k. kamkamiZe, T.

giorxeliZe,
n. giorxeliZe

specializebuli gamomTvleli
mowyobilobebi

`teqnikuri universiteti”@
 saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

k. kamkamiZe, T. giorxeliZe,
n. giorxeliZe

specializebuli gamomTvleli
mowyobilobebi

registrirebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier

Tbilisi
2009
 ganxilulia specializebuli gamomTvlel manqa-
nebSi gamoyenebuli rogorc pasiuri, aseve aqtiuri
tipis funqcionaluri elementebi, am elementebze
agebuli sxvadasxva daniSnulebis operaciuli mow-
yobilobebi.
mniSvnelovani adgili aqvs daTmobili amocane-
bis momzadebisa da maT analogur da hibridul ga-
momTvlel manqanebze modelirebis meTodebs.
damxmare saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia `kompiu-
teruli sistemebisa da qselis~ specialobis stu-
dentebisa da magistrebisaTvis. gadmocemuli masala
Seesabameba `specializebuli kompiuterebi~ sagnis
programas.

recezenti prof. z. gasitaSvili

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-486-8
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,
ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu
meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis
gareSe.
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
 Sinaarsi $ 4.1. maintegrirebeli da majamebel-maintegri-
rebeli operaciuli maZliereblebi................................... 64
Sesavali.......................................................................................................... 6 $ 4.2 madiferencirebeli operaciuli maZ-
Tavi 1 specializebuli gamomTvleli mowyo- lierebeli.................................................................................................... 68
bilobebis sabaziso operaciuli ele- $ 4.3. maintegrirebeli da madiferencirebeli
mentebi....................................................................................... 9 operaciuli maZliereblebis sizuste.............................. 69
$1.1 sabaziso operaciuli elementebis $4.4 analogur-cifruli integratori.............................. 71
klasifikacia.............................................................................................. 9 Tavi 5 funqcionaluri gardamqmnelebi..................... 76
$1.2. operaciuli rezistorebi da poten- $5.1 zogadi debulebebi.................................................................... 76
ciometrebi.................................................................................................... 11 $5.2. universaluri dioduri funqcionaluri
$1.3 operaciuli kondensatori................................................ 14 gardamqmnelebi......................................................................................... 77
$1.4 gasaRebi................................................................................................ 15 $ 5.3 specializebuli, funqcionaluri
$1.5 cifrulad marTvadi rezistorebi........................... 22 gardamqmnelebi......................................................................................... 86
$1.6 marTvadi Zabvis gamyofebi................................................ 26 Tavi 6 gamamravlebel-gamyofi
$1.7 operaciuli maZliereblebi............................................ 30 mowyobilobebi................................................................ 91
$1.8 moTxovnebi romlebsac unda akmayofi- $ 6.1. pirdapiri moqmedebis gamamravlebeli
lebdnen operaciuli maZliereblebi................................ 35 mowyobiloba............................................................................................... 91
$1.9 operaciuli maZliereblis saerTo $ 6.2. arapirdapiri moqmedebis gamamravlebeli
gantoleba..................................................................................................... 39 mowyobiloba............................................................................................... 93
Tavi 2 Sedarebis sqemebi da gardamsaxebi............ 43 $ 6.3 gayofis operacia agm-Si................................................... 96
$ 2.1 Sedarebis sqemebi (komparatorebi)......................... 43 $ 6.4 cifro-analoguri da analogur-cifruli
$ 2.2 cifro-analoguri gardamqmneli.............................. 47 gamamravlebeli mowyobilobebi.............................................. 98
$2.3 analogur-cifruli gardamqmnelebi...................... 50 Tavi 7 amocanebis momzadebisa da maTi
Tavi 3 majamebeli mowyobilobebi............................... 54 analogur da hibridul gamomTvlel
$ 3.1. majamebeli operaciuli maZlierebeli............ 54 manqanebze amoxsnis meTodebi......................... 103
$ 3.2 gamoklebis operacia agm-Si......................................... 57 $ 7.1 masStaburi koeficientebis SerCeva da
$3.3. hibriduli majamebeli mowyobiloba.................... 60 manqanuri gamosaxulebis Sedgena......................................... 103
$3.4 majamebeli om-is sizuste................................................. 61 $ 7.2 wrfiv diferencialur gantolebaTa agm-ze
Tavi 4 maintegrirebeli da madiferencire- amoxsnis meTodebi................................................................................. 108
beli mowyobilobebi................................................. 64

3 4
$ 7.3 wrfiv dif. gantolebaTa sistemebis Sesavali
amoxsna struqturuli da matriculi tipis
modelebze..................................................................................................... 115 Tanamedrove gamoTvliTi teqnikis saSualebebi
$7.4 amocanebis modelireba hibridul warmodgenilni arian cifruli anu diskretuli
gamomTvlel manqanebze da kompleqsebze...................... 120 gamomTvleli manqanebiT, analoguri anu uwyveti
Tavi 8 wrfiv algebrul gantolebaTa sis- moqmedebis manqanebiT da hibriduli anu analogur-
temebis agm-ze amoxsnis meTodebi............. 126 cifruli gamomTvleli manqanebiT.
$ 8.1 zogadi debulebebi................................................................. 126 cifrul gamomTvlel manqanebSi (cgm)
$ 8.2 wrfiv algebrul gantolebaTa sistemebis gamoyenebulia informaciis warmodgenis diskretuli
modelirebis avtomaturi meTodebi.................................... 127 forma da misi damuSavebis algoriTmuli principi.
$ 8.3 wrfiv algebrul gantolebaTa sistemis aqedan gamomdinare cgm xasiaTdebian gaangariSebis
modelirebis naxevradavtomaturi meTodebi............. 130 maRali sizustiT (igi damokidebulia Tanrigebis
gamoyenebuli literatura ......................................................... 134 raodenobaze manqanaSi) da universalobiT. magram
informaciis damuSavebis algoriTmuli principi,
romelic emyareba ricxviT meTodebs, saWiroebs
uamravi elementaruli operaciebis Sesrulebas. es
ki axangrZlivebs gamoTvliT procesebs da ragind
swrafqmed elementebzec ar unda iyos agebuli cgm,
misi SedarebiT dabali swrafqmedeba SeuZlebels
xdis am klasis manqanebis farTod gamoyenebas mTel
rig SemTxvevebSi.
analogur gamomTvlel manqanebSi (agm)
gamoyenebulia informaciis warmodgenis uwyveti
forma da misi damuSavebis analizuri principi.
yoveli maTematikuri analizuri gamosaxulebis
realizacia agm-Si swarmoebs calkeuli
elementaruli funqcionaluri mowyobilobebis
saSualebiT. informaciis miwodebisa da misi
damuSavebis uwyveti procesi gansazRvravs agm-is
maRal swrafqmedebas.

5 6
 agm-is nakls warmoadgens gaangariSebis meore Taobis agm-is gamoSveba daiwyo meoce
SedarebiT dabali sizuste, rac ganpirobebulia saukunis 60-iani wlebidan.
erTis mxriv fizikuri sidideebis gamzomi integraluri teqnologiis ganviTarebam da
xelsawyoebis sizustiT da meores mxriv TviT integraluri sqemebis danergvam dasabami misca
elementaruli operaciebis Semsrulebeli mesame Taobis eleqtronuli agm-is warmoebas.
funqcionaluri mowyobilobebis damzadebis analoguri da cifruli gamomTvleli
sizustiTa da maTi parametrebis arastabilurobiT. manqanebis sqemoteqnikis Semdgomma ganviTarebam xeli
garda amisa unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom agm- Seuwyo hibriduli gamomTvleli manqanebisa da
bi specializirebuli manqanebia. kompleqsebis warmoSobas, romlebic ZiriTadad
hibriduli gamomTvleli manqanebi (hgm) da specializebuli gamomTvleli manqanebis klass
kompleqsebi (hgk) gankuTvnilni arian romelime miekuTvnebian da gankuTvnilni arian konkretuli
konkretuli klasis amocanebis amosaxsnelad. aqedan klasis amocanebis modelirebisaTvis.
gamomdinare isini miekuTvnebian specializebuli
manqanebis klass. maTi Seqmnis idea gulisxmobs agm-
sa da cgm-is dadebiTi Tvisebebis erT
mowyobilobaSi Serwymas. hgm-is swrafqmedeba ufro
maRalia vidre cgm-sa, aseve misi sizuste gacilebiT
metia vidre agm-sa.
analoguri gamomTvleli manqanebis seriuli
warmoeba daiwyo XX saukunis ormocian wlebSi. mas
Semdeg damuSavda da gamoica sami Taobis
eleqtronuli agm-bi. pirveli Taobis agm-bi agebuli
iyo eleqtronul milakebze.
naxevargamtaruli teqnikis ganviTarebis
bazaze Seiqmna meore Taobis agm-bi. maT gaaCniaT
mTeli rigi upiratesobebi pirveli Taobis
manqanebTan SedarebiT, rogoricaa maRali saimedoba,
mcire gabaritebi, energiis mcire danaxarjebi da
sxva.

7 8
 Tavi 1 specializebuli gamomTvleli gasaRebebi miekuTvnebian analogur-cifrul
mowyobilobebissabaziso operaciuli elementebi (hibriduli) tipis elementebs. isini gankuTvnilni
arian operaciul blokebSi analoguri signalebis
gadasarTavad, cifro-analogur gardamsaxebSi,
$1.1 sabaziso operaciuli elementebis klasifikacia avtomaturi komutaciis sqemebSi da a.S.

agm-Si, aseve hgm-ic elementad iTvleba yvela

agm-s da hgm-is
is sqema, romelic asrulebs ama Tu im elementarul funqc. elementebi
maTematikur operacias e.i. Semaval signals
gardaqmnis sxva saxis signalad damokidebulebiT.
y = kx
analoguri hibriduli cifruli
sadac k – gadacemis koeficientia, xolo x da
y Sesabamisad elementis Sesasvlelze miwodebuli
da gamosasvlelze gamomavali signalebia. operaciuli maZ-
lierebeli (om)
moviyvanoT agm-s da hgm-is elementebis klasifikacia komparatore gasaRebebi
agm-is ZiriTad elementebad iTvlebian om-is gare wredis bi
elementebi
operaciuli maZliereblebi (om). agm-is erT-erT
ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad iTvleba om-is ricxvi da Zabvis gamyofebi
xarisxi.
om-is gare wredis elementebi – rezistorebi, dioduri elemen-
kondensatorebi, potenciometrebi, agreTve Zabvis tebi
gamyofebi, ZiriTadad agm-Si gamoiyenebian operaciul
maZliereblebTan erTad sxvadasxva wrfivi Sedarebis sqemebi (komparatorebi) iseve
maTematikuri operaciebis sawarmoeblad. rogorc gasaRebebi miekuTvnebian hibridul
dioduri elementebi gamoiyenebian sxvadasxva elementebs. maT farTod iyeneben operaciul
arawrfivi funqcionaluri damokidebulebebis blokebSi, analogur-cifrul mowyobilobebSi, aseve
misaRebad. isini farTod gamoiyenebian damoukideblad analogur signalebze sxvadasxva
funqcionalur gardamsaxebSi, gamamravlebel logikuri operaciebis Sesasruleblad.
blokebSi da sxva mowyobilobebSi om-Tan erTad. analogur da hibridul gamomTvlel
manqanebSi arsebuli elementebi ori saxisaa aqtiuri

9 10
da pasiuri. pasiur elementebSi el. energia moaqvs gamo da dinamiuri cdomileba ganpirobebuli
Sesasvlelze miwodebul signals. aseTi elementebi rezistoris parazituli tevadobiTa da
ar Seicavs energiis damatebiT wyaros, ris gamoc induqciurobiT.
pasiuri elementi signals ver aZlierebs. aqtiuri operaciuli potenciometri, CarTvis sqemisagan
elementebi Seicavs energiis wyaros, amitom maT damokidebulebiT, SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos
unari Seswevs moaxdinon signalis gaZlierebac. rogorc gardamqmneli x gadaadgilebisa winaRobaSi
r = f ( x) (reostatuli sqemiT CarTvis dros. ix. nax.
$1.2. operaciuli rezistorebi da
1.1) an ZabvaSi U gam = ϕ ( x ) (potenciometruli sqemiT
potenciometrebi
CarTvis dros; nax. 1.2)
agm-Si operaciul rezistorebs uwodeben im R0
rezistorebs, romlebic gankuTvnilni arian om-is U
gare wredSi CasarTavad. R0
rezistoris, rogorc operaciuli elementis x
r
funqcionirebis kanoni emyareba omis kanons da
gamoiyeneba i denis U ZabvaSi gardasaqmneli da r x
piriqiT nax. 1.1
Rd
1
i (t ) = U (t ) U (t ) = R ⋅ i (t )
R U gam nax. 1.2
gardaqmnis sizuste pirvel rigSi
ganisazRvreba rezistorebis damzadebis sizustiT.
gamomTvlel manqanebSi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba saerTo ganasxvaveben wrfiv da arawrfiv potenci-
daniSnulebis rezistorebi, romelTaTvisac ometrebs. wrfiv potenciometrebSi r winaRobis
winaRobis gadaxra nominaluri mniSvnelobidan mniSvneloba proporciulia mcocis gadaadgilebisa,
Seadgens 5÷20%-s. ufro xSirad vxvdebiT maRali xolo arawrfivSi ki ar aris proporciuli.
potenciometrebSi eleqtrul winaRobas qmnis
sizustis 0,005÷5% (preciziul) rezistorebs.
naxSirbadiani an metalis Txeli firfitis fena,
garda teqnologiuri damzadebisa
romelic dafenilia saizolacio masalaze an kidev
rezistorebis eqspluataciis dros warmoiSveba
maRali winaRobis mqone gamtari, romelic
damatebiTi statikuri cdomileba gamowveuli
daxveulia ucvleli diametris mqone karkasze
garemos temperaturis cvalebadobiT, daZvelebis

11 12
(wrfivi potenciometri) an figuruli formis α
´
U gam = U (1.2)
karkasze (arawrfivi potenciometri). 1 + αβ (1 − α )
ganvixiloT wrfivi potenciometris SemTxveva
R0
(nax. 1.2). Tu potenciometris gamosasvlelze sadac β = . (1.2) gamosaxulebis grafiki nax.
datvirTva ara gvaqvs CarTuli, maSin
Rd
u 1.3-ze aRniSnulia (2) nomriT. imisaTvis, rom (2)
U gam = i ⋅ r = ⋅ r = u ⋅α (1.1)
R0 maxasiaTebeli miuaxlovdes (1)-s, saWiroa rom β 0
r anu Rd >> R0 .
sadac α = ≤ 1 (1.1) gamosaxulebas Seesabameba
R0 wrfiv potenciometrebs farTod iyeneben agm-
(1) grafiki (nax. 1-3). Si operaciul maZliereblebTan erTad gadacemis
koeficientebis dasayeneblad.
U gam
(1) arawrfiv potenciometrebs ZiriTadad ageben
figuruli formis karkasebze gamtaris daxveviT.

$1.3 operaciuli kondensatori

operaciuli kondensatorebi, iseve rogorc

( 2) ( x) rezistorebi, ZiriTadad gamoiyenebian operaciuli
(r ) maZliereblebis gare wredebSi CasarTavad.
1
(α ) mudmivi C tevadobis kondensatoris
saSualebiT SesaZlebelia kondensatoris
nax. 1.3 Semonafenebze Zabvis cvalebadobis siCqaris
dU c
gardaqmna denad ic ( t ) = C , an kidev C -Si
Tu wrfivi potenciometris gamosasvlelze dt
CavrTavT datvirTvis Rd winaRobas (nax. 1.2), maSin gamavali denis integralisa Zabvad Semdegi
1
gamosaxulebiT U c ( t ) = ic ( t ) dt
C∫
aseTi potenciometrisaTvis kavSiri U gam -sa da x anu
α -s Soris aRar aris wrfivi saxis. Zneli ar aris
kondensatorebs yofen saerTo daniSnulebis
vaCvenoT rom am SemTxvevaSi
da preciziul kondensatorebad. analogur da

13 14
hibridul gamomTvlel manqanebSi ZiriTadad gamosasvlelze swarmoebs y = S⋅x signalis
gamoiyeneba preciziuli kondensatorebi 0,01 ÷ 1 mkf formireba. roca S =1, y=x e.i. signali
tevadobis, romelTa sizuste Seadgens ±0.1-dan ±1%- gamosasvlelze imeorebs x -ze mosuli signalis
de. isini mzaddebian polistirolisagan. mniSvnelobas, xolo roca S = 0 , cvladi y = 0
gasaRebi Caketilia. eleqtruli signalebisaTvis
$1.4 gasaRebi
idealuri gasaRebi warmogvidgeba mmarTveli omuri
winaRobis saxiT, romlis mniSvnelobac Ria
gasaRebi ewodeba eleqtronul sqemas,
mdgomareobaSi nulis tolia, xolo Caketil
romelic gankuTvnilia el. Zabvis an denis saxiT
mdgomareobaSi usasrulod didia.
wamodgenili analoguri (uwyveti) signalebis
datvirTvasTan gasaRebis kavSiris saSualebis
komutaciisaTvis.
mixedviT ganasxvaveben mimdevrobiT, paralelur da
Sereul CarTvis sqemebs.
x y CavTvaloT, rom Semavali sidide x
warmodgenilia Zabvis saxiT, xolo gamomavali
sidide y warmoadgens dens datvirTvis Rd
winaRobaSi. mimdevrobiTi tipis gasaRebis sqema
S warmodgenilia nax. 1.5 a-ze. roca gasaRebi Riaa (s=1)
nax. 1.4 deni gaivlis datvirTvis Rd winaRobaSi da igi
proporciuli iqneba x Zabvis. Tu s=0 gasaRebi
gasaRebi (nax. 1.4) hibriduli elementia. mas
Caketilia da deni datvirTvaSi tolia 0-is.
gaaCnia ori x, s Sesasvleli da erTi y
gamosasvleli. x Sesasvlelze miewodeba analoguri
signali (Zabvis an denis saxiT), xolo meoreze –
orobiTi cvladi s, romelsac SeuZlia miiRos
mxolod ori mniSvneloba `0~ an `1~. s Sesasvlels
uwodeben mmarTvel Sesasvlels. s cvladis
warmosadgenad ZiriTadad iyeneben denis an Zabvis
or sxvadasxva dones. idealuri gasaRebis

15 16
 S R Rd
urTierTsawinaaRmdego fazis mmarTveli signalebiT
Rd (nax. 1.5 g). am dros roca erTi gasaRebi Riaa, meore
x x
id Caketilia da piriqiT. datvirTvis Rd winaRobaSi
S gamavali denis mniSvneloba erT SemTxvevaSi
proporciulia x1 Zabvisa, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi
a) b) x2 -sa.
S arsebobs gasaRebis mravali sqemuri
saxesxvaoba, kerZod eleqtromeqanikuri gasaRebi
Rd (releebi), dioduri bogiruli tipis gasaRebis. egm-
x1
Si farTod gamoyenebian tranzistorebze agebuli
gasaRebis sqemebi.
bipolarul tranzistorebze realizebul
gasaRebis umetes SemTxvevaSi, tranzistori
x2 CarTulia saerTo emiteriT, an saerTo koleqtoriT.
bipolaruli tranzistorebis simetriuli
struqtura saSualebas iZleva maTi gamoyenebisas
S
rogorc normaluri, aseve inversiuli CarTviT, roca
g) emiteris rols asrulebs koleqtori, xolo
nax. 1.5 koleqtoris – emiteri (gaRebuli unda iyos
koleqtoruli gadasasvleli, xolo emiteruli -
paraleluri tipis sqemisaTvis (nax. 1.5 b) deni Caketili).
+E
Rd datvirTvaSi tolia nulis, roca gasaRebi Riaa
Rd
( S = 1 ) e.i. s=0, xolo, roca S = 1 anu ( S = 0 ) gasaRebi
Caketilia da deni gamavali Rd winaRobaSi propor-
ciulia x-Zabvisa. U(s)
gasaRebis Sereuli CarTvis dros anu rogorc
kidev maT uwodeben gadamrTveli sqemebi agebulni
arian or-or gasaRebze, romelTa marTvac swarmoebs nax. 1.6

17 18
 nax. 1.6-ze mocemulia saerTo emiteriT ufro uaryofiTi, moduliT zRvrul Zabvaze
normaluri CarTvis bipolarul n − p − n tipis aranaklebi sididis Zabva. U s -is Semdgomi gazrdiT
tranzistorze agebuli gasaRebis sqema. roca U s ≤ 0 mcirdeba tranzistoris arxis winaRoba minimumamde,
tranzistori Caketilia Rd -Si deni ar gadis, xolo romelic Tanamedrove savele tranzistorebisaTvis
Seadgens 20÷30 oms.
roca Us > 0 tranzistori iReba da Rd -Si gadis
deni. U
bipolarul tranzistorze agebuli gasaRebis
pirdapiri winaRoba rp Seadgens 10÷100 oms, xolo VT
narCeni Zabva 0 10 dan 50 mv-de (bazis denis +U 0
Us
mixedviT). rac Seexeba Caketili gasaRebis uku
−3
winaRobas Ru = 1 ÷ 200 mgomi, narCeni deni i0 = 10 ÷ 1 Rd
mka.
xSirad vxvdebiT gasaRebis sqemebs savele
tranzistorebzec. Tavisebureba savele nax 1.7
tranzistorebisa, rogorc mmarTveli
gadasasvleliT aseve izolirebuli saketiT imaSi tranzistoriani gasaRebis sqemebi farTod
mdgomareobs, rom maT praqtikulad ar gaaCniaT gamoiyenebian gadamrTvelis sqemebSi. nax. 1.8-ze
narCeni Zabva mocemulia uwyveti signalebis gadamrTvelis sqema
0, agreTve bipolaruli
ori gasaRebis gamoyenebiT.
tranzistorebisagan gansxvavebiT aqvT umniSvnelo
radgan VT 1 da VT 2 tranzistorebi
narCeni deni i0 .
erTidaigive tipisani arian, amitom maT bazebze
inducirebul arxian МОП tranzistorze urTierTsawinaaRmdego fazebis signalebis miwodeba
agebuli gasaRebis sqema warmodgenilia nax. 1.7-ze. gamoiwvevs imas, rom roca VT 1 Riaa VT 2 Caiketeba
gasaRebis mdgomareobas gansazRvravs saketze
da Rd -ze miewodeba U1 Zabva, meore SemTxvevaSi ki
miwodebuli Us mmarTveli Zabvis mniSvneloba.
VT 1 Caiketeba, VT 2 gaiReba da Rd -ze miewodeba U 2
tranzistoris gasaRebad saWiroa, rom saketze
mivawodoT SesarTavTan da saTavesTan SedarebiT Zabva.

19 20
 VT 1 U1 $1.5 cifrulad marTvadi rezistorebi
R
S
Rd rodesac raime R0 winaRobis mqone
rezistoris paralelurad an mimdevrobiT CarTulia
R VT 2
gasaRebi, ise, rogorc es nax. 1.10-is (a) da (b)-zea
S naCvenebi, maSin aseTi wredis winaRoba R
U2 damokidebulia mmarTveli S signalis
mniSvnelobaze. am principis safuZvelze agebulia da
nax. 1.8 vxvdebiT cifrulad marTvadi rezistorebis (cmr)
Tu ganxilul sqemaze gamoviyenebdiT sqemebs.
sxvadasxva tipis tranzistorebs, maSin maTi marTva
SeiZleba gagvexorcielebina erTi mmarTveli R ( S ) = R0 roca S = 0
signalis saSualebiT. R(S ) = 0 roca S = 1
uwyveti signalebis gadamrTvelebi agebulni
tranzistorian gasaRebebze aRiniSnebian marTvadi R(S ) = ∞ roca S = 0
kontaqtebis saxiT ise, rogorc es nax. 1.9-is (a) da R ( S ) = R0 roca S = 1
(b)-zea naCvenebi.
marTva S
(S ) marTva (S ) S

R0 R0

(a) (b) R(S ) R(S )

nax. 1.9 (a) (b)

nax 1.10

21 22
 ganvixiloT cifrulad marTvadi N ( 000...0...1) romlis eqvivalenti N = 1 , maSin yvela
rezistorebis erT-erTi sqema, romelSic gasaRebebi
CarTulia rezistorebis paralelur wredebSi. gasaRebi Sekruli darCeba garda R0 -is paralelur
wredSi. amotom RN = R0 analogiurad amisa
N
N ( 000...0...10 ) kodis dros N = 2 da RN = 2 R0 . Tu
RG registri aRniSnul process ganvazogadebT miviRebT, rom

n −1
Rmax
RN = ∑ Si 2i R0 = R0 N = N,
S0 S1 i =0 N max
S2 Si S n −1

sadac Si – saTanrigo orobiTi cifrebia

R0 21 R0 22 R0 2i R0 2n −1 R0
RN orobiTi kodisa N ( S n −1...S 2 S1S0 )

nax. 1.11 n −1
N = ∑ S i 2i – orobiTi kodis N -is aTobiTi
i =0
Tu rezistorebis winaRobebis mniSvnelobebs eqvivalentia;
SevirCevT ise, rogorc es nax. 1.11-zea naCvenebi da
gasaRebebs vmarTavT registridan, romelSic
N max – n Tanrigiani orobiTi ricxvis aTobiTi
Cawerilia kodi N ( S n −1...S 2 S1S0 ) , maSin mTeli wredis eqvivalentis maqsimumi;
winaRoba RN proporciuli iqneba registrSi Rmax – cmr-is maqsimaluri winaRoba.
Cawerili kodis ricxviTi mniSvnelobisa N -sa. n – Tanrigebis raodenobaa registrSi.
marTlac Tu davuSvebT, rom registrSi Cawerilia
kodi N ( 000...0...0 ) , romlis aTobiT eqvivalentsac
warmoadgens N = 0 , maSin yvela gasaRebi Sekruli
iqneba da RN = 0 . Tu registrSi CavwerT kods

23 24
 $ 1.6 marTvadi Zabvis gamyofebi
N

RG cifroanaloguri tipis wrfivi Zabvis

gamyofebi (caZg) SeiZleba agebulni iyvnen cmr-is
S n −1
R0 gamoyenebiT. am dros Zabvis gamyofis orive mxarSi
2 R0 Sn−2 CarTuli unda iyos cmr-bi. Tu gamoviyenebT mxolod
4 R0 S n −3 erT cmr-s, ise rogorc es nax. 1.14-zea naCvenebi,
maSin gamomavali signali arawrfiv
Si
2i R0 damokidebulebaSi iqneba cifruli kodis
2n −1 R0 S0 mniSvnelobasTan N-Tan, marTlac

RN U0 U0 R
UN = ⋅ RN = ⋅ max ⋅ N
R + RN R
R + max ⋅ N N max
nax. 1.12 N max

Zneli ar aris imis Cveneba, rom nax. 1.12-ze Rk

naCvenebi cifrulad marTvadi rezistoris winaRoba
U0 UN
ukuproporciulia registrSi akrefili orobiTi
kodis eqvivalenturi mniSvnelobisa. kerZod
2n −1 ⋅ R0
RN = N RN
N
cifrulad marTvadi rezistorebis pirobiTi
aRniSvna mocemulia nax. 1.13-ze.

nax. 1.14.

RN
aqedan Cans, rom U N arawrfiv kavSirSia N-Tan.

nax. 1.13

25 26
 imisaTvis, rom U N wrfiv damokidebulebaSi nax. 1.15 moyvanili marTvadi Zabvis gamoyofis
iyos N-gan, saWiroa cmr-ebi CavrToT Zabvis gamyofis Sesavlis winaRoba mudmivia RSes = Rmax , rac Seexeba
orive mxarSi. amasTan Tu erTi cmr-is marTva gamosavlis winaRobas igi cvladi sididea.
xorcildeba N kodiT, meoris marTva unda RN ⋅ RN RN ( Rmax − RN ) RN ( Rmax ⋅ RN )
Rgam = = = = var
xorcieldebodes misi Sebrulebuli N kodiT (nax. RN + RN RN + Rmax − RN Rmax
1.15). ormxriani Zabvis gamyofis SemTxvevaSi U N -is
N max − N wrfivi damokidebuleba N-sagan SeiZleba dairRves,
roca datvirTva sasrulo sididea. amitom unda
RN
vecadoT, rom datvirTvis winaRoba iyos rac
U0 UN SeiZleba didi.
zemoTganxilul ormxrian cifro-analogur
Zabvis gamyofebSi gamoyenebuli iyo 2n gasaRebi da

N RN 2n saTanrigo Ri = 2i R0 ( i = 0,1, 2,3,..., n − 1) sxvadasxva

nominalis mqone maRali sizustis rezistori.
integraluri teqnologiiT sxvadasxva nominalis
mqone maRali sizustis mqone rezistorebis
damzadeba gaZnelebulia. amitom agm da hgm-Si.
nax. 1.15 romlebSidac blokebis damzadeba swarmoebs
integraluri teqnologiiT ufro mizanSewonilia
marTlac Tu CavTvliT, rom datvirTvis iseTi caZg-is gamoyeneba, romelic saWiroebs ori
winaRoba usasrulos didia, maSin nominalis (R da 2R) mqone rezistorebis bades. aseTi
U0 U U 0 Rmax U caZg aRwerilia [l.1]-Si.
UN = ⋅ RN = 0 ⋅ RN = ⋅N = 0 N caZg-is saSualebiT SegviZlia vcvaloT ara
RN + Rmax − RN Rmax Rmax ⋅ N max N max
marto Zabvis sidide, aramed am Zabvis polaroba da
fazac. Zabvis polarobisa da fazis cvla
e.i. U N wrfiv damokidebulebaSi imyofeba N-Tan.
sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba ganxorcieldes. es
SeiZleba moxdes, magaliTad, pirdapiri orobiTi
kodiT. nax. 1.16-ze warmodgenilia erT-erTi aseTi

27 28
caZg-is sqema. α1 da α2 orobiTi cvladebis agreTve is garemoeba, rom gadacemis koeficientis
mniSvnelobis da mixedviT deSifratoris erT-erT mniSvneloba SezRudulia 0-1 diapazoniT. aqtiuri
gamosasvlelze vRebulobT signals, romelic tipis caZg-s ar gaaCnia aRniSnuli naklovanebebi da
CarTavs Sesabamis gasaRebs da caZg-is Sesasvlelze ganxilulni iqnebian mogvianebiT.
miawvdis Sesabamisi polarobis an fazis signals.
ganxiluli tipis Tanamedrive caZg-is $1.7 operaciuli maZliereblebi
gamomavali Zabvis cdomileba Seadgens 0,005÷0,02%.
operaciuli maZlierebeli agm-is da hgm-is
caZg-is swrafqmedeba damokidebulia gasaRebebis
ZiriTadi Semadgeneli elementia. maTi uSualo
gadarTvis siswrafeze, rezistorebis sixSirul
gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia mravali wrfivi da
maxasiaTeblebze, datvirTvis parazituli
arawrfivi funqciebis warmoeba.
tevadobebis mniSvnelobebze. yvela aRniSnuli
-7 -8 operaciuli maZlierebeli (om) faqtiurad
faqtori ganapirobebs 10 -10 wm-is toli drois
warmoadgens mudmivi denis Zabvis maZlierebels,
mudmivas.
romelSic ganxorcielebulia uaryofiTi
α1 α2 N paraleluri uku kavSiri Zabvis mixedviT.
registri pirveli da meore Taobis agm-Si, romlebic
deSifratori agebuli iyo eleqtronul milakebze da
tranzistorebze tradiciulad iTvleboda Zabvis
maZliereblis sqema erTi SesasvleliTa da erTi
S1
+U 0 gamosasvleliT (nax. 1.17). aseT maZliereblebSi,
S2
−U 0 Cveulebriv, kaskadebis ricxvi kentia, ris gamoc
U (ϕ ) S3 caZg UN gamomavali Zabvis mniSvneloba U gam = − KU Ses .
⎛ π⎞
U ⎜ϕ + ⎟ S4
⎝ 2⎠
Ses gam
nax. 1.16
zemoTmoyvanili pasiuri tipis caZg-is ZiriTad
nakls warmoadgens is garemoeba, rom gamomavali UN nax. 1.17
Zabvis mniSvnelobaze gavlenas axdens datvirTva,

29 30
aq K maZliereblis gaZlierebis koeficientia roca integraluri teqnologiiT damzadebuli
igi CarTulia uku kavSiris wredis gareSe da diferencialuri om-is gamartivebuli eqvivalenturi
maZliereblis tipis da mixedviT cvalebadobs sqema mocemulia nax. 1.19-ze.
sazRvrebSi 104 ÷ 108 .
Tanamedrove mesame Taobis manqanebSi
ZiriTadad gvaqvs integraluri teqnologiT Rs
U Ses1 Ө
damzadebuli om, romlebic agebulni arian Zabvis
RSes.d U gam
diferencialuri gaZlierebis sqemiT. U maq2 ⊕
Rs
Ses1 _
gam
Ses2 + nax. 1.19
nax. 1.18
aseT maZliereblebSi ganasxvaveben diferenci-
Zabvis diferencialur maZlierebels aluri Semaval signals USes.d da sinfazur Semaval
Cveulebriv gaaCnia ori Sesasvleli da erTi signals USes.s. isini ganisazRvrebian gamosaxulebiT
gamosasvleli. Sesasvleli, romelic aRniSnulia Ө - U Ses.d = U Ses1 − U Ses2
iT mainversirebeli Sesasvlelia, e.i. igi Semaval 1
signals ucvlis niSans, xolo ⊕ Sesasvleli ar U Ses.s =
2
(
U Ses1 + U Ses2 )
aris mainversirebeli. diferencialuri tipis Zabvis Semavali signalebis or saxes Seesabameba ori
maZliereblebis damzadebis teqnologiam saxis gaZlierebis koeficienti. diferencialuri
mniSvnelovnad gazarda aseTi maZliereblebis gaZlierebis koeficienti Kd ganisazRvreba rogorc
sizuste da farTo asparezi misca maT gamoyenebas
ΔU gam
analogur da hibridul gamomTvlel manqanebSi. Kd = , e.i. igi warmoadgens im gaZlierebis
diferencialuri kaskadebis bazaze agebulma ΔU Ses.d
integralurma om mTeli rigi maxasiaTeblebiT, koeficientis analogs K-s, romelic gvaqvs
rogoricaa sizuste, masa, gabaritebi, stabiluroba, milakebze an naxevargamtarebze agebul
saimedooba gadaaWarbes milakebze da maZliereblebSi.
tranzistorebze agebul operaciul maZliereblebs.

31 32
 Tu U Ses1 da U Ses2 Semaval Zabvebis romelic gaizomeba maZliereblis or Sesasvlels
mniSvnelobebi Seicvala erTidaigive sididiT, maSin Soris. rogorc wesi maZlierblebisaTvis Rs
cxadia USes.d ar Seicvleba da ar unda Seicvalos Seadgens ramdenime erTeulidan – aTobiT megaoms,
Ugam. magram imis gamo, rom diferencialuri xolo RSes.d – ramodenime aTeul-aseul kilooms.
kaskadebi ver arian idealurad simetriulebi, kvebis nebismier om-s maT Soris integraluri
Zabvis nominalebis cvalebadobis da zogierTi kidev tipisasac gaaCnia nulis dreifi, rac imaSi
sxva mizezis gamo, gamomavali Zabva ar rCeba mudmivi
mdgomareobs, rom roca U Ses = 0 , maSin U gam ≠ 0 . om-is
da icvleba raRac Ugam sididiT, rac SeiZleba
sqemebSi gvaqvs nulis dreifis makompensirebeli
daxasiaTdes sinfazuri gaZlierebis koeficientiT
ΔU gam saSualebebi. imisaTvis, rom ΔU gam = 0 or
Ks -Ti Ks = . Sesasvlels Soris unda mivawodoT e.w. nulis
ΔU Ses.s
wanacvlebis Zabva Uwan, romelic iseTi niSnisa da
maZliereblis unari ganasxvavos
sididis unda iyos, rom maZliereblis
diferencialuri signali sinfazuri signalisagan
gamosasvlelze mogvces U gam = 0 .
fasdeba sinfazuri signalis Sesustebis
Kd nax. 1.20-ze mocemulia integraluri,
koeficientiT KS.s = . idealuri om-Tvis KSes diferencialuri tipis om-is CarTvis sqema
Ks
sxvadasxva maTematikuri operaciebis
usasrulobis toli unda iyos (radgan idealuri om-
Sesasruleblad.
Ks = 0 ). realuri sqemebisaTvis KS.s = 60 ÷ 120
Z0 ( P )
Tvis
decibels, xolo Kd = 20000 ÷ 100000 . Ks da KS.s -is
ZSes ( P )
msgavsi parametrebi milakian da naxevargamtarian om-
s ar gaaCniaT. Ses _
gam
integraluri, diferencialuri tipis om-is or +
Sesasvlels Seesabameba winaRobis ori tipi. R
Sesavlis winaRoba sinfazuri signalisaTvis Rs +E _E
gaizomeba maZliereblis erT-erT Sesasvlelsa da
miwis potencials Soris, xolo diferencialuri nax. 1.20
signalis Sesavlis winaRoba RSes.d es is winaRobaa,

33 34
 maZliereblis inversirebuli Ө Sesasvleli 3. operaciuli maZlierebeli unda muSaobdes
gamoyenebulia uaryofiTi uku kavSiris Semavali signalebis sixSireebis rac SeiZleba
gansaxorcieleblad, xolo arainversirebul ⊕ farTo diapazonSi raTa damaxinjebis gareSe moxdes
Sesasvlelze R potenciometridan miewodeba Uwan rTuli formis mqone signalebis damuSaveba. magram
Zabva maZliereblis nulze dasaregulireblad, roca radgan om warmoadgens mudmivi denis Zabvis
maZlierebels, misi sixSiruli diapazoni
U Ses = 0 .
SezRudulia ramodenime aTasi herciT;
SeniSvna. SemdgomSi naxazebSi R
4. sasurvelia, rom om-s hqondes gamomavali
potenciometrebs Tavisi kvebis wyaroTi aRar
signalis cvalebadobis rac SeiZleba didi
gamovxatavT.
diapazoni. gajerebis movlenis gamo maZlierebels
gaaCnia wrfivi ubnis SezRuduli monakveTi.
$1.8 moTxovnebi romlebsac unda akmayofilebdnen
sxvadasxva tipis maZliereblebs gamomavali Zabvis
operaciuli maZliereblebi
cvalebadobis sxvadasxva diapazoni gaaCnia ±100v,
±50v, ±10v da maT wrfivobis diapazons uwodeben. om-
imisaTvis, rom om-ma imuSaos rac SeiZleba
is gamomavali kaskadi daculi unda iyos SesaZlo
maRali sizustiT saWiroa Semdegi moTxovnebis
gadatvirTvebisagan, agreTve uku kavSiris wredis
Sesruleba:
gawyvetis dros dacvis saSualebebiT;
1. uaryofiTi paraleluri uku kavSiris
5. idealur om-s Sesavlis winaRoba
gansaxorcieleblad om-is Semaval da gamomaval
usasrulod didi unda hqondes, xolo gamosasvleli
signalebs sxvadasxva polaroba unda hqondes.
winaRoba – nulis toli. om-is Sesavlis winaRobas
diferencialuri tipis om-Si garda mainversirebeli
gansazRvravs maZliereblis pirveli kaskadis sqema.
Sesasvlelisa aris meore aramainversirebeli
Tanamedrove integraluri, diferencialuri tipis
Sesasvlelic;
om-is pirveli kaskadis sqemas nax. 1.21 saxe aqvs.
2. idealur om-s unda hqondes usasrulod
mTeli maZliereblis erT kristalSi integrirebuli
didi gaZlierebis koeficienti. realurad om-s
teqnologiiT damzadebam uzrunvelyo sqemis TiTqmis
gaaCnia sakmaod didi gaZlierebis koeficienti
idealuri simetriuloba.
mudmivi Zabvis mimarT K = 104 ÷ 108 . igi
sasargeblo U Ses1 da U Ses2 signalebTan erTad
damokidebulia maZliereblis klasze da
mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba sixSiris zrdasTan erTad; Sesasvlelze SeiZleba modiodes erTidaigive
sididisa da polarobis parazituli, sinfazuri U s

35 36
signali, romelic sqemis idealuri simetriulobis integraluri diferencialuri tipis om-Si
SemTxvevaSi kaskadis muSaobaSi cdomilebas ver Sesavlis winaRobis gazrdis mizniT, bipolaruli
Seitans. tranzistorebis magivrad iyeneben savele
roca U Ses1 = U Ses2 , maSin U gam1 = 0 , xolo roca tranzistorebs, romelTa Sesavlis winaRoba
gacilebiT metia bipolaruli tranzistorebis
U Ses1 ≠ U Ses2 , maTi sidideebisa da niSnebis mixdeviT
winaRobaze. Cveulebriv integraluri om-is Sesavlis
ganisazrvreba gamomavali Zabvis mniSvneloba winaRoba megaomebiT ganisazRvreba.
( )
U gam1 = Kd1 U Sem1 − U Sem2 , sadac Kd1 pirveli kaskadis SeniSvna. Cveulebriv om CarTulia uku

diferencialuri gaZlierebis koeficientia, xolo kavSiris wrediT (nax. 1.22). am dros U gam = − KU Σ ,
mTliani mravalkaskadiani maZliereblisaTvis U gam
saidanac U Σ = − .
(
U gam = Kd U Ses1 − U Ses2 . ) Ek
K

Z0 ( P )
Rk1 Rk2
Z ( P)
iSem
U gam1 Ses
VT 1 VT 2 _
gam
+

Re1 Re2 nax. 1.22.

U Ses1 U Ses2
radgan maZliereblis gaZlierebis koeficienti
Rwan
Zalian didi ricxvia, amitom UΣ 0. amis gamo
maZliereblis Sesavlis wertils potencialurad
Us damiwebul wertils uwodebsn.
garda amisa radgan U Σ 0 , xolo om-is RSes
nax. 1.21. ramdenime megaomis tolia, amitom ISes 0. e.i.

37 38
 i0 ( P )
maZliereblis Sesavlis deni praqtikulad nulis Z0 ( P )
tolia.
6. idealur om-s ar unda hqondes nulis Z1 ( P ) i1 ( P ) iSem ( P )
dreifi. realur maZliereblebSi yovelTvis gvaqvs U Ses1 ( P ) _
nulis dreifi da mas garkveuli cdomileba Seaqvs Z2 ( P ) i1 ( P )
gam
+
maZliereblis muSaobaSi. om-Si ganxorcielebulia U Ses 2 ( P )
nulis dreifis makompensirebeli saSualebebi,
rogoricaa nulis dreifis parametruli kompensacia, Zn ( P ) i1 ( P )
U Sesn ( P )
avtomaturi kompensacia da sxv.
Tanamedrove III Taobis om-bi romlebic
Sesrulebulni arian integraluri teqnologiiT, nax. 1.23
warmodgenilni arian ZiriTadad 140 da 153 seriis
maZlierebliT: 140УД6, 140УД10, 153УД2, 153УД5 da radgan mudmivi denis Zabvis maZliereblis
sxva. aRniSnuli om-is parametrebs SegiZliaT Sesavlis winaRoba Zalian didia, xolo U ∑ ( P ) 0,
iSes ( P ) 0 . maSin
gaecnoT [l.1] da [l.2].
amitom SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom
kirxofis kanonis Tanaxmad SegviZlia davweroT
$1.9 operaciuli maZliereblis i1 ( P ) + i2 ( P ) + ... + in ( P ) = i0 ( P )
saerTo gantoleba anu
USes1 ( P) −U∑ ( P) USes2 ( P) −U∑ ( P)
ganvixiloT om-is CarTvis zogadi sqema, + +...
Z1 ( P) Z2 ( P)
romelSidac ganxorcielebulia uaryofiTi
paraleluri uku kavSiri Zabvis mixedviT (nax. 1.23). USesn ( P) −U∑ ( P) U∑ ( P) −Ugam ( P)
... + =
aq Z 0 ( P) maZliereblis uku kavSiris wredSi Zn ( P) Z0 ( P)
CarTuli kompleqsuri winaRobaa operatoruli radgan Ugam ( P) = −KU∑ ( P) , xolo aqedan
saxiT, xolo Z1 ( P ) , Z 2 ( P ) ,... Z n (P ) aseve kompleqsuri Ugam ( P)
winaRobebia operatoruli saxiT CarTuli om-is U∑ ( P) = − , amitom
K
Sesavlis wredSi.

39 40
 gveqneba Ugam ( P) Z0 ( P)
Wi ( P) = =
USes1 ( P) USes2 ( P) USesn ( P) Ugam ( P)
mimarT tolia . e.i. om-is
1 n
USesi ( P) Zi ( P)
Z1 ( P)
+
Z2 ( P)
+... +
Zn ( P)
+ ∑
K i=1 Zi ( P)
=
funqcionirebis kanoni da sizuste ar aris
Ugam ( P) Ugam ( P) damokidebuli maZliereblis parametrebze. igi
=− − ;
KZ0 ( P) Z0 ( P) mxolod damokidebulia uku kavSirisa da Sesavlis
wredebSi CarTuli komponentebis operatorul
n U Sesi ( P ) U gam ( P ) ⎛ n Z
0 ( P)
⎞
∑
i =1 Zi ( P )
=−
KZ 0 ( P ) ⎝
⎜⎜ 1 + K + ∑ ⎟⎟
i =1 Z i ( P ) ⎠
winaRobebze da maT sizusteze.
maZliereblis Sesavlisa da uku kavSiris
wredebSi Cveulebriv SeiZleba CarTuli iyos
n Z0 ( P ) ⎡ 1⎛ n Z
0 ( P)
⎞⎤
∑
i =1 Z i ( P )
⋅ U ( P ) = −U ( P ) ⎢ 1 + ⎜⎜ ∑
1 + ⎟⎟ ⎥ rezistorebi, kondensatorebi an kidev iSviaTad
⎢⎣ K ⎝ i =1 Z i ( P ) ⎠ ⎥⎦
Sesi gam
induqciuroba, romelTaTvisac operatoruli
aqedan ki ganvsazRvroT U gam ( P ) winaRobebi Sesabamisad tolia:
1
n
Z0 ( P ) ZR ( P) = R ; ZC ( P ) = ; Z L ( P ) = LP .
∑
i =1 Z i ( P )
Cp
U gam ( P ) = − ⋅ U Sesi ( P ) (1.4)
1⎛ n
Z ( P) ⎞
1 + ⎜⎜1 + ∑ 0 ⎟
amrigad om-is funqcionirebis kanons
K ⎝ i =1 Z i ( P ) ⎟⎠ gansazRvravs mis Sesavlis da uku kavSiris wredebSi
radgan maZliereblis gaZlierebis koeficienti CarTuli komponentebi da maTi SeerTebis sqemebi.
K>>1,¸amitom sakmaod maRali sizustiT SeiZleba
davweroT
n Z0 ( P )
U gam ( P ) = −∑ ⋅U Sesi ( P ) (1.5)
i =1 Zi ( P )
(1.4) da (1.5) gamosaxulebebi warmoadgenen
operaciuli maZliereblebis saerTo gantolebebs.
rogorc (1.5)-dan Cans idealuri maZliereblisaTvis,
romlis K = ∞ , gadacemis funqcia i-uri Sesasvlelis

41 42
 Tavi 2 Sedarebis sqemebi da gardamsaxebi `0~ da `1~-is Sesabamis Zabvis doneebs E0 da E1 -Ti,
maSin idealuri komparatoris maxasiaTebels nax. 2.2-
ze mocemuli saxe eqneba. rogorc am
$ 2.1 Sedarebis sqemebi (komparatorebi)
maxasiaTeblidan gamomdinareobs idealur
komparators unda hqondes SezRuduli tipis
rogorc agm aseve hgm gamoyenebulia Sedarebis
usasrulod didi gaZlierebis koeficienti. garda
sqemebi, romlebsac komparatorebsac uwodeben.
amisa igi unda muSaobdes Semavali signalebis rac
komparatoris aRniSvna mocemulia nax. 2.1-ze. mas
SeiZleba farTo sixSirul diapazonSi da ar unda
gaaCnia ori analoguri x1, x2 Sesasvleli da erTi
gaaCndes nulis dreifi.
cifruli gamosasvleli y. komparatoris
Sesasvlelze miewodeba droSi cvladi eleqtruli
Zabvebi, gamosasvleli sidide y ki warmoadgens Uy
orobiT cvlads, romelsac SeuZlia miiRos `1~
mniSvnelobebi `0~ an `1~. `0~ da `1~ kodebs E1
Seesabamebian eleqtruli Zabvis potencialis an
`0~
impulsis svadasxva doneebi. E0
Ux
x1 y
x2
nax. 2.2

nax. 2.1
realuri komparatorebi gansxvavdebian
idealurisagan. moviyvanoT erT-erTi realuri,
idealuri komparatoris moqmedebis principi
kerZod om-ze agebuli komparatoris maxasiaTebeli
Semdegnairad SeiZleba CavweoT:
(nax. 2.3) rogorc maxasiaTeblidan Cans `0~-s
⎧0 roca x1 < x2 Seesabameba E 0 , `1~-s ki E 1 .
y=⎨
⎩1 roca x1 > x2
Tu RvniSnavT x = x1 − x2 , xolo maT Sesabamis
Zabvebs U x , U x1 , U x 2 , aseve gamomaval Zabvas U y -Ti, y-is

43 44
 −E
Uy

VD 2 R1
`1~
E1 R
U x1 R2
`0~
_
E0 Uy
R +
Ux
U x2 R3
ΔU

nax. 2.3 VD1 R4

maT Soris Sualedi ar SeiZleba mivakuTnoT
arc `0~ da arc `1~. e.i. Semavali signalis U x -is ΔU
(a) E
zona warmoadgens realuri Sedarebis sqemebisaTvis
aramgrZnoabiarobis zonas. komparatorebs Uy
axasiaTeben ara uSualod ΔU sididiT, aramed R2
E
ΔU R1
farTobiTi mgrZnobiarobiT H f =
E1 − E2
nax. 2.4 (a) da (b)-ze mocemulia om-ze agebuli
Ux1+Ux2
komparatoris erT-erTi sqema da misi maxasiaTebeli.
(Ux)

R3
−E
R4

(b)
nax. 2.4.

45 46
 roca (U x1 + U x 2 ) >0, maSin U y gamosasvlelze nawilisagan: etalonuri U0 Zabvis wyarosagan,
cifrulad marTvadi rezistorebisagan da
Zabva iqneba uaryofiTi, ris gamoc VD2 diodi
operaciuli maZliereblisagan.
gaiReba (VD1 Caketilia) da radgan Ria diodis
ganvixiloT cag-is erT-erTi sqema nax. 2.5
winaRoba rvd ≈ 0 , amitom
U0
R R
U y = − (U x1 + U x 2 ) 3 − E 3
R R4
R 21 R 22 R 2n −1 R
R3
E warmoadgens sqemis gamosasvlelze
R4
signalis donis ganmsazRvrel ZiriTad sidides
S n −1 Sn−2 S n −3 S0 i0 R0
(radgan iReben R >> R3 ). amitom (U x1 + U x 2 ) -is
Semdgomi zrda U y -is zrdaze arsebiT gavlenas ver iN
axdens da gamomavali signalis done ZiriTadad _
UN
R +
ganisazRvreba E 3 sididiT.
R4
nax. 2.5
analoguri msjelobiT dgindeba, rom roca
(U x1 + U x 2 ) < 0 iReba VD1 diodi da sqemis cmr-is marTva swarmoebs gasaRebebiT, romelTa
R2 mdgomareobac damokidebulia N gardasaqmneli
gamosasvlelze signalis dones gansazRvravs E
R1 kodis Si Tanrigebis ricxviT mniSvnelobebze. roca
sidide. Si =1 Sesabamisi gasaRebi Caiketeba da rezistori
miuerTdeba om-is Sesasvlels.
$ 2.2 cifro-analoguri gardamqmneli.
rogorc ukve viciT iN = io , anu
rogorc dasaxelebidan gamomdinareobs U0 U
= − N (2.1)
cifro-analoguri gardamqmnelebi (cag) cifrul RN R0
kods N unda gardaqmnidnen analogur U N Zabvad. aq RN cmr-is eqvivalenturi winaRobaa,
cag-is praqtikuli sqemebis umetesoba Sedgeba sami romelic ganxiluli tipis cmr-isaTvis tolia

47 48
 2n −1 R garCevis unari – gansazRvravs analoguri
RN = (2.2) signalis doneTa SesaZlo raodenobas, romelic
N
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT 2n sididiT ganisazRvreba.
(2.2) SevitanoT (2.1)-Si, miviRebT cdomileba (sizuste). mas gansazRvraven im
sididiT, romliTac gardamqmnelis gamosasvlelze
U0 ⋅ N U RU
n −1
= − N aqedan U N = − n −01 0 N (2.3) Zabva SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes misi Teoriuli
2 R R0 2 ⋅R
mniSvnelobisagan. cdomileba SeiZleba gamosaxuli
R
(2.3)-Si Tu davuSvebT, rom R0 = miviRebT iyos procentebSi gamomavali Zabvis maqsimumTan
2 SedarebiT an kidev orobiTi Tanrigebis im ricxviT,
U0 romelTa gardaqmnac aucileblad swarmoebs cg-is
UN = − N (2.4)
2n −1 mier.
rogorc (2.4)-dan Cans gardamqmnelis damyarebis dro – ganisazRvreba drois im
gamosasvlelze Zabva proporciulia gardasaqmneli intervaliT, romelic aiTvleba gardamqmnelis
kodis mniSvnelobis N. Sesasvlelze signalis miwodebidan gamosasvlelze
roca mocemulia orobiT ricxvSi Tanrigebis Zabvis damyarebul mniSvnelobis miRwevamde.
raodenoba n, gardamqmnelis gamosasvlelze Zabvam damyarebis dro gansazRvravs cag-is swrafqmedebas.
SeiZleba miiRos 2n sxvadasxva diskretuli udidesi da umciresi mniSvnelobis Tanrigebi
mniSvneloba 0-dan U N max -s Soris, sadac Sesabamisad ganisazRvrebian gardamsaxis
Sesasvlelze miwodebuli cifruli signalis im
U0 U 0 (2n − 1)
U N max = n N max = . udidesi da umciresi TanrigebiT, romlebsac
2 2n gaaCniaT Sesabamisad udidesi da umciresi wona.
cvalebadobis minimaluri biji tolia
U0 $2.3 analogur-cifruli gardamqmnelebi
ΔU N = .
2n
arsebobs cag-is sqemebis mravali saxesxvaoba. analogur-cifruli gardamqmnelebi (acg)
isini SeiZleba damzadebuli iyos diskretuli, gankuTvnilni arian U Zabvis saxiT mocemuli
integraluri an hibriduli teqnologiiT. signalebis orobiT cifrul kodSi gardaqmnisaTvis.
moviyvanoT cag-is zogierTi gansazRvreba: arseboben sxvadasxva principiT momuSave acg-bi.
ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani.

49 50
 komparatoris
zemoqmedeba procesi gagrZeldeba manamde, sanam U' =U . Tu
U reversiuli impulsebis U <U ,
'
maSin generatoridan mosuli impulsebi
mTvleli generatori (erTianebi) akldeba mTvlelSi arsebul ricxvs da
S0 ⎫ es procesic gagrZeldeba manamde, sanam U ' = U e.i.
S1 ⎪⎪
S2 ⎪
mTeli es sistema cdilobs SeinarCunos piroba
⎪
paraleluri
GU ' = U
. ⎪
⎬N cifruli anu rac igivea N kodis mniSvneloba
. ⎪
. ⎪ gamosasvleli
. ⎪
⎪ eqvivalenturi iqneba U Zabvisa.
S n −1 ⎪⎭ U-s mcire sididiT cvalebadobis dros
U' ganxiluli meTvalyure tipis acg sakmaod maRali
cag
sizustiT moqmedebs, xolo roca U icvleba
naxtomiseburad did diapazonSi, gardamqmnelis
nax. 2.6 ganxiluli sqema ver uzrunvelyofs maRal
swrafqmedebas da Sesabamisad maRal sizustes.
nax. 2.6-ze warmodgenilia e.w. meTvalyure Tanamderove acg-dan yvelaze ufro
tipis acg-is blok-sqema, romlis uku kavSiris swrafqmedia is, romelic muSaobs uSualo Sedarebis
wredSic CarTulia cag. principiT (nax. 2.7). aseTi tipis gardamqmnelSi
garda cag-sa sqema Sedgeba reversiuli gamoyenebulia 2n-1 komparatori da etalonuri Zabvis
mTvlelisa, komparatorisa da impulsebis wyaro.
generatorisagan. reversiuli mTvlelis U
gamosasvleli warmoadgens gardamqmnelis cifrul 1

kodSi gardamqmneli
gamosasvlels, sadac vRebulobT U-s Sesabamis kods S0
U et.1
N ( Sn −1...S1S0 ) .
S1

mowyobiloba
2
S2
' U et.2 .
cag N kods gardaqmnis U Zabvad da miawvdis
.
komparators U ZabvasTan Sesadareblad. Tu U > U ' , .
maSin komparatori moqmedebs reversiul mTvlelze 2n − 1 .
ise, rom impulsebis generatoridan mosuli Sn−1
U et.2n −1
signalebi emateba mTvlelSi arsebul ricxvs. es
nax. 2.7

51 52
 magaliTad, Tu acg-is Tanrigebis raodenoba Tavi 3 majamebeli mowyobilobebi
gvinda rom iyos 4, maSin degvWirdeba 15 komparatori
da imdenive etalonuri Zabvis wyaro. 15 sxvadasxva
donis Sesabamisi etalonuri Zabvebi miewodebian $ 3.1. majamebeli operaciuli maZlierebeli
Sesabamisad pirvel, meore, ..., meTxuTmete
komparatorebs. komparatorebis gamosasvlelebi majamebeli mowyobilobis daniSnulebaa
Sesabamisad mierTebulni arian makodirebel Semdegi saxis gamosaxulebis modelireba
mowyobilobasTan, romelic aformirebs gamomaval
n
y = ∑ ai xi ,
cifrul signals paraleluri orobiTi kodis saxiT.
aseTi sqemis SemTxvevaSi gamomavali signalis kodi i =1
miiReba erTdroulad erTi taqturi impulsis
ganmavlobaSi. sadac xi da y cvladi maTematikuri sidideebia,
xolo ai – mudmivi. ZiriTadad, Tanamedrove
analogur da hibridul gamomTvlel manqanebSi
vxvdebiT eleqtrul da eleqtronuli tipis
majamebel mowyobilobebs.
ganvixiloT aqtiuri tipis majamebeli
mowyobiloba operaciul maZliereblebze, romlis n-
Sesasvlelian sqemas nax. 3.1-ze mocemuli saxe aqvs.
imisaTvis, rom gamoviyvanoT warmodgenili
sqemis funqcionirebis kanoni, davweroT om-is
saerTo gantoleba (K>>1 SemTxvevisaTvis).

n Z0 ( P )
U y ( P ) = −∑ ⋅ U xi ( P ) (3.1)
i =1 Zi ( P )

53 54
 R0
R0
gamravlebiT. ki = -s majamebeli om-is gadacemis
Ri
R1
U x1 _ koeficienti ewodeba. roca k1 = k2 = k3 = ... = kn = 1 , anu
Uy
R2 + n

U x2 rac igivea R0 = R1 = R2 = ... = Rn maSin U y = − ∑ ⋅U

i =1
xi .
R3
U x3 Ses1
• k1
• Ses2 • k2
gam
• •
Rn Sesn •
kn
U xn

nax. 3.1. nax. 3.2.

Z 0 ( P ) = R0 ⎪⎫ majamebeli om pirobiTad nax.3.2-ze

Cveni sqemisaTvis ⎬ (3.2)
Z i ( P ) = Ri ⎪⎭
warmodgenili saxiT aRiniSneba.
Tu majamebel om-s eqneboda mxolod erTi
(3.2) SevitanoT (3.1-Si), miviRebT Sesasvleli (nax. 3.3), maSin (3.3)-dan gamomdinare
n
R0
U y ( P ) = −∑ ⋅ U xi ( P )
i =1 Ri R0
Uy = − ⋅ U x = −kU x
am gamosaxulebis originali gaSlili saxiT R1
Semdegnairad Caiwereba
⎛R R R ⎞ am SemTxvevaSi sqema axdens Semavali signalis
U y = − ⎜ 0 ⋅ U x1 + 0 ⋅ U x 2 + ... + 0 ⋅ U xn ⎟ =
⎝ R1 R2 Rn ⎠ (3.3) mudmiv k koef-ze gamravlebas da niSnis inversias.

= − ( k1U x1 + k2U x 2 + ... + knU xn )

aseT om-s maStabur om-s uwodeben. kerZo SemTxvevaSi,
roca k = 1 , U y = −Ux da am dros maStabur om-s
rogorc vxedavT nax. 3.1-ze warmodgenili
sqemis saSualebiT swarmoebs Semavali signalebis invertorsac uwodeben. nax. 3.4-ze mocemulia
inversiuli Sejameba mudmiv koeficientebze maStaburi om-is pirobiTi aRniSvna.

55 56
 R2,1

R0 U x 2,1 R0
R2,
U x 2,
R2,m
R U x 2m
_
Ux Uy R1,1 R0
+ U x,1,1
R1, j R0
U x1, j _
+ _ Uy
nax. 3.3 R1,n
n
+
om1 −∑ k1 jU x1 j om2
U x1, n

j =1

Ses h gam nax. 3.5

gamoklebis operacia diferencialuri om-is

nax. 3.4 orive Sesasvlelis gamoyenebiT ganvixiloT martiv
magaliTze. vTqvaT gvinda SevasruloT operacia.
$ 3.2 gamoklebis operacia agm-Si U y = k2U x 2 − k1U x1 (3.5)
am gamosaxulebis sarealizacio sqemas nax. 3.6-
gamoklebis operacia,
ze mocemuli saxe aqvs.
n m
U y = ∑ k1 jU x1 j − ∑ k2 U x 2 (3.4) R0
i0
j =1 =1

rodesac yvela Sesakrebs erTidaigive niSani aqvs, R1 i1

U0
SeiZleba SevasruloT ori majamebeli om-is bazaze U x1 _
U Uy
an erTi diferencialuri tipis om-is saSualebiT Tu U x2 +
gamoviyenebT maZliereblis orive Sesasvlels. R2
R3
n
pirvel SemTxvevaSi jami − ∑k
j =1
U x1 j , romelic
1j

nax. 3.6
miiReba om1-is gamosasvlelze miewodeba majamebel
om2-s Sesasvlelze (nax.3.5). am gamosasvlelze
miviRebT (3.4) sidides. radgan i1 = i0 , amitom vwerT

57 58
 U x1 − U 0 U 0 − U y $3.3. hibriduli majamebeli mowyobiloba
=
R1 R0
rodesac erTi an ramodenime Sesakrebi
R ⎛R ⎞
saidanac U y = − 0 U x1 + U 0 ⎜ 0 + 1⎟ (3.6) mocemulia orobiTi kodis N -is saxiT, xolo jami
R1 ⎝ R1 ⎠ analogiuri sididis – Zabvis saxiT unda miviRoT,
viciT, rom diferencialuri tipis om-Tvis SegviZlia gamoviyenoT majamebeli om. am SemTxvevaSi
(U − U 0 ) ⋅ Kd = U y registrSi Cawerili N cifruli kodis saxiT
Uy mocemuli Sesakrebi unda gardavqmnaT mis
aqedan U − U 0 = ≈ 0 radgan Kd >> U y eqvivalentur Zabvad. es SeiZleba gakeTdes,
Kd
magaliTad, caZg-is saSualebiT. hibriduli
R3
e.i. U U 0 , xolo U = U x 2 (3.7) majamebeli mowyobilobis sqemas ori Sesakrebis
R2 + R3 SemTxvevaSi, roca erT-erTi Sesakrebi registrSi
(3.7) SevitanT (3.6)-Si, miviRebT Cawerili N kodis saxiT aris warmodgenili nax. 3.7
R0 ⎡ R0 R3 R3 ⎤ saze aqvs.
Uy = − U x1 + U x 2 ⎢ + ⎥
R1 ⎢⎣ R1 ( R2 + R3 ) R2 + R3 ⎥⎦
R3 ( R0 + R1 ) R0
anu U y = U x 2 − U x1 = k2U x 2 − k1U x1 (3.8) N
R1 ( R2 + R3 ) R1
xSirad irCeven R1 = R2 da R0 = R3 , maSin
registri R0
R
U y = 0 (U x 2 − U x1 ) (3.9) S n −1 ... Si ... S 2 S1 S 0
R1 S
U0 U x1 R1 Uy
−U 0 caZg _
+
U x2 R2

nax. 3.7

59 60
 s gasaRebis saSualebiT SeiZleba vmarToT (3.10)-is mixedviT, Tu mocemulia dasaSvebi
jamis niSani. igive sqemiT SeiZleba gamoklebis cdomileba, SegviZlia SevirCioT Sesabamisi tipis om.
operaciis Sesrulebac. exla ganvixiloT Tu ra gavlenas axdens
nulis dreifi majamebeli om-is sizusteze. rogorc
$3.4 majamebeli om-is sizuste adre aRvniSneT nulis dreifi imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom roca maZliereblis Sesasvlelze U Ses =0, mis
majamebeli om-is sizusteze arsebiT gavlenas gamosasvlelze gvaqvs 0-gan gansxvavebuli raRac
axdens ori faqtori: maZliereblis gaZlierebis
ΔU gam ≠ 0 Zabva. nulis dreifis gamomwvevi mizezebi
koeficientis sasruloba da nulis dreifi.
maZliereblis gaZlierebis koeficientis K-s mravalia: kvebis wyaros Zabvis arastabiluroba,
sasrulobiT gamowveuli fardobiTi cdomilebis garemos temperaturis cvalebadoba, komponentebis
analizisaTvis moviyvanoT om-is saerTo gantoleba daZveleba da sxva. nulis dreifis ricxobrivad
Sesafaseblad Semotanilia cneba maZliereblis
majamebeli sqemisaTvis roca K ∞ da roca K ≠ ∞
SemTxvevebisaTvis. maT Sesabamisad Semdegi saxe aqvs Sesasvlelze miyvanili dreifis e.m.Z-sa. am emZ-s -Ti
n aRniSnaven. es is fiqtiuri emZ, romelsac Tu
R
U y = −∑ 0 ⋅ U xi (K ≈ ∞ ) mivawvdiT maZliereblis Sesasvlelze, mis
i =1 Ri

n
gamosasvlelze mogvcemda iseTive ΔU gam -s rasac
R0
'
∑
i =1 Ri
⋅ U xi gvaZlevs nulis dreifi.
Uy = − (K ≠ ∞) jer ganvixiloT Tu ra gavlenas axdens nulis
1⎛ n
R ⎞
1 + ⎜1 + ∑ 0 ⎟ dreifi maStaburi om-is muSaobaze, romlis
K ⎝ i =1 Ri ⎠ Sesasvlelzec mivaerToT dreifis fiqtiuri emZ-is
K-s sasrulobiT gamowveuli fardobiTi wyaro (nax. 3.8). i0 R0
cdomileba ki gamoiTvleba formuliT
U y' − U y Uy 1⎛ n
R0 ⎞
δU y % = ⎜ ∑ ⎟100%
100% = 1 − 100% = 1 + R iR
' ' U∑
U y Uy K ⎝ i =1 Ri ⎠ U Ses _
ΔU gam
+
rogorc miRebuli gamosaxulebidan Cans δU y
damokidebulia K-ze da gadacemis koeficientze. nax. 3.8

61 62
 R da R 0 -Si denebis tolobidan gamomdinare Tavi 4 maintegrirebeli da madiferencirebeli
mowyobilobebi
vwerT
U Ses − U ∑ U ∑ − ΔU gam
= (3.11)
R R0 maintegrirebeli mowyobilobis daniSnulebaa
t
radgan vixilavT nulis dreifs, unda davuSvaT, rom
U Ses = 0 . am dros U gam mTlianad gamowveuli iqneba
modelireba moaxdinos gamosaxulebis y = y0 + a xdt , ∫
t0

mxolod nulis dreifiT, amitom U∑ = da (3.11) sadac y0 = y ( 0 ) y-is sawyisi mniSvnelobaa t0

gamosaxuleba miiRebs saxes
momentisaTvis, a = const , x = x ( t ) , xolo t nebismieri
− ΔU gam
− = damoukidebuli cvladi.
R R0 madiferencirebeli mowyobilobis saSualebiT
⎛ R0 ⎞ dx
saidanac ΔU gam = ⎜ 1 + ⎟ (3.12) ki swarmoebs modelireba gamosaxulebisa y=a ,
⎝ R⎠ dt
analogiurad majamebeli om-Tvis miviRebT sadac a = const , x = x (t ) , y = y (t ) , xolo t
gamosaxulebas
damoukidebuli cvladi.
⎛ n
R ⎞
ΔU gam = ⎜1 + ∑ 0 ⎟ (3.13) analogur teqnikaSi gavrcelebulia
⎝ i =1 Ri ⎠ meqanikuri, eleqtromeqanikuri, eleqtruli da
(3.13) gamosaxulebiT gamoiTvleba nulis eleqtronuli mowyobilobebi. Cven ganvixilavT
dreifiT gamowveuli cdomileba majamebeli eleqtronuli tipis mowyobilobebs.
operaciuli maZliereblisaTvis. igi
pirdapirproporciul damokidebulebaSia -Tan da
maZliereblis gadacemis koeficientTan.
$ 4.1. maintegrirebeli da majamebel-maintegrirebeli
operaciuli maZliereblebi

rodesac om-is uku kavSiris wredSi CarTulia

C tevadoba, xolo Sesavlis wredSi R rezistori,

63 64
aseTi om asrulebs integrirebis operacias. ewodeba. maintegrirebeli om-is pirobiTi aRniSvna
marTlac, davweroT om-is saerTo gantoleba mocemulia nax. 4.2-ze.
erTSesasvleliani sqemisaTvis axla ganvixiloT nax. 4.3-ze moyvanili om-is
Z0 ( P ) CarTvis sqema da ganvsazRvroT aseTi sqemis funqci-
U y ( P) = − U Ses ( P ) (4.1)
ZSes ( P ) onirebis kanoni.
sawyisi sidideebisTvis

C
R
Ux _ h
Uy Ses gam
+

nax. 4.1
nax. 4.1-ze warmodgenili sqemisaTvis
nax. 4.2
1
Z0 ( P ) = , ZSes ( P ) = R da U Ses ( P ) = U x ( P ) ,
cp C
1 R
Sesabamisad amisa U y ( P ) = − Ux ( P) U x1 _
Rcp Ri +
Uy
am gamosaxulebis originals ki Semdegi saxe U xi
Rn
aqvs U xn
t t
1
RC ∫0
Uy = − U x dt = −k ∫ U x dt (4.2) nax. 4.3
0

amrigad, Tu davuSvebT, rom maZliereblis operaciuli maZliereblis saerTo

gaZlierebis koeficienti K ≈ ∞, maSin gantolebaSi
zemoTganxiluli sqema gamosasvlelze gvaZlevs n Zo ( P )
U y ( P ) = −∑ ⋅ U xi ( P )
1 ⎡1 ⎤ Zi ( P )
Semavali signalis integrals. k= ⎢ ⎥ da i =1
RC ⎣ wm ⎦ 1
maintegrirebeli om-is gadacemis koeficienti
SevitanoT Z0 ( P ) = da Z i ( P ) = Ri ( i = 1,..., n )
cp
mniSvnelobebi. miviRebT

65 66
 n
1 $ 4.2 madiferencirebeli operaciuli maZlierebeli
U y ( P ) = −∑ U xi ( P )
i =1 CRi P
madiferencirebeli om-is (nax. 4.5) Sesavlis
am gamosaxulebis originals gaSlili saxiT
wredSi CarTulia C kondensatori, xolo uku
Semdegi saxe aqvs
kavSiris wredSi R0 winaRoba.
t
⎛ 1 1 1 1 ⎞ R0
U y = −∫ ⎜ U x1 + U x 2 + ... + U xi + ... + U xn ⎟ ⋅dt =
0⎝
CR1 CR2 CRi CRn ⎠ C
(4.3)
t Ux _
= − ∫ ( k1U x1 + ... + kiU xi + ... + knU xn ) ⋅dt +
Uy
0

rogorc (4.3)-dan Cans aRniSnuli sqema axdens nax. 4.5.

sxvadasxva koeficientebiani sidideebis jamis
integrirebasa da niSnis inversias. aseT om-s operaciuli maZliereblebis saerTo
1 gantolebaSi erT Sesavliani sqemisaTvis SevitanoT
Semajamebel-maintegrirebel om-s uwodeben. ki =
CRi 1
Z 0 ( P ) = R0 da ZSes ( P ) = mniSvnelobebi, miviRebT
da mas Semajamebel-maintegrirebeli om-is gadacemis cp
koeficienti ewodeba i-uri Sesasvlelis mimarT. Z0 ( P )
U y ( P) = − U x ( P ) = − R0 cpU x ( P )
Semajamebel _ maintegrirebeli om-is pirobiTi
ZSes ( P )
aRniSvna mocemulia nax. 4.4-ze.
operatoruli saxidan gadavideT originalze
sawy. sidideebisaTvis dU x dU x
U y = − R0 c
=k (4.4)
Ses1 k
dt dt
e.i. Tu CavTvliT, rom k ∞ , maSin aRniSnuli
Sesi ki gam
sqema idealuri maiferencirebeli sqemaa. k = R0C -s
Ses n kn
madiferencirebeli om-is gadacemis koeicienti
ewodeba. madiferencirebeli om pirobiTad nax. 4.6
nax. 4.4. warmodgenili saxiT aRiniSneba

67 68
 C
t t
gam K 1
∫ ( K + 1) CR ∫0 y
Ses k Uy = − U x dt − U dt (4.5)
( K + 1) CR 0
rogorc (4.5)-dan Cans K-s sasruloba iwvevs
nax. 4.6 cdomilebas, romlis mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba
gamosaxulebis marjvena mxaris meore wevriT. cxadia
$ 4.3. maintegrirebeli da madiferencirebeli cdomileba miT naklebi iqneba rac metia
operaciuli maZliereblebis sizuste maZliereblis gaZlierebis koeficienti K da
naklebia integrirebis dro t.
iseve rogorc Semajamebel om-s analogiurad Tu gamoviyvandiT K-s
maintegrirebel da madiferencirebel om-is sasrulobiT gamowveuli cdomilebis mniSvnelobas
sizustezec moqmedebs gaZlierebis koeficientis K-s madiferencirebeli om-Tvis, miviRebdiT
sasruloba da nulis dreifi. gamovTvaloT K-s K dU x 1 dU y
Uy = − RC − RC (4.6)
sasrulobiT gamowveuli cdomileba K +1 dt K +1 dt
maintegrirebeli om-Tvis. davweroT om-is saerTo aqac (4.6)-is marjvena mxaris II wevri gansazRvravs
gantoleba maintegrirebeli om-Tvis roca K ≠ ∞ cdomilebas.
Z0 ( P ) rac Seexeba nulis dreifs igi cdomilebis
Ux ( P)
ZSes ( P )
TvalsazrisiT iseTsave gavlenas axdens
Ux ( P)
U y ( P) = − =− madiferencirebeli om-is muSaobaze, rogorsac igi
1⎛ Z0 ( P ) ⎞ ⎡ 1⎛
CRP ⎢1 + ⎜1 +
1 ⎞⎤ axdens maStabur om-ze. maintegrirebeli om-Tvis ki
1+ ⎜⎜1 + ⎟ ⎟⎥
K ⎝ ZSes ( P ) ⎟⎠ ⎣ K ⎝ CRP ⎠ ⎦ nulis dreifiT gamowveuli cdomileba ΔU y ∼ e ⋅ t ,
sadac e maZliereblis Sesasvlelze miyvanili
gamartivebis Semde miviRebT dreifis emZ, xolo t-integrirebis dro. gamodis, rom
integratorebis xangrZlivi muSaoba ar aris
K 1
U y ( P) = − Ux ( P) − U ( P) mizanSewonili.
( K + 1) CRP ( K + 1) CRP y SeniSvna. saerTod analogur teqnikaSi
madiferencirebeli sqemebi SedarebiT iSviaTad
gamoiyenebian, radgan aseTi sqemebi Zalzed did
vipovoT am gamosaxulebis originali mgrZnobiarobas iCenen xelSemSleli eleqtruli

69 70
signalebis mimarT, romlebic TiTqmis yovelTvis
Tan erTvian sasargeblo signals.
x
$4.4 analogur-cifruli integratori
f (t )
analoguri integratoris muSaobis
xangrZlivoba SezRudulia droSi radgan nulis
dreifiT gamowveuli cdomileba grovdeba da
izrdeba integrirebis drois proporciulad. garda
amisa kondensatoris arseboba iwvevs kidev
xn
x j +1
damatebiT cdomilebebs. xj
x2
aRniSnuli naklovanebebisagan Tavisufalia x0 x1
analogur-cifruli integratori, romelSic t
0 t0 t1 t2 t j t j +1 tn
gamoyenebulia integralis gamoTvlis miaxloebiTi
ricxviTi meTodi.
ganvixiloT integralis gamoTvlis ricxviTi nax. 4.7
integrirebis umartivesi meTodi-eileris meTodi integralis miaxloebiTi mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba
(sworkuTxedebis meTodi). daStrixuli sworkuTxa monakveTebis jamiT
Tu f (t ) funqcia gansazRvrulia [ t0 , t n ]
tn

∑ x j ( t j − t j −1 ) = ∑ x j Δt j
n n
monakveTze, maSin misi integralis zusti
y = ∫ xdt
mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba farTiT, romelic t0 j =1 j =1

SemosazRvrulia monakveTebiT t0tn , x0 xn da mrudiT

x = f (t ) . sadac Δt j = t j − t j −1 . Cveulebriv integrirebis bijs
Δt j -s iReben yvela j-Tvis erTmaneTis tols
t n − t0
Δt = , maSin integralis miaxloebiTi
n
mniSvnelobis gamosaTvlelad gveqneba formula

71 72
 y = Δt ( x1 + x2 + ... + x j + ... + xn ) = Δt ∑ x j
n

analogur-cifruli gardamqmnelis (acg)

j =1

Cven yovelTvis SegviZlia SevirCioT Δt iseTi,

saSualebiT swarmoebs drois garkveul tj
rom sruldebodes piroba momentebSi Sesasvlelze mosuli Ux Zabvis gardaqmna
mis cifrul eqvivalentSi.

N j ( t j ) = Nx j = U x ( t j ) = k NU x ( t j )
tn n N max
∫ xdt − Δt ∑ x j < ξ ,
to j =1
U x max
mmarTveli mowyobiloba drois erTidaigive
sadac ξ gansazRvravs integralis miaxloebiTi
SualedSi Δt = const impulsurad kravs S gasaRebs
gamoTvliT sizustes. Tu integrirebis bijs Δt -s
da cifruli damgroveblis Sesasvlelze awvdis N xj
erTis tolad SevirCevT, maSin integralis
miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobis gamoTvla daiyvaneba sidideebs. cifrul damgrovebelSi Camoyalibdeba
integralqveSa funqciis diskretuli mniSvnelobebis jami

N y = ∑ Nx j = k N ∑ U x ( t j )
n n
Sekrebaze
n
y = ∑ xj
j =1 j =1
(4.7)
j =1 Ny warmoadgens integralis miaxloebiT
mniSvnelobas cifruli saxiT mocemuls. cifruli
am principiT momuSave analogur-cifruli damgroveblis gamosasvleli SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
integratoris blok-sqemas Semdegi sxe aqvs (nax. 4.8) rogorc analogur-cifruli integratoris cifruli
gamosasvleli. Tu gvinda viqonioT analoguri
S cifruli gamosasvlelic Zabvis saxiT, sqemas unda daematos
acg
Ux damgrovebeli cag. am ukanasknelis gamosasvlelze

= k ∑U x (t j )
Ny n
U y = U0 (4.8)
Ny N y max j =1

mmarTveli
cag aseTi analogur-cifruli integratoris
mowyobiloba Uy
sizuste sakmaod maRalia (0,1-0,05) ramdenime saaTis
nax. 4.8 integrirebis drosac ki.

73 74
 principialurad SesaZlebelia analogur- Tavi 5 funqcionaluri gardamqmnelebi
cifruli tipis integratorisa da
madiferencirebeli mowyobilobis realizacia
Sesabamisad maintegrirebeli da madiferencirebeli $5.1 zogadi debulebebi
om-is saSualebiT. am SemTxvevaSi maT sqemebSi
mudmivi nominalis rezistorebis magivrad unda funqcionaluri gardamqmneli (fg) warmoadgens
CavrToT cifrulad marTvadi rezistorebi, romelTa mowyobilobas, romelic gankuTvnilia erTi cvladis
marTva iwarmoebs registrSi Cawerili cifruli y = F ( x ) -is an zogadad mravali cvladis
~
saxiT mocemuli N x kodis saSualebiT. y = F ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) arawrfivi funqciebis
sawarmoeblad. analogur teqnikaSi farTodaa
gavrcelebuli erTi cvladis fg; iSviaTad vxvdebiT
ori cvladis fg-s.
arseboben universaluri da specializebuli
fg. specializebuli fg gankuTvnilia erTi,
romelime konkretuli funqcionaluri
damokidebulebis sawarmoeblad, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, y= x, y =1 x , y = n ( x) da a.S.
universaluri daniSnulebis fg gaaCnia mTeli rigi
gadamravelebi, potenciometrebi, damatebiTi
elementebi, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs aseT
elementebze vawarmooT sxvadasxva saxis
funqcionaluri damokidebulebebi.
arseboben fg, romelTa mowyobilobebi
saSualebas iZlevian principialurad zustad
warmovadginoT sarealizacio funqcia. am klasis fg-
s SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT profilirebul karkasiani
funqcionaluri potenciometrebi, eleqtronul-
sxivur milakebze agebuli fg-bi da sxva. aseT
mowyobilobebSi mocemuli funqcionaluri

75 76
 y
n
damokidebulebebis mixedviT amzadeben specialur yn
y = f (X )
karkasebsa da Sablonebs.
y j +1 j +1 y = F ( x)
arsebuli fg-is umetesoba sarealizacio j
yj
y = F ( x) funqcias awarmoebs ara zustad, aramed y2
2
αj
y1 1
Δy
miaxloebiT y = f ( x) funqciis saSualebiT. erTi Lj
funqciis Secvlas meoreTi, romelic mcired
x
gansxvavdeba pirvelisagan aproqsimacia ewodeba. fg- x1 x2 x j x j +1 xn
Si farTodaa gamoyenebuli sarealizacio funqciis
uban-uban wrfivi aproqsimaciis, uban0uban nax. 5.1
safexurebrivi aproqsimaciis, polinomialuri
aproqsimacis, wiladur-racionaluri aproqsimaciis maaproqsimirebeli texilis TiToeuli ubani
principebi. gansazRvruli L j = x j +1 − x j monakveTze warmoadgens
y j +1 − y j
$5.2. universaluri dioduri ( )
wrfes y = y j + a j x − x j , sadac a j = tgα j =
x j +1 + x j
.
funqcionaluri gardamqmnelebi
y = F ( x) funqciis aproqsimacia SeiZleba
dioduri funqcionaluri gardamqmnelebis Sesruldes analizurad, an grafikulad. pirvel
moqmedeba damyarebulia sarealizacio funqciis SemTxvevaSi x RerZze texilis monakveTebis
ubanuban wrfivi aproqsimacis principze. gegmilTa modulebi, roca mocemulia aproqsimaciis
ubanuban wrfivi aproqsimaciis dros mocemuli
maqsimaluri cdomileba Δy , ganisazRvreba
calsaxa y = F ( x) funqcia unda Seicvalos y = f ( x ) max

gamosaxulebiT
texiliT garkveuli sizustiT, romelic
ganisazRvreba Δy sididiT (nax. 5.1). 8 Δy
Lj = 2
max
(5.1)
d y
dx 2 max

aproqsimaciis grafikulad ganxorcielebisas

iqcevian Semdegnairad. atareben or damatebiT mruds

77 78
F ( x ) + Δy max da F ( x ) − Δy max , MmaT Soris minimaluri sazRvrebSi 0 ≤ U x ≤ U0 , VDD diodiMCaketilia
odenobiT Caxazaven wrfiv monakveTebs da sayrdeni −U say ZabviT, amitom Uy = 0. rodesac
gansazRvraven am monakveTebis kidura wertilebis
U x > U0 , VD diodi gaiReba da gamosasvlelze
koordinatebs grafikis mixedviT.
wrfivi monakveTebis miReba SesaZlebelia gaCndeba U y Zabva. am Zabvis cvalebadobas wrfivi
dioduri ujredebis saSualebiT, romelTa mravali xasiaTi aqvs radgan diodis volt-amperuli
sqemuri realizacia arsebobs. ganvixiloT zogierTi maxasiaTebeli garkveul ubanze wrfea. U 0 wertilis
maTgani. R 1 adgilmdebareobis cvla SesaZlebelia U say -is
Ux - U say
sididis cvliT an kidev R1 potenciometris mcocis
i VD
gadaadgilebiT. rac Seexeba maxasiaTeblis
daxrilobis α kuTxes, misi cvla SesaZlebelia
a) R2 potenciometris mcocis gadaadgilebiT.
R2 Uy
nax. 5.2-ze warmodgenili sqema gvaZlevs
Uy maxasiaTebels I kvadrantSi moviyvanoT dioduri
ujredebis sqemebi, romlebic gvaZleven
maxasiaTeblebs meore (nax. 5.3), mesame (nax. 5.4) da
meoTxe (nax. 5.5) kvadratebSi.
α
0 U0 Uy
Ux
R1
1
Ux −U say
b) i
R2
nax. 5.2
Uy
0
nax. 5.2a-ze warmodgenilia dioduri ujredis U0 Ux
sqema, romelic wrfiv monakveTs gvaZlevs I a) b)
kvadratSi (nax. 5.2 b). sanam Ux Zabva icvleba nax. 5.3

79 80
 SesaZlebelia A tipis ujredisagan, Tu sayrdensa
R1 da Ux Zabvebs SevucvliT niSnebs. nax. 5.6-ze
Uy
Ux + U say mocemulia B tipis erT-erTi ujredi Tavisi
maxasiaTebliT.
i

R1
R2 Ux U0 Ux −U say Uy
Uy
0
i
a) b)

nax. 5.4 R2 U0
Uy
0 Ux
−U x R1 Uy

+U say a) b)
Ux 1
i
nax. 5.6
U0
R2
Uy 0 Ux universaluri dioduri fg-bi Sedgebian
swored ganxiluli tipis dioduri ujredebisagan.
a) b)
moviyvanoT universaluri dioduri fg-is
nax. 5.5
gamartivebuli sqema, romlis saSualebiTac
zemoTganxilul diodur ujredebs A tipis
SesaZlebelia rogorc monotonuri, aseve
ujredebs uwodeben. arsebobs B tipis ujredebic, aramonotonuri da niSancvladi funqciebis
romlebic imiT gansxvavdebian, rom roca U x = 0 miaxlovebiTi warmodgena (nax.5.7).
diodSi gadis maqsimaluri deni, xolo U x -is
Semdgomi zrdiT es deni mcirdeba da roca U x = U 0
diodi mTlianad iketeba. B tipis ujredebis miReba

81 82
 R1 −U say
R Uy
VD1
R2 R5 R ( y)
VD 2 R6 R0 F
R D
R7 C E
VD3
Ux −U x R3 R B α3 α4
1 VD 4 R8 _ α5
R4 + A α2
2 Uy α1
K +U say R

R9
R10 Ux
−1000 +100
R
0 U x1 U x2 U x3 U x4 U x5 ( x)
nax. 5.8
nax. 5.7
x -sa da y -is Sesabamisi Zabvebi gamovsaxoT U x da
warmodgenili dioduri fg-is sqema Sedgeba: U y -iT. roca U x = 0 , U y gamosasvlelze unda gvqondes
invertorisagan, VD1, VD 2, VD3, VD 4 diodebze agebuli OA-s proporciuli signali. am dros yvela dioduri
ujredebisagan, romelTagan VD1 da VD 2 ujredebi ujredi Caketilia da Semajamebel om-s- OA-s
gvaZleven maxasiaTeblebs I kvadrantSi, xolo VD3 proporciuli signali SeiZleba mivawodoT mxolod
da VD 4 - meoTxe kvadrantSi. garda amisa gvaqvs R9 , sawyisi sidideebis misawodebeli R9
R10 potenciometrebi, romelTa gamosasvlelebic potenciometridan. (aqac da SemdegSidac unda
gvaxsovdes, rom Semajamebeli om Semaval signalebs
iseve rogorc dioduri ujredebis gamosasvlelebi
niSans ucvlis).
mierTebulni arian majamebeli om-is
roca Semavali Zabva Seicvleba sazRvrebSi
SesasvlelebTan.
0 ≤ U x ≤ U x1 , gardamqmnelis U y gamosasvlelze unda
vTqvaT warmodgenili fg-is saSualebiT gvinda
vawarmooT raRac y = F ( x) funqcia, romlis miviRoT OAB-s proporciuli signali, risTvisac

maaproqsimirebul texils OABCDEF saxe aqvs (nax. sqemaSi gaTvaliswinebulia R10 potenciometri. am
5.8). konkretul SemTxvevaSi gadamrTveli K unda iyos 2
mdgomareobaSi, xolo mcocis gadaadgilebiT

83 84
uzrunvelvyofT maxasiaTeblis α1 kuTxiT $ 5.3 specializebuli, funqcionaluri
daxrilobas. gardamqmnelebi

roca U x1 ≤ U x ≤ U x 2 saWiroa, rom Uy

arsebobs specializebuli fg-is mravali
gamosasvlelze signali Seicvalo BC-s sqemuri saxesxvaoba. isini SeiZleba agebuli iyon
proporciulad. amis realizacia SeuZlia meoTxe diodur ujredebze [l1,2,3], funqcionalur
kvadrantSi momuSave diodur ujreds, magaliTad potenciometrebze, stabilitronian ujredebze [l 6],
VD3 diodze agebul ujreds, romlis gaRebas U x1 eleqtronul-sxivur milakebze da sxv.
momentSi uzrunvelvyofT R3 potenciometris mcocis ukanasknel wlebSi Tavisi kompaqturobis gamo
farTo gavrceleba hpova funqcionalurma
gadaadgilebiT, xolo maxasiaTeblis α2 kuTxiT
gardamsaxebma, romelSic gamoyenebulia varistorebi.
daxrilobas − R7 potenciometris mcociT. varistori warmoadgens arawrfiv winaRobas,
rodesac U x 2 ≤ U x ≤ U x 3 -ze, imisaTvis, rom romelsac gaaCnia stabiluri volt-amperuli
signali Seicvalos CD mimarTulebiT sqemaSi unda maxasiaTebeli. varistorebi ZiriTadad mzaddebian
CairTos pirvel kvadrantSi momuSave dioduri tiritis elementebze.
ujredi. aseTad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT VD1 diodiani i (ma)
ujredi. analogiurad zemoTganxilulisa, rodesac
30
U x3 ≤ U x ≤ U x 4 moqmedebaSi unda movides VD2
20 R2
diodiani ujredi, xolo rodesac U x 4 ≤ U x ≤ U x 5 unda 10 U
R1
amoqmeddes meoTxe kvadrantSi momuSave VD 4 10 10 10
R (U )
(3)
diodiani ujredi.
amrigad, rodesac ganxiluli dioduri
funqcionaluri gardamqmnelis Sesasvlelze Zabva
Seicvleba 0-dan U x 5 -mde, mis gamosasvlelze nax. 59 nax. 5.10
miviRebT OABCDEF -is proporciul signals.
SeniSvna. realur funqcionalur nax. 5.9-ze mocemulia varistorebis volt-
gardamqmnelebSi dioduri ujredebis ricxvi amperuli maxasiaTeblebis ojaxi. tiritul arawrfiv
gacilebiT metia oTxze, romlebsac SeuZliaT
funqcionireba oTxive kvadrantSi.
winaRobebs Cveulebriv rTaven mudmiv R1 da R2

85 86
rezistorebTan erTad (nax. 5.10). R1 da R2 -is R2
SerCeviT SesaZlebelia tirituli elementis volt- i0 R1
amperuli maxasiaTeblis koreqcia garkveul
sazRvrebSi. R (U )
varistoriani arawrfivi winaRobebi SeiZleba
CarTuli iyos rogorc pasiur, aseve aqtiur i
wredebSi. ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani Ux _ Uy
R +
R2 nax. 5.12
R1 i i0 R0 marTlac i = k1U x
i0 = k2U y2
Ux R (U ) Uy
_ am ori denis tolobidan gamomdinare
+
U y = k Ux .
nax. 5.11 cnobilia agreTve specializebuli fg
sinusoidaluri da kosinusoidaluri funqciebis
nax. 5.11-ze warmodgenilia varistoriani sqema sawarmoeblad, romlebSic gamoyenebulia
kvadratuli damokidebulebis misaRebad. marTlac varistorebi.
R1 da R2 -is koreqciiT SegviZlia mivaRwioT rom sinusoidaluri y = sin x damokidebulebis
i = k1U x2 . radgan i0 = k2U y , xolo i i0 , amitom π π
miReba, roca − ≤x≤ SesaZlebelia nax. 5.13-ze
2 2
U y = kU 2
x
mocemuli sqemis mixedviT
amis analogiurad gamodis, rom Tu tiritul R2 R0
elements CavrTavT om-is uku kavSiris wredSi, ise R1
rogorc es nax. 5.12-zea naCvenebi, miviRebT fesvis _
amoRebis operacias. Ux R (U ) + Uy
−U x
1
R
nax. 5.13

87 88
 ( y) U Uy ( y) y'
y'
y

y y = y ' + y ''
π Ux
−
2 Uy
π
π
y ''
2 ( x) −
2
π
2
( x)

y ''

nax. 5.16
nax. 5.14
grafikulad y = sin x damokidebulebis miReba marTalia varistorebis gamoyeneba
mniSvnelovnad amartivebs gardamqmnelis sqemebs,
SesaZlebelia y ' wrfisa da y '' mrudis SekrebiT,
magram maT gamoyenebas zRudavs is garemoeba, rom
risTvisac sqemaSi gaTvaliswinebulia Semajamebeli
gaZnelebulia sqemis parametrebis angariSi.
om da varistoriani elementi.
varistoriani sqemebis damuSaveba ZiriTadad
y = cos x damokidebulebis miReba roca
eqsperimentalurad swarmoebs.
π π
− ≤x≤ SesaZlebelia aseve y' da
2 2
y '' damokidebulebis SekrebiT (nax 5.15 da 5.16).

R2 R0

Ux 1 −U x VD1 R1 R3 Uy
_
R (U ) R4
+

VD 2 −E

nax. 5.15

89 90
 Tavi 6 gamamravlebel-gamyofi mowyobilobebi R0
maSin U y = −αU x1 , sadac α = . davuSvaT,
R + R1 + R2
rom gadamrTveli 1 mdgomareobaSi darCa t1 dros
gamamravlebel-gamyofi mowyobilobebi ganmavlobaSi, xolo 2 mdgomareobaSi - t2 , maSin
faqtiurad ori cvladis funqcionaluri gadamrTvelis muSaobis erTi periodis T -s
x1 ganmavlobaSi gamomavali signalis saSualo
gardamqmnelebia gankuTvnili y = ax1 ⋅ x2 da y=a
x2 mniSvneloba toli iqneba.
funqciebis sawarmoeblad. t1 − t2
U y = αU x1 = αU x1 ⋅ ξ
ganasxvaveben pirdapiri da arapirdapiri T
moqmedebis gamamravlebel mowyobilobebs. pirdapiri
R1 R2
moqmedebis sqemebisagan gansxvavebiT, arapirdapiri
R0
moqmedebis gamamravlebel mowyobilobebSi, namravli
U x1 1 K
miiReba sxvadasxva maTematikuri operacebis R Uy
Sesrulebis xarjze. _
+
( x1 ) −U x1 R1
2
R2 ( y)
$ 6.1. pirdapiri moqmedebis gamamravlebeli C
mowyobiloba gadamrTveli
mowyobiloba
ganvixiloT pirdapiri moqmedebis, droiT-
impulsuri tipis gamamravlebeli mowyobiloba,
romlis sqemac moc nax. 6.1 nax. 6.1
K gadamrTveli awarmoebs periodulad
gadarTvas 1 mdgomareobidan 2-Si. am dros igi amrigad Tu SegveZleba, rom muSaobis procesSi ξ
amiwebs xan zeda, xan kidev qveda Zabvis gamyofs.
proporciuli iyos U x 2 -sa, ξ = βU x 2 , maSin
roca gadamrTveli imyofeba 1 mdgomareobaSi, sqemis
U y = αβ U x1 ⋅U x 2 . e.i. Uy gamosasvlelze gveqneboda
gamosasvlelze Zabva proporciulia +Ux1 -sa
U y = αU x1 , xolo roca K imyofeba 2 mdgomareobaSi, U x1 da U x 2 -is namravli.

91 92
 arsebobs gadamrTveli mowyobilobebis gamamravlebeli mowyobilobis mravali sqemuri
sxvadasxva sqemuri realizacia, romelTa saxesxvaoba. ganvixiloT erT-erTi maTgani (nax. 6.2).
t1 − t2 sqema Sedgeba ori invertorisagan (om1, om2),
saSualebiTac SegviZlia miviRoT = βU x 2 . oTxi pasiuri tipis Semajamebeli mowyobilobisagan,
T
maTgan umartivesad SeiZleba davasaxeloT romlebic agebulni arian R-Rd rezistorebze ori
polarizebuli rele, romelSic cvladi denis kvadratorisagan (kv.1, kv.2), romlebic SeiZleba
gragnilTan erTad damatebuli aqvs U x 2 -is agebulni iyos rogorc diodur fg-ze, aseve
stabilitronian ujredebze, varistorebze da sxv.
Sesabamisi gragnili. aRniSnuli mowyobilobis
saqemaSi gvaqvs agreTve Semajamebeli omv.
sizuste bevrad aris damokidebuli gadamrTveli
mowyobilobis gadarTvis sixSireze, rac metia U x1 R VD1
kv.1
gadamrTveli mowyobilobis sixSire gadasamravebeli ( x1 ) R Rd
signalebis cvalebadobis sixSireze, miT meti
R VD 2
gveqneba sizustec.
1 −U x1
R k
Rd
$ 6.2. arapirdapiri om1 Uy
U x2 R VD3 k
moqmedebis gamamravlebeli mowyobiloba
( x2 )
kv.2
om3
R Rd
ganvixiloT arapirdapiri moqmedebis
R VD 4
analoguri gamamravlebeli mowyobiloba. aseTi 1 −U x 2
mowyobilobebidan yvelaze meti gamoyeneba hpova R Rd
iseTebma, romelTa moqmedeba emyareba Semdegi om2

gamosaxulebis realizaciis princips

nax. 6.2
1
U y = k ⎡(U x1 + U x 2 ) − (U x1 Ө U x 2 ) ⎤ = kU x1 ⋅ U x 2
2 2

4 ⎣ ⎦
gamamravlebeli mowyobilobis Sesasvlelze
(6.1)-dan Cans, rom gamamravlebeli
miewodeba U x1 da U x 2 Zabvebi, isini SaiZleba iyos
mowyobiloba unda Sedgebodes algebruli
Semajamebeli da kvadratSi amyvani rogorc erTnairi, aseve sxvadasxva niSnis da
mowyobilobebisagan. arsebobs (6.1)-is realizaciis gansxvavdebodnen modulebiTac. am niSnis mixedviT
principze momuSave arapirdapiri moqmedebis sul SeiZleba Segvxvdes 8 sxvadasxva SemTxveva.

93 94
ganvixiloT sqemis muSaoba erT-erTi analogurad SeiZleba Semowmdes sqemis
SemTxvevisaTvis. davuSvaT, rom U x1 > 0 , U x 2 < 0 da muSaoba sxva danarCeni SemTxvevebisaTvisac.
arapirdapiri moqmedebis gamamravlebeli
U x1 > U x 2 . aseTi SemTxvevisaTvis VD1 diods
mowyobilobebi xasiaTdebian didi swrafqmedebiT,
U x1 − U x 2 xolo cdomileba SeiZleba aRwevdes 1%-s.
miewodeba signali . es sidide>0 ris gamoc
2 gamamravlebeli mowyobilobebi pirobiTad nax. 6.3-ze
VD1 diodi Riaa. kvadrator 1-is gamosasvlelze moyvanili saxiT aRiniSneba.
miviRebT
Ses 1
2
⎛ U x1 − U x 2 ⎞ 1
⎟ = (U x1 − U x 2 ) .
2
⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 gam
−U x1 + U x 2
VD 2 diods miewodeba signali , Ses 2
2
romelic <0, amitom VD 2 Caketilia. nax. 6.3
U x1 + U x 2
VD3 diods miewodeba signali >0,
2 $ 6.3 gayofis operacia agm-Si
amitom VD3 Caketil mdgomareobaSi iqneba.
VD 4 diodis ki miewodeba signali gayofis operacias agm-Si sxvadasxvanairad
U x1 + U x 2 asruleben. magaliTad, Tu gvinda SevasruloT
< 0. amitom VD 4 gaiReba da kv.2-is U x1
2 Uy = k operacia, saWiroa gamamravlebeli
gamosasvlelze gveqneba U x2
1 mowyobilobisa da hiperboluri maxasiaTeblis mqone
(Ux1 + Ux2 )
2
−
4 erTi cvladis funqcionaluri gardamqmnelis
Semajamebeli om3 axdens kv.1 da kv2-dan 1
gamoyeneba funqciis sawarmoeblad. gayofis
Semosul signalebs Sejamebas da Tavis U x2
gamosasvlelze mogvcems sidides sqemas am SemTxvevaSi iqneba nax. 6.4-ze mocemuli saxe
⎡1 1 2⎤
U y = − k ⎢ (U x1 − U x 2 ) − (U x1 + U x 2 ) ⎥ = kU x1 ⋅ U x 2
2

⎣4 4 ⎦

95 96
 1
proporciulobis koeficientebia Sesabamisad
U x2
U x2 fg k1 U x1 U
Uy = = k x1
U x1 k2 U x2 U x2
Uy = k
U x2 Ses1

÷
U x1
gam
nax. 6.4

gayofis operaciis Sesruleba SesaZlebelia Ses2

nax. 6.6
agreTve Tu gamamravlebel mowyobilobas CavrTavT
om-is uku kavSiris wredSi ise, rogorc es nax. 6.5-
gamyofi mowyobilobis aRniSvnas nax. 6.6 moyvanili
zea naCvenebi.
saxe aqva.
U x2
R2
$ 6.4 cifro-analoguri da analogur-cifruli
R1 gamamravlebeli mowyobilobebi

U x1 _
+ cifroanaloguri gamamravlebeli
Uy
mowyobilobis SemTxvevaSi namravli Zabvis saxiT
aris mocemuli, xolo erT-erTi Tanamamravli mainc
nax. 6.5
cifruli kodiT unda iyos warmodgenili. e.i.
cifro-analoguri gamamravlebeli mowyobiloba
marTlac, radgan denebi R1 da R2-is wredebSi realizacias ukeTebs Semdeg gamosaxulebas
daaxloebiT erTmaneTis tolebia, xolo es denebi
erT SemTxvevaSi U x1 -is xolo meore SemTxvevaSi U y = kU x1 ⋅ N x 2 (6.2)
U x 2 ⋅ U y -is proporciulia, amitom SegviZlia
U y = kN x1 ⋅ N x 2 (6.3)
davweroT k1U x1 k2U x 2 ⋅ U y aq k1 da k2

97 98
 sadac N x1 , N x 2 - Sesabamisad orobiTi kodebis rodesac orive Tanamamravli mocemulia
cifruli kodis saxiT, maSin (6.3) gamosaxulebis
N x1 da N x 2 -is aTobiTi eqvivalentebia. sarealizaciod SeiZleba ganvixiloT Semdegi saxis
rodesac erTi Tanamamravli mocemulia Zabvis sqema (nax. 6.8)
saxiT, xolo meore cifruli kodis saxiT, maSin
N x1 N x2
aseTi cifro-analoguri gamamravlebeli
mowyobilobis rolSi gamodgeba nebismieri kodis α 01 RG1 N x1 α 02 RG2 N x2
ZabvaSi gardamqmneli, kerZod, cifro-analoguri
ls
tipis Zabvis gamyofi, romlis gamosasvlelzec Zabva
S
proporciuli iyo N kodis aTobiTi eqvivalentis +U 0
U0
N -is U N = ⋅ N . Tu aq N ∼ N x 2 , xolo U 0 ∼ U x1 , caZg1 caZg2
N max −U 0
U y1 Uy
maSin cxadia U N ∼ Uy ∼ U x1 ⋅ N x 2 , (nax. 6.7). om1 om2

nax. 6.8.
N x2 am SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebulia mimdevrobiT
α0 RG SeerTebuli ori cifro-analoguri tipis
R0
+U x1 gamamravlebeli mowyobiloba, romlebic Tavis mxriv
( +U 0 ) S N x2
Seicaven cifro-analogur Zabvis gamyofebs caZg1 da
( −U 0 )
UN
caZg _ caZg2. U y1 Zabva proporciuli iqneba U 0 N x1 -sa, xolo
−U x1
+ om Uy Uy proporciuli iqneba U y1 N x 2 namravlisa. e.i.
nax. 6.7 U y ∼ N x1 ⋅ N x 2 logikuri sqemis (ls) saSualebiT
sqemaSi om-is CarTva gamoricxavs datvirTvis
swarmoebs namravlis niSnis formireba.
gavlenas gamamravlebeli mowyobilobis muSaobaze.
analogur-cifrul gamamravlebel
registrSi RG-Si moTavsebuli kodis niSnis (α 0 ) mowyobilobebSi namravli unda miviRoT cifruli
mixedviT ganisazRvreba S gasaRebis mdgomareoba, N y kodis saxiT, xolo Tanamamravlidan erT-erTi
rac Tavis mxriv gansazRvravs sqemis Uy mainc mocemuli unda iyos Zabvis saxiT. e.i.
gamosasvlelze namravlis niSans.

99 100
aRniSnuli mowyobiloba modelirebas unda
ukeTebdes qvemoTmocemul erT-erT gamosaxulebas: N x2
U1 U2
U x1 caZg
N y = kU x1 ⋅ U x 2 (6.4)
N y = kU x1 ⋅ N x 2 (6.5)
(6.4) gamosaxulebis realizacia SesaZlebelia
analoguri tipis gamamravlebeli mowyobilobiT,
romlis gamosasvlevze CarTuli iqneba acg, romelic

reversiuli
mTvleli
impulsebis
U y Zabvas gardaqmnis mis proporciul cifrul N y generatori
cag
kodSi. rac Seexeba (6.5) gamosaxulebas, misi
Ny
realizacia SesaZlebelia nax. 6.9-ze moyvanili
sqemiT, sadac gamoyenebulia cifro-analoguri tipis
gamamravlebeli mowyobiloba (cagm) da acg-is sqema,
romelic Sedgeba komparatorisagan, impulsebis nax. 6.9
generatorisagan, reversiuli mTvlelisagan da
cifro-analoguri gardamqmnelisagan. radgan
U1 = k1U x1 ⋅ N x 2 U, xolo U 2 = k2 N y acg ki
uzrunvelyofs U1 U 2 , amitom
k1
Ny = U x1 ⋅ N x 2 = kU x1 ⋅ N x 2
k2

101 102
Tavi 7 amocanebis momzadebisa da maTi analogur sadac n-warmoebulis umaRlesi rigia, a0 , a1 ,..., an −1 da
da hibridul gamomTvlel manqanebze amoxsnis
meTodebi b mudmivi koeficientebia, xolo F ( t ) ki cnobili
funqciaa. mocemulad iTvleba agreTve (7.1)-is sawyisi
mniSvnelobebi X ( 0 ) , X ' ( 0 ) , X '' ( 0 ) ,..., X ( 0) ,
imisaTvis, rom sawyisi-samodeliro ( n −1)
(7.2)
gamosaxuleba amovxsnaT anu modelireba movaxdinoT
manqanuri gamosaxulebis Sesadgenad mocemuli
agm-ze saWiroa:
unda iyos agreTve gantolebaSi monawile cvladi
1. sawyisi – samodeliro gamosaxuleba
sidideebis absolturad maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebi:
masStaburi koeficientebis saTanado SerCeviT
daviyvanoT mamodelirebel anu manqanur t maq , X maq
, X' , X '' ,..., X ( n ) , F ( t ) maq (7.3)
maq maq maq
gamosaxulebamde; samodeliro da manqanuri cvladebis
2. miRebuli manqanuri gamosaxulebis mixedviT erTmaneTTan dasakavSireblad saWiroa SemovitanoT
unda Sedges manqanaze asawyobi modelis masStaburi koeficientebi. ase, magaliTad, Tu
struqturuli sqema;
samodeliro X cvladi manqanaSi warmodgenili iqneba
3. struqturuli sqemis mixedviT modelis
U Zabvis saxiT, maSin maTi damakavSirebeli
manqanaze awyoba da amoxsniTi procesis Catareba;
X ⎡ erTeuli ⎤
4. rezultatelbis fiqsacia da maTi gadayvana masStaburi koeficienti Mx = ⎢ ⎥. xSirad
U ⎣ volti ⎦
samodeliro cvladebSi.
manqanur cvlads igive aseTi aRniSnaven riTac
$ 7.1 masStaburi koeficientebis SerCeva da samodeliro cvlads. gansxvavebas akeTeben mxolod
manqanuri gamosaxulebis Sedgena X ⎡ erTeuli ⎤
simbolikaSi M x = ⎢ ⎥ . amis gaTvaliswinebiT
x ⎣ volti ⎦
radgan agm-bi ZiriTadad gankuTvnilni arian masStaburi (7.1) gantolebis yvela cvladi
iseTi procesebis modelirebisaTvis, romlebic sididisaTvis
X( ) F (t )
aiwerebian diferencialuri gantolebebiT, amitom i
; M x( i ) = i ( i = 1, 2,...n ) ; M t = ; M F =
X t
aRniSnuli procesi ganvixiloT wrfivi, zogadad n- Mx = (7.4)
x x ( ) tm f ( tm )
rigis, dif. gantolebis magaliTze. davuSvaT, rom
zogadad i-uri warmoebulis masStabi SeiZleba
sawyis samodeliro gamosaxulebas Semdegi saxe aqvs.
warmovadginoT Mx-sa da Mt-s saSualebiT
dnX d n−1 X d n−2 X dX
n
+ an−1 n−1 + an−2 n−2 + ... + a1 + a0 X = bF ( t ) (7.1)
dt dt dt dt

103 104
 di X garda amisa, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, M t -s
i d i X dt i 1
M = dti = i ⋅ mi = M x i (7.5) mniSvnelobis SerCeva dakavSirebulia om-is
x( )
i
d x d x dt Mt
gadacemis koeficientebis mniSvnelobebTan,
dtmi
romlebic, aseve cdomilebis TvalsazrisiT, ar
ganxiluli masStaburi koeficientebidan
Ro
t SeiZleba iyon Zalian didi ΔU gam ∼ .
yvelaze mniSvnelovania drois masStabi Mt = RSes
tm
sxva masStaburi koeficientebis SerCevis dros
(indeqsi (m)-niSnavs manqanurs). Mt-s arCevazea
unda gamovideT im pirobidan, rom modelirebis
damokidebuli modelSi mimdinare procesis
dros manqanurma cvladma ar unda gadaaWarbos
xangrZlivoba. Tu M t = 1 , maSin t = tm , e.i. procesi
absoluturad dasaSveb mniSvnelobas. amitom
obieqtSi da modelSi erTidaigive xangrZlivobiT
t
warimarTeba. am dros amboben, rom modelireba Mt =
tmaqs
mimdinareobs drois realur masStabSi. Tu M t > 1 , es
niSnavs, rom t > tm e.i. procesSi modelSi ufro X
Mx ≥
maqs

swrafad warimarTeba vidre obieqtSi. cxadia aseT x maqs

masStabs gamoviyenebT xangrZlivad mimdinare
X (i )
procesebis modelirebis dros. roca M t < 1 maSin M x( i ) ≥
maqs
( i = 1, 2,..., n ) (7.6)
(i )
x
t < tm , am dros procesi modelSi mimdinareobs ufro maqs

xangrZlivad (Senelebulad) vidre obieqtSi. aseT F maqs

masStabs gamoviyenebT Zalzed swrafad mimdinare MF ≥
f maqs
procesebis modelirebis dros.
drois masStabis ricxviTi mniSvnelobis
SerCevis dros. faqtiurad virCevT manqanaSi (7.6)-Si tm.maq Cven virCevT. danarCeni wevrebis
modelirebis dros anu tm.maq . adre ganxilul mniSvnelobebi yoveli tipis manqanisaTvis cnobili
maintegrirebel om-Si vnaxeT, rom nulis dreifiT sidideebia. milakebze agebuli manqanebisaTvis isini
100v-is tolia. rac Seexeba (7.6)-is mricxvelSi mdgom
gamowveuli cdomileba ΔU gam ∼ ⋅ tm . aqedan
wevrebs maTi mniSvnelobebic cnobilia (7.3)-iT.
gamomdinare tm.maq ar SeiZleba iyos Zalian didi.

105 106
 mas Semdeg rac SevirCevT masStabebis ricxviT x ( 0)
mniSvnelobebs, gadavdivarT manqanuri gamosaxulebis x ( 0) =
Mx
Sedgenaze risTvisac samodeliro gamosaxulebaSi (7.9)
X (i ) ( 0 ) X ( i ) ( 0 ) ⋅ M ti
(7.1)-Si Segvaqvs (7.4) mniSvnelobebi x (i )
(0) = =
dnx d n −1 x d n−2 x dx M x( i ) Mx
M x( n) n
+ an −1M x( n−1) n −1 + an − 2 M x( n−2 ) n − 2 + ... + a1M x' + a0 M x x = bM F f ( tm )
dtm dtm dtm dt
am gamosaxulebaSi SevitanoT (7.5), miviRebT
Mx dnx M x d n −1 x M x d n−2 x $ 7.2 wrfiv diferencialur gantolebaTa
⋅ + an −1 ⋅ + an−2 ⋅ + ... +
M tn dtmn M tn −1 dtmn −1 M tn − 2 dtmn − 2 agm-ze amoxsnis meTodebi
(7.7)
M dx
+ a1 x ⋅ + a0 M x ⋅ x = bM F f ( tm ) imisaTvis, rom wrfivi dif. gantoleba
M t dtm
amovxsnaT agm-ze, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, upirveles
M tn yovlisa saWiroa sawyisi-samodeliro gamosaxulebis
(7.7)-is yvela wevri gavamravloT -ze,
Mx dayvana manqanur gamosaxulebamde.
moviRebT meore etapze saWiroa miRebuli manqanuri
gamosaxulebis mixedviT modelis struqturuli
d nx d n −1 x 2 d
n−2
x sqemis Sedgena.
n
+ an −1 M t n −1
+ an−2 M t ⋅ n−2
+ ... + struqturuli sqemis Sedgenis ori
dtm dtm dtm
(7.8) principialuri meTodi arsebobs – warmoebelis
dx M Mn
+ a1M t
n−2
⋅ + a0 M tn ⋅ x = b F t f ( tm ) rigis TandaTanobiTi dadablebis meTodi da
dtm Mx warmoebulis rigis TandaTanobiTi amaRlebis
meTodi. warmoebulis rigis TandaTanobiTi
(7.8) warmoadgens (7.1)-is Sesabamis manqanur amaRlebis meTodi saWwiroebs madiferencirebeli
gamosaxulebas. am manqanuri gamosaxulebisaTvis sqemebis gamoyenebas, es ukanasknelni ki, rogorc
saWiroa axali sawyisi mniSvnelobebis gamoTvla: adre aRvniSneT, Zalzed mgrZnobiareni arian
xelSemSleli signalebis mimarT. amis gamo dif.
gantolebebis amoxsnis aRniSnuli meTodi iSviaTad
gamoiyeneba.
dif. gantolebebisaTvis satruqturuli sqemis
Sedgenis ZiriTadi meTodia warmoebulis rigis

107 108
TandaTanobiTi dadablebis meTodi. ganvixiloT es
meTodi konkretul magaliTze. -5 20 0
davuSvaT, rom manqanur saxeze dayvanil dif.
x ''' − x ''' k21 x' −x
gantolebas Semdegi saze aqvs: A k11 k31

d 3x d 2x dx
3
+ 2 2
− 0,1 − 0,5 x = 5 f ( tm ) (7.10)
N1 N2 N3
dtm dtm dtm
Semdegi sawyisi sidideebiT: x (0) = 0 ;

k41

k51
N4 N5
x ' ( 0 ) = 20 ; x '' ( 0 ) = 5 (7.11).

(7.10)-Si f ( tm ) cnobili funqciaa. igi SeiZleba k71

k72
miviRoT uSualod modelze an kidev SesaZlebelia, B k73
k74
rom models moewodebodes garedan gamzadebuli N7

saxiT. Cvens SemTxvevaSi davuSvaT, rom f ( tm ) models

moewodeba garedan.
k61
f ( tm )
N6
imisaTvis, rom mocemuli gantolebisaTvis
avagoT modelis struqturuli sqema saWiroa igi nax. 7.1
gadavweroT umaRlesi warmoebulis mimarT. radgan Cven davuSvaT, rom A wertilSi
cnobilia (7.12)-is marcxena mxare, misi marjvena
d 3x d 2x dx
3
= − 2 2
+ 0,1 + 0,5 x + 5 f ( tm ) (7.12) nawilis Sesadgenad dagvWirdeba Semajamebeli #7
dtm dtm dt
om. # 4,5,6 masStaburi operaciuli maZliereblebi
modelis sqemis agebas viwyebT Semdegi gankuTvnilni arian niSnebisa da sidideebis
msjelobis mixedviT. vuSvebT, rom raRac A SesaTanxmeblad ise, rom B wertilSi miviRoT (7.12)-
wertilSi (nax. 7.1) cnobilia (7.12)-is marcxena mxare is marjvena mxare. maZliereblis gadacemis
anu x ''' . maSin x-is misaRebad dagvWirdeba am sididis koeficientebi iseTi SegviZlia SevirCioT, rom B-Si
samjeradi integrireba ricxvisac sqemaSi CarTulia miviRoT (7.12)-is marjvena mxare. radgan (7.12)-is
mimdevrobiT sami integratori. Tu gveqneboda, marcxena da marjvena mxareebi tolebi unda iyon,
zogadad, n rigis dif. gantoleba dagvWirdeboda n amitom A da B wertilebs vaerTianebT erTmaneTTan
integratoris mimdevrobiT CarTva. eleqtrulad.

109 110
 sqemaSi monawile om-is gadacemis k1,1 = k2,1 = k3,1 = 1 (7.14)
koeficientebis gansazRvrisaTvis vadgenT
# 4, 5, 6 maZliereblebi gamoviyenoT rogorc
gantolebebs Semdegnairad. (7.12)-is marjvena mxaris
invertorebis, maSin
x '' , x ' , x wevrebTan mdgari koeficientebis modulebi k4,1 = k5,1 = k6,1 = 1 (7.15)
Sesabamisad toli unda iyos im om-is gadacemis
danarCeni ucnobi gadacemis koeficientebi
koeficientebis namravlisa, romlebic moeqcevian
umokles Sekrul konturSi saTave wertiliT nax. 7.1- viangariSoT (7.13)-dan, miviRebT k7,1 = 2; k7,2 = 0,1;
ze − x '' , x' da −x . xolo f ( tm ) -Tan mdgari k7,3 = 0,5; k7,4 = 5; (7.16) amis Semdeg gamovxatoT
koeficientis moduli toli unda iyos im om-is modelis samontaJo sqema (nax.7.2) da
gadacemis koeficientebis namravlisa, romlebic
f ( tm ) -is modebis wertilsa da
C1
moeqcevian nax. 7.1-ze C2
R1,1 C3
''' ''
− x R2,1
− x -s Soris. SevadginoT es gantolebebi: A
x
1 x ' R3,1
2
3 −x

k4,1 ⋅ k7,1 ⋅ k1,1 = 2

R5,1
R4,1
k5,1 ⋅ k7,2 ⋅ k1,1 ⋅ k2,1 = 0,1
(7.13) R7,0

R5,0
5
R4,0
4
k7,3 ⋅ k1,1 ⋅ k2,1 ⋅ k3,1 = 0,5 R7,1

k6,1 ⋅ k7,4 ⋅ k1,1 ⋅ k2,1 ⋅ k3,1 = 5 B 7 R7,2

R7,3

R7,4 R6,0
R6,1
(7.13) sistemaSi gvaqvs 4 gantoleba 10 ucnobiT.
f ( tm )
amitom eqvsi maTgani Cven SegviZlia SevirCioT, 6

xolo danarCeni oTxi unda viangariSoT (7.13)-dan.

umjobesia, rom yvela integratoris gadacemis nax. 7.2
koeficienti iyos erTis toli, radgan am ganvsazRvroT sqemaSi monawile rezistorebisa da
SemTxvevaSi x da misi warmoebulebi miiRebian kondensatorebis nominalebi.
`sufTa~ saxiT. e.i. virCevT

111 112
 1 ⎡1⎤ mas Semdeg rac ganisazRvreba samontaJo sqemis
yvela integratorisaTvis k1,1 = k2,1 = k3,1 = 1 = ⎢ ⎥ yvela komponentis nominali, sqema aiwyoba uSualod
Ri1Ci ⎣wm ⎦
agm-ze. (7.11)-is Sesabamisi sawyisi mniSvnelobebi
e.i. drois mudmiva Ri1C = 1 wm. aqedan miewodeba struqturuli sqemis mixedviT da manqana
gamomdinare virCevT C1 = C2 = C3 = 1 mkf; da gadahyav gaSvebis reJimSi. iwyeba dif. gantolebis
amoxsnis procesi. ## 3, 2, 1, 7 om-is
Sesabamisad R1,1 = R2,1 = R3,1 = 1 mgomi. radgan
gamosasvlelebze Cven SeiZleba davakvirdeT
k4,1 = k5,1 = k6,1 = 1 , amitom SegviZlia aviRoT Sesabamisad x-sa da misi warmoebulebis
R4,0 = R4,1 = R5,0 = R5,1 = R6,0 = R6,1 = 0,1 mgomi cvalebadobas droSi. dakvirveba SeiZleba
movaxdinoT voltmetrebiT, eleqtronul-sxivuri
Semajamebeli #7 om-is Sesavlisa da uku
indikatoriT an kidev grafikuli Camweri
kavSiris wredebSi CarTuli rezistorebis
mowyobilobis saSualebiT.
nominalebs vangariSobT Semdegi gantolebaTa
cxadia mamodelirebeli sqemis Sedgenis dros
sistemidan:
unda vecadoT, rom om-is ricxvi iyos minimaluri.
nax. 7.1-ze moyvanili struqturuli sqemis
R7,0
= k7,1 = 2 gamartiveba SesaZlebelia Tu mas avagebT ara
R7,1 uSualod (7.12)-is mixedviT, aramed gardaqmnili
R7,0 gamosaxulebiT. kerZod (7.12)-is orive mxaridan
= k7,2 = 0,1 (7.17)
R7,2 amoviRoT integrali da gavamravloT -1-ze, miviRebT
Semdeg gamosaxulebas.
R7,0
= k7,3 = 0,5 t
R7,3 ( )
− x '' = ∫ 2 x '' − 0,1x ' − 0,5 x − 5 f ( tm ) ⋅dt (7.18)
0
R7,0
= k7,4 = 5 am gamosaxulebis mixedviT agebul
R7,4
struqturul sqemas nax. 7.3-ze moyvanili saxe aqvs

am sistemaSi gvaqvs 4 gantoleba 5 ucnobiT.

amitom virCevT erT-erTis mniSvnelobas, kerZod
R7,0 = 1 mgomi, maSin R7,1 = 0,5 mgomi; R7,2 = 10 mgomi;
R7,3 = 2 mgomi; R7,4 = 0, 2 mgomi.

113 114
 d 2x dx
+2 + y = 20 (7.19)
20 0 dtm2
dtm

− x '' 1 x' 1
−x dy
+ 4 y = 15 − x
dtm
N1 N2 romlis sawyisi sidideebia
x ( 0) = 0

1
-5
2
N3 x ' ( 0 ) = 10 (7.20)
0,1
0,5
5 y (0) = 3
N4
(7.19)-is struqturuli sqemis Sesadgenad mas
nax. 7.3 mivceT Semdegi saxe
d 2x dx dy
rogorc vxedavT om-is ricxvi samiT Semcirda, 2
= −2 − y + 20 ; = −4 y + 15 − x (7.21)
dtm dtm dtm
Tumca aseTi sqemis SemTxvevaSi vkargavT x "'-is
cvalebadobaze dakvirvebis SesaZleblobas. am sistemis Sesabamis modelis sqemas nax. 7.4-
ze moyvanili saxe aqvs.
$ 7.3 wrfiv dif. gantolebaTa sistemebis amoxsna - 0
struqturuli da matriculi tipis modelebze x ''
−x '
x
1 1

dif. gantolebaTa sistemis struqturul

1
modelze amoxsnis dros unda SevadginoT
struqturuli sqema yoveli calkeuli 2
1 -20
gantolebisaTvis ris Semdegac vaxdenT saTanado 1
y
SeerTebebs. -3
magaliTad: vTqvaT manqanur saxeze dayvanil y' −y +y 1
1 1 4
dif. gantolebaTa sistemas Semdegi saxe aqvs -15 1

nax. 7.4

115 116
 rogorc vxedavT, rodesac dif. gantolebas an matriculi tipis modelis asagebad unda
gantolebaTa sistemas vxsniT struqturuli tipis SevadginoT sqema (7.22)-is TiToeuli
modelze, vagebT modelis sqemas, romelic gantolebisaTvis cal-calke, romlis Semdegac
gviCvenebs, Tu ra TanmimdevrobiT da ra saxis om ganvaxorcielebT aseTi gziT agebul sqemebs Soris
unda SevaerToT erTmaneTTan, rom miviRoT saTanado kavSirebs. vnaxoT rogor aigeba sqema (7.22)
gantolebis amonaxsni. bunebrivia sxvadasxva sistemis meore gantolebisaTvis (nax. 7.5)
gantolebisaTvis maZliereblebis tipebisa da aseTive sqemebi agebulni iqnebian sistemis
urTierTSeerTebis sqemas sxvadasxva saxe eqneba. yvela sxva gantolebisaTvis, rogorc naxazidan Cans
amisgan gansxvavebiT matriculi tipis gantolebis amoxsnis procesi daiyvaneba sqemaSi
modelebSi maZliereblebis urTierTSeerTebis sqema koeficientebis saTanado niSnisa da sidideebis
ar icvleba. matriculi tipis modelebi agebuli dayenebaze. gantolebis koeficientebis niSnebis
aris pirveli rigis dif. gantolebaTa sistemisaTvis. gaTvaliswineba xdeba g1 , g 2 ,..., g n +1 gadamrTvelebis
zogadad I rigis dif. gantolebaTa sistemas Semdegi saSualebiT, xolo koeficientebis ricxviTi
saxe aqvs: mniSvnelobis dasayeneblad sqemaSi gaTvaliswinebu-
lia R1 , R2 ,..., Rn +1 potenciometrebi.
dx1
= a11 x1 + a22 x2 + a13 x3 + ... + a1n xn + b1 f1 ( tm ) x1 R0
dtm g1 C2
− x1 R R
R2,1
dx2
= a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 + ... + a2 n xn + b2 f 2 ( tm ) 1 R3,1
R1 2 x2
dtm x2 g2 3
− x2 − x2
dx3
= a31 x1 + a32 x2 + a33 x3 + ... + a3n xn + b3 f 3 ( tm )
R
(7.22)
dtm R2
x3
----------------------------------------------------------- g3
− x3 R
dxn
= an1 x1 + an 2 x2 + an 3 x3 + ... + ann xn + bn f n ( tm ) R3
dtm xn gn
− xn R
sadac a11 , a12 , a13 ,..., ann , b1 , b2 , b3 ,..., bn mudmivi koe- f 2 ( tm ) Rn
ficientebia, xolo f1 ( tm ) , f 2 ( tm ) , f 3 ( tm ) ,..., f n ( tm ) , g n+1
R
− f 2 ( tm ) nax. 7.5
cnobili funqciebia.
Rn +1

117 118
 amrigad matriculi tipis modeli Zalzed am sistemis amoxsna ki mosaxerxebelia
mosaxerxebelia imiT, rom gamartivebulia masze matriculi tipis modelze.
muSaobis procesi. uaryofiT mxares miekuTvneba
maZliereblis didi raodenoba. $7.4 amocanebis modelireba hibridul gamomTvlel
matriculi tipis modelebze SegviZlia manqanebze da kompleqsebze
amovxsnaT agreTve maRali rigis dif. gantolebebic.
amisaTvis saWiroa, rom isini jer daviyvanoT sxvadasxva amocanebis amosaxsnelad xSirad
pirveli rigis dif. gantolebaTa sistemamde. es gvixdeba analoguri da cifruli teqnikis
procesi ganvixiloT mesame rigis dif. gantolebis erToblivi gamoyeneba, raTa gavzardoT informaciis
magaliTze damuSavebis teqnikur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebi. agm-
sa da cgm-is cal-calke gamoyenebis arsebuli
d 3 x1 d 2 x1 dx gamocdilebis bazaze dayrdnobiT SemuSavda maTi
3
+ a2 2 + a1 1 + a0 ⋅ x1 = bf 3 ( t ) (7.23) erToblivi gamoyenebis anu hibriduli gamomTvleli
dt dt dt
manqanebis Teoria da praqtika. es ukanaskneli
SemovitanoT Semdegi aRniSvnebi: gulisxmobs agm-sa da cgm-is dadebiTi Tvisebebis
srulyofilad gamoyenebas ama Tu im konkretuli
gamoTvliTi procesis realizaciis dros. yoveli
dx1 dx
= x2 2 = x3 (7.24) hgm warmoadgens specializebul manqanas da
dt dt
gankuTvnilia garkveuli klasis amocanebis
amosaxsnelad.
am aRniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT (7.23) SeiZleba
hgm Sedgebian rogorc cifruli aseve agm-is
Caiweros sistemis saxiT:
elementebisagan. amocanis amoxsnis procesSic
nawili amocanisa sruldeba cifruli teqnikis,
dx1
= 0 ⋅ x1 + 1⋅ x2 + 0 ⋅ x3 + 0 ⋅ f1 ( t ) nawili analoguri teqnikis gamoyenebiT. hgm-s gaaCnia
dt agreTve hibriduli tipis elementebi, romlebic
dx2
= 0 ⋅ x1 + 0 ⋅ x2 + 1⋅ x3 + 0 ⋅ f 2 ( t ) (7.25) operaciebs asruleben analoguri da cifruli
dt saxiT warmodgenil sidideebze.
dx3
= −a0 ⋅ x1 − a1 ⋅ x2 − a2 ⋅ x3 + b ⋅ f3 ( t )
amJamad warmoeba aRar uSvebs klasikur agm-s.
dt yvela Tanamedrove agm-s gaaCnia analogur-cifruli
da cifroanaloguri gardamqmnelebis kompleqsebi,

119 120
analoguri gamomrTvleli blokebis gverdiT gvaqvs komutaciis mowyobilobisagan (gkm), realuri
hibridulic, gamoyenebulia rogorc analoguri aparaturisagan da marTvis pultisagan (mp).
aseve cifruli dammxsomebeli mowyobilobebi,
elementaruli gasaRebebi da komutatorebi, agreTve realuri aparatura
tipiuri cifruli blokebi (mricxvelebi,
registrebi, deSifratorebi), romlebic saSualebas
gvaZleven movaxdinoT agm-ze gamoTvliTi procesebis cgm gkm agm
programireba.
analoguri da cifruli gamoTvliTi
mp
sistemebis gamoyenebis gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom
cal-calke es sistemebi ar warmoadgenen
optimalurs mTeli rigi klasis amocanebis amoxsnis nax. 7.6
dros. arsebuli gamoTvliTi sistemebisadmi
wayenebulma gazrdilma moTxovnilebebma rac gkm hibriduli sistemis erT-erTi ZiriTadi da
gamoixateba maTi mwarmoeblobis amaRlebaSi, mniSvnelovani mowyobilobaa. mis gamarTul
analoguri da cifruli saxiT mocemuli muSaobaze da sizusteze bevrad aris damokidebuli
informaciis avtomaturad damuSavebis donis mTeli sistemis funqcionirebis maCveneblebi.
amaRlebaSi da a.S. migviyvana mesame tipis-hibriduli rodesac iqmneba axali hibriduli sistema garkveuli
tipis gamoTvliTi sistemebis Seqmnamde, romlebSic klasis amocanebisaTvis saWiroa axali gkm-is Seqmna,
agm-sa da cgm-is Rirsebebi warmoCenilia sruliad, im dros, rodesac cgm-sa da agm-is rolSi SeiZleba
xolo uaryofiRi Tvisebebi dayvanilia minimumamde. gamoyenebuli iyos seriuli manqanebi.
hibriduli gamomTvleli sistema-analogur- gardamqmnelebisa da komutaciis mowyobiloba
cifruli gamoTvliTi kompleqsi (acgk) aerTianebs Sedgeba: analogur-cifruli da cifro-analoguri
struqturulad agm-s, cgm-s da hgm-s, agreTve gardamqmnelebisagan, agm-sa da cgm-s Soris
analoguri informaciis cifrulSi da piriqiT diskretuli unificirebuli signalebis gacvlis
gardamqmnel mowyobilobebs. blokisagan; sinqronizaciis blokisagan; marTvisa da
hibriduli gamomTvleli sistemis tipiuri kontrolis blokisagan. 70-iani wlebidan
struqtura mocemulia nax. 7.6-ze. igi garda agm-sa da moyolebuli mTel msoflioSi daiwyes gadasvla me-3
cgm-sa Sedgeba agreTve gardamqmnelebisa da Taobis analogur-cifruli gamoTvliT
kompleqsebze. Seiqmna sistemebi PACER-600 (aSS),

121 122
Dornier-7200 (gfr), HRA-7200 (CexeTi), ГВС-100 ssrk da agm-Tvis ar aris rekomendirebuli cdomilebis
iugoslavia «Русалка» (ruseTi). TvalsazrisiT. amitom am operaciis Sesruleba
«Русалка» Seqmnilia ruseTis mecnierebaTa SeiZleba moxdes sistemaSi monawile cgm-is
akademiis marTvis problemebis institutSi. masSi saSualebiT. amocanis amoxsnis sqemas Semdegi saxe
gamoyenebulia seriuli cgm M-4030 (ZiriTadi eqneba (nax. 7.7)
procesoris rolSi) da mini egm M-400 (damxmare
procesoris rolSi) sistemis analoguri nawili,
romelic TviT aRniSnul institutSia damuSavebuli, dy dy
a −
Sedgeba integraluri teqnologiiT damzadebuli om- dt dt y
1 1 1
gan. igi SeiZleba Sedgebodes 7 dgarisagan.
a
TiToeuli aseTi dgari Sedgeba 20 amjamavisagan, 20
integratorisagan, 20 gamamravlebel-gamyofi
mowyobilobisagan, 18 universaluri funqcionaluri
gardamqmnelisagan, 10 specializibuli fg-gan, 100 acg1
eleqtronuli potenciometrisagan koeficientebis ca cgm
avtomaturad dasayeneblad, komparatorebisagan da acg2
sxva.
kerZowarmoebliani dif. gantolebaTa sistemis nax. 7.7
amosaxsnelad Seqmnilia specialuri acgk `saturn-2~.
ganvixiloT hibriduli gamomTvleli sistemis sqemis Sesadgenad (7.26) gadavweroT Semdegi
gamoyenebis erT-erTi magaliTi. saxiT
vTqvaT gvinda amovxsnaT arawrfivi saxis d2y dy dy
2
= a − ay 2 −y
diferencialuri gantoleba (van-der-polis dt dt dt
gantoleba)
d2y am gantolebis orive mxaridan aviRoT
dt 2 ( )
− a 1 − y2
dy
dt
+y=0 (7.26) integrali.
rogorc am gantolebidan Cans miviRebT:
dy
Sesasrulebelia arawrfivi operaciebi y2 ⋅ rac
dt

123 124
 dy
t
⎛ dy dy ⎞ Tavi 8 wrfiv algebrul gantolebaTa
= ∫ ⎜ a − ay 2 − y ⎟ ⋅ dt (7.27) sistemebis agm-ze amoxsnis meTodebi
dt 0 ⎝ dt dt ⎠

sqema Sedgenilia (7.27)-is mixedviT. masSi

$ 8.1 zogadi debulebebi
gamoyenebulia analogur-cifruli gardamqmnelebi
(acg1) da (acg2), agreTve cifro-analoguri
gardamqmneli (cag). cifruli gamomTvleli
agm-bi mosaxerxebelia wrfiv algebrul
dy
mowyobilobis (cgm) saSualebiT swarmoebs y2 ⋅ gantolebaTa sistemebis amoxsnisaTvis, roca
dt gantolebaTa ricxvi ar aris Zalian didi (10-ze
sididis formireba, romelic Semdeg cag-is meti). da amonaxsns ar waeyeneba mkacri moTxovnebi
saSualebiT gardaqmnili Zabvis saxiT miewodeba sizustis mimarT.
Sejamebul-maintgrirebel om-s. zogadad wrfiv algebrul gantolebaTa
sistemas aqvs Semdegi saxe:

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ... + a1n xn = b1

a21 x1 + a22 x2 + ... + a2 n xn = b2
(8.1)
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
an1 x1 + an 2 x2 + ... + ann xn = bn

sistemaSi a11 , a12 ,..., ann da b1 , b2 ,..., bn mudmivi

koeficientebia. wrfiv algebrul gantolebaTa
sistemebis analoguri tipis manqanebze amoxsnis
(modelirebis) avtomaturi da naxevradavtomaturi
meTodebi arsebobs. avtomatur meTodebs
miekuTvnebian uSualod maTematikuri modelirebis
meTodi da wrfiv algebrul gantolebaTa sistemebis
wrfiv dif. gantolebaTa sistemaze dayvanis meTodi,
xolo naxevradavtomatur meTodebs miekuTvnebian

125 126
zeidelis iteraciis meTodi da minimizaciis meTodi. modelis sqemas vagebT (8.3)-is TiToeuli
yvela am meTodisaTvis saerTos warmoadgens e.w. gantolebisaTvis cal-calke ris Semdegac vaxdenT
TandaTanobiTi miaxloebis meTodi. imisaTvis, rom saTanado damatebebsa da SeerTebebs.
TandaTanobiTi miaxloebis meTodma mogvces krebadi
amonaxsni sakmaris pirobas warmoadgens is
garemoeba, rom (8.1)-is koeficientebisagan Semdgari
-100 x1 +100 +100 0,008 x3
matricis mTavar diagonalze mdgari koeficientebis x2 0,025 − x1 − x1 0,0025 x2 x2
0,75 1 0,0625 0,4
− x3 0,25 0,0125 0,2
absoluturi mniSvnelobebi meti unda iyos sxva − x3 − x1
danarCen koeficientebze.
− x3
1
$ 8.2 wrfiv algebrul gantolebaTa sistemebis
modelirebis avtomaturi meTodebi
nax. 8.1
uSualod maTematikuri modelirebis meTodi
ganvixiloT konkretul magaliTze. vTqvaT exla ganvixiloT wrfiv algebrul
samodeliro wrfiv algebrul gantolebaTa sistemas gantolebaTa sistemis wrfiv diferencialur
Semdegi saxe aqvs gantolebaTa sistemaze dayvanis meTodi.
4 x1 + 3 x2 − x3 = 10 aRniSnuli meTodiT modelisaTvis sqemis
0,5 x1 − 8 x2 + 0,1x3 = 2 (8.2) agebis procedura ganvixiloT igive (8.2) algebrul
gantolebaTa sistemis magaliTze. radgan algebrul
x1 − 2 x2 − 5 x3 = 4
gantolebaTa fesvebi mudmivi sidideebia, amitom (8.2)
sistema Semdegnairad SeiZleba gadavweroT
imisaTvis, rom movaxdinoT am sistemis
dx1
modelireba saWiroa mas mivceT normaluri saxe 4 x1 + 3 x2 − x3 − 10 =
dt
dx2
x1 = 2,5 − 0, 75 x2 + 0, 25 x3 0,5 x1 − 8 x2 + 0,1x3 − 2 = (8.4)
dt
x2 = −0, 25 + 0, 0625 x1 + 0, 0125 x3 (8.3)
dx3
x3 = −0,8 + 0, 2 x1 − 0, 4 x2 x1 − 2 x2 − 5 x3 − 4 =
dt

127 128
 sqemis agebamde (8.4) sistemis yoveli $ 8.3 wrfiv algebrul gantolebaTa sistemis
gantolebis orive mxaridan aviRoT integrali, modelirebis naxevradavtomaturi meTodebi
miviRebT
zeidelis iteraciis meTodis arsi ganvixiloT
t or gantolebiani sistemis magaliTze. vTqvaT
x1 = ∫ ( 4 x1 + 3 x2 − x3 − 10 ) ⋅ dt algebrul gantolebaTa sistemas aqvs saxe
0
t a11 x1 + a12 x2 = b1
(8.6)
x2 = ∫ ( 0,5 x1 − 8 x2 + 0,1x3 − 2 ) ⋅ dt (8.5) a21 x1 + a22 x2 = b2
0
t
x3 = ∫ ( x1 − 2 x2 − 5 x3 − 4 ) ⋅ dt modelis sqemis Sesadgenad igi gadavweroT
0 Semdegnairad
a11 x1 + a12 x2 − b1 = 0
modelis sqemas vagebT (8.5) sistemis TiToeuli (8.7)
a21 x1 + a22 x2 − b2 = 0
gantolebisaTvis cal-calke Semdgomi damatebebiTa
da SerTebebiT ise, rogorc es qvemoT aris naCvenebi
modelis sqemas vagebT (8.7)-is mixedviT
nax. 8.2-ze.
x1 x2 8 x3 +100
4 5 x1
+100 x1 −x1 0,5 x2 x2 x3 a11
2
−x2 0,1 1
+100 0,02 +100 0,04 p1 a12
3 − x3 x1 _100 1
0,1 1
x3 1 #1
+100 V1
x2
1
p2
1 _100
+100
nax. 8.2 b1

p3
_100
+100 a21
b2 a22
1
p4 #2
nax. 8.3 V2
_100

129 130
 rogorc (8.7)-dan Cans x1 da x2 maSin iqnebian rogorc ki V1 = V2 = 0 x1 -is da x2 -is mniSvnelobebi
gantolebis fesvebi, rodesac modelze orive iqnebian gantolebis fesvebi.
voltmetri V1 da V2 , romlebic CarTulebi arian zeidelis iteraciis meTodis nakli imaSi
Semajamebeli operaciuli maZliereblebis mdgomareobs, rom modelirebis procesSi Tvalyuri
gamosasvlelebze, erTdroulad gviCveneben nulebs, unda vadevnoT imdeni voltmetris Cvenebas, ramden
zeidelis iteraciis meTodi imaze migviTiTebs, Tu ucnobiani gantolebaTa sistemasTanac gvaqvs saqme.
minimizaciis meTodis SemTxvevaSi Tvalyurs
ra TanmimdevrobiT da rogor unda vcvaloT x1 da
vadevnebT mxolod erTi voltmetris Cvenebas.
x2 p1 da p 2 potenciometrebiT, rom rac SeiZleba minimizaciis meTodis SemTxvevaSi sqemas emateba
swrafad vipovoT gantolebis fesvebi. mesame Semajamebeli operaciuli maZlierebeli,
modelze p3 da p4 potenciometrebiT romlis saSualebiTac vaxdenT wina ori
davayenebT b1 da b2 -is mniSvnelobebs. amis Semdeg Semajamebeli maZliereblebidan gamomavali
vuSvebT erT-erTi ucnobis, magaliTad x1 -is sawyis signalebis absoluturi mniSvnelobebis Sejamebas,
ise rogorc es nax. 8.4-zea naCvenebi.
moaxloebiT mniSvnelobas x1,0 -s da mas mivawvdiT p1
potenciometris saSualebiT. amis Semdeg vcvliT x2 - +100
x1
s p 2 -iT manamde, sanam V2 voltmetri ar gviCvenebs 0-s. a11
p1 a12 1 1
roca V2 = 0 , misiSesabamisi x2 iqneba x2 -is pirveli _100 1
#1
miaxloebiTi mniSvneloba x2,1 . Semdeg vcvliT x1 -s +100
x2 1

p1 -iT manamde sanam V1 voltmetri ar gviCvenebs 0-s, p2

amiT vipoviT x1 -is pirvel miaxloebiT mniSvnelobas _100
+100
x1,1 . Semdeg vcvliT x2 -s p 2 -iT manam, sanam b1

v2 voltmetri ar gviCvenebs kvlav 0-s. misi Sesabamisi p3 1 #3

_100
x2 iqneba x2 -is meore miaxloebiTi mniSvneloba x2, 2 +100 a21
b2 1
V
da a.S. es procesi gagrZeldeba manamde, sanam orive a22 1
1
voltmetri V1 da V2 erTdroulad ar gviCvenebs 0-s. p4 #2
_100
nax. 8.4

131 132
 gamoyenebuli literatura
minimizaciis meTodis SemTxvevaSi fesvebis
Zieba swarmoebs Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT. vuSvebT, 1. Лебедев А.Н., Смолов В.Б. Аналоговые и гибридные
rom cnobilia erT-erTi ucnobis magaliTad, x1 -is вычислительные машины. М., «ВШ» 1984 320 стр.
2. Анисимов Б.В., Голубкин В.Н. Аналоговые и гибридные
sawyisi miaxloebiTi mniSvneloba x1,0 da mas
ЭВМ. М., «ВШ» 1985 278 стр.
mivawodebT p1 potenciometris saSualebiT. amis 3. Прагер И.Л. Электронные аналоговые вычислительные
Semdeg p 2 potenciometriT vcvliT x2-s manamde, sanam машины. «Машиностроение» 1985, 278 стр.
V-voltmetri ar gaCerdeba Tavis minimumze. misi 4. Лачин В.И., Савёлов Н.С. Электроника «Феникс» 2004.
564 стр.
Sesabamisi x2 iqneba x2 -is pirveli moaxloebiTi
5. Джонс М.Х. Электроника-Практический курс. Перевод с
mniSvneloba x2,1 . amis Semdeg vcvliT p1 английского. М. 2003 527 стр.
potenciometriT x1 -s manam, sanam V voltmetri ar 6. k. kamkamiZe, v. gabriCiZe k. odiSaria, g.
zedgeniZe. specializirebuli eleqtronuli
miaRwevs Tavis minimums. am momentis Sesabamisi x1 -is
gamomTvleli manqanebi. Tbilisi, ganaTleba,
pirveli miaxloebiTi mniSvneloba x1,1 . Semdeg 1986 140 gv.
vcvliT p 2 -iT x2-s sanam V voltmetri ar daikavebs 7. Камкамидзе К.Н., Гиорхелидзе Т.Д. Чачашвили А.К.
Tavis minimalur mniSvnelobas. am momentis Сборник лабораторных работ по курсу аналоговых и
Sesabamisi x2 iqneba x2-is meore moaxloebiTi комбинированных вычислительных машин. ГПИ.
Тбилиси, 1979 101 стр.
mniSvneloba x2,2 da a.S. aRniSnul process
gavagrZelebT manamde, sanam V voltmetri ar
gviCvenebs nuls. am momentis Sesabamisi x1 da x2
iqnebian gantolebis fesvebi.

133 134
 ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca warmoebas 01.05.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad

13.05.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 8.
tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,

kostavas 77