis saWiroeba
iarsebebs waxalisebis meTodebis TanxlebiT. Segnebaze
zemoqmedebis meTodTagan gansakuTrebul Zalas flobs
darwmunebis meTodi. igi xels uwyobs WeSmariti
informaciis aqtiur miRebas da misdami dadebiTi
damokidebulebis gamomuSavebas msmenelSi. darwmunebis
meTodis mTavari arsi WeSmariti informaciebi, sityvisa
da saqmis erTianoba, mtkice argumentaciebi, piradi
TvalsaCino magaliTebi da Sesatyvisi Sedegebia.
pedagogiur meTodTa sistemaSi Sedis kerZo anu
sagnobrivi meTodika. aseTi meTodika imdeni saxisaa,
ramdenic saswavlo sagania. magaliTad: qarTuli enis
swavlebis meTodika, maTematikis swavlebis meTodika da a.
S. kerZo meTodikis daniSnulebaa gansazRvros zogadi
pedagogikis safuZvelze konkretulad mocemuli sagnis
saswavlo aRmzrdelobiTi potenciali, mizani, amocanebi,
Sinaarsi, saganTaSorisi kavSirebi da sxva. Oorientireba
moxdinos pedagogikis generaluri miznis _ pirovnebis
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gonebrivi, zneobrivi, sulieri, esTetikuri da fizikuri
srulyofisken.
maSasadame, pedagogikis meTodTa sistemaSi Sedis
pedagogiuri procesebidan gamomdinare meTodTa Semdegi
jgufebi: pedagogiuri kvlevis meTodebi, saswavlo-
aRmzrdelobiTi meTodebi, darwmunebis da kerZo anu
sagnobrivi meTodebi. aRniSnul meTodTa efeqturoba
damokidebulia maswavlebis ostatobaze, mis pedagogiur
xelovnebaze.

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Tema XIX. pedagogiuri xelovneba

sakiTxebi:

1. pedagogiuri xelovnebis arsi da mniSvneloba;


2. pedagogiuri xelovnebis safuZvlebi: codna, unar-
Cvevebi, siyvaruli da pativiscema;
3. pedagogiuri taqti;
4. pedagogiuri mWevrmetyveleba. komunikabeluroba;
5. pedagogiuri eTika da sulieroba.

pedagogiuri xelovneba pedagogikuri mecnierebis


nawilia, Teoriuli da praqtikuli codna-gamocdilebiT,
maswavleblis saukeTeso profesiuli da pirovnuli
TvisebebiT Sezavebuli. maswavleblis profesiis
specifikuri Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas
andoben Yyvelaze Zvirfass da unikalur qmnilebas _Svils.
romelSic RvTis mier Cadebulia potenciuri SesaZlebloba,
gaxdes yovelmxriv harmoniulad ganviTarebuli, gonebrivad,
zneobrivad, sulierad, esTetikurad da fizikurad
Camoyalibebuli srulfasovani pirovneba. am misiis
aRsruleba aRmzrdel-maswavleblisgan moiTxovs, Tu
figuralurad vityviT, Tavs, guls, xelebs. es imas niSnavs,
rom maswavlebeli pedagogikis mecnierebis, fsiqologiisa
da specialuri saswavlo sagnis Rrmad codnis garda, unda
flobdes, am codna-gamocdilebis SemoqmedebiTad, mocemul
konkretul pedagogiur situaciis Sesatyvisad praqtikuli
gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebs. pedagogikis mecniereba mxolod
ostatis xelSi muSaobs. amitom Tu profesiuli problemebi
gvaqvs, pedagogika arafer SuaSi ar aris, problema Cvens
profesionalizmSi unda veZeboT.
pedagogikuri mecniereba gvatyobinebs Tu ra pedagogiuri
iaraRebi sWirdeba aRzrdas, xolo misi erTerTi sistema,

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pedagogiuri xelovneba ki _ Tu rogor gamoviyenoT es
iaraRebi, rom pedagogiuri mizani miRweuliqnes.
pedagogikur literaturasa da saskolo praqtikaSi
pedantebi svamen kiTxvas: pedagogika mecnierebaa Tu
xelovneba? mavanTmavani iqamdec ki midis, rom uapelaciod
acxadebs: pedagogika ar aris mecnierebao. Tu pirovnebis
aRzrdis mecniereba ar aris mecniereba, maSin rogorRaa
mecniereba mefrinveloebis mecniereba, mecxoveleobis
mecniereba, santeqnikis mecniereba da a. S. amgvari uzustobis
zusti pasuxi aseTia: pedagogika aris mecnierebaTa
mecniereba, radgan arasdros aravin mecnieri ar gamxdara
aRzrdis gareSe. pedagogiuri xelovneba aris maswavleblis
mier pedagogikuri mecnierebis ostaturad, SemoqmedebiTad
gamoyeneba aRzrdis praqtikaSi. igi efuZneba pedagogikur,
fsiqologiur da sxva mosazRvre mecnierebaTa codnasa da
misi gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebs, profesionalizms,
aRsazrdelis siyvarulsa da pativiscemas. aseve am codnaSi
igulisxmeba, upirveles yovlisa, pedagogiuri Sromis
obieqtis _ aRsazrdelis yovelmxriv: pedagogiur,
fsiqologiur, fiziologiur aspeqtSi Seswavla, misi
asakobrivi da fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebis dasadgenad.
samyaroSi adamiani ibadeba yvelaze ususuri yvela arsebaTa
Soris, rac imTaviTve mianiSnebs mis gansxvavebul misiasa
Tu daniSnulebaze. RmerTma adamianis siyvaruliT aRsavse
batonobas dauqvemdebara mTeli dedamiwa da, rac masSia:
“Seqmna RmerTma adamiani Tavis xatad . . . Seqmna isini
mamakacad da dedakacad da uTxra maT RmerTma: inayofiereT,
gamravldiT, aavseT dedamiwa, daepatroneT mas da Tqven
gemorCilebodnen zRvis Tevzebi, cis frinvelebi da yvela
cocxali arseba dedamiwaze.” . . . “ai mogeciT yvela
Teslovani mcenare mTeli miwis pirze, da Teslis nayofis
momcemi yvela xe” ( dabadeba 1:27,28,29). aseTi didi misiisTvis,
rogoricaa samyaros movla da patronoba, adamians didxans
sWirdeba momzadeba. sxva arsebaTa daniSnuleba mxolod
arsebobaa, xolo saarsebo saSualeba ki Segnebuli Sromis

274
gareSe, mzad eZlevaT. adamiani, rogorc RvTis xatad da
msgavsad Seqmnili unikaluri, Semmecnebeli da Semoqmedi
bio-socialuri arseba ki biologiur, socialur garemosa
da aRzrdis faqtorTa mizanmimarTuli, Tanmimdevruli da
sistematuri zemoqmedebiT srulfasovan pirovnebad unda
iqces. es ki urTulesi, xangrZlivi da Sromatevadi
aRzrdelobiTi procesia, romelsac warmarTavs pedagogi
Teoriuli pedagogiuri codnisa da mis SemoqmedebiTad
gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebis safuZvelze. pedagogiuri codnis
Teoriul da praqtikul aspeqtSi igulisxmeba pedagogiuri
procesebisa da sistemebis da maTi komponentebis:
pedagogiuri miznis, amocanebis, kanonebis, kanonzomierebis,
ganaTlebis Sinaarsis, princi pebisa da meTodebis, axali
paradigmebisa da teqnologiebis, swavlebis didaqtikuri
da teqnikuri saSualebebis, codna-gamocdilebisa da unar-
Cvevebis Semowmeba-Sefasebis saxeebisa da kriteriumebis,
mocemul pedagogiur situaciasTan Sesatyvisad
pedagogiuri Sromis koordinireba-integrireba,
organizacia da konkretizeba, misi optimizaciisa da
intensifikaciis safuZvelze.
am uzarmazari pedagogiuri meqanizmis amoqmedeba, misi
miznobrivad da gegmazomierad moZraobaSi moyvana
pedagogikis mecnierebisa da pedagogiuri xelovnebis
logikur-dialeqtikur kavSirSi moyvaniT aris SesaZlebeli.
amaSia aRzrdis obieqturi kanonzomiereba.
pedagogiuri xelovneba aRsazrdelis Segnebaze, mis
grZnobasa da emociebzea orientirebuli da igi mizans
aRwevs zemoqmedebis amave instrumentebiT. kerZod,
samarTliani moTxovnebis, siyvarulisa da moswavlis
pirovnebisadmi pativiscemis pedagogiur prini pTa marjve,
ostaturi gamoyenebiT. saqmisadmi midgomis pedagogiuri
stili gansazRvravs pedagogiuri xelovnebis efeqturobas.
bavSvebis siyvarulis saukeTeso magaliTi dagvitova RvTis
Zem, ieso qristem. “iesom moixmo patarebi da Tqva: mouSviT
bavSvebi CemTan, nu akavebT, radgan magnairebisaa RvTis

275
samefo” (luka 18:16). bavSvebTan axlos yofna, mofereba, maTi
azris gaTvaliswineba, kanonieri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba,
maTi socializaciisaTvis saWiro codna-gamocdilebis
moTminebiT, misawvdomad, sainteresod gadacema, maTdami
siyvarulisa da pativiscemis gamovlinebaa, rasac maTi
mxridanac adekvaturi reaqcia mohyveba usaTuod. siyvaruli
da urTierTpativiscema RvTiuri princi pia da vinc amas
avlens sxvis mimarT, is amiTac RvTis nebis Semsrulebelia.
pedagogiuri xelovnebis komponentia pedagogiuri taqti,
rac zomierebis grZnobas, gawonasworebulobas niSnavs.
Tu zomiereba ver an ar daicva maswavlebelma moswavleebTan
urTierTobaSi, misi damokidebuleba am ukanasknelis mier
araobieqturobad, usamarTlobad iqneba aRqmuli da
maswavlebelis avtoriteti ecema. uavtoriteto
maswavleblis sityva ki Zalas kargavs da problemebi iCens
Tavs pedagogiur urTierTobaSi. pedagogiuri taqti
aregulirebs zemoqmedebis droulobasa da sivrcobriobas,
Seqmnil situaciasTan Sesatyvisobas. sokrate
maswavleblebs arigebda, rom cxel gulze gamotanili
ganaCeni arasodes ar aris obieqturi. araobieqturobas ki
SesaZlebelia ufro mZime Sedegebi mohyves: bavSvis
ganawyeneba, undobloba, gulgatexiloba an agresiuloba.
es ki CaiTvleba rogorc maswavleblis marcxi. amitom
Tvlida didi filosofosi taqtianobas pedagogiur
atributad. taqtianoba ki siyvarulisa da pativiscemis
grZnobaze viTardeba. taqtianobas gansakuTrebuli
pedagogiuri mniSvneloba aqvs gardamaval asakSi. am dros
bvrad maRalia mozardis mgrZnobeloba asakobrivi
Taviseburebis gamo, rac aucileblad unda iyos
gaTvaliswinebuli masTan urTierTobaSi. maswavlebli
yvela situaciaSi unda flobdes Tavis Tavs, pedagogiuri
teqnikis mTel kompleqss; akontrolebdes Tavis qcevas,
gamoxedvas, Jetikulacias, xmis tons, grZnobebs, moZraobebs,
mixvra-moxvras da a. S. erTi sityva sxvadasxva elfers
iZens, ufo metic, azrsac ki icvlis tonis mixedviT. amis

276
magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT akaki wereTlis cnobili
sitvebi. es didi mgosani miefera Turme mezoblis BbavSvs
da mouwoda: iswavle, Svilo, iswavle, mamaSeniviT viri ar
gamoxvideo. bavSvma akakis sityvebi gaimeora ojaxSi, rasac
mamis ganrisxeba mohyva. poetma mxolod mZime gadaadgila:
iswavle, Svilo, iswavle mamaSeniviT, viri ar gamoxvideo.
ase martivad ganmuxta konfliqturi stuacia sasiqadulo
poetma.
pedagogiuri mWevrmetyveleba pedagogiuri xelovnebis
umTavresi nawilia. metyveleba _ es aris samyaros pirveli
da ganumeorebeli saocreba, adamianis RvTiTboZebuli
unikaluri unari, mWevrmetyveleba ki _ am unaris mwvervali.
warmoidgineT erTi wuTiT, adamianebi metyvelebis gareSe?
“utyvi adamianebi erTmaneTisgan daSorebul kunZulebs
daemsgavsebodnen” _ wers enaTmecnieri. metyvelebasTn
dakavSirebiT bibliaSi vkiTxulobT: “sibrZne sityviT
Seicnoba da codna enis metyvelebiTo” (sibrZne ziraqisa
4:24). oratoruli xelovnebis prioritetul mdgomareobaze
miuTiTebs ritorikis saistorio wyaroebi: demosTenes
“reCi”, aristoteles “ritorika”, ciceronis “oratori”,
Temistiosis XXVII sityva, kvintilianes “oratoris
darigebani” (12 wignad), anton I “wyobilsityvaoba”, ioane
batoniSvilis “kalmasoba”, s. dodaSvilis” ritorika, n.
kandelakis “qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba” da uamravi sxva da,
rac mTavaria, sibrZnis uSreti wyaro, biblia savsea
oratoruli xelovnebis ubadlo nimuSebiT: fsalmunebi,
qristes qadagebani, satanasTan kamaTi, pavle mociqulis
mimarTvebi da a. S. azrisa da formis harmoniuli erTianobis
unikaluri nimuSebia.
ritorikis qarTuli terminologiis da masTan
dakavSirebuli epiTetebisa da gamonaTqvamebis, dargebisa
da Janrebis mravalferovneba mWevrmetyvelebis
Semswavleli mecnierebis – ritorikis sisruleze da
TviTmyofadobaze, mis droiTa da sivrciT SeuzRudoebaze
miuTiTebs. n. kandelaks ritorikis terminologiaSi 70-

277
mde termini, epiTeti da antonimebi aqvs aRnusxnuli,
romelTa meqanikuri damaxsovrebac ki adamians ritorikis
leqsikuri marags gaumdidrebda. saWermetyvelo
terminologiisa da epiTet-gamoTqmebis, aseve mis antonimebis
simdidre SeuzRudavi enobrivi potenciiT aris
ganpirobebuli. ritorikis mecnierebis sistemis
mravalmxrivobasa da mravalferovnebze metyvelebs agreTve
misi dargobrivi da Janrobrivi simdidre. dRemde cnobilia
mWevrmetyvelebis Semdegi dargebi: samqadageblo, sadarbazo,
samxedro, samosamarTlo, sadResaswavulo, saparlamento,
samgloviaro, saganmanaTleblo anu pedagogiuri
mWevrmetyveleba, moralur-aRmzrdelobiTi da sxva,
romlebsac Seesatyviseba qvedargebi: samoZRvro, saxotbo,
sazeimo, sagodebeli, sapaeqro, saelCo, pedagogiuri,
epistolaruli, da a. S. Janrebi: qadageba, swavleba, damoZRvra,
sityva, moxseneba, qeba, Sesxma, milocva, samZimari da sxva _
yvela erTad Seadgens ritorikis Sinaars.
rogorc ritorikis klasikosebi miuTiTeben,
mWevrmetyvelebis process qmnis RirsSesaniSnavi Sinaarsi,
forma, mizani da Sesrulebis ostatoba. Sinaarsi moicavs
Temas, motivs, ideas. igi, kvintilianes mixedviT, unda iyos
sasargeblo, mniSvnelovani, gasagebi da lamazi.
mWevrmetyvelebis SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT Tavis sityvaSi
“gvirgvinis Sesaxeb” ambobs: “Rirebulebas warmoadgens
oratoris sityva ara TavisTavad da arc JReradoba misi
xmisa, aramed is, Tu raoden iziarebs igi xalxis gulisnadebs
da ramdenad sZuls an uyvars adamianebi.” romaeli oratori
ciceroni aRniSnavs: “lamazad laparaki,rogorc WeSmariti
oratori metyvelebs, sxva araferia, Tu ara lamazi azrebis
SerCeuli sityvebiT gamoxatva. mWevrmetyvelebis Teoriis
mixedviT, oratorul stils ganapirobebs tropi, figura
da keTilxmovaneba Tavisi Semadgeneli saxeebiT: Sedareba,
metafora, epiTeti, metonomia, perifrazi, gradacia, inversia,
anafora, sinonimebi, omonimebi, antonimebi, evfemizmi, ritmi,
ritorikuli SekiTxvebi, ritorikuli SeZaxilebi da sxva.

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mWevrmetyvelebis mizani arkvevs, Tu risTvis vlaparakobT,
saiT miviswrafiT da ras unda mivaRwioT, moicavs daskvnebs,
debulebebs, argumentebs, romelTa meSveobiT xdeba
damtkiceba, darwmuneba, zegavlena. mWevrmetyvelebis
ostaturi Sesrulebis xerxebad iTvleba metyvelebis
teqnika: xmis simaRle, simZlavre, pauza, maxvilebi, intonacia,
mimika, Jestikulacia, dgomis poza, mixvra-moxvra da a. S.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinre, mWevrmetyvelebis process
apirobebs CamoTvlil koponentTa da xerxTa kombinacia,
maTi SemoqmedebiTad, mocemul situaciasTan Sesatyvisad
gamoyenebis xelovneba. amasTan dakavSirebiT m. f.
kvintiliane wers: “gana ar iciT, rom SxamsawinaaRmdego da
sxva wamlebi, romlebiTac avadmyofebi inkurnebian, mzaddeba,
sxvadasxv nivTierebebisagan, romlebic calcalke aRebulni,
sapirispiro moqmedebebs axdenen, xolo Sereulad, Tumca
es naerTi Tavis arc erT nawils ar gavs, TiToeulisagan
misi samkurnalo Zala gamodis?! gana ar vxedavT, utyvi
mwerebi sxvadasxva yvavilTa wvenebisagan rogor amzadeben
adamianisaTvis xelmiuwvdenel sitkboebas (Tafls _ g. x.)
da , nuTu unda gvikvirdes, rom sityva, es fasdaudebeli
RvTis mier boZebuli niWi, moiTxovs mraval mecnierebas,
romlebic Tumca ki sityvaSi ar Canan, magram saocar farul
Zalas aniWeben mas da Tavs uCinrad gvagrZnobineben?!” am
SedarebaSi xazgasmulia mWevrmetyvelebaze, rogorc farTo
ganaTlebisa da maRali erudiciis Sedegze.
mWevrmetyvelebis damatyvevebeli Zala yvela sferoSi
diadia, magram, gansakuTrebiT, saswaulmoqmedia misi
pedagogiuri Zala, SemecnebiTi da esTetikuri potenciali.
kompetenturi maswavleblis xelSi metyveleba iqceva
STagonebisa da aRtacebis jadosnur Zalad, swavlebisa da
aRzrdis moqnil iaraRad. amitom maswavlebeli mudmivad
unda zrunavdes, rom mxolod programiT ar ifarglebodes
da mocemul mecnierebebs ganviTarebis kvaldakval
mihyvebodes, ukanasknel miRwevaTa atacebaSi veravin
aswrebdes. siaxleebs, axal terminologiebs moswavle

279
pirvlad Tavis maswavleblisagan unda ismendes. gakveTilze
tempi, ritmika, ferTa gama nusxavdes, mis sulsa da sxeuls
i pyrobdes. ise araferi amdabiurebs gakveTils, rogorc
monotonuroba da erTferovneba. swored amazea
pasuxismgebeli pedagogiuri xelovneba.
maswavlebeli rom gagebuli da mowonebuli iqnes, is
moswavleebTan yoveli SexvedrisTvis sagangebod unda
emzadebodes. saTqmeli ar eleodes, logikisa da enis
gaumarTaoba ar aferxebdes, siTbosa da sinaTles aravis
aklebdes, TavdaWeriloba da garegnoba, daxvewiloba, droisa
da sivrcis SegrZneba ar aviwydebodes, yovel konkretul
situaciaSi konkretul moTxovnebs pasuxobdes.
pedagogiuri mWevrmetyvelebis amosaval safuZvels
warmoadgens mzadeba gakveTilisaTvis. es ki niSnavs,
upirveles yovlisa, gakveTilis Temis Sinaarsis Rrmad da
yovelmxriv damuSavebas misi ganviTarebis ukanasknel
sityvaze: mTavari azrisa da ideis gamokveTa,
saganmanaTleblo, ganmaviTarebeli da aRmzrdelobiTi
potenciis gansazRvra; efeqturi Sesavlisa da daskvnis,
Sesabamisi citatebis, mtkicebulebebisa da argumentebis
momzadeba; pedagogiuri teqnikis optimaluri CarTva.
rogoricaa: xmis simaRle da intonacia, azrobrivi maxvilebi
da pauzebi, ZiriTadi sityvis an winadadebis gameoreba,
Sesaferisi TvalsaCino magaliTebi, Jestikulacia da
moZraoba, auditoriis SegrZneba, msmenelisadmi pativiscema
da keTilmosurneoba da a. S.
ra codnis maragsac da oratorul teqnikas ar unda
flobdes maswavlebeli, eTikurobisa da sulierobis gareSe,
informaciebis matarebl robots daemsgavseba. pedagogiur
eTikasa da sulierobas is funqcia aqvs, rac cecxls kerZis
mosamzadeblad. qcevisa da moqmedebis, pedagogiuri
urTierTobebis normebisa da wesebis codna da mis
Sesabamisad moqmedeba aris is swori gza, romelic migviyvans
aRsazrdelis gulTan. ugulod ki araferi Rirebuli ar
keTdeba. siyvaruli, patiosneba, simarTle da samarTlianoba,

280
obieqturoba _ saocrad xiblavT bavSvebs maSinac ki, roca
eTikur terminologiebSi jer-jerobiT verc erkvevian,
Sinagani xma karnaxobT, rom raRac saTnoebasTan, saamurTan
aqvT saqme da aseT maswavlebelTan kargad grZnoben Tavs.
bunebrivad ixsnebian da iJRinTebian am mastimulirebeli
“haeriT”. es ki qmnis noyier niadags aRzrdisaTvis.
bavSvebisadmi siyvarulis grZnoba maSin uCndeba
maswavlebels, roca moswavleSi pirovnebas, moyvass, Tavisi
qveynis moqalaqes da momavals xedavs, roca is Tavis
bavSvobas axsenebs da warmosaxviT masTan atolebs, rom
icis da sjera bavSvis srulfasovan pirovnebad formirebis
potenciuri SesaZleblobisa. patiosneba ubiZgebs
maswavlebels, yvelaferi gaakeTos am RvTis mier Cadebuli
potenciuri pirovnuli unarebis gamovlinebisa da
ganviTarebisaTvis, rom am sapatio da mniSvnelovan saqmeSi
Tavis wil profesiul da moqalaqeobriv movaleobasa da
pasuxismgeblobas ar gaeqces.
maswavlebeli SeiZleba mosiyvarulec iyos da patiosani,
magram Tu simarTles Tavs aridebs, mis patiosnebas Zala
ekargeba. sasurveli simarTle Zalisxmevas ar saWiroebs,
magram mware simarTle aravis ar siamovnebs. amitom
urCevniaT problemebs Tavi aaridon. zneobrivi gambedaoba
da princi puloba simarTles amarjvebinebs. gamarjvebul
simarTles ki veraferi Seedreba. bibliaSi vkiTxulobT:
“marTlis ena rCeuli vercxlia . . . marTlis bageni mravals
mwyemsaven, . . . marTlis piri sibrZnes gamoisxams, ukuRmarTi
ena ki moikveTeba” (igavebi10:20,21,31). “simarTleSi mtkice _
sicocxliskenaa, borotebis mdevneli ki _ sikvdilisken”
(igavebi 11:19).
samarTlianoba usamarTlobis Widilia kacobriobis
mTeli istoria. usamarTloba mSvidobisa da bednierebis,
yovelgvari Rirebulebis mteria. amitom surs Cvens
Semoqmeds ‘wyaliviT idinos samarTalma da simarTlem _
uSreti mdinaresaviT” (amosi 5:24). vis ar darisxebia
usamarTlobis grdemli da ar ugemia samarTlianobis

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sitkbo?! magram sul sxvaa is pedagogikis samflobeloSi.
aba, warmoidgineT usamarTlo maswavlebeli da mis
moswavleebi. usamarTlod iqceva maswavlebeli, roca is
agvianebs an acdens mecadineobas, saguldagulod ar
emzadeba gakveTilisTvis, ar zrunavs moswavlis yovelmxriv
harmoniuli ganviTarebisaTvis Sesabamisi pedagogiuri
pirobebis Sesaqmnelad; ar iTvaliswinebs moswavlis
asakobriv da individualur Taviseburebebs, maT azrebs,
interesebs, mikerZoebulia da ara obieqturi.
sulierobis gareSe eTikuri normebisa da wesebis
mexsierebaSi damagreba, gulSi CabeWdva da cxovrebaSi
gamoyeneba isevea, rogorc wisqvili uwylod. is moqmedebaSi
mohyavs sulierobas. adamians misive msgavsis mier Sedgenili
kanonebis uzenaesobad aRqma uWirs da miT umetes maSin,
Tu is damdgenTagan irRveva. magram uzenaesidan mosuli
kanonebis uzenaesobas, romelic yovel suliers Tanaswor
mdgomareobaSi ayenebs, yvela cnobs da aRiarebs, Tumca
yvela ar asrulebs. WeSmariti sulierobis gareSe
maswavlebelsac uWirs pedagogiuri eTikisadmi
damorCileba. miT umetes maSin, roca bevrs erTmaneTSi
eSleba zneobrioba da sulieroba. komunisturi sistemis
70-wlianma reJimma pirveli ieriSi rwmenaze miitana da
sulierobisgan dacala mTeli Taobebi da materializms
dauqvemdebara cnobierebac da yofierebac. amas mohyva
sulierobis saSineli deficiti.
sulieroba RvTisgan miiReba da vinc RmerTTan ar aris,
is verasodes miiRebs mas. sulieroba niSnavs RvTisa da
RvTiuris siyvaruls, RvTismoSiSobasa da RvTismosaobas.
RvTismoSiSoba aris RvTis grandiozuli Semoqmedebis, misi
Qqmnilebebisa da sityvis _ bibliis codnis safuZvelze
warmoSobili jansaRi, amaRlebuli siyvarulze
dafuZnebuli SiSi imisa, rom Cveni umadurobiT ar
gavanawyenoT yovlisSemoqmedi. xolo RvTismosaoba _
vesavdeT RmerTs, vavlendeT RvTisadmi ndobas, rwmenasa da
imeds, vswavlobdeT da vicavdeT mis mcnebebs.

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yvelaferi Seicnoba grZnobaTa organoebis meSveobiT,
sulieroba ki aris uxilavis danaxva gulisa da
gonebis TvaliT RvTis sityvisa da misi xiluli
qmnilebebis safuZvelze.
pedagogiuri xelovneba gulisxmobs agreTve saswavlo-
aRmzrdelobiT procesSi TamaSisa da esTetikis elementebis
Setanis, pedagogiuri procesis silamazisa da mSvenierebis
kanonTa safuZvelze awyobisa da gamarTvis unar-Cvevebs
moswavleebSi dadebiTi grZnobebisa da emociebis
gamosawvevad.
pedagogiuri ganaTleba, mWevrmetyveleba, zneoba da
sulieroba, esTetikuri grZnobebi da emociebi, aTavisuflebs
maswavlebels qvena azrebisagan, yvelanair cdunebebisagan,
xvewavs, akeTilSobilebs da ayalibebs rogorc namdvil
maswavlebels am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT. Cvens
qveyanaSi aris amisi inteleqtualuri resursebi, oRond
mTavaria iyos saxelmwifos politikuri neba da ekonomiuri
safuZveli.

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Tema XX. erovnuli ganaTlebis sistema
saqarTveloSi

sakiTxebi:

1. ganaTlebis sistemis cneba;


2. ganaTlebis sistemis struqtura, rgolebi da
safexurebi;
3. ganaTlebis sitemis agebis princi pebi da marTvis
organoebi;
4. skolis marTva da xelmZRvaneloba;
5. pedagogiuri sabWo.

ganaTlebis sistema ewodeba yvela ti pis saswavlo-


aRmzrdelobiT dawesebulebaTa erTobliobas, romelic
Sedgeba sxvadasxva rgolebisa da safexurebisagan. mTeli
erovnuli meurneoba or did nawilad iyofa: mwarmoebluri
da aramwarmoebluri. mwarmoebluria, romelic materialur
dovlaTs hqmnis. xolo aramwarmoebluria is sfero,
romelic erovnul kadrebs amzadebs orive _ mwarmoeblur
da aramwarmoeblur sferoTaTvis. es g a n a T l e b i s
s i s t e m aa. erovnuli meurneobis ganviTareba ZiriTadad
erovnul kadrebis akademiur xarisxsa da raodenobazea
damokidebuli. erovnuli ganaTlebis Sinaarsi da
mimarTuleba ki sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebiT aris
ganpirobebuli.
qarTveli xalxis kulturis istoriis nawilia
ganaTleba. mecnierulad dasturdeba, rom jer kidev Zv. w/
aR II aTaswleulSi qarTvelebs hqoniaT samedicino,
agronomiuli da sainJinro ganaTlebis Canasaxebi.
“samarxebSi aRmoCenili qirurgiuli instrumentebi,
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trepanirebuli Tavis qalebi, kargad Sexorcebuli
motexilobani, romelsac gamocdili dastaqaris xeli
Telavis filosofiuri seminariebi, samefo-saxelmwifo
saswavleblebi, SemdegSi zogadsaganmanaTleblo saSualo
skolebi, gimnaziebi da ukve XX saukunis dasawyisSi didi
saxelmwifo universiteti. dRes ki umaRlesi, saSualo da
saSualo specialuri saswavleblebis qseliT dafarulia
mTeli saqarTvelo, Tumca droebiTi dabrkolebebis
msaxvrali xeli moxvda, magram sul male, sul male, isev
Cadgeba mwyobrSi.
kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmianobas saqarTveloSi
yovelTvis mniSvnelovani adgili ekava, rasac mowmobs is
materialuri da sulieri faseulobebi xelovnebaSi,
xuroTmoZRvrebasa da WedurobaSi, mecnierebaSi, medicinaSi
da a. S. miuxedavad aTasi juris damyrobelTa gauTavebeli
Semosevebisa, mefis ruseTis rusifikatoruli politikisa,
qarTveli xalxi sulierobas, erovnul TviTmyofadobas
yovelTvis inarCunebda, aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis
qveynebis kulturul miRwevebs icnobda, saerTaSoriso
kulturul wrebrunvaSi monawileobda. evropeizaciis
procesi uZveles qarTul nakvalevSi aRbeWdila. dawyebiTi,
saSualo, saSualo pecialuri da umaRlesi skolebi Sin
da gareT, sasuliero da saero ganaTleba, samecniero-
kvleviTi institutebi da akademiebi saqarTveloSi ucxo
arasodes ar yofila.
erovnuli ganaTleba dRes cota waborZikebuli ki
aris, magram, rogorc ityvian, gemi ise ar daingreva, navi rom
ar gamovides.
ganaTlebis sistemis daniSnulebaa uzrunvelyos
kacobriobis mier dagrovili codna-gamocdilebis gadacema
Taobidan Taobaze misi socializaciisa da damoukidebeli
cxovrebisaTvis momzadebis mizniT. saqarTvelom
memkvidreobiT miiRo ganviTarebuli saganmanaTleblo
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sistema, romelic moicavs sxvadasxva rgolebsa da
safexurebs: skolamdeli _ baga-baRebi, zogadi saSualo
ganaTleba, saSualo specialuri da umaRlesi profesiuli
ganaTleba, aspirantura, doqtorantura da a. S.
skolamdeli aRmzrdelobiTi dawesebulebebia sabavSvo
baga-baRebi 1 _ 6 wlamde asakis aRsazrdelebisTvis.
maTi daniSnulebaa ojaxisa da skolis daxmareba. mSoblebi,
gansakuTerebiT dedebi sazogadoebas ar mowydnen da Sromis
uflebiT isargeblon da meore mxriv, bavSvebis
organizebul, mizanmimarTuli aRzrda, skolisaTvis
momzadeba. gonebrivi, zneobrivi, esTetikuri da fizikuri
srulyofisaTvis safuZvlebis Cayra.
zogadsaganmanaTleblo saSualo skola warmoadgens
ganaTlebis sistemis sayovelTao savaldebulo, mTavar
sabaziso rgols ganaTlebis Semdgomi safexurebisaTvis.
misi daniSnulebaa yovelmxriv harmoniulad ganviTarebuli,
mecnierebaTa safuZvlebs dauflebuli, sulierad mdidari,
eTikur normebsa da wesebs dauflebuli, esTetikur
kulturaSi gaTviTcnobierebuli, fizikurad janmrTeli,
Sromismoyvare da mSvidobismyofeli, gonieri axali Taobis
momzadeba. zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis ganaTlebis
Sinaarsi moicavs samyaros Semadgenili nawilebis: bunebis,
sazogadoebisa da azrovnebis Semswavlel dargebs:
sabunebismetyvelo, sazogadoebriv-humanitaruli da
saxelovnebo ciklis sawavlo sagnebs. sabunebismetyvelo
ciklis sagnebia: biologia Tvisi dargebiT, qimia, geografia,
fizika, maTematika, informatika, astronomia. am ciklis
saganTa swavlebis daniSnulebaa moswavleTa mier bunebis
ganviTarebis obieqturi kanonzomierebebis aTviseba.
sazogadoebriv-humanitaruli: mSobliuri ena da
literatura, istoria, ekonomiuri geografia, samarTali,
ucxo enebi, religia da kultura, eTika, fizkultura
emsaxureba sazogadoebisa da adamianis ganviTarebasTan
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dakavSirebuli obieqturi kanonebisa da kanonzomierebis
Seswavlas. xolo rac Seexeba xelovnebis dargebs:
mxatvruli literatura, musika, xatva, arqiteqtura, kino,
Teatri da sxvaTa swavlebis mizania mxatvruli azrovnebis,
SemoqmedebiTi unarebis, esTetikuri kulturis
ganviTarebada specifikuri niWis gamovlineba moswavleebSi.
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebis paralelurad
moqmedebs specialuri skolebi fizikuri da gonebrivi
naklis mqone bavSvTaTvis, aseve skolisgareSe _ xelovnebis,
musikis, dramis sportis da sxva sferoebis dawesebulebebi,
gimnazia, koleji, liceumi.
pirveli gimnazia daarsebula strasburgSi 1538 wels,
CvenTan ki 1830wels. gimnazia klasikuri da realuri.
klasikuris profili klasikuri enebia, xolo realuris
_ Cveulebrivi saero ganaTleba;
koleji sami saxisaa: saSualo, saSualo specialuri,
romelsac sabWoTa sistemaSi teqnikumebs uwodebdnen da
umaRlesi ganaTlebis koleji (inglisSi).
liceumi, berZnulad “likeia”, romelic aristoteles
saxels miewereba, dRes gavrcelebuli saSualo specialuri
skolaa. igi gansxvavebuli mimarTulebebisaa. magaliTad:
samusiko, samxatvro, maTematikuri, sportuli da AAa. S. misi
daniSnulebaa saSualo profesiuli ganaTlebis micema.
ganaTlebis sistemis umniSvnelovanesi rgolia umaRlesi
ganaTlebis saswavleblebi: instituti, universiteti, akademia,
romelTa mizania umaRlesi kvalifikaciis erovnuli
kadrebis momzadeba saxalxo meurneobis yvela sferosaTvis.
universiteti termini laTinuri warmoSobisaa da
niSnavs gaerTianebuls, erTobliobas. xolo zogadi gagebiT
niSnavs mravaldargovan umaRles saganmanaTleblo-
samecniero dawesebulebas, romelic moicavs sxvadasxva
dargebs, fakultetebis an dargobrivi institutebis
erTobliobas. magaliTad: pedagogiuri, samedicino,
287
ekonomiuri, iuridiuli da sxva. Tanamedrove
sauniversiteto sistema sam safexuriania: bakalavriati,
magistratura da doqtorantura da uflebamosilia
kursdamTavrebulebs mianiWos Sesabamisad bakalavris,
magistris da doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi.
umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi Sedis aseve instituti
da akademia. universitetisgan gansxvavebiT es
dawesebulebebi erTdargobrivia da Sinaarsis mixedviT
ori saxisaa: saswavlo _ samecniero da samecniero –
kvleviTi.
akademia umaRlesi saswavlo _ samecniero da samecniero
_ kvleviTi saswavlebelia. akademia pirvelad platonma
uwoda baRs, sadac is leqciebs kiTxulobda. saberZneTis
saxalxo gmiris _ akademosis sapativcemlod. Tavdapirvelad
akademias filosofiuri da ritorikuli ganaTlebis
misaReb saswavlebels uwodebdnen, SemdegSi gafarTovda
misi areali da dargobrivi xasiaTi miiRo. magaliTad:
fazisis ritorikuli akademia, samxatvro akademia,
mecnierebaTa akademia _ sadac gaerTianebulia saxvadasxva
mecnierebebi an calkeuli dargis mecniereba, rogoricaa:
pedagogikur mecnierebaTa akademia, humaniterul
mecnierebaTa akademia da a. S. akademiis specifikuroba
garda imisa, rom aq ZiriTad birTvs akademikosebi Seadgenen,
igi infrastruqturulobasa da retrospeqtrulobaSi
mdgomareobs. drois yvela ganzomilebas moicavs
istoriuli memkvidreobiTobis pronci pis safuZvelze.
sadac akademiebsa da kaTedris, docentis, aspirantis cnebebs
auqmeben da xuraven, iq ganaTlebis sistemis dakninebaa
mizanSi. ufro metic, ganviTarebis memkvidreobiTobis,
TandaTanobis, Tanmimdevrobis, etapobrivobis obieqturi
kanonebisa da princi pebis ugulvebelyofas aqvs adgili.
ganaTlebis sistemis simaRle da sidiade, demokratizmi
da humanizmi mis mravalmxrivobasa da mravalferovnebaSi,
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arCevanis TavisuflebaSia. dRis, Ramis, daswrebul da
dauswrebeli, eqsternuli formebi swavlebisa, Tanaswor
mdgomareobaSi ayenebs mosaxleobis yvela fenas da aZlevs
saSualebas nebismieri formiT miiRos ganaTleba sasurveli
mimarTulebiT, rasac minimumamde dahyavs
urTierTdapirirspireba da siZulvili, kacTmoZule
malTusisa da dalesis antixalxuri, veraguli gegmis
ganxorcielebis Sansi, romelic iTvaliswinebs faruli
xelovnuri ubedurebebiT, omebis provocirebiT, eTnikuri
dapirispirebebiT, samecniero inteligenciis,
profesionalebis dakninebiT, katastrofebiT, epidemiebiT,
samuSao adgilebis SemcirebiT, siRatakiT, mosaxleobis
katastroful Semcirebas dedamiwaze.
samyaroSi yvelaferi wesrigsa da harmonias emyareba.
yovelives aqvs Tavisi arsebobis, moZraobisa da ganviTarebis
RvTismieri obieqturi kanonebi, kanonzomierebebi da
princi pebi. arc ganaTlebis sistema warmoadgens
gamonakliss. cnobilia ganaTlebis miznisa da Sinaarsis
sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebiT ganpirebulobis kanoni, magram,
samwuxarod, sazogadoebrivi cxovreba, socialur-
politikuri da ekonomiuri wyoba, yovelTvis ar emorCileba
obieqtur kanonebs da “ama qveynisa ZlierTa”, myvlefavTa
subieqturi mosazrebebi ikaveben obieqturi kanonebisa da
normebis adgils. aseT gaukuRmarTebul viTarebaSi
ganaTleba gamodis borotebis iaraRad. amitom umjobesi
iqneboda ganaTlebis sistemis ageba ara subieqtur
mosazrebebze, aramed WeSmarit, obieqtur, Teokratiul
safuZvlebze, rac imas niSnavs, rom xelmZRvanelobisaTvis
mivmarToT yovlis Semoqmeds, uzenaes RmerTs, radgan masze
ukeT aravin icis Tu ra sWirdeba missave qmnilebebs.
komunistebi Seecadnen moparuli RvTiuri princi pebis
gamoyenebas aTeisturi miznebisaTvis, magram erTxel kidev
dadasturda, rom adamians aranairi Rirebulis Seqmna ar
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ZaluZs RvTis Zalis _ suliwmindis gareSe da komunist
“RmerTebma” kraxi ganicades. amitom gvafrTxilebs biblia,
rom adamianis nabijebi mis nebaze ar aris damokidebuli:
“. . . adamianis nebaze ar aris misi gza, mimavali kaci ver
warmarTavs Tavis nabijebs” (ieremia 10:23). mosiyvarule
RmerTi, romelmac Tvisi Ze Seswira kacobriobas gadasarCenad,
is borotebiT ar cdis aravis, aramed yvelas aZlevs
bednierebisa da mSvidobiani cxovrebis Sanss. “ganascdelis
dros nuravin ityvis, RmerTi mcdiso, radgan SeuZlebelia
RvTis gamocda borotebiT da Tavadac aravis cdis.
TiToeuls cdis sakuTari survili, romelic aiyoliebs
da acdunebs mas”. amitom “nu motyuvdebiT, yoveli kargi
ZRveni da yoveli srulyofili saboZvari zemodanaa, ciur
mnaTobTa mamisgan modis” (iakobi 1:13,14, 16,17). boroteba
boroti qveynierebisgan modis, romelsac boroti Zala –
satana marTavs, romelsac qristem am wuTisoflis RmerTi
uwoda. “yvelaferi, rac qveynierebaSia _ xorcis survili,
TvalTa survili da qonebiT trabaxi _ mamisgan ki ara
qvynierebisgana” (I ioane 2:16), “Semcodveli eSmakisgan aris,
radgan eSmaki dasabamidan codavs” (iqve, 3:8). es da sxva
mravali msgavsi gafrTxilebebi gvaZlevs safuZvels, Cvens
Semoqmeds mivmarToT xelmZRvanelobisaTvis, rom mudam
swori gziT viaroT da satanis maxeSi ar gavebaT.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ganaTlebis sistemis agebasa
da marTvas safuZvlad unda daedos Semdegi princi pebi:
1. ganaTlebis miRebis sayovelTaoba da arCevanis
Tavisufleba;
2. pirovnebis yovelmxriv harmoniuli ganviTarebis
pirobebis uzrunvelyofa;
3. saero da Teokratiuli ganaTlebis Tanaarseboba;
4. ufaso, saxelmwifos xarjze da kerZo fasiani
ganaTlebis Tanaarseboba;
5. saswavlo gegmebis, sagnobrivi programebisa da s
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saxelmZRvaneloebis erTianoba;
6. saerTo idealis _ qristes miyola;
7. maswavleblis, rogorc ganmanaTleblisa da
aRmzrdelis rolis aRiareba da pativiscema;
8. swavleba erovnul saxelmwifo enaze;
9. Teoriisa da praqtikis adekvaturoba;
10. erovnul da zogadkacobriul kulturul
monapovarsa da idalebze orientireba.
Semecnebis SeuzRudavi unarboZebuli adamianis
srulfasovan pirovnebad aRzrda ganaTlebis sisitemis
umTavresi daniSnulebaa. arc erTi bavSvi ganaTlebis gareSe
ar unda rCebodes. amaze migvaniSnebs ganviTarebis is
potenciuri SesaZlebloba, romelic yvelasaTvis
miukerZoeblad aqvs RmerTs boZebuli srulyofis
perspeqtiviT. ojaxi, saxelmwifo, sazogadoeba ganaTlebis
sayovelTaobis princi pis safuZvelze unda moqmedebdes
TiToeuli bavSvis aRzrdasTan mimarTebaSi. radgan “es
kargi da mosawonia Cveni mxsnelisTvis, RvTisTvis, romlis
nebaa yvelanairi adamiani gadarCes da WeSmaritebis

safuZvliani codna miiRos” (I timoTe 2:3,4).


rac Seexeba arCevanis Tavisuflebas, amas safuZvlad
udevs niWTa sxvdasxvaoba. bibliaSi weria: “xolo yvela
Cvengans mocemuli aqvs madli qristesmieri niWis
zomisamebr. mogvca zogi _ mociqulad, zogi _
winaswarmetyvelad, zogi _ maxaroblad, zogi _ mwyemsad da
maswavleblad . . . “ (efeselebi 4:7,11).
aRsazrdelis yovelmxriv harmoniuli ganviTarebis
uzrunvelyofis princi pis analogi ikiTxeba II timoTe 3:
17 muxlSi: “. . . raTa RvTis kaci yvelaferSi Caxeduli da
yovelmxriv momzadebuli iyos nebismieri kargi saqmisTvis”.
RvTis sityviT iyo aRZruli pedagogikis klasikosi ian
amos komenski, roca panpediisa da pansofiis Sesaxeb werda.
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igi moiTxovda yvelasgan yvelaferze yvelafris codnas,
pirovnebis yovelmxriv harmoniul aRzrdas.
saero ganaTleba mowodebulia uzrunvelyos pirovnebis
momzadeba damoukidebeli cxovrebisaTvis, aRWurvos igi
politeqnikuri, sabunebismetyvelo da sazogadoebriv-
humanitaruli ganaTlebiT, profesiuli kvalifikaciiT
saxalxo meurneobis yvela dargisaTvis. adamiani marto
muSa Zala ar aris, dovlaTis Semqmneli. igi, upirveles
yovlisa, sulierobiT gamorCeuli pirovneba unda iyos,
romelsac SeuZlia Cawvdes da gaigos ra aris “sigane, sigrZe,
simaRle, da siRrme da Seicnos qrietes siyvaruli, rac
yovlgvar codnas aRemateba” (efesoelebi 3:18,19). sulieroba
ki mxolod RvTisgan miiReba. Teokratiuli ganaTlebaa is
erTaderTi gza da misi wyaro _ biblia, ris saSualebiTac
sulierobas SeviZenT. Teokratiuli ganaTlebis Sinaarsi
gulisxmobs zust Semecnebas RvTisa da misi Zis _ ieso
qristes da maTi unikaluri Semoqmedebis, aseve im
grandiozuli momavlis Sesaxeb, rasac Tavis morCil
kacobriobas pirdeba utyuari RmerTi.
rac boroti adamianebisgan zarali mosdis qveyanas, imisi
naxevari sakmarisi iqneboda imisaTvis, rom yvelas mieRo
rigiani saTanado ganaTleba da aRzrda da borotebac
aRar iqneboda qveyanaze. sxvadasxva mizezTa Soris, ris
gamoc bevri ver iRebs ganaTlebas erTerTi mniSvnelovani
mizezia siRaribe. es mizezic rom ar iyos qveyanaSi, Tavisi
bednieri momavlis xaTriT, ganaTleba unda iyos sayovelTao,
savaldebulo da xelmisawvdomi.
qveynis erTianoba, erovnuli solidaroba da
monoliTuroba saxelmwifos Zlierebisa da usafrTxoebis
kanonzomierebaa. roca eri partiebad, kavSirebad, jgufebad,
seqtebad aris daqucmacebuli da yvela cdilobs Tavisi
upiratesobis damtkicebas da miT umetes ,mxolod piradi
keTildReobisaTvis ibrZvis, arc TviTon iqneba kargad da
292
mis gamo arc _ sxva. erTianobasTan dakavSieribiT bibliaSi
vkiTxulobT: “ gqondeT erTi azri, erTnairi siyvaruli,
iyaviT erTsulovanni da erTi azrisani, nurafers gaakeTebT
metoqeobiTa da pativmoyvareobiT, aramed TavmdablobiT
CaTvaleT sxvebi sakuTar Tavze aRmatebulad da mxolod
pirad keTildReobaze nu izrunebT, aramed sxvebis
keTildReobazec. iseTive azrovneba gqondeT, rogoric
qriste iesos hqonda” (fili pelebi 2:1-5). TviTon qriste
RmerTs evedreboda: “ me mxolod amaTze ar gevedrebi,
aramed imaTzec, vinc maTi sityviT mirwmunes, raTa yvelani
erTni iyvnen, rogorc Sen mama, CemTan xar erTobaSi, me ki _
SenTan. raTa isinic erTobaSi iyvnen CvenTan da qveynierebam
irwmunos, rom Sen gamomgzavne” (ioane 17:20,21). erTiani
erovnuli ganaTleba aris erovnuli, sazogadoebrivi
erTianobis saZirkveli da araferi xeiri ar moaqvs, garda
qaosisa, gansxvavebul, moxaliseTa mier komerciuli
TvalsazrisiT Seqmnil saswavlo gegmebs, programebs,
silabusebs, saxelmZRvaneloebs da a. S. ers, sazogadoebas
ra ufro aerTianebs da kravs, erTi ideis, erTi princi pis
irgvliv gaerTianeba Tu TavTavianTi ambiciebis gadayola?!
erTia RmerTi da erTia kacsa da RmerTs Soris
Suamavali _ ieso qriste, romelmac Tavi gaswira
kacobriobis gadasarCenad. “sxva aravisSi ar aris xsna,
radgan ar arsebobs cis qveS adamianebisaTvis mocemuli
sxva saxeli, romliTac gadavrCebiT” (saqmeebi 4:12). amitom
movaleni varT davafasoT misi CvenTvis msxverplad
gaRebuli sisxli da mivyveT mis swavlebebs, rogorc es
RmerTma mogviwoda: “ es aris Cemi sayvareli Ze, romelic
me moviwone, usmineT mas” (maTe 17:5).
ganuzomelia maswavlebelis pirovnuli da
sazogadoebrivi roli da mniSvneloba. maswavlebels
cnobdnen da aRiarebdnen yvela droisa da sazogadoebis
progresulad moazrovne adamianebi da saTanado pativs
293
miagebdnen moralurad, socialurad, materialurad. yvela
gamoCenili adamiani Tavis miRwevas maswavleblis
damsaxurebad Tvlida. maswavleblis gansadideblad
aranair epiTetebs ar iSurebdnen: mze, lampari, CiraRdani,
moZRvari, sulis inJineri, pirovnebis moqandake, winamZRoli,
megzuri, da a. S. ar aris maswavlebeli, ar aris aRzrda!
aRzrdaSi grZnobebsa da emociebs Zalian didi mniSvneloba
aqvs. maswavleblis Secvla aranair sainformacio teqnikur
saSualebas ar ZaluZs qveyanaze, magram maswavlebels ZaluZs
yvelanairi saSualeba Caayenos aRsazrdelis
gasrulyofilebis samsaxurSi. maswavlebeli rom
grZnobierad da emociurad moekidos Tavis profesiul
saqmianobas, amisTvis mas sWirdeba dadebiTi muxtebi, misi
Sromis dafaseba, Rirseuli anazRaurebis miReba, saTanado
pativmigeba, adekvaturi damokidebuleba.
enis saswaulmoqmedebeze ukve visaubreT Tavis adgilas.
aq imas aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom bavSvs ise advilad araferi
uxsnis gonebas, cnobierebas, rogorc mSobliuri ena.
mSobliuri ena zis adamianis sulSi, sisxlSi, xorcSi.
ucxo enis codna sasargebloa da aucilebeli, magram
SeuZlebelia adamiani mTlianad daeuflos mis yvela
niuansebs, Seferilobas, emociebsa da qarizmebs, tropebsa
da figurebs. azris mxatvruli gamosaxvis sxvadasxva xerxebs,
rac inteleqtualur, SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas aniWebs
pirovnebas. mSobliuri enis codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia
im sulier-kulturuli monapovris, saukuneebis win rom
daiwera, wakiTxva da gageba. sakuTari istoriis,
literaturis, eris da saerTod, erovnuli kulturis, saamayo
winaprebis Sesaxeb mxolod mSobliur werilobiTi
wyaroebidan vigebT. am saganZuris aTviseba mSobliur enis
gareSe xom warmoudgenelia im martivi mizezis gamo, rom
yvela Tavis istorias miswrafebebs, zraxvebs, ideebs Tavis
enaze afiqsirebs, raRac gamonaklisebs Tu ar miviRebT
294
mxedvelobaSi. “eris cxovreba, misi dideba, mis istoria
dacul ars eniT: ra ena waxdes, eric daeces. . . waecxos
Cirqi taZarsa wmindas” ( g. orbelian, “pasuxi SvilTa”).
yovelmxriv harmoniulad ganviTarebuli adamianis aRzrda,
ilia WavWavaZis azriT, deda-enis gareSe SeuZlebelia.
amasTan dakavSirebiT eris moZRvari wers: “udeda-enod
gonebis gaxsna bavSvisa yovlad SeuZlebelia. maSin skola
gonebis gaxsnis saxsari ki ar aris, gonebis daCagvrisaa,
gonebis daxSvisaa, daTrgunvisaa, gaTaxsirebisaa. . . deda-
ena cnobilia aramc Tu ukeTes da aucilebel saxsrad, rom
skolam Tavisi daniSnuleba aasrulos, aramed upirveles
sagnadac, romelic bavSvma unda Seiswavlos da icodes” (i.
WavWavaZe, rC, naw., t. 4, 1987, gv. 255). pedagogikis klasikosi
iakob gogebaSvili kategoriulad moiTxovda deda enaze
swavlebas. radgan misi azriT “Cveni skolis gansakuTrebuli
daniSnuleba saWirod xdis sagnebis deda-enazed swavlebas
. . . Cvenma skolam unda gauxsnas bavSvs goneba, gaunaTlos,
SesZinos Wkuisa da zneobis amamaRlebeli da xalxSi
keTildReobis momfeni codna. am ganzraxvis Sesruleba
SeiZleba mxolod maSin, Tu swavla deda-enazed iqneba” (i.
gogebaSvili, rC. naw. t. II, gv. 151).
ganaTlebis daniSnulebaa axali Taobis momzadeba
damoukidebeli cxovrebisaTvis. saswavlebelSi miRebuli
codna warmoadgendes praqtikuli moqmedebis Teoriul
safuZvels, realuri sinamdvilis anarekls. amis
uzrunvelyofas unda emsaxurebodes saswavlo gegmebSi,
saswavlo programebsa da saxelmZRvaneloebSi asaxuli
ganaTlebis Sinaarsi da swavlebis praqtikul-
laboratoriuli meTodi. swavlebis mwarmoeblur
SromasTan SeerTebis, politeqnizmis princi pi. ganaTleba
orientirebuli unda iyos gonebagamWriax, sulierad
mowiful da xelmarjve axali Taobis momzadebisaken.
erovnuli ganaTleba aramc da aramc ar zRudavs
295
saerTaSoriso kulturul miRwevebze orientirebas.
piriqiT, kacobrioba adamis modgmaTa erTobliobaa. warRvnas
gadarCenili Cveni didi winapris RvTis morCili noes
sami vaJis _ qami, semi da iafeTisgan movdivarT da
biZaSvilebs kanoniT gasayofi urTierTsiyvarulisa da
daaxloebis, Cveni saerTo sacxovrisis _ SesaniSnavi
dedamiwis movlisa da dacvis garda araferi ar unda
gvqondes.
ganaTlebis sistema iseTi rTuli, mravalmxrivi da
mravalferovani organizmia, romelic saWiroebs gonivrul,
winaswar mofiqrebul da gansazRvrul koordinirebas da
marTvas, romelic unda uzrunvelyos saxelmwifom,
ganaTlebis marTvis specialurma formalur da
araformalurma organoebma. sakanonmdeblo anu parlamentis
ganaTlebis komiteti, ganaTlebis saministro da misi
qveorganoebi vertikaluri reJimiT pasuxismgebelni arian
saxalxo ganaTlebis sistemis agebis, misi koordinaciisa
da funqcionirebis, aseve misi mecnieruli uzrunvelyofa
mecnierTa, saswavlo-kvleviTi institutebis, mecnierebaTa
akademiis, samecniero centrebisa da profesor-
maswavlebelTa CarTvis gziT.
saSualo zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis, rogorc
ganaTlebis sistemis ZiriTadi rgolis muSaobis
mecnieruli organizacia moiTxovs kompetetntur marTvasa
da xelmZRvanelobas. marTvaSi igulisxmeba organizebuli,
gegmazomieri da sistematuri zemoqmedeba gansazRvrul
obieqtze misi mowesrigebis, rentabelurobis, srulyofisa
da ganviTarebisaTvis. es ki yvelaze metad esaWiroeba
ganaTlebis sistemas. xelmZRvanelobis cnebis
specifikurobaSi ki moiazreben mTeli ganaTlebis sistemis
erTad da calcalke misi rgolebis generaluri xazis,
erTiani mimarTulebis mixedviT sworad warmarTvas.
skolis efeqtur funqcionirebaze pasuxismgebelni
296
arian uSualod misi xelmZRvanelebi da pedagogiuri
Semadgenloba. skolis direqtoris, saswavlo-
aRmzrdelobiTi procesis organizatorebis, sameurneo
dargis koordinatoris funqciebSi Sedis moswavleTa
kontigentis Sevseba, pedagogiuri kadrebis dakompleqteba,
skolis materialur-teqnikuri bazis uzrunvelyofa,
sanitarul-higienuri normebis dacva, klaskabinetebisa da
laboratoriebis TvalsaCino-didaqtikuri masalebiT
aRWurva, saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi gegmebis Sedgenasa da
Sesrulebaze kontroli, organizaciuli da meToduri
daxmareba, skolis, ojaxisa da sazogadoebis erToblivi
muSaobis koordinacia. pedagogiuri koleqtivis
warmatebuli muSaobisaTvis xelSemwyobi pirobebis Seqmna.
pedagogiuri koleqtivi warmoadgens skolis guls, tvinsa
da suls, romelTa uSualo monawileobiT unda
ganxorcieldes moswavleTa mier mecnierebaTa safuZvlebis
daufleba, maTi yovelmxriv harmoniuli ganviTareba,
srulfasovan pirovnebad Camoyalibeba, ganaTlebis sistemis
Semdgom safexurebze swavlis gasagrZeleblad, ojaxis
Sesaqmnelad da SromisaTvis momzadeba.
skolis direqtori personaluri pasuxismgebelia
saxelmwifos winaSe moswavleebTan saswavlo-
aRmzrdelobiT muSaobaze, maT janmrTelobasa da fizikur
ganviTarebaze, mecnierebaTa safuZvlebis swavlebis xarisxsa
da moswavleTa gonebriv ganviTarebaze, maswavlebelTa
kvalifikaciaze, skolis finansur da sameurneo
mdgomareobaze, Sromis gonivrul ganawilebaze.
skolis marTva da xelmZRvaneloba efuZneba marTvisa
da xelmZRvanelobis Semdeg kanonzomierebebs:
demokratiuli centralizmi, piradi da koleqtiuri
pasuxismgeblobis erTianoba, kolegialoba da
koleqtiuroba, urTierTpativiscema da Tanadgoma.
pedagogiuri sabWo warmoadgens skolis umaRles
297
organos, romelic emsaxureba saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi
procesis donis amaRlebas, pedagogikuri mecnierebis
miRwevebisa da mowinave pedagogiuri gamocdilebis
saskolo praqtikaSi danergvas. aseve mis kompetenciaSi
Sedis samuSao gegmebis ganxilva, monitoringi, angariSgeba
skolis da misi calkeuli ganyofilebebis, maswavlebelebis,
klasis damrigebel-kuratorebisa, meToduri komisiebisa
da calkeuli TanamSromlebis muSaobis, warmatebisa da
warumateblobis, sakoreqcio saqmianobis Sesaxeb.
amrigad, erovnuli ganaTleba aris sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis erT-erTi udidesi nawili, romelic ganapirobebs
amave sazogadoebis ganviTarebas, erovnuli kadrebis,
ganaTlebuli Rirseuli Taobis momzadebasa da
mosaxleobis kulturuli donis amaRlebas.

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s a r C e v i

Tema I. pedagogika rogorc sazogadoebrivi


mecniereba ............................................................................ 5
Tema II. maswavleblis
profesia................................................................................. 25
Tema III. pirovnebis
formireba............................................................................. 40
Tema IV. pedagogiuri procesi da misi
sistemebi ............................................................................ 61
Tema V. saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi
procesis organizaciuli
formebi ................................................................................... 73
Tema VI. saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi
procesis damxmare organizaciuli
formebi.................................................................................. 89
Tema VII. pedagogiuri kanonebi da
princi pebi ................................................................... 99
Tema VIII. gonebrivi aRzrda ...................................... 114
Tema IX. mecnieruli msoflmxedvelobis
formireba ......................................................................... 132
Tema X. zneobrivi arzrda ......................................... 140
Tema XI. SromiTi aRzrda ............................................... 154
Tema XII. ekologiuri aRzrda .................................... 166
Tema XIII. sulieri aRzrda ........................................... 183
Tema XIV. esTetikuri aRzrda ................................... 199
Tema XV. fizikuri aRzrda .......................................... 212
Tema XVI. Znelad aRsazrdelebi ........................... 226
Tema XVII. ojaxuri aRzrda ........................................ 243
Tema XVIII. pedagogiuri meTodebi ....................... 256
Tema XIX. pedagogiuri xelovneba ........................ 273
Tema XX. erovnuli ganaTlebis
sistema saqarTveloSi ...................................... 284

299
wignis avtori da redaqtori
q.b. gulnaz xuxua

aiwyo da dakabadonda
i/s. `veqtorSi~

daistamba
i/s `natali~- Si

Tbilisi 2009 w.

300

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