In addition, MO seed extracts have no reported detrimental effects on human health at dosages

up to 0.2 mg/mL [3]; whereas intake of dissolved aluminium from drinking water and other
sources may be linked to developing Alzheimer’s disease [4]. – A SIMPLIFIED PURIFICATION OF
AN INTRISICALLY

Plant-based coagulants represent a renewable, non-hazardous, degradable, potentially

carbon-neutral option, and are receiving increased attention for replacing conventional
coagulants – A CONTEMPORARY REVIEW ON PLANT BASED COAGULANTS

Defining the risk: -pag nag kuha na sample ask natin sir if pwede lagyan ng ganto yung atin
kung ano nakita sa sample
We are concerned with the purification of municipal water in urban areas and ground-water in
rural areas. For our entire study, we have used the following notion of impure water:

Impure water can be defined as water which possess high turbidity, bad taste & odour, and/or
unclear appearance and is contaminated due to the presence of microorganisms, unwanted
chemicals, and/or radioactive substances in quantities that can put the health of an individual
at risk, where,
(i) Microorganisms are small organisms that can only be seen under a microscope. These
include bacteria (such as E. coli and Salmonella, etc.), viruses (such as Rotavirus and Norwalk
Virus) and protozoans (such as Entamoeba, Cryptosporidium and Giardia)
(ii) Unwanted chemicals include chemicals which may be naturally occurring (such as arsenic,
chromium and fluoride), derived from industrial sources & human dwellings (such as cadmium,
mercury, benzene and xylenes), from agricultural activities (such as nitrate, nitrite, chlordane,
aldrin and cyanazine), from water treatment and materials in contact with drinking water (such
as chlorine, monochloramine, bromate, antimony, lead, copper and nickel), and from pesticides
used in water for public health (such as DDT and metabolites)
(iii) Radioactive substances refer to the radionuclides that give off radiations that are extremely
harmful for living beings. They are of two types; natural and man-made. The radiation doses
given by naturally occurring radionuclides in drinking water are usually more than those given
by man-made radionuclides. Examples of radioactive substances include uranium-238,
uranium-234, lead-210, carbon-14, thorium-228, etc.
Therefore, in order to treat impure water for drinking purposes, we need to get rid of:
(i) High turbidity
(ii) Bad colour, taste & odour
(iii) Disease causing microorganisms
(iv) Excess quantities of unwanted chemicals
(v) Excess quantities of radioactive substances

The magnitude of turbidity is measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTUs). According to

the World Health Organization, the turbidity of drinking water should ideally be less than 1
NTU. Water with turbidity more than 1 NTU may be safe for drinking, but the visible cloudiness
has a negative impact on consumer acceptability. Moreover, high turbidity in water is a possible
source of microbial contamination and it also reduces the efficiency of the water purification
systems.
Another approach involves using crushed seed powder from M. Oleifera plants, which is a
natural flocculating agent. They bind the suspended impurities into flocs which settle down
later due to its own weight. These flocs also trap the pathogenic microorganisms present in the
water which further reduces the bacterial load over it. The following table gives the efficiency
of M. olifera seeds in removing turbidity and bacteria

Table 3: Efficiency of Moringa olifera seeds

Problem/Contaminant type Percentage reduction upon water-treatment
Turbidity 80 to 99.5%
Bacteria (E. Coli) 90 to 99.99%
A SUSTAINABLE AND ECONOMICAL APPROACH TO WATER TREATMENT : A REVIEW IN
CONTEXT OF INDIA

Application of Moringa oleifera Plant as Water

Purifier for Drinking Water Purposes – done na pala
to

This study was conducted to develop an inexpensive and environmentally friendly water
purification kit based on MO seed extract in the form of dip bag. The antibacterial activity of
aqueous MO seed extract against various pathogenic strains was investigated by agar well
diffusion and MIC method. Both these methods gave positive results. Further, the minimum
time and minimum seed quantity requisite for the anti-bacterial activity of MO seeds was
optimized to develop a portable water purifier. Dipbag containing 100 mg of MO seed powder
was effective in eliminating 99.9% of bacterial contamination from the water in a time span of 5
min only. Development and efficacy analysis of a Moringa oleifera based potable water
purification kit

• In the Philippines, only 10% of wastewater is treated while 58% of the groundwater is
contaminated;
• It is estimated that in 2025, water availability will be marginal in most major cities and in 8 of
the 19 major river basins in the country.
• Waterborne diseases remain a severe public health concern in the country.
• About 4,200 people die each year due to contaminated drinking water.
Major Sources of Pollution
 Inadequately treated domestic wastewater or sewage (48%)
 Agricultural wastewater (37%)
 Industrial wastewater (15%)
 Non-point sources such as rain and groundwater run-offs from solid waste or garbage
deposits which is also known as leachate
Which areas of the country are most affected?
 Regions with unsatisfactory ratings for their water quality criteria include the National Capital
Region (NCR) or Metro Manila, Southern Tagalog Region (Region IV), Central Luzon (Region III),
and Central Visayas (Region VII)

• In Metro Manila, only 11% of the total population is directly/indirectly connected to a

sewerage system, 85% are served by over 2 million ill-maintained septic tanks and 4% of the
population has no toilet. Wastewater Management in the Philippines

After the evaluation of the studied coagulants, it was determined that the most efficient
EAMO / Ca2 +, whose results of removal of the studied variables showed greater impact in
terms of the reduction of parameters and compliance with reference standards. Therefore, the
post-treatment waste meets NBR 15527 [ 29] within the limits established for free residual
chlorine and turbidity for less restrictive uses, NBR 15900 [30] for minimum pH, NBR 15575
[ 31] for the values established for residual chlorine free and turbidity and classification of the
water as very hard. Therefore, the treatment allows employability of wastewater for non-
potable purposes and concrete mixing. In addition, the sustainable bias of the coagulant, since
it is a natural extract. Water management in a concrete plant: Moringa oleifera employment
analysis without wastewater treatment and reuse proposal after treatment – Spanish to
gumamit lang ako google translate, EAMO means employment analysis moringa oleifera

This study reports the use of Moringa oleifera pod powder as an effective biosorbent for the
removal of Cr(VI) and NBB dye from water in the batch and in continuous column mode. The
adsorption of Cr(VI) and NBB dye onto the MPP was found to be pH dependent and acidic pH
showed the best results for both the pollutants. At pH 1, the removal percentage of Cr(VI) was
noticed approximately 95% and in case of NBB dye, the removal percentage was 99% at pH 2.
-Waste Moringa oleifera seed pods as green sorbent for efficient removal of toxic aquatic
pollutants, MPP means moringa seed pod powder

1. The application of infrared radiation reduced the total electrical energy consumption of the
drying process, and the increase in air temperature led to a proportional increase in energy
consumption.
2. The combination of an air temperature of 44 °C and infrared radiation application time of 3.4
min resulted in the highest protein content in grains of Moringa oleifera, and provided higher
water turbidity removal with use of coagulant solution from dried M. oleifera grains. Infrared
radiation drying of Moringa oleifera grains for use in water treatment

In this study, Moringa seeds were found to be better than the other seeds in turbidity removal
and had greater potential for water purifications than the other seeds tested. The use of the
local Moringa seeds for clarification is therefore useful in the purification of drinking water in
developing countries, since other chemicals used in water purification are expensive. Moringa
oleifera and other local seeds in water purification in developing countries, seeds of the local
plant Moringa oleifera, peanuts, cowpeas, urad and corn.

It is recommended that the use of M. oleifera for water purification should be promoted in the
region. Harvesting surface rainwater – purification using Moringa oleifera seed extracts and
aluminum sulfate
In summary, our results allow concluding that:
- the molecular weight found for the active compound is in accordance with the literature data. The
molecular weight registered in this study for the seed active compound was the same for seeds
cultivated in the two different regions evaluated;
- the best removals of the parameters studied (color, turbidity and UV- 254 nm) occurred with the
extraction using solution of NaCl at 1 M, in the concentration range between 100 and 300 mg L-1 of
coagulant solution;
- the employment of the seed of Moringa oleifera Lam showed to be advantageous and promising at the
stage of coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation for obtaining drinking water. Evaluation of extracts of
Moringa oleifera Lam seeds obtained with NaCl and their effects on water treatment

The Moringa oleifera seeds were found as a potential coagulant, especially for pretreatment of
very high turbidity water. The Moringa oleifera kept in refrigerator and room temperature for
one month showed better performance in terms of turbidity removal than those kept for 3 and
5 months, at both containers. However, the difference between turbidity removal efficiency of
Moringa oleifera kept in refrigerator and room temperature was insignificant. This provide
positive input to explore further on preservation of Moringa oleifera in order to commercialize
the product. Effects of storage conditions of Moringa oleifera seeds on its performance in
coagulation

This research was carried out to observe the effect of Moringa oleifera seed as natural
coagulant to replace synthetic coagulant. M. oleifera reduced 98.6% turbidity of wastewater,
10.8 % of its conductivity, 11.7% of its BOD and removed its metal contents (Cd, Cr, Mn). When
applied to ground water, M. oleifera removed the turbidity of ground water as much as 97.5%,
while reduced the conductivity and BOD of ground water 53.4 % and 18%, respectively. The use
of M. oleifera also reduced total number of coliform. The advantage of using M. oleifera is that
it does not reduce pH as PAC, hence does not require further treatment to adjust pH of the
treated water. The use of Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder as Coagulant to Improve the Quality
of Wastewater and Ground Water

Field and laboratory based trials were carried out in order to investigate the effect of the
natural coagulant Moringa oleifera (MO) seed extracts in reducing helminth eggs and turbidity
in irrigation water, turbid water, waste-water and tap water. In medium to high turbid water
MO extracts were effective in reducing the number of helminth eggs by 94-99.5% to 1-2 eggs
per lire and the turbidity to 7e11 NTU which is an 85-96% reduction. Use of Moringa oleifera
seed extracts to reduce helminth egg numbers and turbidity in irrigation water

This study investigated the coagulation potential of Moringa oleifera seed powder (SP) or its
seed aqueous extract (SAE) on pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and heavy metals of sewage
water after 1, 3 and 6 h contact time. After optimizing, 2 g L-1 moringa SP, 40 mL L-1 SAE and 20
mg L-1 of alum alone or in combination were evaluated. Moringa SP was more effective than
SAE and its combination to decrease EC and maintenance of pH of treated or untreated sewage
water. Moringa SAE was more effective than SP or their combination to decrease Lead (Pb) and
Chromium (Cr) load from sewage water. Naturally occurring amino acids in moringa seeds
might increased the metal binding and decreased heavy metals load with maximum desorption
on SP. Nonetheless, use of Moringa oleifera SP or its SAE can be inexpensive and alternative
coagulant of sewage water treatment.
Conclusion:
The study concludes that moringa oleifera SP is more effective than SAE or their combination
with alum to reduce the EC and maintenance of pH of sewage water. Similarly moringa SAE and
its combination with alum offers natural tool for removal of heavy metals from sewage water.
Therefore considering the potential of moringa SP and SAE, their use as alternative coagulant
should be promoted. Time Course Changes in pH, Electrical Conductivity and Heavy Metals
(Pb, Cr) of Wastewater Using Moringa oleifera Lam. Seed and Alum, a Comparative Evaluation

The coagulating properties of powdered seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam., known as a traditional
water coagulant in rural areas of the Sudan, were compared to those of alum, powdered root of
Maerua pseudopetalosa (Gilq & Bened) De Wolf and a mixture of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. seeds
and soda. Moringa seeds acted as a primary coagulant and compared favourably with alum
with respect to rate of reaction and the decrease in turbidity of the treated water. Preliminary
studies on the identification of the coagulating principles are also discussed. Studies on Natural
Water Coagulants in the Sudan, with Special :Reference to Moringa Oleifera Seeds

With this scope, this investigation is focused on the optimization of certain parameters affecting
the use of this coagulant product in the clarification of real surface water. Acidic pH levels seem
to enhance the coagulation performance and the turbidity removal increases as the stirring
period becomes longer (up to 95% with 40 min). The optimum stirring rate is identified as 80
rpm. Water clarified with this optimum coagulation and flocculation process is turbidity-
competitive with other well known coagulants and flocculants and its quality is inside standard
ranges for clarified water. No microbial growth is observed within the first 72 hours after the
coagulant trials. IMPROVEMENT OF THE FLOCCULATION PROCESS IN WATER TREATMENT BY
USING Moringa oleifera SEEDS EXTRACT

The results obtained in this study, indicated that M. oleifera Lam. seed extract probably has the
capability to reduce microbial load in water to safe or tolerable level for farm animals.
Furthermore, it was revealed that M. oleifera Lam. seed extract could eliminate some species of
microorganisms in the water indicating its antimicrobial potencies. More significantly, there
was a serendipitous discovery in an attempt to treat water with M. oleifera Lam. seed extract. It
was observed that the macro minerals were boosted to levels high enough, to probably meet
the daily recommended requirements of farm animals. Consequently, water mineralization
potential of M. oleifera Lam. seed may be required to supplement dietary sources of some of
these macro minerals if not all in farm animals. PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON ANTIMICROBIAL
PROPERTY AND WATER MINERALIZATION POTENTIAL Of Moringa oleifera Lam. SEED
EXTRACT USED AS WATER PURIFIER IN NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY TEACHING AND
RESEARCH FARM NIGERIA
WATER PURIFICATION THROUGH MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM