Handbook

of
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

2
- Im Z *

0
0 1
Re Z *

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
CONTAINING CPEs

ER@SE/LEPMI
J.-P. Diard, B. Le Gorrec, C. Montella

Hosted by Bio-Logic @ www.bio-logic.info

March 29, 2013

2
Contents

1 Circuits containing one CPE 5

1.1 Constant Phase Element (CPE), symbol Q . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Circuit (R+Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 Reduced impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Circuit (R/Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.1 Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.2 Reduced impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.3 Pseudocapacitance #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.4 Pseudocapacitance #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 Circuit (R/Q)+(R/Q)+ .. (Voigt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5 Circuit (R1 +(R2 /Q2 )) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5.1 Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5.2 Reduced impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.6 Circuit (R1 /(R2 +Q2 )) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.6.1 Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6.2 Reduced impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.7 Transformation formulae between(R+(R/Q))
and (R/(R+Q)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.7.1 α21 = α22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.7.2 α21 6= α22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2 Circuits made of two CPEs 13

2.1 Circuit (Q1 +Q2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.1 α1 = α2 = α . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.2 α1 6= α2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.3 Reduced impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 Circuit (Q1 /Q2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.1 α1 = α2 = α . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.2 α1 6= α2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.3 Reduced impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3 Circuits made of one R and two CPEs 19

3.1 Circuit ((R1 /Q1 ) + Q2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1.1 α1 = α2 = α . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1.2 α1 6= α2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2 Circuit ((R1 + Q1 )/Q2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2.1 α1 = α2 = α . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3
4 CONTENTS

3.2.2 α1 6= α2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4 Circuits made of two Rs and two CPEs 23

4.1 Circuit ((R1 /Q1 )+(R2 /Q2 )) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2 Circuit ((R1 +(R2 /Q2 ))/Q1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.3 Circuit ((Q1 +(R2 /Q2 ))/R1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.4 Circuit (((Q2 +R2 )/R1 )/Q1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

A Symbols for CPE 29

Chapter 1

Circuits containing one

CPE

1.1 Constant Phase Element (CPE), symbol Q

Figure 1.1: Most often used symbol for CPE (see also the Appendix A).

1 cα sα
Z= α , Re Z = α
, Im Z = −
Q (i ω) Qω Q ωα

πα πα
cα = cos( ) , sα = sin( )
2 2

1 πα
|Z| = , φZ = −
Q ωα 2

The Q unit (F cm−2 sα−1 ) depends on α (1 ).

1.2 Circuit (R+Q)

1.2.1 Impedance
1 cα sα
Z(ω) = R + α , Re Z = R + , Im Z = −
Q (i ω) Q ωα Q ωα

1 Q 1
Different equations for CPE: Z = [5], Z = [26].
(i ω)1−α (Q i ω)α

5
6 CHAPTER 1. CIRCUITS CONTAINING ONE CPE

- Im Z

Im Y
Π Π
- Α €€€€€€ Α €€€€€€
2 2
0 0
0 0
Re Z Re Y

Figure 1.2: Nyquist diagram of the impedance and admittance for the CPE element,
plotted for α = 0.8. The arrows always indicate the increasing frequency direction.

Figure 1.3: Circuit (R+Q).

1.2.2 Reduced impedance

Z(ω) 1
Z ∗ (ω) = =1+ , τ = RQ
R τ (i ω)α
The τ unit depends on α: uτ = sα .
1
Z ∗ (u) = 1 + , u = ω τ 1/α
(i u)α

2
- Im Z*

0.5 uc =1
1 uc =1
Im Y*

0 0
0 1 2 0 1
Re Z* Re Y*

Figure 1.4: Nyquist diagram of the reduced impedance and admittance (Y ∗ = R Y )

for the (R+Q) circuit, plotted for α = 0.8.
1.3. CIRCUIT (R/Q) 7

1.3 Circuit (R/Q)

Figure 1.5: Circuit (R/Q).

1.3.1 Impedance
R
Z(ω) = ; τ = RQ
1 + τ (i ω)α
R (1 + τ ω α cα ) R τ ω α sα
Re Z(ω) = ; Im Z(ω) = −
1 + τ 2 ω 2 α + 2 τ ω α cα 1 + τ 2 ω 2 α + 2 τ ω α cα

1.3.2 Reduced impedance

Z(ω) 1
Z ∗ (ω) = = α ; τ = RQ
R 1 + τ (i ω)
1 + τ ω α cα τ ω α sα
Re Z ∗ (ω) = ; Im Z ∗ (ω) = −
τ2 2 α
1 + ω + 2 τ ω cα α 1 + τ ω 2 α + 2 τ ω α cα
2

α τ ω −1+α −1 + τ 2 ω 2 α sα


dIm Z ∗ (ω)
= = 0 ⇒ ωcα = 1/τ [6]
dω (1 + τ 2 ω 2 α + 2 τ ω α cα )2
sα
Re Z ∗ (ωc ) = 1/2 , Im Z ∗ (ωc ) = −
2 (1 + cα )
!
2 2
α= arccos −1 + 2
π 1 + 4 Im Z ∗ (ωc )
1 1/α
Z ∗ (u) = α, u = ωτ
1 + (i u)
(Fig. 1.6)

1.3.3 Pseudocapacitance #1
The value of the pseudocapacitance C (C/F cm−2 ) for the (R/C) circuit giving
the same characteristic frequency than that of the (R/Q) circuit (Fig. 1.7) is
obtained from:
1 1 1 1
ωc = = ⇒ C = Q α R α −1
(R Q)1/α RC
8 CHAPTER 1. CIRCUITS CONTAINING ONE CPE

0.5

Im Y*
uc =1
1 uc =1

- Im Z* 0 0
0 1 0 1 2
Re Z*
Re Y*

Figure 1.6: Nyquist diagram of the reduced impedance (depressed semi-circle [22])
and admittance (Y ∗ = R Y ) for the (R/Q) circuit, plotted for α = 0.8.

Q C

R R

1
Ωc = Ωc = 1HRCL
HRQL
1Α

0 0
0 R 0 R

Figure 1.7: (R/Q) and (R/C) circuits with the same characteristic frequency at the
apex (or summit) of impedance arc.

1.3.4 Pseudocapacitance #2
The value of the pseudocapacitance C (C/F cm−2 ) for the (RC /C) circuit giv-
ing the same impedance for the characteristic frequency of the (RQ /Q) circuit
(Fig. 1.7) is obtained from [2, 9]:

(1/α)−1 RQ
C = Q1/α RQ sin(α π/2), RC =
2 (cos(α π/4))2

with:
τ(RC /C) = (RQ Q)1/α tan(α π/4)
1.4. CIRCUIT (R/Q)+(R/Q)+ .. (VOIGT) 9

Q C

RQ RC

1
Ωc =
1Α
JRQ QN
- Im Z

0
0 RC RQ

Re Z

Figure 1.8: (RQ /Q) and (RC /C) circuits with the same impedance for the character-
istic frequency of the (RQ /Q) circuit.

1.4 Circuit (R/Q)+(R/Q)+ .. (Voigt)

nRQ
X Ri
Z(ω) = ; τi = Ri Qi
i=1
1 + τi (i ω)αi

nRQ
X Ri (1 + τi ω αi cαi )
Re Z(ω) =
i=1
1 + τi2 ω 2 αi + 2 τi ω αi cαi )

nRQ
X Ri τi ω αi sαi
Im Z(ω) = −
i=1
1+ τi2 ω 2 αi + 2 τi ω αi cαi

1.5 Circuit (R1 +(R2/Q2 ))

Q2

R1

R2

Figure 1.9: Circuit (R1 +(R2 /Q2 )).

10 CHAPTER 1. CIRCUITS CONTAINING ONE CPE

1.5.1 Impedance
1
Z(ω) = R1 +
1
(i ω)α2 Q2 +
R2
(R1 + R2 ) (1 + (i ω)α2 τ2 ) R1 R2 Q2
Z(ω) = , τ1 = R2 Q2 , τ2 =
1 + (i ω)α2 τ1 R1 + R2

1.5.2 Reduced impedance

Z(u) 1 + T (i u)α2
Z ∗ (u) = = (1.1)
R1 + R2 1 + (i u)α2
1/α2
u = τ1 ω, T = τ2 /τ1 = R1 /(R1 + R2 ) < 1
T cα uα2 + cα uα2 + T u2α2 + 1
Re Z ∗ (u) =
2 cα uα2 + u2α2 + 1
(1 − T ) uα2 sα
Im Z ∗ (u) = −
2 cα uα2 + u2α2 + 1

1
Ωc =
uc = 1
Τ1 1Α
- Im Z *
- Im Z

1 1
Τ2 1Α T 1Α

0 0
0 R1 R1 +R2 0 T 1
Re Z Re Z *

Figure 1.10: Nyquist diagrams of the impedance and reduced impedance for the
(R1 +(R2 /Q2 )) circuit.

1.6 Circuit (R1 /(R2 +Q2 ))

R1

Q2

R2

Figure 1.11: Circuit (R1 /(R2 +Q2 )).

1.7. TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE BETWEEN(R+(R/Q)) AND (R/(R+Q))11

1.6.1 Impedance
R1 (1 + τ2 (i ω)α2 )
Z(ω) = , τ1 = (R1 + R2 ) Q2 , τ2 = R2 Q2
1 + τ1 (i ω)α2
R1 cos πα (τ1 + τ2 ) ω α2 + τ1 τ2 ω 2α2 + 1
2



2
Re Z(ω) =
τ1 τ1 ω α2 + 2 cos πα



2
2
ω α2 + 1
ω α2 sin πα


2
2
R1 (τ1 − τ2 )
Im Z(ω) = −
τ1 τ1 ω α2 + 2 cos πα



2
2
ω α2 + 1

1.6.2 Reduced impedance

Z(u) 1 + T (i u)α2
Z ∗ (u) = =
R1 1 + (i u)α2
1/α2
u = τ1 ω, T = τ2 /τ1 = R2 /(R1 + R2 ) < 1
cf. Eq. (1.1) and Fig. 1.10.

1.7 Transformation formulae between(R+(R/Q))

and (R/(R+Q))
1.7.1 α21 = α22

Q21

R12

R11 Q22

R21 R22

Figure 1.12: The (R+(R/Q)) and (R/(R+Q)) circuits are non-distinguishable for
α21 = α22 [1].

Transformations formulae (R+(R/Q)) → (R/(R+Q))

2 2
R11 Q21 R21
R12 = R11 + R21 , R22 = + R11 , Q22 =
R21 (R11 + R21 ) 2

Transformations formulae (R/(R+Q))→(R+(R/Q))

Q22 (R12 + R22 ) 2 R12 R22 2
R12
Q21 = 2 , R11 = , R21 =
R12 R12 + R22 R12 + R22

1.7.2 α21 6= α22

The (R+(R/Q)) and (R/(R+Q)) circuits (Fig. 1.12) are distinguishable for
α21 6= α22
12 CHAPTER 1. CIRCUITS CONTAINING ONE CPE
Chapter 2

Circuits made of two CPEs

2.1 Circuit (Q1 +Q2)

Q1 Q2

Figure 2.1: Circuit (Q1 +Q2 ).

2.1.1 α1 = α2 = α
 
1 1 1 1 Q1 Q2
Z(ω) = + = , Q=
Q1 Q2 (i ω)α Q (i ω)α Q1 + Q2
cf. § 1.1.

2.1.2 α1 6= α2
Impedance
1 1 Q1 (i ω)α1 + Q2 (i ω)α2
Z(ω) = α
+ α
=
Q1 (i ω) 1 Q2 (i ω) 2 Q1 Q2 (i ω)α1 +α2
cos πα cos πα

−α
−α
2
1
ω 1 2
2
ω 2
Re Z(ω) = +
Q1 Q2
sin πα sin πα


−α
2
1
ω −α1 2
2
ω 2
Im Z(ω) = − −
Q1 Q2
 α 1
Q2 1 −α2
|ZQ1 | = |ZQ2 | ⇒ ω = ωc =
Q1

13
14 CHAPTER 2. CIRCUITS MADE OF TWO CPES

• α1 < α2 (Figs. 2.2 and 2.3)

1 1
ω → 0 ⇒ Z(ω) ≈ α
, ω → ∞ ⇒ Z(ω) ≈
Q2 (i ω) 2 Q1 (i ω)α1

• α1 > α2
1 1
ω → 0 ⇒ Z(ω) ≈ , ω → ∞ ⇒ Z(ω) ≈
Q1 (i ω)α1 Q2 (i ω)α2

200 4

logH- Im ZWL
- Im ZW

0
0 200 1 4
Re ZW logHRe ZWL

Figure 2.2: Nyquist and log Nyquist [8] diagrams of the impedance for the (Q1 +Q2 )
circuit, plotted for Q1 = 10−2 F cm−2 sα1 −1 , Q2 = 10−2 F cm−2 sα2 −1 , α1 = 0.6, α2 =
0.9 (α1 < α2 ). Dots: ωc = (Q2 /Q1 )1/(α1−α2 ) .

-45
5 - Α2
-Α1 А2
log ÈZWÈ

ΦZ °

- Α1
0
-Α2 А2
-90
-5 HQ2 Q1 L1HΑ1 -Α2 L 5 -5 HQ2 Q1 L1HΑ1 -Α2 L 5

log ِHrd s-1 L log ِHrd s-1 L

Figure 2.3: Bode diagrams of the impedance for the (Q1 +Q2 ) circuit. Same values
of parameters as in Fig. 2.2. α1 < α2 .

2.1.3 Reduced impedance

1 1 ω
Z ∗ (u) = Q1 ωcα1 Z(ω) = α
+ α
, u=
(i u) 1 (i u) 2 ωc
2.1. CIRCUIT (Q1 +Q2 ) 15

3 2

log H- Im Z * L
2
- Im Z *

0 -2
0 1 2 3 -2 0 2
Re Z *
log HRe Z L*

Figure 2.4: Nyquist and log Nyquist [8] diagrams of the reduced impedance for the
(Q1 +Q2 ) circuit, plotted for α1 = 0.6, α2 = 0.9 (α1 < α2 ). Dots: uc = 1.

3 -45
- Α2
-Α1 А2
log ÈZ * È

ΦZ * °

0 - Α1

-3 -Α2 А2
-90
-3 0 3 -3 0 3
log u log u

Figure 2.5: Bode diagrams of the impedance for the (Q1 +Q2 ) circuit. Same values
of parameters as in Fig. 2.4. α1 < α2 .
16 CHAPTER 2. CIRCUITS MADE OF TWO CPES

2.2 Circuit (Q1 /Q2 )

Q2

Q1

Figure 2.6: Circuit (Q1 /Q2 ).

2.2.1 α1 = α2 = α
1 1
Z(ω) = = , Q = Q1 + Q2
(Q1 + Q2 ) (i ω)α Q (i ω)α
cf. § 1.1.

2.2.2 α1 6= α2
Impedance
1
Z(ω) =
Q1 (i ω)α1 + Q2 (i ω)α2
cos πα Q1 ω α1 + cos πα Q2 ω α2



1 2
2 2
Re Z(ω) = 2 2α 1
Q1 ω 1 + Q22 ω 2α2 + 2 cos 2 π (α1 − α2 ) Q1 Q2 ω α1 +α2

sin πα Q1 ω α1 + sin πα Q2 ω α2
1

2


2 2
Im Z(ω) = − 2 2α
Q1 ω 1 + Q22 ω 2α2 + 2 cos 12 π (α1 − α2 ) Q1 Q2 ω α1 +α2

• α1 < α2 (Figs. 2.7 and 2.8)

1 1
ω → 0 ⇒ Z(ω) ≈ α
, ω → ∞ ⇒ Z(ω) ≈
Q1 (i ω) 1 Q2 (i ω)α2

• α1 > α2
1 1
ω → 0 ⇒ Z(ω) ≈ , ω → ∞ ⇒ Z(ω) ≈
Q2 (i ω)α2 Q1 (i ω)α1

2.2.3 Reduced impedance

1 ω
Z ∗ (u) = Q1 ωcα1 Z(ω) = , u=
(i u)α1 + (i u)α2 ωc
2.2. CIRCUIT (Q1 /Q2 ) 17

logH- Im ZWL
- Im ZW

50

0
0 50 0 3
Re ZW logHRe ZWL

Figure 2.7: Nyquist and log Nyquist [8] diagrams of the impedance for the (Q1 /Q2 )
circuit plotted for Q1 = 10−2 F cm−2 sα1 −1 , Q2 = 10−2 F cm−2 sα2 −1 , α1 = 0.6, α2 =
0.9 (α1 < α2 ). Dots: ωc = (Q2 /Q1 )1/(α1−α2 ) .

-45
5 -Α1 А2
log ÈZWÈ

- Α1
ΦZ °

0
- Α2
-Α2 А2
-90
-5 HQ2 Q1 L1HΑ1 -Α2 L 5 -5 HQ2 Q1 L1HΑ1 -Α2 L 5

log ِHrd s-1 L log ِHrd s-1 L

Figure 2.8: Bode diagrams of the impedance for the (Q1 /Q2 ) circuit. Same values of
parameters as in Fig. 2.7. α1 < α2 .

2
1
log H- Im Z * L
- Im Z *

0 -2
0 1 -2 0 2
Re Z * log HRe Z * L

Figure 2.9: Nyquist and log Nyquist [8] diagrams of the reduced impedance for the
(Q1 /Q2 ) circuit, plotted for α1 = 0.6, α2 = 0.9 (α1 < α2 ). Dots: uc = 1.
18 CHAPTER 2. CIRCUITS MADE OF TWO CPES

3 -45
-Α1 А2
log ÈZ * È

- Α1
ΦZ * °

- Α2
-3 -Α2 А2
-90
-3 0 3 -3 0 3
log u log u

Figure 2.10: Bode diagrams of the impedance for the (Q1 /Q2 ) circuit. Same values
of parameters as in Fig. 2.9. α1 < α2 .
Chapter 3

Circuits made of one R and

two CPEs

3.1 Circuit ((R1/Q1) + Q2 )

Q1

Q2

R1

Figure 3.1: Circuit ((R1 /Q1 )+Q2 ).

3.1.1 α1 = α2 = α
Impedance
1 1
Z(ω) = +
1 Q 2 ω)
(i α
+ Q1 (i ω)α
R1

1 + (i ω)α τ2
Z(ω) = , τ1 = R1 Q1 , τ2 = (Q1 + Q2 ) R1 , τ1 < τ2
(i ω)α
Q2 (1 + (i ω)α τ1 )

πα
τ1 τ2 ω 2α + 1 ω −α + cos(πα)τ1 + τ2



cos 2
Re Z(ω) = −
Q2 τ1 τ1 ω α + 2 cos πα




2 ωα + 1

sin πα τ1 τ2 ω 2α + 1 ω −α + sin(πα)τ1



2
Im Z(ω) = −
Q2 τ1 τ1 ω α + 2 cos πα




2 ωα + 1

19
20 CHAPTER 3. CIRCUITS MADE OF ONE R AND TWO CPES

Reduced impedance
Z(u) 1 1 + T (i u)α
Z ∗ (u) = = (3.1)
R1 T − 1 (i u)α (1 + (i u)α )

u = ω τ 1/α , T = τ2 /τ1 = 1 + Q2 /Q1 > 1

u−α (T + cos(απ))uα + T u2α + 1 cos απ

2
Re Z (u) =
∗
(T − 1) 2 cos απ



2 uα + u2α + 1
!
1 u2α  απ 
Im Z (u) = u
∗ −α
− sin
2 cos απ


1−T 2 uα + u2α + 1 2

2
- Im Z *

0
0 1
Re Z *

Figure 3.2: Nyquist diagram of the reduced impedance for the ((R1 /Q1 )+Q2 ) circuit
(Fig. 3.1, Eq. (3.1)), plotted for T = 4, 9, 90 and α = 0.85. The line thickness increases
with increasing T . Dots: reduced characteristic angular frequency uc1 = 1; circles:
reduced characteristic angular frequency uc2 = 1/T 1/α (φuc1 = φuc2 ).

3.1.2 α1 6= α2
Impedance
1 1
Z(ω) = +
1 Q2 (i ω)α2
+ Q1 (i ω)α1
R1
πα2
R1 cos πα Q1 R1 ω α1 + 1

−α


cos 2 ω 2 2
1

Re Z(ω) = +
Q1 R1 Q1 R1 ω α1 + 2 cos πα



Q2 2
1
ω α1 + 1

sin πα Q1 R12 ω α1 sin πα

−α
2
1
2
2
ω 2
Im Z(ω) = − −
Q1 R1 Q1 R1 ω α1 + 2 cos πα



2
1
ω α1 + 1 Q2
3.2. CIRCUIT ((R1 + Q1 )/Q2 ) 21

Q1

Q2

R1

Figure 3.3: Circuit ((R1 +Q2 )/Q1 ).

3.2 Circuit ((R1 + Q1 )/Q2 )

3.2.1 α1 = α2 = α
Impedance
1 1 + Q2 R1 (i ω)α
Z(ω) = =
1 (i ω)α Q1 Q2 R1
 
(i ω)α Q1 + (i ω)α (Q1 + Q2 ) 1 +
1 Q1 + Q2
R1 +
(i ω)α Q2
1 + τ2 (i ω)α Q1 Q2 R1
Z(ω) = , τ1 = , τ2 = Q2 R1
(i ω)α (Q1 + Q2 ) (1 + (i ω)α τ1 ) Q1 + Q2
ω −α cos(πα)ω α + τ2 ω α + cos πα τ2 ω 2α + 1




2
Re Z(ω) =
2 cos πα



α 2α + 1 (Q + Q ) τ
2 ω +ω 1 2 1

ω −α sin πα πα
ω α + τ2 ω 2α + 1




2
2 cos 2
Im Z(ω) = −
2 cos πα


α 2α + 1 (Q + Q ) τ
2 ω +ω 1 2 1

Reduced impedance
Z(u) T −1 1 + T (i u)α
Z ∗ (u) = = 2
(3.2)
R1 T (i u)α (1 + (i u)α )

u = ω τ 1/α , T = τ2 /τ1 = 1 + Q2 /Q1 > 1

(T − 1)u−α (T + cos(απ))uα + T u2α + 1 cos απ




2
Re Z (u) =
∗
T 2 2 cos απ



α 2α + 1
2 u +u

(T − 1)u−α 2 cos απ + 1 sin απ

α 2α



2
u + T u 2
Im Z ∗ (u) = −
T 2 2 cos απ


2 uα + u2α + 1

3.2.2 α1 6= α2
1
+ R1
(i ω)α2 Q2
Z(ω) =  
α
1 1
(i ω) Q1
1 + + R1
(i ω)α1 Q1 (i ω)α2 Q2
22 CHAPTER 3. CIRCUITS MADE OF ONE R AND TWO CPES

- Im Z *
1

0
0 1
Re Z *

Figure 3.4: Nyquist diagram of the reduced impedance for the ((R1 +Q1 )/Q2 ) circuit
(Fig. 3.3, Eq. (3.2)), plotted for T = 4, 9, 90 and α = 0.85. The line thickness increases
with increasing T . Dots: reduced characteristic angular frequency uc1 = 1; circles:
reduced characteristic angular frequency uc2 = 1/T 1/α (φuc1 = φuc2 ).

α
1 + τ (i ω) 2
Z(ω) = , τ = R1 Q2
(i ω)α1 Q1 + (i ω)α2 Q2 + τ (i ω)α1 +α2 Q1

Re Z(ω) =
ω α1 cα1 1 + τ 2 ω 2 α2 + 2 τ ω α2 cα2 Q1 + ω α2 (τ ω α2 + cα2 ) Q2 /

ω 2 α1 1 + τ 2 ω 2 α2 + 2 τ ω α2 cα2 Q1 2 + 2 ω α1 +α2 (τ ω α2 cα1 + cα1mα2 ) Q1 Q2 + ω 2 α2 Q2 2

 
π (α1 − α2 )
cα1mα2 = cos
2

Im Z(ω) =
−ω α1 1 + τ 2 ω 2 α2 + 2 τ ω α2 cα2 Q1 sα1 − ω α2 Q2 sα2 /

ω 2 α1 1 + τ 2 ω 2 α2 + 2 τ ω α2 α2 Q1 2 + 2 ω α1 +α2 (τ ω α2 cα1 + cα1mα2 ) Q1 Q2 + ω 2 α2 Q2 2

Chapter 4

Circuits made of two Rs

and two CPEs

4.1 Circuit ((R1 /Q1 )+(R2 /Q2 ))

Q1 Q2

R1 R2

Figure 4.1: Circuit ((R1 /Q1 )+(R2 /Q2 )).

1 1
Z(ω) = +
α1 1 α2 1
(i ω) Q1 + (i ω) Q2 +
R1 R2

R1 R2
Z(ω) = α1 + α , τ1 = R1 Q1 , τ2 = R2 Q2
1 + (i ω) τ1 1 + (i ω) 2 τ2

α α
R1 + R2 + (i ω) 1 R2 τ1 + (i ω) 2 R1 τ2
Z(ω) = α α
(1 + (i ω) 1 τ1 ) (1 + (i ω) 2 τ2 )

R1 (1 + ω α1 cα1 τ1 ) R2 (1 + ω α2 cα2 τ2 )
Re Z(ω) = +
1 + ω 1 τ1 (2 cα1 + ω 1 τ1 ) 1 + ω α2 τ2 (2 cα2 + ω α2 τ2 )
α α

ω α1 R1 sα1 τ1 ω α2 R2 sα2 τ2
Im Z(ω) = − −
1 + ω α1 τ1 (2 cα1 + ω α1 τ1 ) 1 + ω α2 τ2 (2 cα2 + ω α2 τ2 )

23
24 CHAPTER 4. CIRCUITS MADE OF TWO RS AND TWO CPES

0.3
uc1 uc2

- Im Z *
0
0 0.5 1
Re Z *

Figure 4.2: Nyquist diagrams of the reduced impedance for the ((R1 /Q1 )+(R2 /Q2 ))
circuit (Fig. 4.1). R1 = R2 , α1 = α2 , Q2 ≫ Q1 .

0.5 0.5
uc1 = uc2
uc1 = uc2
- Im Z *

- Im Z *
- А4 А4
0 0
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
* *
Re Z Re Z

Figure 4.3: Unusual Nyquist diagrams of the reduced impedance for the
((R1 /Q1 )+(R2 /Q2 )) circuit (Fig. 4.1). R1 = R2 , Q2 = Q1 , α1 = 1. Left: α2 = 0.3,
right: α2 = 0.5.

4.2 Circuit ((R1 +(R2 /Q2 ))/Q1 )

1
Z(ω) =
α1 1
(i ω) Q1 +
1
R1 +
α2 1
(i ω) Q2 +
R2
α
R1 + R2 + (i ω) 2 Q2 R1 R2
Z(ω) =
1 + (i ω)α1 Q1 (R1 + R2 ) + (i ω)α2 Q2 R2 + (i ω)α1 +α2 Q1 Q2 R1 R2

Q1

Q2

R1

R2

Figure 4.4: Circuit ((R1 +(R2 /Q2 ))/Q1 ).

4.3. CIRCUIT ((Q1 +(R2 /Q2 ))/R1 ) 25

Re Z(ω) = R1 + R2 + ω 2 α2 Q2 2 R1 (1 + ω α1 Cα1 Q1 R1 ) R2 2 +

2
ω α1 Cα1 Q1 (R1 + R2 ) + ω α2 Cα2 Q2 R2 (R2 + 2 R1 (1 + ω α1 Cα1 Q1 (R1 + R2 ))) /
1 + ω 2 α2 Q2 2 (1 + ω α1 Q1 R1 (2 Cα1 + ω α1 Q1 R1 )) R2 2 +
ω α1 Q1 (R1 + R2 ) (2 Cα1 + ω α1 Q1 (R1 + R2 )) + 2 ω α2 Q2 R2
× (Cα2 + ω α1 Q1 (Cα1mα2 R2 + Cα2 R1 (2 Cα1 + ω α1 Q1 (R1 + R2 )))))

 
π (α1 − α2 )
cα1mα2 = cos
2

Im Z(ω) = ω α1 Q1 −ω 2 α2 Q2 2 R1 2 R2 2 − 2 ω α2 Cα2 Q2 R1 R2 (R1 + R2 ) −

 
2
(R1 + R2 ) Sα1 − ω α2 Q2 R2 2 Sα2 /
1 + ω 2 α2 Q2 2 (1 + ω α1 Q1 R1 (2 Cα1 + ω α1 Q1 R1 )) R2 2 +
ω α1 Q1 (R1 + R2 ) (2 Cα1 + ω α1 Q1 (R1 + R2 )) + 2 ω α2 Q2 R2
× (Cα2 + ω α1 Q1 (Cα1mα2 R2 + Cα2 R1 (2 Cα1 + ω α1 Q1 (R1 + R2 )))))

4.3 Circuit ((Q1 +(R2/Q2 ))/R1 )

R1

Q2

Q1

R2

Figure 4.5: Circuit ((Q1 +(R2 /Q2 ))/R1 ).

1
Z(ω) =
1 1
+
R1 1 1
α +
(i ω) 1 Q1 α2 1
(i ω) Q2 +
R2

R1 (1 + (i ω)α1 Q1 R2 + (i ω)α2 Q2 R2 )
Z(ω) = α1 α2 α1 +α2
1 + (i ω) Q1 (R1 + R2 ) + (i ω) Q2 R2 + (i ω) Q1 Q2 R1 R2
26 CHAPTER 4. CIRCUITS MADE OF TWO RS AND TWO CPES

Re Z(ω) = R1 1 + ω α2 Q2 R2 (2 Cα2 + ω α2 Q2 R2 ) + ω 2 α1 Q1 2 R2
× (R2 + R1 (1 + ω α2 Cα2 Q2 R2 )) + ω α1 Q1 (2 R2 (Cα1 + ω α2 Cα1mα2 Q2 R2 ) +
Cα1 R1 (1 + ω α2 Q2 R2 (2 Cα2 + ω α2 Q2 R2 ))))) /
1 + ω 2 α2 Q2 2 (1 + ω α1 Q1 R1 (2 Cα1 + ω α1 Q1 R1 )) R2 2 +
ω α1 Q1 (R1 + R2 ) (2 Cα1 + ω α1 Q1 (R1 + R2 )) +
α2
2ω Q2 R2 (Cα2 + ω α1 Q1 (Cα1mα2 R2 + Cα2 R1 (2 Cα1 + ω α1 Q1 (R1 + R2 )))))

Im Z(ω) = −ω α1 Q1 R2 2 (Sα1 + ω α2 Q2 R2 ((2 Cα2 + ω α2 Q2 R2 ) Sα1 + ω α1 Q1 R2 Sα2 )) /

1 + ω 2 α2 Q2 2 (1 + ω α1 Q1 R1 (2 Cα1 + ω α1 Q1 R1 )) R2 2 +
ω α1 Q1 (R1 + R2 ) (2 Cα1 + ω α1 Q1 (R1 + R2 )) +
2 ω α2 Q2 R2 (Cα2 + ω α1 Q1 (Cα1mα2 R2 + Cα2 R1 (2 Cα1 + ω α1 Q1 (R1 + R2 )))))

R1 (1 + τ1 (i ω)α1 + τ2 (i ω)α2 )
Z(ω) = α1 α2 α1 +α2
1 + (1 + R1 /R2 ) τ1 (i ω) + τ2 (i ω) + τ1 τ2 (R1 /R2 ) (i ω)

τ1 = Q1 R2 , τ2 = Q2 R2

4.4 Circuit (((Q2 +R2 )/R1 )/Q1 )

Q1

R1

Q2

R2

Figure 4.6: Circuit (((Q2 +R2 )/R1 )/Q1 ).

1
Z(ω) =
1 1
(i ω)α1 Q1 + +
R1 1
α + R2
(i ω) 2 Q2

R1 (1 + (i ω)α2 Q2 R2 )
Z(ω) = α1 α2 α2 α1 +α2
1 + (i ω) Q1 R1 + (i ω) Q2 R1 + (i ω) Q2 R2 + (i ω) Q1 Q2 R1 R2
4.4. CIRCUIT (((Q2 +R2 )/R1 )/Q1 ) 27

Re Z(ω) = (R1 (1 + ω α2 Q2 (ω α2 Q2 R2 (R1 + R2 ) + Cα2 (R1 + 2 R2 )) +

ω α1 Cα1 Q1 R1 (1 + ω α2 Q2 R2 (2 Cα2 + ω α2 Q2 R2 )))) /
(1 + ω α2 Q2 (R1 + R2 ) (2 Cα2 + ω α2 Q2 (R1 + R2 )) +
ω 2 α1 Q1 2 R1 2 (1 + ω α2 Q2 R2 (2 Cα2 + ω α2 Q2 R2 )) + 2 ω α1 Q1 R1
× (Cα1 + ω α2 Q2 (Cα1mα2 R1 + 2 Cα1 Cα2 R2 + ω α2 Cα1 Q2 R2 (R1 + R2 ))))

Im Z(ω) = R1 2 (− (ω α1 Q1 (1 + ω α2 Q2 R2 (2 Cα2 + ω α2 Q2 R2 )) Sα1 ) − ω α2 Q2 Sα2 ) /

(1 + ω α2 Q2 (R1 + R2 ) (2 Cα2 + ω α2 Q2 (R1 + R2 )) +

ω 2 α1 Q1 2 R1 2 (1 + ω α2 Q2 R2 (2 Cα2 + ω α2 Q2 R2 )) + 2 ω α1 Q1 R1
× (Cα1 + ω α2 Q2 (Cα1mα2 R1 + 2 Cα1 Cα2 R2 + ω α2 Cα1 Q2 R2 (R1 + R2 ))))
α
R1 (1 + (i ω) 2 τ2 )
Z(ω) = α1
1 + (i ω) τ1 + (1 + R1 /R2 ) (i ω)α2 τ2 + (i ω)α1 +α2 τ1 τ2
τ1 = Q1 R1 , τ2 = Q2 R2
28 CHAPTER 4. CIRCUITS MADE OF TWO RS AND TWO CPES
Appendix A

Symbols for CPE

29
30 APPENDIX A. SYMBOLS FOR CPE

A B C
CPE

D F
E

G H I
Q

K L
J

M N O

ÙÙ
Q R
P

S T

Figure A.1: Some CPE symbols, taken from A: [13], B: [19], C: [23], D: [5], E: [10],
F: [17], G: [18], H: [21], I: [12], J: [15], K: [20], L: [2, 9], M: [11], N: [3, 4], O: [14], P:
[24], Q, R [25], S [7], T [16].
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