16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
INDIVIDUAL CONTEST – JUNIOR SECTION
Time limit: 120 minutes
ANSWER KEY GROUP B
Instructions:
Write down your name, your ID number and your team's name on the first page.
Answer all 15 questions. In Section A, each question is worth 5 points. In Section B,
each question is worth 10 points. In Section C, each question is worth 15 points. The
total is 150 points. There is no penalty for a wrong answer.
For Section A (questions 1-5), circle the correct answer A, B, C, D or E. For Section
B (questions 6-10), fill your answer in the space provided at the end of each
question. For Section C (questions 11-15), write your detailed solution in the space
provided at the end of each question.
Diagrams shown may not be drawn to scale.
No calculators, protractors or electronic devices are allowed to use.
Answers must be in pencil, blue or black ball-point pen.
All papers must be handed in at the end of the test.
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
Individual Contest – Junior Section
GROUP B
SECTION A. Circle the correct answer A, B, C, D or E.
Q1. Let x and y be positive real numbers. Which of the following expressions is larger than
both x and y ?
A. xy 1 B. (x y )2 C. x 2 y D. x (x y ) E. (x y 1)2
Solution. The answer is E
We have (x y 1)2 x y 1 (because x y 1 1 x , y 0 )
(x y 1)2 x y 1 x y
(x y 1)2 x and (x y 1)2 y
For the other answers
1
xy 1 x if x 4 and y
2
1 1
(x y )2 x if x and y
2 10
1 1
x 2 y x if x and y
2 10
1 1
x (x y ) y if x and y .
10 2
2019
Q2. What is the last digit of 43 ?
A. 0 B. 2 C. 4 D. 6 E. 8
Solution. The answer is C
Clearly, 3 1(mod 4) 32019 (1)2019 1 3(mod 4)
2019
32019 4k 1 (k ) 43 4 4k 1 4 16k 4 6k (mod 10) 4(mod 10)
2019
The last digit of 43 is 4.
Q3. Let P (x ) be a non-constant polynomial such that
P (1) P (3), P (2) P (4), P (5) P (7), ... , P(97) P (99), P(98) P(100).
What is the lowest possible degree of P (x ) ?
A. 1 B. 50 C. 51 D. 99 E. 100
Page 1 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
Individual Contest – Junior Section
GROUP B
Solution. The answer is C
Let Q(x ) P (x 2) P (x )
deg Q deg P 1
Q has at least 50 distinct roots 1,2,5,6,9,10,...,97,98
deg Q 50
deg P 51 .
Q4. How many connected subsequences (i.e, consisting of one element or consecutive
elements) of the following sequence are there?
1, 2, 3, ..., 99, 100.
A. 1010 B. 2020 C. 3030 D. 4040 E. 5050
Solution. The answer is E
Note that for n 1, 2,...,100 there are exactly n connected subsequences ending with n , so
the total number of considered subsequences equals
100
n 5050 .
n 1
Q5. Let ABC be an acute triangle and AH be the altitude of the triangle. Assume that
AH 6 cm, BH 3 cm and CAH 2BAH . Which of the following is the area of
the triangle ABC , in cm2 ?
A. 27 B. 30 C. 33 D. 36 E. 39
Page 2 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
Individual Contest – Junior Section
GROUP B
Solution. The answer is C .
Draw bisector AH of the triangle and let DC x . Because
2BAH
CAH CAD DAH HAB
BAD is isosceles triangle
HD 3
AH HD AH .DC 6x
AC 2x
AC DC
HD 3
By Pythagoras’ theorem,
x 5
AH 2 HC 2 AC 2 62 (3 x )2 (2x )2 x 2 2x 15 0
x 3 (impossible)
6.11
So S ABC 33 .
2
Page 3 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
Individual Contest – Junior Section
GROUP B
SECTION B. Fill your answer in the space provided at the end of the question.
Q6. Consider the following equation
x 1 42
(x 1)2 .
x x2
Determine the sum of the square of all the roots.
Answer: 13
Solution.
The condition is x 0.
2
The equation x (x 1) x (x 1) 42 0 (x 2 x 7)(x 2 x 6) 0
(x 2 x 7)(x 2)(x 3) 0
x 2
x 3
The answer is 22 3 13.
2
Q7. Let p and q be odd prime numbers. Assume that there exists a positive integer n such that
pq 1 n 3 . Express p + q in terms of n.
Answer: n 2 2.
Solution. The answer is n 2 2.
By assumption, observe that pq n 3 1 (n 1)(n 2 n 1).
Since p, q 2, it follow that n 2 and therefore n 1, n 2 n 1 2 ,
q n 1 q n 2 n 1
we obtain or
p n 2 n 1 p n 1
Therefore p q n 2 2.
Page 4 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
Individual Contest – Junior Section
GROUP B
Q8. Let ABC be a triangle, M and N be the midpoints of BC and AM , respectively. Let
P be the intersection point of the lines BN and AC . What is the area of the triangle ANP
in cm2 if the area of the triangle ABC is 60 cm2 ?
Answer: 5 cm2
Solution. The answer is 5 cm2
Using Menelaus’s Theorem for AMC :
PA BC NM
. . 1
PC BM NA
PA 1
PC 2
S ANP AN AP 1 1 1 S 1
Then we have: . . ANP S ANP 5 cm 2 .
S AMC AM AC 2 3 6 S ABC 12
Note: we can use parallel line
Page 5 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
Individual Contest – Junior Section
GROUP B
Q9. Let a and b be positive real numbers with a b. Find the smallest possible value of
32
S 2a 3 .
(a b )(2b 3)2
Answer: 8
Solution. The answer is 8
1 1 32
S 2(a b) (2b 3) (2b 3)
2 2 (a b)(2b 3)2
1 1 32
4 4 2(a b) (2b 3) (2b 3) 8
2 2 (a b )(2b 3)2
3 1
The “ ” happens when a ;b .
2 2
Q10. For any positive integer n, let rn denote the greatest odd divisor of n. Compute
T r100 r101 r102 ... r200 .
Answer: 10025
Solution. The answer is 10025
rn n
Since rn is the greatest odd divisor of n
n 2xn rn (rn , rn 0)
If m n and rm rn m 2n
Because 200 2 101 r101, r102 , r103 , ..., r200 are 100 distinct odd numbers and they do
not exceed 200 .
We note that from 1 to 200 , there are exactly 100 odd numbers : 1, 3, 5,...,199 . So,
r101, r102, r103, ..., r200 is a permutation of 1, 3, 5,...,199 .
There for r101 r102 r103 ... r200 1 3 5 ... 199 1002
T r100 1002 10025.
Note: It the answer is 10000 , student get 5 point for this question
Page 6 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
Individual Contest – Junior Section
GROUP B
SECTION C. Write your detailed solution in the space provided at the end of the question.
Q11. Find all integers x and y satisfying the following equation
x 2 2xy 5y 2 2x 6y 3 0.
Solution.
x 2 2xy 5y 2 2x 6y 3 0 (x y 1)2 (2y 1)2 5 (5 points)
(2y 1)2 5
2y 1 1
Because 2y 1 is odd (5 points)
2y 1 1
y 0
y 0
⁕) 2y 1 1 x 1
(x y 1) 4
2
x 3
y 1
y 1
⁕) 2y 1 1 x 2
(x y 1) 4
2
x 2
(x , y ) (1; 0); (3; 0); (2;1); 2;1 . (5 points)
Page 7 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
Individual Contest – Junior Section
GROUP B
Q12. Given an expression x 2 ax b, where a, b are integer coefficients. At any step one
can change the expression by adding either 1 or 1 to only one of the two coefficients a, b.
a) Suppose that the initial expression has a 7 and b 19. Show your
modification steps to obtain a new expression that has zero value at some integer
value of x.
b) Starting from the initial expression as above, one gets the expression
x 2 17x 9 after m modification steps. Prove that at a certain step k with
k m , the obtained expression has zero value at some integer value of x.
Solution.
a) For a 7, b 19 we get the initial expression P (x ) x 2 7x 19.
By adding 1 to b 19 times, we obtain the new expression Q(x ) x 2 7x which has zero
value at x 7. (5 points)
b) The initial expression is P (x ) x 2 7x 19, and the new expression after m
modification steps is Pm (x ) x 2 17x 9.
Let Pn (x ) x 2 an x bn be the expression obtained after n modification steps from the
initial expression P (x ) x 2 7x 19.
At the step n 1, if we change the coefficient bn then
Pn 1 x Pn x bn 1 bn 1
And if we change the coefficient an then Pn 1 x Pn x an 1 an x
Which gives Pn 1 1 Pn 1 1
Hence, we get either Pn 1 1 Pn 1 1 or Pn 1 1 Pn 1 1
But P 1 13 0 and Pm 1 7 0
We conclude that there exists an integer k m satisfying Pk 1 0 . (10 points)
Page 8 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
Individual Contest – Junior Section
GROUP B
Q13. Find all points inside a given equilateral triangle such that the distances from it to three
sides of the given triangle are the side lengths of a triangle?
Solution.
Let ABC be the given equilateral triangle and T be a point satisfying the requirement of the
problem. Let x , y, z be the distances from T to three sides of the triangle ABC then
x y z h, where h is the altitude of the triangle ABC. (5 points)
h
Therefore, x , y, z are the side lengths of a triangle if and only if x , y, z . (5 points)
2
Thus, T is inside the triangle MNP, where M , N , P are the midpoints of BC , CA, AB
respectively, we conclude that all the points satisfying the requirement of the problem is the
interior of the triangle MNP. (5 points)
Page 9 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
Individual Contest – Junior Section
GROUP B
Q14. Let a,b, c be non-negative real numbers satisfying a b c 3.
3
a) If c , prove that 3(ab bc ca ) 2abc 7.
2
b) Find the greatest possible value of M 3(ab bc ca ) 2abc.
Solution.
a) The inequality M 7 0
(3 2c)ab 3c(3 c ) 7 0 (2 points)
If 3 2c 0 (3 2c)ab 0
2
3 1 1
M 7 3c(3 c) 7 3 c 0
2 4 4
M 7 (1) (5 points)
2 2
a b 3 c
b) If 3 2c 0 (3 2c)ab (3 2c ). (3 2c ) (2 points)
2 2
3 c 2 (c 1)2 (2c 1)
M 7 (3 2c). 3c(3 c ) 7 0
2 4
M 7 (2) (5 points)
From (1) and (2) we have M max 7,
and the “ ” happens when a b c 1 . (1 points)
Page 10 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
Individual Contest – Junior Section
GROUP B
Q15. Let M be a set of 28 positive real numbers. Prove that there are two elements a and b
in M such that
0 27 a b 1 a 1 b .
Solution.
Let x1, x 2,..., x 28 belong to M and satisfy: 0 x1 x 2 ... x 28
By contradiction, suppose that, m, n : 1 m n 28 such that
27 x n x m 1 x m 1 x n (1) (5 points)
27
Let yk , k {1;2;...;28} then yk 27, k 1;....;28
1 xk
y1 y28 27 (2) (5 points)
On the other hand:
27 27
(1) 1
1 xm 1 xn
y m yn 1
y1 y28 y1 y2 y2 y 3 .... y27 y28 27 (3) (5 points)
That contradicts (2) Q.E.D
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