Review Paper

Int. J. on Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 2, Jan 2013

Power Quality Parameters Measurement Techniques

Dr. S.M. Ali1,B.K.Prusty2, Punyashree Pattanayak3, Shubhra4, Prasun Sanki5
1:- Professor of Electrical Engineering,
2:-Research Scholar
3,4,5:-1st year M.TECH in Power and Energy System
School of Electrical Engineering , KIIT UNIVERSITY, Bhubaneswar, Pin-751024,ODISHA,INDIA
Emails- [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected] , [email protected]

Abstract: Power quality (PQ) issue has attained considerable has evolved towards globalization and the profit margins of
attention in the last decade due to large penetration of power many activities tend to decrease.
electronics based loads and/or microprocessor based controlled
loads. On one hand these devices introduce power quality A. Power Quality Characterization
problem and on other hand these mal-operate due to the Even the most advanced transmission and distribution
induced power quality problems. PQ disturbances/events cover systems are not able to provide electrical energy with the
a broad frequency range with significantly different magnitude
desired level of reliability for the proper functioning of the
variations and can be non-stationary, thus, accurate techniques
are required to identify and classify these events/disturbances.
loads in modern society[1]. Even with a 99,99% level there is
This paper presents a comprehensive overview of different an equivalent interruption time of 52 minutes per year. The
techniques used for PQ events’ classifications, parameters. most demanding processes in the modern digital economy
Various artificial intelligent techniques which are used in need electrical energy with 99.9999999% availability (9-nines
PQ event classification are also discussed. Major Key issues reliability) to function properly. Between 1992 and 1997, EPRI
and challenges in classifying PQ events are critically carried out a study in the US to characterize the average
examined and outlined. In this paper, the main Power Quality duration of disturbances[2].
(PQ) problems are presented with their associated causes and
consequences. The economic impacts associated with PQ are
characterized. Finally, some solutions to mitigate the PQ
problems are presented.

Key words:- Power Quality, disturbances, PQ parameters.

I. INTRODUCTION
One of the fundamental challenges facing utility and power
customer personnel is the need to become familiar with and
stay informed about issues dealing with power quality. As
the utility industry undergoes restructuring and as custom-
Fig. 1– Typical distribution of PQ disturbances by its duration for a
ers find their service needs changing with increased use of typical facility in 6 years (1992-97)
equipment and processes more susceptible to power system
disturbances, power suppliers and customers alike will find a
solid background in power quality not only useful, but also
necessary for continued productivity and competitiveness.
Electrical Power quality is a term which has captured increas-
ing attention in power engineering in the recent years. Even
though this subject has always been of interest to power
engineers, it has assumed considerable interest in the 1990’s.
Electric power quality means different things for different
people. Classification of power quality areas may be made
according to the source of the problem such as converters,
Fig-2-Comparative studies of various disturbances
magnetic circuit non linearity, arc furnace or by the wave
shape of the signal such as harmonics, flicker or by the fre- 92% of PQ disturbances were voltage sags with amplitude
quency spectrum (radio frequency interference). The wave drops up to 50% and duration below 2 seconds[3].
shape phenomena associated with power quality may be char- B. Measures of Electric Power Quality
acterized into synchronous and non synchronous phenom-
1. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
ena. Synchronous phenomena refer to those in synchronism
For a periodic wave, THD is defined as:
with A.C waveform at power frequency. Along with technol-
i = order of harmonics.
ogy advance, the organization of the worldwide economy
V(i) = Amplitude of ith harmonic component of voltage
© 2013 ACEEE 107
DOI: 01.IJRTET.8.2.541
Review Paper
Int. J. on Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 2, Jan 2013

Vf (t) = Vf cos (wf t). Vm cos (w0 t) (8)

And the total bus voltage is
(1)
V (t) = Vm Cos (w0 t) + Vf (t) = (1+Vf cos (wf t)) Vm cos (w0 t).
(9)
The F = Vf/Vm. (10)
2. Telephone Influence Factor (TIF)
Wis (weights) reflect the response of human ear. The II. POWER QUALITY SOLUTION
infinite sum is truncated for practical use. (Say to 5kHz as per
ANSI Standard 368). [4]The TIF is usually applied to line
currents since the nature of Electromagnetic induction is
related to line current amplitude.
3. V.T Product

(2)

V.T index is an alternative index which incorporates the Fig-3- Steps for power quality solutions
information, and in defined below. [5]Wi’s are the TIF weights
A. Grounding & Bonding Integrity
and (V(i)) are the ith harmonic components of line- to- line
voltage V. Computer based industrial system performance is directly
related to the quality of the equipment grounding and
bonding. If the grounding and bonding is incorrectly
configured, poor system performance is the result.[6]
Grounding is one of the most important and misunderstood
aspects of the electrical system. It is essential to differentiate
(3)
the functions of the grounded conductor (neutral) from the
equipment grounding system (safety ground).

K.V.T = 1000* V.T (4) B. Proper Wiring

Similarly I.T is a measure for line currents An overall equipment inspection is crucial to ensure
proper wiring within a facility.[7] The entire electrical system
should be checked for loose, missing or improper connections
(5) at panels, receptacles and equipment. Article 300 of the
National Electrical Code cover wiring methods and should
be followed to ensure safe and reliable operation.
Observe that TIFV. Vrms = V.T
C. Restoring technologies
TIFI. Iyms = I.T.
4 Distortion Index [DIN] Restoring technologies are used to provide the electric
5 C - Message weights [c] : The c- message weighted index loads with ride through capability in poor PQ environment.[8]
for current i(t).

(6)
Fig-4 Restoring Technologies

D. Distributed Generation
Distributed Generation (DG) units can be used to provide
clean power to critical loads, isolating them from disturbances
(7) with origin in the grid.[9] DG units can also be used as backup
generators to assure energy supply to critical loads during
sustained outages. Additionally DG units can be used for
6 Flicker Factor (F) load management purposed to decrease the peak demand.
Vm cos(wf t) may be considered as being modulated by E. Enhanced Interface Devices
the signal Vf cos(w0t) where Vf is the flicker amplitude. Thus
Besides energy storage systems and DG, some other
flicker component of bus voltage in
devices may be used to solve PQ problems.[10] Using proper
© 2013 ACEEE 108
DOI: 01.IJRTET.8.2.541
Review Paper
Int. J. on Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 2, Jan 2013

interface devices, one can isolate the loads from disturbances [10].Wavelet-based fuzzy reasoning approach to power-quality
deriving from the grid. disturbance recognition IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol.
1. Voltage compensator 19, pp. 2011-2012.
Shunt voltage compensator Series voltage compensator
AUTHORS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Dr S M Ali is Associate Professor in Electrical

Engineering of KIIT University Bhubaneswar. He
received his DSc & Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering
from International university, California, USA in
2008 & 2006 respectively. He had done M.Tech
from Calcutta University. His area of research in
the field of Renewable Energy both Solar & Wind Energy. He had
Fig-5 Voltage Compensator also guided five nos. of Ph. D students in his research area. He has
also presented more than 50 papers in different National & Inter-
F. End-use Devices Less Sensitive national conferences in the field of Renewable Energy apart from
• Some measures to increase equipment immunity: around 20 nos of paper also published in National and Interna-
– Add a capacitor with larger capacity to power supplies; tional journals. He has conducted several nos. of Seminar, Work-
shop and short term training program for the Faculty members
– Use cables with larger neutral conductors;
Engineering College, Polytechnic in collaboration with AICTE,
– Derate transformers; ISTE, MHRD DST, & Ministry of Industries, Govt. of India. He
– Use of oversized active front-ends. is Vice President of Solar Energy Society of India and Secretary of
Institution of Engineers (India) , Odisha state centre.
CONCLUSION
Binod Kumar Prusty,Sr. Lecturer in Electrical
Electric power quality, which is a current interest to several Engineering. Seemanta engineering
power utilities all over the world, is often severely affected College,Mayurbhanj, B.E. (EE) in Utkal Univer-
by harmonics and transient disturbances. Due to increased sity, Bhubaneswar. Done M.Tech. (Power Sys-
use of various power electronic devices in modern power tem) from NIT, Jamshedpur. Continuing Ph.D.,
KIIT, University Bhubaneswar . He is the life
systems, power quality is becoming an important and
Member of Solar Energy Society of India (SESI) .
challenging issue for the power engineers. There is no unique
model which can assess the power quality problem and to Punnyashree Pattanayak: Has received B.Tech
identify and classify them properly. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from
T.I.T.E, Khurda, Odisha, India, under Biju Pattanaik
REFERENCES University of Technology(BPUT). She is presently
pursuing M.Tech from KIIT-University,
[1]. Abdel-Galil T.K., Kamel M., Youssef A.M., El-Saadany E.F., Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India with specialisation
and Salama M.M.A. Power quality disturbance classification Power and Energy System.This paper is prepared under the guid-
using the inductive inference approach, IEEE Trans. on Power ance of Dr. S.M Ali, Professor of Electrical Engineering, KIIT-
Delivery, vol. 19, pp. 2000-2004. University.She is the life member of Solar Energy Society of
[2]. Acha E. and Madrial M., 2010. Power system harmonics: India(SESI).
computer modeling and analysis, London, John Wiley and Sons
Ltd. Shubhra: Has received B.Tech in Electrical and
[3].Agostino Ralph B D’, and Stephens Michael A., Goodness-of- Electronics Engineering from S.I.T.M, Lucknow,
fit techniques, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, NY. 2010. under Gautam Buddha Technical University, Uttar
[4]. Allen B. and Rabiner L.R., A unified approach to short time Pradesh, India. Presently pursuing M.Tech from
Fourier analysis and synthesis, IEEE Proc., vol. 65, pp.. 2010. KIIT-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India with
[5]. Altes R., 2011. Detection estimation and classification with specialisation Power and Energy System. This
spectrograms, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, paper is prepared under the guidance of Dr. S.M Ali, Professor of
vol. 67. Electrical Engineering, KIIT-University. . She is the life member of
[6]. Angrisani L., Daponte P., Apuzzo M.D’ and Testa A.,. A Solar Energy Society of India(SESI).
measurement method based on the wavelet transform for power Pransun Sanki: Has received B.Tech in Electrical
quality Analysis, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 13, pp. and Electronics Engineering from B.C.E.T,
990-998. 2011 Durgapur, under WBUT(West bengal University of
[7]. Arrillaga J., Bollen M.H.J. and Waston N.R., a. Power quality Technology) ,India. Presently pursuing M.Tech
following deregulation, Proc. IEEE., vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 246261. from KIIT-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, In-
2012 dia with specialisation Power and Energy System.
[8]. Arrillaga J., Watson N.R. and Chen.S., b. Power system quality
This paper is prepared under the guidance of Dr. S.M Ali, Profes-
assessment, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., London. 2012
sor of Electrical Engineering, KIIT-University. He is the life mem-
[9]. Ashton P.T. and Swift G.W., Measurements of transient
ber of Solar Energy Society of India (SESI).
electrical noise on low voltage distribution systems, IEEE
Industry. Applications Society Annual Meeting, vol. 2. 2012.

© 2013 ACEEE 109

DOI: 01.IJRTET.8.2.541