A PROJECT REPORT ON

POWER GENERATION USING PEIZOELECTRIC

TRANSDUCER
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE
OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

BY

CHESNA PATIL 114ET1228B

KAMLESH DEVRARI 114EL1149A

KALINDI SINGH 114EL1148B

RAVINA VHALEKAR 115EL3035B

PROJECT GUIDE

PROF. SHASHI PRABHA

MAHATMA GANDHI MISSION’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY

KAMOTHE ,NAVI MUMBAI

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BACHLOR OF ENGINEERING DEGREE

2017-2018
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “POWER GENESRATION USING

PEIZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCER” is a bonafide work of

CHESNA PATIL 114ET1228B

KAMLESH DEVRARI 114EL1149A

KALINDI SINGH 114EL1148B

RAVINA VHALEKAR 115EL3035B

Students of B.E.(Electrical Engineering) and is submitted to the University of Mumbai,

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electrical Engineering from M.G.M’s College of Engineering
&Technology affiliated to Mumbai University.

__________________________ __________________________

Prof. SHASHI PRABHA

(Project Guide ) ( External Examiner)

_________________________ __________________________

Prof. SHASHI PRABHA Dr. S.K.NARAYANKHEDKAR

(HOD ElectricalDepartment ) ( Principal MGMCET )

 PROJECT REPORT APPROVAL

This project report entitled “ POWER GENERATION USING PEIZOELECTRIC

TRANSDUCER” By

CHESNA PATIL 114ET1228B

KAMLESH DEVRARI 114EL1149A

KALINDI SINGH 114EL1148B

RAVINA VHALEKAR 115EL3035B

is approved for the degree of Bachelor of Enginnering ( Electrical Engineering

Department).

EXTERNAL EXAMINER :____________________

GUIDE:____________________

(Prof. SHASHI PRABHA)

HOD ELECTRICAL :____________________

(Prof. SHASHI PRABHA)

Date : Place: MGMCET, Kamothe

 DECLARATION

We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words where others
ideas and works have been included, we have adequately cited and referred the original
sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and
integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea or data or fact or
source in our submission. We understand that any violation of the above will be cause for
disciplinary action by the institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which
have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when
needed.

_________________________ _________________________

Chesna Patil Kamlesh Devrari

_________________________ _________________________

Kalindi Singh Ravina Vhalekar

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoric company the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without mentioning of the people whose constant guidance and encouragement
made it possible. We take pleasure in presenting before you ,our project which is result of
studied blend of both research and knowledge .

We express our earnest gratitude to our internal guide, Assitant Professor Shashi Prabha
Ma’am, Department of EE, our project guide, for her constant support, encouragement and
guidance. We are grateful for her cooperation and her valuable suggestions.

Finally, we express our gratitude to the HOD, Shashi Prabha Ma’am and all other
member who are involved either directly or indirectly for the completion of this project.

______________ ______________ ______________ _____________

Chesna Patil Kamlesh Devrari Kalindi Singh RavinaVhalekar

 ABSTRACT

Nowadays energy and power are the one of the basic necessities regarding this modern world.
As the demand of energy is increasing day by day, so the ultimate solution to deal with these
sorts of problems is just to implement the renewable sources of energy. The objective of this
work is power generation through footsteps as a source of renewable energy that we can
obtained while walking onto the certain arrangements like footpaths ,stairs, platforms and
these systems can be install elsewhere specially in the dense populated areas.

It has the ability to produce electric power from mechanical reaction (force) and then it
change to electric charges. This kind of technology can be used as the alternative electric
power generator. It is impossible to replace the existing electricity generation, but at least to
vary and reduce the dependency on the conventional electricity generation. Design concept
used in this thesis is to use piezoelectric place at the walking area named as “Foot Step Power
Generation System”. When a human walking, jumping or dancing on the surface which
contain the piezoelectric, it will produce sufficient force for energy generation process. This
system is very suitable applied at the public spotted area with many people such as walking
corridor, shopping mall, in the office, schools and others. Therefore, the continued pressure
will provide sufficient resources to be used to produce the electricity required.

As our main purpose was to charge the battery through DC output and then by inverting it
into AC for normal usage. Thus as a result we have concluded that these types of designs and
techniques of power generating systems are very useful and handy in order to match the
supply and demand of energy globally as well.
 INDEX

CHAPTER .1 INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER .2 LITERATURE SURVEY 3
2.1 PURPOSE 3
2.2 LITERATURE ANALYSIS 3
2.2.1 ASPECTS 4
2.2.2 UPCOMING EXTENT 4
2.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 5
CHAPTER .3 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 6
3.1 PEIZOELECTRIC SENSOR 6
3.2 RECTIFIRE 8
3.3 AC RIPPLE NEUTRALIZER 9
3.4 UNIDIRECTIONAL CURRENT 10
CONROLLER
3.5 BATTERY 10
3.6 LCD 12
3.7 INVERTER 14
3.8 ARDUINO 16
3.9 TRANSFORMER 17
CHAPTER 4. WORKING OF PROJECT 19
CHAPTER .5 PROGRAM CODING 20
CHAPTER .6 ADVANTAGES & 22
DISADVANTAGES
CHAPTER .7 FUTURE SCOPE 23
CHAPTER .8 RESULT & CALCULATIONS 24
CHAPTER .9 CONCLUSION 26
CHAPTER .10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 27
 CHAPTER .1

INTRODUCTION

Now a days electricity is an important one for human population. The demand of electricity is
increasing every day. Meanwhile , electrical power has been used by various operation in the
modern technology. The production of electricity leads to a huge amount of pollution. Now
the gap between the demand and the supply of electricity made a path for the exploration of
alternate sources of energy. The demand for the energy is increasing day by day as there is a
tremendous increase in the human population. Since large amount of energy has been wasted
there is a need for the alternate power generation. This drawback has been removed with the
help of the footstep power generation system. The main principle of the power generation
technology is piezoelectric effect. The piezoelectric effect makes the materials to produce an
electric charge when pressure and strain is applied to them. Thus when the pressure is applied
the electric potential is produced by the materials with the help of the piezoelectricity. The
pressure exerted by the moving people is converted into electric current by the embedded
piezoelectric material.

An average person, weighing 60 kg, will generate only 0.1 watt in the single second
required to take two steps across the tile but when they are covering a large area of floor
space and thousands of people are stepping or jumping on them, then we can generate
significant amount of power Stored in capacitors ,the power can be channeled to energy-
hungry parts of the station ,including the electrical lighting system and the ticket gates. This
technology is a proposal to harness human power as a source of sustainable energy.
Population of India and mobility of its masses will turn into boon in generating electricity
from its (population’s) footsteps. Human locomotion in over crowded subway stations,
railway stations, bus stands, airports, temples or rock concerts thus can be converted to
electrical energy with the use of this promising technology.

The generation of electrical energy is described by using the weight energy. Person can
amaze simply knowing that how much energy a person has by simply walking on the floor
with normal speed. So the people usually have thousands steps in a day. While people walks
they lose huge amount of energy that their weight energy of foot may be used and converted
into electrical energy .The actual electro-kinetic floor is really an approach to make electrical
energy by using kinetic energy of person who walks on the floor. The energy that is usually
produced by the floor which can make the environment sound without any pollution such
kind of energy will cost effective indeed the power floor does not need any fuel or any type
of energy source only by
using the kinetic energy which based on the person weight who moves on the floor.
Regarding this modern world nowadays energy and power are the basic key factors as the
energy demand is increasing day by day so ultimate solutions of renewable energy are
implemented.

In case of our project we have used a technique of Generating power through

foot step which is the source of renewable energy that is obtained by walking on footpaths,
stairs, platforms and such as system is installed mainly in populated areas. The basic principle
of ‘Foot sep power generation’ is based on piezoelectric sensor in order to employ this
system we will adjust wooden plates above and below the piezoelectric sensor , when person
will walk on that mat the force will be applied in the result magnet will be fixed under the top
wooden sheet and moves into the cavity. While this cavity is fixed at the bottom wooden
sheet of mat. As completing the above procedure ,we made ourselves to be able to design a
compatible system by the help of which we could run the load, Home appliances by AC
output
voltage. And our task is to charge battery with the help of DC output and then using inverter
to convert DC into AC for normal usage.
 CHAPTER .2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 PURPOSE

There are some methods to generate electrical energy from the footsteps. Such as Gear wheel
and flywheel are methods to generate electrical power. This method works on the principle
and in it mechanical parts are used because this is placed where there are so many people and
the energy is produced by their movements on the floor.

Generation of power is done by footsteps from the crowed on floor and piezo plate
scheme is used below the floor, then there will be sheet which cover the piezo plate and also
spring will be there for vibrating force on piezo sensor.

The piezo plate will be struck in the floor such a plates will generate power in the form
of electric current. The power which is produced by footsteps can be used as additional
features like street light

2.2 LITERATURE ANALYSIS

To generate electrical power by footstep using piezoelectric transducer. The footsteps are
more than enough to produce electrical energy. Following are the few method of generating
power like the steps of fly and gear wheel method and piezo plate is also used in the space.

• To arrange the electrical components and equipment properly to convert the mechanical
energy into electrical energy
• After arranging the electrical system in proper manner that will transfer mechanical energy
into electrical energy
• After that voltage which is produced through the steps can be rectified and DC voltage will
be stored in the 12-volt battery of lead acid
• Further this battery will be attached with inverter. Designing of inverter is such a way which
convert the battery voltage that is 12volt DC into 220 AC
• Finally, the AC voltage can be used in many appliances like charging the laptop battery as
well as to charge the handset, it may also use to lightening up energy saver.
• If we need more power in this method then use more steps for more energy also the ability
of battery and inverter should be increase, then output will be increased.

2.2.1 ASPECTS

The main features of power generation through foot step by piezo electric are that the power
generated by transforming mechanical energy into electrical by movement of people on the
floor where piezo plate is placed. Piezoelectric power system is safe and secure to use it is
totally risk free method this system will not produce any problem and discomfort for people.
Footstep power through piezoelectric process have electrical and mechanical parts but it
hasn’t so many losses. This system has low cost if the system is damaged so no issue the cost
of equipment is very low This system has also ability to store the electrical power in the
batteries. Foot step power generation system is cheap reliable and efficient method.

2.2.2 UPCOMING EXTENT

Now world is stirring to the renewable resources due to worldwide heating so our this project
foot step power generation through piezo electric has vast extent. Other renewable sources
are also used such like sterling plant, biogas, wind turbine etc .But if we compare them with
foot step power generation through piezo electric sensor so this will be inexpensive, useful,
efficient and reliable as compare to other renewable resources.
2.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

PIEZO-ELECTRIC BRIDGE
RECTIFIER BATTERY
TILES

INVERTER

INTERFACING

LOAD

Fig 1. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER GENERATION USING PEIZOELECTIC

TRANSDUCER
 CHAPTER .3
HARDWARE EQUIPMENT

3.1 PEIZOELECTRIC SENSOR

A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect, to measure changes

in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain, or force by converting them to an electrical
charge. Piezoelectric materials belong to the group of ferroelectric materials. Ferroelectric
materials made up of crystals and has polar character without an electric field being applied.
The common effect in piezoelectric materials like PbTiO3, PbZro3, PVDF and PZT. The
main part of the footstep power generation is the piezoelectric crystal material as shown in
fig.2. The selection of piezoelectric material is important. For analysis purpose here we are
using two piezoelectric materials like PZT and PVDF. For various pressure applied there
should be a better output voltage.. The piezo electric transducer is placed under a test on a
piezo force sensor. For measuring voltages by using a voltmeter connected across both of
them and measuring current by using an ammeter. Applying various forces on the piezo
electric material, different voltage readings are displayed with respect to the force is applied..

fig.2 Peizoelectric crystal disc

The output voltage of PVDF is 0.4 V and PZT is around 2V .

Bare piezo transducers generally consist of a brass disc onto which a thin slice of piezocrystal
is bonded as shown in fig 3 .The top of the piezo crystal is covered with a layer of silver-
loaded paint which may be soldered to (however, if you do solder to this paint, you must use
silver loaded solder).
 Fig 3. Peizoelectric disc

As the disc is caused to vibrate, so the piezo crystal vibrates and produces an output voltage
between its upper and lower surfaces in accordance with the piezoelectric effect.  This
voltage varies according the sound pressure acting on the disc and hence the crystal and thus
the transducer acts as a microphone. The reason why this device is called a piezoelectric
transducer and not a piezoelectric microphone is that it works both ways – if you apply an
alternating voltage to the electrical connections, the transducer will vibrate .
In order to get a good frequency response from the transducer, it needs to be mechanically
coupled to a vibrating surface of considerably higher surface area than the brass disc. This
increased surface area will considerably lower the low-frequency cut off of the system. The
piezoelectric effect is able to deliver a significant voltage (compared e.g. with a dynamic or
condenser microphone) but less current. Consequently, to get a usable signal from a piezo
element a high-impedance pre-amplifer must be situated very close to the transducer
 Fig 4. Series parallel connection of piezoelectric disc

3.2 RECTIFIER

The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C.
The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is
used
because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification. The Bridge rectifier is a
circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of the input ac
voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure 5. The circuit has four diodes
connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of
the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge.

Fig 5. Bridge rectifier

For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes
D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1
and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load
resistance
RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half
cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.
3.3 AC RIPPLE NEUTRALIZER

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and
smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and
load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at
this point
changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

A capacitor-input filter is a filter circuit show in fig 6 in which the first element is
a capacitor connected in parallel with the output of the rectifier in a linear power supply. The
capacitor increases the DC voltage and decreases the ripple voltage components of the output.
[1]
 The capacitor is often referred to as a smoothing capacitor or reservoir capacitor. The
capacitor is often followed by other alternating series and parallel filter elements to further
reduce ripple voltage, or adjust DC output voltage. It may also be followed by a voltage
regulator which virtually eliminates any remaining ripple voltage, and adjusts the DC voltage
output very precisely to match the DC voltage required by the circuit.

Fig 6. Capacitive filter

3.4 UNIDIRECTIONAL CURRENT CONTROLLER

As name indicates this circuit allows only one direction current flowing. There are
following some devices allow on unidirectional current.
1) Diode
2) Thyristors

In this project we are going to use diode as Unidirectional Current control device. As
we are already familiar with the most common function of a diode is to allow an electric
current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction).While blocking current
in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an
electronic version of a check valve. The diode used in this project is D= IN2110
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one
direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and
high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type
today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two
electrical terminals

Fig 8.Diode

3.5 BATTERY

Battery (electricity), an array of electrochemical cells for electricity storage, either

individually linked or individually linked and housed in a single unit. An electrical battery is
a
combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy
into
electrical energy. Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in
standby
power applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and wrist
watches, larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data
centers.
 Fig 9. Lead acid battery

Lead-acid batteries are the most common in PV systems because their initial cost is
lower and because they are readily available nearly everywhere in the world. There are many
different sizes and designs of lead-acid batteries, but the most important designation is that
they are deep cycle batteries. Lead-acid batteries are available in both wet-cell (requires
maintenance) and sealed no-maintenance versions. Lead acid batteries are reliable and cost
effective with an exceptionally long life.

The Lead acid batteries have high reliability because of their ability to withstand overcharge,
over discharge vibration and shock. The use of special sealing techniques ensures that our
batteries are leak proof and non-spoilable. The batteries have exceptional charge acceptance,
large electrolyte volume and low self-discharge, Which make them ideal as zero-
maintenance batteries lead acid batteries.

These batteries are used in Inverter & UPS Systems and have the proven ability to perform
under extreme conditions. The batteries have electrolyte volume, use PE Separators and are
sealed in sturdy containers, which give them excellent protection against leakage and
corrosion.

3.6 LCD
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated
optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals as shown in fig 10..
Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce
images in color or monochrome. LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a
general-purpose computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which can
be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and seven-segment displays, as in
a digital clock.

Fig 10. LCD Display

Sr. Pin Pin Name Pin Type Pin Description Pin Connection
No No.

1 Pin 1 Ground Source Pin This is a ground pin of Connected to the

LCD ground of the
 MCU/ Power
source

2 Pin 2 VCC Source Pin This is the supply Connected to the

voltage pin of LCD supply pin of Power
source

3 Pin 3 V0/VEE Control Pin Adjusts the contrast of Connected to a

the LCD. variable POT that
can source 0-5V

4 Pin 4 Register Control Pin Toggles between Connected to a

Select Command/Data MCU pin and gets
Register either 0 or 1.
0 -> Command
Mode
1-> Data Mode

5 Pin 5 Read/Write Control Pin Toggles the LCD Connected to a

between Read/Write MCU pin and gets
Operation either 0 or 1.
0 -> Write
Operation
1-> Read Operation

6 Pin 6 Enable Control Pin Must be held high to Connected to MCU

perform Read/Write and always held
Operation high.

7 Pin 7- Data Bits (0- Data/Command Pins used to send In 4-Wire Mode
14 7) Pin Command or data to Only 4 pins (0-3) is
the LCD. connected to MCU
In 8-Wire Mode
All 8 pins(0-7) are
connected to MCU

8 Pin 15 LED Positive LED Pin Normal LED like Connected to +5V
operation to illuminate
the LCD

9 Pin 16 LED Negative LED Pin Normal LED like Connected to

operation to illuminate ground
the LCD connected
with GND.

Table 1 . Description of pins of LCD

3.8 INVERTER

An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current
(AC), the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of
appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits as shown in fig 11. Solid-state
inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from small
switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct current
applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power
from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.
There are two main types of inverter. The output of a modified sine wave inverter is similar
to a square wave output except that the output goes to zero volts for a time before switching
positive or negative. It is simple and low cost and is compatible with most electronic devices,
except for sensitive or specialized equipment, for example certain laser printers. A pure sine
wave inverter produces a nearly perfect sine wave output (<3% total harmonic) that is
essentially the same as utility-supplied grid power. Thus it is compatible with all AC
electronic devices. This is the type used in grid-tie inverters.

Its design is more complex, and cost 5or10 times more per unit power. The electrical inverter
is a high-power electronic oscillator. It is so named because early mechanical AC to DC
converters was made to work in reverse, and thus were "inverted", to convert DC to AC. The
inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier.
 Fig 11.Crcuit diagram of Inverter

3.9 ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 . It has 14 digital
input/output pins, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset button. Arduino UNO board consist of analog input pins (A0-A5), digital
output pins (D0-D13), inbuilt ADC and Wi-Fi module connects the embedded device to
internet. Sensors are
connected to Arduino UNO board for monitoring, ADC will convert the corresponding
sensor reading to its digital value and from that value the corresponding environmental
parameter will be evaluated.

Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures single-board
microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects
that can sense and control objects in the physical and digital world. Arduino board designs
use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital
and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards
or Breadboards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications
interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for
loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically programmed
using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and C++. In addition to using
traditional compiler tool chains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development
environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project.

Fig 12. ARDUINO UNO

3.10 TRANSFORMER
The transformer is static electrical equipment which transforms electrical energy (from
primary side windings) to the magnetic energy (in transformer magnetic core) and again to
the electrical energy (on these secondary transformer side). The operating frequency and
nominal power are approximately equal on primary and secondary transformer side because
the transformer is a very efficient equipment, while the voltage and current values are usually
different. Essentially, that is the main task of the transformer, converting high voltage (HV)
and low current from the primary side to the low voltage (LV) and high current on the
secondary side and vice versa. Also, a transformer with its operation principle provides
galvanic isolation in the electrical system. With those features, the transformer is the most
important part of the electrical system and provides economical and reliable transmission and
distribution of electrical energy.
The transformer can transfer energy in both directions, from HV to LV side as well as
inversely. That is the reason why it can work as voltage step up or step down transformer.
Both transformer types have the same design and construction. Theoretically, we can operate
any transformer as step-up as well as step-down type. It only depends on the energy flowing
direction

Fig 13 . 12-0-12 step up transformer

The primary side of a step-up transformer has a small number of turns (LV side) while
secondary side has a large number of turns (HV side). That means energy flows from the LV
to HV side. The most important application of step-up transformer is a generator step-up
(GSU) transformer used in all generating plants. Those transformers usually have large turns
ratio value. The voltage value produced in energy generation is increased and prepared to the
long distance energy transmission. The energy produced in generating plant is at low voltage
and high current values. Depending on the generating plant type, the GSU transformer has
nominal primary voltage value from 6 up to 20 kV.

CHAPTER 4
WORKING OF PROJECT

The pressure applied to the piezoelectric material convert it into electrical energy. The
pressure can be given by the people walking over it. The output of the piezoelectric material
is not stable. Bridge circuit converts the variable voltage into a linear voltage. AC ripple filter
is used to filter any fluctuations in output. The output of the DC voltage is stored in are
chargeable battery. The output from a single piezo tile was extremely low, so combination of
piezo tile is connected. Two possible connections are made –parallel and series connection.
For parallel connection there is no increase in voltage , where as in series connection by using
additional piezo tile there is increase in voltage. So we are using both parallel and series
connection for producing 40V voltage with high current density. The battery is connected to
an inverter to provide AC load. The output voltage can be seen in a LCD. For this purpose
ARDIUNO UNO is used.

ARDIUNO UNO uses a crystal oscillator for this operation. This inverter converts the DC
voltage stored in the battery to AC voltage. Two pulse trains produced with the help of IC
2110 phase shifted by 180 degree. A12V supply is given to the two MOSFETs used in the
inverter circuit. The MOSFETs are switched ON by using the output of the transistor. The
output pulses are connected to a transformer, we obtain 220V Ac supply.

Fig 14. Schematic representation of working model

 CHAPTER 5
PROGRAM CODING

LCD INTERFACE WITH ARDUINO UNO

Fig 15. Connection diagram of LCD with ARDUINO UNO

PROGRAM :

#include "LiquidCrystal.h"

LiquidCrystallcd(12,11,5,4,3,2);

float voltage = 0.0;

float temp=0.0;
intanalog_value;
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.setCursor (0,0);
lcd.print(" Arduino based ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Digital Voltmeter");
delay(2000);
}
void loop()
{

analog_value = analogRead(A0);
voltage = (analog_value * 5.0) / 1024.0;

if (voltage < 0.1)

{
voltage=0.0;
}
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Voltage= ");
lcd.print(voltage);
lcd.setCursor(13,1);
lcd.print("V");
delay(30);
}
 CHAPTER 6
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE

ADVANTAGES :
 Power generation is simply walking on step.

 No need fuel input.

 This is a Non-conventional system.

 No moving parts – long service life.

 Self-generating – no external power required.

 Compact yet highly sensitive.

 Reliable, Economical, Eco-Friendly.

 Less consumption of Non- renewable energies.

 Power also generated by running or exercising on the step.

 Battery is used to store the generated power.

 Extremely wide dynamic range, almost free of noise.

DISADVANTAGE :

 Only applicable for the particular place

 Initial cost of this arrangement is high.

 Output affected by temperature variation.

 Care should be taken for batteries

CHAPTER 7
FUTURE SCOPE :
Utilization of wasted energy is very much relevant and important for highly populated
countries in future.

1. Flooring Tiles : Japan has already started experimenting the use of piezoelectric effect for
energy generation. They implement piezoelectric effect on the stairs of the bus. Thus every
time passenger steps on the tiles, they trigger a small vibration that can be stored as energy.
The flooring tiles are made up of rubber which can absorb the vibration. This vibration
generates when running or walking on it. Under these tiles piezoelectric material is placed.
When the movement is felt by the material they can generate the electricity. This generated
energy is
simultaneously stored into the battery. Generated electricity we can use the lightning of lamp
or street light. Energy is generated by step of one human being is too less but if number of
steps increases ultimately energy production also increases

2.Dance floors :Europe is another one of the country which started experimenting use of
piezoelectric crystal for energy generation in night clubs. Floor is compressed by the dancer’s
feet and piezoelectric materials makes contact and generate electricity. Generated electricity
is nothing but 2-20 watt. It depends on impact of the dancer’s feet. If constant compression of
piezoelectric crystal causes a huge amount of energy.

CHAPTER 7
RESULT & CALCULATION
RESULTS & FINDING
When a force is applied on piezo material, a charge is generated across it. Thus, it can be
assumed to be an ideal capacitor. Thus, all equations governing capacitors can be applied to
it. In this project, on one tile, we connect 3piezo in parallel. 5 such parallel connections are
connected in series. Thus when 5 piezoelectric discs are connected in series, its equivalent
capacitance becomes:

1/Ceq1 = 1/C1+1/C2+1/C3.

Referring to above equation 3 piezo-electric transducer are connected in parallel.

Where as,

Resultant combination of transducer of five parallel combination becomes

Ceq=Ceq1+Ceq2+Ceq3+Ceq4+Ceq5

Hence, the net voltage generated in series connection is the sum of individual voltages
generated across 3 parallel combination. Output voltage from 1 piezo disc is 6V. Thus the
maximum voltage that can be generated across the piezotile is around 30V

In 1 square ft. I used 15piezosensor.

As piezo sensors power generating varies with different steps, get

Minimum voltage=1 V per step

Maximum voltage=15 V per step
We took an average of 50 Kg weight pressure from single person.
Considering the steps of a 50 Kg weighted single person, the average calculation is:

It takes 500 steps to increase 1 V charge in battery.

So, to increase 12 V in battery total steps
needed
= (12 × 500)
=6000 steps

As we will implement our project in a populated area where foot step as source will
available, we took an average of 2 steps in 1 second.

For 6000 steps time needed

=6000/ (60 × 2)
=50 minutes. (Approximately)
 CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION

A piezo tile capable of generating 40V has been devised. Comparison between various piezo
electric material shows that PZT is superior in characteristics. Also, by comparison it was
found that series- parallel combination connection is more suitable. The weight applied on the
tile and
corresponding voltage generated is studied and they are found to have linear relation. It is
especially suited for implementation in crowded areas. This can be used in street lighting
without use of long power lines. It can also be used as charging ports.

Since the power generation using foot step get its energy needs from no conventional source
of energy there is no need of power from the mains and there is less pollution in this source
of energy it is very essential to the places, all roads as well as all kind of foot step which is
used to generate non-conventional energy such as electricity. As a common fact 11% Non
conventional energy which contributes our primary energy. Whether this project is employed
then we can not only overcome the energy shortfalls issues but this will also contribute to
create sound global environmental change.
 CHAPTER 10
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)Volume

3,Issue 10, April 2014
Footstep Power Generation Using Piezo Electric Transducers
Kiran Boby1, Aleena Paul 2, Anumol.C.V3, Josnie Ann Thomas4, Nimisha K.K5

2) 4th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development

2016 (EESD 2016)
Foot Step Power Generation System
Ali Muhammad1, AsifAlib2, SumeraBibic3, Nadeem Ahmed Tuniod4

3) International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science ISSN:2319-7242

Volume 6 Issue 4 April 2017, Page No. 21011-21014,
Footstep Power Generation System
G.Dhanalakshmi1, T.Manjulai2, M.Mirunalini3, S.Sangeetha Mary4

4) International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology

Vol. 2, Issue 4, April 2015
Proposed Method of Foot Step Power Generation Using Piezo Electric Sensor
Mr.A.Adhithan1, K.Vignesh2, M.Manikandan3

5) International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication

Engineering (IJARECE)Volume 4, Issue 10, October 2015
Foot Step Power Generation Using Piezoelectric Material
Miss. Mathane Nitashree V., Miss. Salunkhe Arati L, Miss. Gaikwad Sayali S

6) FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL

www.BEProjectReport.com