Yarn consists of several strands of material
twisted together. Each strand is, in turn, made
of fibers, all shorter than the piece of yarn that
they form. These short fibers are spun into
longer filaments to make the yarn. ... A
single yarn is made from a group of filament or
staple fibers twisted together.
Synthetic fibres are man-made fibres, most of them are
prepared from raw material petroleum called
petrochemicals. All fabrics are obtained from fibres,
while fibres are obtained from artificial or man-made
sources. They consist of a small unit or a polymer
which is made from many repeating units known as
monomers. They include nylon, acrylics, polyurethane,
and polypropylene. Millions of tons of these fibres are
produced all over the world each year.
Polymers are huge molecules- usually consisting of long chains
made from thousands of similar small molecules called
monomers. The word “POLYMER” comes from two Greek words –
“Poly” meaning many and “Mer” meaning part or unit.
The structure of a polymer can be compared to that of a bead
necklace – with the beads being the monomers.
Synthetic Fibres Examples
The modern textile industry is unthinkable
today without synthetic fibres. Man-made
fibres like silk have always been greatly
valued for its gloss and fineness. Man-made
fibres are smooth. They can be distinguished
by looking at a cross-section. Some of the
synthetic fibres are listed below.
rayon
nylon
polyester
This fibre finds its applications in household
articles like ropes, bucket, furniture, etc.
RAYON
This is a type of synthetic fibre obtained
from wood pulp.
Rayon fabric is soft, absorbent and
comfortable.
It is easy to dye in a wide range of colours.
Rayon is mixed with cotton to make
bedsheets.
Rayon is mixed with wool to make carpets.
NYLON
This type of synthetic fibre is obtained from coal, water
and air.
Nylon is very lustrous, easy to wash and elastic.
It dries quickly and retains its shape.
Nylon finds its application in seat belts of car, sleeping
bags, socks, ropes, etc.
Nylon is also used in ropes for rock climbing, making
parachutes and fishing nets.
Polyester
•This type of synthetic fibre is obtained from coal, water, air
and petroleum.
•Polyester is made from repeating units of a chemical known
as esters.
•Polyester is easy to wash and it remains wrinkle-free and it
is quite suitable in making dress material.
•Polyester retains its shape and remains crisp.
•Polyester is used in making ropes, nets, raincoats, jackets,
etc.
Advantages of Synthetic Fibres
•Synthetic fibres are very durable and
do not wrinkle easily
•They are elastic and can be easily
stretched out
•They are strong and can sustain the
heavy load.
•They are soft and hence used in
clothing material.
•They are cheaper as compared to
natural fibres.
advantages of Synthetic Fibres
st synthetic fibres do not absorb
sture.
nthetic fibre can be affected if
hed using hot water.
ey catch fire easily as compared to
ral fibre
A material is said to “Plastic” if it can be moulded or
formed into different shapes. This word is now
commonly used for several human made materials that
can be moulded into desired shapes or drawn into fibres.
All these materials have one common property – they are made of polymers.
All plastics do not have same type of arrangement units. In some it is linear
And in others it is cross linked.
Plastic articles are available in all shapes sizes as plastic is
easily mouldable i.e. can be shaped in any form. Plastics can
be recycled, coloured, reused, melted, rolled into sheets or
made into wires
That is why it finds such a variety of uses.
LINEAR ARRANGEMENT OF MONOMERS TO POLYMERS
CROSS -LINKED STRUCTURE
Thermoplastic A plastic which can be softened repeatedly by
heating and can be moulded into different shapes again and again
is called thermoplastic
. They are flexible so can be bent easily.
They are known as thermo softening plastics.
They are used for making those articles which do not get too hot
and are flexible.
Thermoplastic: Some plastics easily get deformed on
heating, and can be easily bent and reshaped by
heating. They are called thermoplastic. Polythene and
PVC are examples of thermoplastic. Thermoplastic is
used for making combs, toys, buckets, mugs, etc.
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Thermosetting plastic
A plastic which once set,does not become
soft on heating and cannot be moulded
a second time,is called thermosetting plastic.
Once set in a given shape and solidified,
a thermosetting plastic cannot be re-softened
or re-moulded.
They are known as thermosets.
They are hard and rigid.
Two examples are bakelite and melamine.
Bakelite is a poor conductor of heat and
electricity. It is used for making electrical switches,
handles of various utensils, etc.
Melamine is a versatile material. It resists fire and can
tolerate heat better than other plastics.
It is used for making floor tiles, kitchenware and
fabrics which resist fire.
Strong, lightweight, and moldable, lower in price, easy handling, plastics are used in
thousands of products that add comfort, convenience, and safety to our everyday
lives.
Plastics in carpets, blankets, and pillows keep us comfortable in our homes.
Plastics in bottles and coolers allow us to take food and drinks with us anywhere.
Plastics in portable electronic devices let us access the Internet or communicate with
family and friends on the go.
Plastics in sports players’ helmets and police officers’ bullet-proof vests keep them
safe.
Being lighter as compared to metals, plastics are used in cars, aircrafts and
spacecrafts too.
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