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Modul 1 PDF

The document discusses vectors and functions of vectors. It defines the dot product of two vectors as the sum of the product of their corresponding elements. It states that two vectors are orthogonal if their dot product is zero. It also defines the norm or length of a vector as the square root of the sum of the squares of its components. The document then discusses representing functions of multiple variables in vector form.

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Otcen Batmomolin
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
35 views

Modul 1 PDF

The document discusses vectors and functions of vectors. It defines the dot product of two vectors as the sum of the product of their corresponding elements. It states that two vectors are orthogonal if their dot product is zero. It also defines the norm or length of a vector as the square root of the sum of the squares of its components. The document then discusses representing functions of multiple variables in vector form.

Uploaded by

Otcen Batmomolin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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we !rst sum on i or j.

Equation
as will be shown later.
Teknik Optimasi
10 INTRODUCTION TO
B Sugito
OPTIMUM DESIGN

Modul 1
Halaman 23 dari 62

1.5.4 Norm/Length of
If we let
bambang sugito x and y be two n-dimensional vectors, then
• 05.46
a Vector
their dot product is de!ned ( ) xy xyasT◊ ni i
 x (1.12)
i1
Modul 1 Thus, the dot product = is =a =sum ofythe product of
y. Two vectors are said to be o"hogonal (normal) if their
are o"hogonal elements
corresponding if x·y = 0. Ifofthe
thevectors
vectorsare not o"hogonal,
x and
calculated
dot productfrom the i.e.,
is zero, de!nition
x and y
the angle between them can be
of the dot product:
Tek OptmxyDasar.pdf xy◊= (1.13)
where q is the angle between vectors x and y,
cosqof the vector (for a moreand ||x||
PDF
This is also called the norm
Appendix
representsB).theThe length
length of of
thea vector x. x is de!ned as the
the
general de!nition of the norm, refer to
square root of the sum of squares of
components, n 2
x xx Âxi= =◊ = (1.14)
i.e., i1
The double sum of Eq. (1.11) can be wri#en in
Komentar kelas
the matrix formT as
=
n =nfollows:
Ê n Ánˆ
c aÂxxÂÂ
̃= x aÂ1
= ==x 11
ij i1j iË ij j ̄ x
= (1.15)
i j i j
Since Ax represents a vector, the triple Ax product of Eq.
Tambahkan komentar kelas...
product:
(1.15) will be also wri#en as a dot
c = =◊ x Ax x (1.16)
Ax ( ) T
1.5.5
Just as a function of a single variable is represented as
Functions
f(x), a function of n independent vari- ables x1, x2, . . . , xn
f fx x x x n ( ) = (1.17)
is wri#en as
We will deal with many( )functions
1 2 , ,..., of vector variables. To
distinguish between functions, sub- scripts will be used.
g gx x x ii n ( ) x (1.18)
Thus, the ith function is wri#en as
If there are m functions gi(x); i =
= ( ) 1 2 , ,...,1 to m, these will be
represented in the vector
gx x x1xform T
2(...) = [ ] gg (1.19)
Throughout the textgit()is()assumed
() m that all functions are
for any e > 0,
continuous there
and is a dtwice con- tinuously
at least
>di$erentiable.
0 such that A function
Halaman 23 / 62 f(x) of n variables is called
continuous at a point x* if Introduction to
Design 11

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