SOLUTIONS MANUAL

to accompany
INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Seventh Edition

J.M. Smith
University of California, Davis

H.C. Van Ness

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

M.M. Abbott
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Prepared by:
John J. Hwalek
University of Maine

H.C. Van Ness

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

M.M. Abbott
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

This Manual is the proprietary property of The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc. (McGraw-Hill) and pro-
tected by copyright and other state and federal laws. By opening and using this Manual the user agrees to the
following restrictions, and if the recipient does not agree to these restrictions, the Manual should be promptly
returned unopened to McGraw-Hill: This Manual is being provided only to authorized professors and in-
structors for use in preparing for the classes using the affiliated textbook. No other use or distribution of this
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other third party. No part of this Manual may be reproduced, displayed or distributed in any form or by any
means, electronic or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the McGraw-Hill.

______________________________________________________________________________________________
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted
only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using
it without permission.
 FOREWORD TO TEACHERS
This Solutions Manual is intended to aid teachers who adopt the seventh edition
of Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics as a text. More than
740 problems are provided in the text, and they form an integral and essential
part of it. Every serious student should devote substantial effort to the solution
of representative problem sets. We hope this Manual will prove useful to those
who guide the learning process.
Solutions are provided for almost all of the problems included in the text. Most
of those requiring computation are solved by computer with Mathcad
R soft-
ware, and the solutions to these problems are computer printouts. Because
Mathcad
R does not always accommodate the notation of the text, some impro-
visation is required, but the correspondence of notations is largely transparent.
Mathcad
R requires dimensional consistency when computations are done with
units. Conversion factors for units, however, are either built into the software or
are provided as required for each file. It is therefore rarely necessary to include
conversion factors within equations; Mathcad
R does all conversions necessary
to provide answers in the units specified. Moreover, Mathcad
R uses the value
of the gas constant R required by the units specified for an answer.
A website devoted to the text is found at:
http://www.mhhe.com/engcs/chemical/smith/
It contains both Student Resources and Instructor Resources. The website itself
is not password protected, but the Instructor Resources are. Instructors can ob-
tain the password through a McGraw-Hill sales representative. The Instructor
Resources include the Mathcad
R files themselves, as well as all of the output
(PDF) files printed in the Solutions Manual. Both are for the exclusive use of
teachers who adopt the text. Educators will appreciate the importance of keep-
ing solutions out of student hands.
The problem solutions presented here are in two sets: First, in Section A, are
those of a computational nature, worked with Mathcad
R ; second, in Section
B, are solutions to non-numerical problems requiring thought, derivation, and
discussion. The following detailed Table of Contents provides easy access to
both sets of problem solutions.
We wish to acknowledge our debt to John J. Hwalek, who brought to this project
the expertise required for implementation of Mathcad
R.

October 2004 H.C. Van Ness

M.M. Abbott

iii
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PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted
only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using
it without permission.
 SECTION A — Mathcad Solutions

CHAPTER 1 1 Pb. 3.20 ............................... 29

Pb. 3.21 ............................... 30
Pb. 1.4 ................................. 1 Pb. 3.22 ............................... 30
Pb. 1.5 ................................. 1 Pb. 3.23 ............................... 32
Pb. 1.6 ................................. 1 Pb. 3.24 ............................... 32
Pb. 1.7 ................................. 1 Pb. 3.25 ............................... 33
Pb. 1.8 ................................. 1
Pb. 3.26 ............................... 33
Pb. 1.10 ................................ 2
Pb. 3.30 ............................... 35
Pb. 1.11 ................................ 2
Pb. 3.32 ............................... 36
Pb. 1.12 ................................ 2
Pb. 3.33 ............................... 38
Pb. 1.13 ................................ 3
Pb. 3.34 ............................... 40
Pb. 1.14 ................................ 3
Pb. 3.35 ............................... 42
Pb. 1.15 ................................ 3
Pb. 3.37 ............................... 43
Pb. 1.16 ................................ 4
Pb. 3.38 ............................... 45
Pb. 1.18 ................................ 4
Pb. 3.39 ............................... 48
Pb. 1.19 ................................ 4
Pb. 3.40 ............................... 50
Pb. 1.22 ................................ 5
Pb. 1.24 ................................ 6 Pb. 3.41 ............................... 52
Pb. 1.25 ................................ 8 Pb. 3.42 ............................... 52
Pb. 3.43 ............................... 53
Pb. 3.44 ............................... 53
CHAPTER 2 9 Pb. 3.45 ............................... 54
Pb. 2.1 ................................. 9 Pb. 3.46 ............................... 54
Pb. 2.2 ................................. 9 Pb. 3.47 ............................... 55
Pb. 2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Pb. 3.48 ............................... 56
Pb. 2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Pb. 3.49 ............................... 56
Pb. 2.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Pb. 3.50 ............................... 57
Pb. 2.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Pb. 3.51 ............................... 57
Pb. 2.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Pb. 3.52 ............................... 58
Pb. 2.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Pb. 3.53 ............................... 59
Pb. 2.17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Pb. 3.54 ............................... 59
Pb. 2.18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Pb. 3.55 ............................... 60
Pb. 2.22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Pb. 3.58 ............................... 61
Pb. 2.23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Pb. 3.59 ............................... 62
Pb. 2.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Pb. 3.61 ............................... 63
Pb. 2.26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Pb. 3.62 ............................... 65
Pb. 2.27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Pb. 3.65 ............................... 66
Pb. 2.28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Pb. 3.67 ............................... 68
Pb. 2.29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Pb. 3.70 ............................... 72
Pb. 2.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Pb. 3.71 ............................... 73
Pb. 2.31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Pb. 3.72 ............................... 73
Pb. 2.33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Pb. 3.73 ............................... 74
Pb. 2.34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Pb. 2.36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 CHAPTER 4 76
Pb. 2.37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Pb. 2.39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Pb. 4.1 ................................ 76
Pb. 2.42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Pb. 4.2 ................................ 76
Pb. 4.3 ................................ 77
Pb. 4.4 ................................ 78
CHAPTER 3 21
Pb. 4.7 ................................ 78
Pb. 3.1 ................................ 21 Pb. 4.9 ................................ 78
Pb. 3.4 ................................ 21 Pb. 4.10 ............................... 80
Pb. 3.5 ................................ 21 Pb. 4.11 ............................... 81
Pb. 3.6 ................................ 22 Pb. 4.12 ............................... 82
Pb. 3.8 ................................ 22 Pb. 4.13 ............................... 85
Pb. 3.9 ................................ 23 Pb. 4.14 ............................... 85
Pb. 3.10 ............................... 24 Pb. 4.15 ............................... 86
Pb. 3.17 ............................... 26 Pb. 4.16 ............................... 87
Pb. 3.18 ............................... 26 Pb. 4.17 ............................... 88
Pb. 3.19 ............................... 28 Pb. 4.18 ............................... 89

iv
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it without permission.
 Pb. 4.19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Pb. 5.48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Pb. 4.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Pb. 5.49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Pb. 4.21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Pb. 5.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Pb. 4.22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Pb. 4.23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 CHAPTER 6 144
Pb. 4.24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Pb. 4.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Pb. 6.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Pb. 4.26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Pb. 6.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Pb. 4.28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Pb. 6.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Pb. 4.29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Pb. 6.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Pb. 4.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Pb. 6.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Pb. 4.31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Pb. 6.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Pb. 4.32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Pb. 6.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Pb. 4.33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Pb. 6.17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Pb. 4.34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Pb. 6.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Pb. 4.35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Pb. 6.21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Pb. 4.36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Pb. 6.22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Pb. 4.37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Pb. 6.23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Pb. 4.38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Pb. 6.24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Pb. 4.39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Pb. 6.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Pb. 4.40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Pb. 6.26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Pb. 4.41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Pb. 6.27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Pb. 4.42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Pb. 6.28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Pb. 4.43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Pb. 6.29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Pb. 4.44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Pb. 6.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Pb. 4.45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Pb. 6.31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Pb. 4.46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Pb. 6.32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Pb. 4.47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Pb. 6.33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Pb. 4.48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Pb. 6.34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Pb. 4.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Pb. 6.35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Pb. 4.51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Pb. 6.36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Pb. 6.37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
CHAPTER 5 123 Pb. 6.38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Pb. 6.39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Pb. 5.2 ............................... 123 Pb. 6.40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Pb. 5.3 ............................... 123 Pb. 6.41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Pb. 5.4 ............................... 123 Pb. 6.42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Pb. 5.7 ............................... 124 Pb. 6.43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Pb. 5.8 ............................... 124 Pb. 6.44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Pb. 5.9 ............................... 125 Pb. 6.45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Pb. 5.10 ............................. 126 Pb. 6.46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Pb. 5.16 ............................. 126 Pb. 6.47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Pb. 5.17 ............................. 127 Pb. 6.48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Pb. 5.18 ............................. 127 Pb. 6.49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Pb. 5.19 ............................. 128 Pb. 6.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Pb. 5.21 ............................. 129 Pb. 6.51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Pb. 5.25 ............................. 129 Pb. 6.52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Pb. 5.26 ............................. 131 Pb. 6.53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Pb. 5.27 ............................. 131 Pb. 6.54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Pb. 5.28 ............................. 132 Pb. 6.55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Pb. 5.29 ............................. 132 Pb. 6.56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Pb. 5.30 ............................. 133 Pb. 6.57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Pb. 5.33 ............................. 134 Pb. 6.58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Pb. 5.34 ............................. 134 Pb. 6.59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Pb. 5.35 ............................. 135 Pb. 6.60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Pb. 5.38 ............................. 135 Pb. 6.61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Pb. 5.39 ............................. 135 Pb. 6.62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Pb. 5.41 ............................. 136 Pb. 6.63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Pb. 5.42 ............................. 136 Pb. 6.64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Pb. 5.43 ............................. 137 Pb. 6.65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Pb. 5.44 ............................. 137 Pb. 6.66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Pb. 5.46 ............................. 138 Pb. 6.67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Pb. 5.47 ............................. 138 Pb. 6.68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

v
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PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted
only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using
it without permission.
 Pb. 6.69 ............................. 195 CHAPTER 8 266
Pb. 6.70 ............................. 195
Pb. 6.71 ............................. 197 Pb. 8.1 ............................... 266
Pb. 6.72 ............................. 197 Pb. 8.2 ............................... 267
Pb. 6.73 ............................. 198 Pb. 8.3 ............................... 268
Pb. 6.74 ............................. 200 Pb. 8.4 ............................... 271
Pb. 6.75 ............................. 201 Pb. 8.5 ............................... 272
Pb. 6.76 ............................. 202 Pb. 8.6 ............................... 273
Pb. 6.77 ............................. 203 Pb. 8.7 ............................... 276
Pb. 6.78 ............................. 204 Pb. 8.8 ............................... 278
Pb. 6.79 ............................. 205 Pb. 8.9 ............................... 281
Pb. 6.80 ............................. 206 Pb. 8.10 ............................. 285
Pb. 6.81 ............................. 206 Pb. 8.11 ............................. 287
Pb. 6.82 ............................. 208 Pb. 8.13 ............................. 291
Pb. 6.86 ............................. 209 Pb. 8.14 ............................. 291
Pb. 6.87 ............................. 210 Pb. 8.16 ............................. 292
Pb. 6.88 ............................. 213 Pb. 8.17 ............................. 293
Pb. 6.95 ............................. 216 Pb. 8.18 ............................. 296
Pb. 6.96 ............................. 216 Pb. 8.19 ............................. 296
Pb. 6.101 ............................ 217 Pb. 8.20 ............................. 297
Pb. 6.103 ............................ 218
CHAPTER 9 298
CHAPTER 7 220 Pb. 9.2 ............................... 298
Pb. 7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Pb. 9.4 ............................... 298
Pb. 7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Pb. 9.7 ............................... 299
Pb. 7.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Pb. 9.8 ............................... 300
Pb. 7.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Pb. 9.9 ............................... 300
Pb. 7.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Pb. 9.10 ............................. 302
Pb. 7.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Pb. 9.11 ............................. 303
Pb. 7.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Pb. 9.12 ............................. 305
Pb. 7.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225, 226 Pb. 9.13 ............................. 306
Pb. 7.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225, 227 Pb. 9.14 ............................. 307
Pb. 7.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225, 229 Pb. 9.15 ............................. 308
Pb. 7.18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Pb. 9.16 ............................. 308
Pb. 7.19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Pb. 9.17 ............................. 308
Pb. 7.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Pb. 9.18 ............................. 309
Pb. 7.21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Pb. 9.19 ............................. 309
Pb. 7.22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Pb. 9.22 ............................. 310
Pb. 7.23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Pb. 9.23 ............................. 310
Pb. 7.24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Pb. 7.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 CHAPTER 10 312
Pb. 7.26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Pb. 10.1 ............................. 312
Pb. 7.27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Pb. 10.2 ............................. 314
Pb. 7.29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Pb. 10.3 ............................. 316
Pb. 7.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Pb. 10.4 ............................. 317
Pb. 7.31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Pb. 10.7 ............................. 317
Pb. 7.32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Pb. 10.8 ............................. 318
Pb. 7.34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Pb. 10.9 ............................. 318
Pb. 7.35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Pb. 10.10 ............................ 319
Pb. 7.36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Pb. 10.11 ............................ 320
Pb. 7.37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Pb. 10.13 ............................ 321
Pb. 7.38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Pb. 10.16 ............................ 321
Pb. 7.39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Pb. 10.17 ............................ 322
Pb. 7.42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Pb. 10.18 ............................ 323
Pb. 7.44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Pb. 10.19 ............................ 324
Pb. 7.47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Pb. 10.20 ............................ 325
Pb. 7.48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Pb. 10.22 ............................ 326
Pb. 7.53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Pb. 10.25 ............................ 327
Pb. 7.54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Pb. 10.26 ............................ 328
Pb. 7.57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Pb. 10.27 ............................ 329
Pb. 7.59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Pb. 10.28 ............................ 329
Pb. 7.60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Pb. 10.29 ............................ 329

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 Pb. 10.30 ............................ 330 Pb. 12.27 ............................ 451
Pb. 10.31 ............................ 330 Pb. 12.28 ............................ 452
Pb. 10.32 ............................ 331 Pb. 12.29 ............................ 452
Pb. 10.33 ............................ 332 Pb. 12.30 ............................ 453
Pb. 10.34 ............................ 332 Pb. 12.31 ............................ 453
Pb. 10.35 ............................ 333 Pb. 12.32 ............................ 454
Pb. 10.36 ............................ 333 Pb. 12.33 ............................ 455
Pb. 10.37 ............................ 334 Pb. 12.34 ............................ 457
Pb. 10.38 ............................ 335 Pb. 12.35 ............................ 458
Pb. 10.39 ............................ 337 Pb. 12.36 ............................ 458
Pb. 10.40 ............................ 338 Pb. 12.37 ............................ 459
Pb. 10.41 ............................ 339 Pb. 12.38 ............................ 460
Pb. 10.42 ............................ 339 Pb. 12.39 ............................ 460
Pb. 10.43 ............................ 340 Pb. 12.43 ............................ 461
Pb. 12.44 ............................ 461
CHAPTER 11 341 Pb. 12.45 ............................ 461
Pb. 12.46 ............................ 462
Pb. 11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Pb. 12.47 ............................ 462
Pb. 11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Pb. 12.48 ............................ 463
Pb. 11.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Pb. 12.49 ............................ 464
Pb. 11.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Pb. 12.50 ............................ 464
Pb. 11.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Pb. 12.51 ............................ 465
Pb. 11.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Pb. 12.52 ............................ 465
Pb. 11.17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Pb. 12.53 ............................ 466
Pb. 11.18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Pb. 12.54 ............................ 466
Pb. 11.19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Pb. 12.55 ............................ 466
Pb. 11.21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Pb. 12.56 ............................ 467
Pb. 11.22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Pb. 12.57 ............................ 468
Pb. 11.23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Pb. 12.58 ............................ 468
Pb. 11.24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Pb. 12.59 ............................ 469
Pb. 11.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Pb. 12.61 ............................ 471
Pb. 11.27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Pb. 12.62 ............................ 473
Pb. 11.28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Pb. 12.64 ............................ 476
Pb. 11.32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Pb. 12.65 ............................ 477
Pb. 11.33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Pb. 12.69 ............................ 479
Pb. 11.34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Pb. 12.71 ............................ 480
Pb. 11.36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Pb. 12.72 ............................ 481
Pb. 11.37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Pb. 11.38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 CHAPTER 13 483
Pb. 11.39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367,368
Pb. 11.40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367,369 Pb. 13.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Pb. 11.44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Pb. 13.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Pb. 11.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Pb. 13.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Pb. 13.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
CHAPTER 12 374 Pb. 13.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Pb. 13.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Pb. 12.1 ............................. 374 Pb. 13.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Pb. 12.3 ............................. 388 Pb. 13.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Pb. 12.6 ............................. 403 Pb. 13.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Pb. 12.8 ............................. 409 Pb. 13.17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Pb. 12.9 ............................. 411 Pb. 13.18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Pb. 12.12 ............................ 418 Pb. 13.19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Pb. 12.13 ............................ 420 Pb. 13.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Pb. 12.14 ............................ 423 Pb. 13.21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Pb. 12.15 ............................ 425 Pb. 13.22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Pb. 12.16 ............................ 428 Pb. 13.23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Pb. 12.17 ............................ 431 Pb. 13.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Pb. 12.18 ............................ 434 Pb. 13.26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Pb. 12.19 ............................ 437 Pb. 13.27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Pb. 12.20 ............................ 440 Pb. 13.28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Pb. 12.21 ............................ 443 Pb. 13.29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Pb. 12.22 ............................ 445 Pb. 13.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Pb. 12.23 ............................ 448 Pb. 13.31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Pb. 12.26 ............................ 451 Pb. 13.32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

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only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using
it without permission.
 Pb. 13.33 ............................ 518 Pb. 14.25 ............................ 576
Pb. 13.34 ............................ 520 Pb. 14.26 ............................ 577
Pb. 13.37 ............................ 523 Pb. 14.27 ............................ 579
Pb. 13.39 ............................ 525 Pb. 14.28 ............................ 581
Pb. 13.41 ............................ 526 Pb. 14.32 ............................ 583
Pb. 13.45 ............................ 530 Pb. 14.33 ............................ 585
Pb. 13.46 ............................ 532 Pb. 14.45 ............................ 587
Pb. 13.48 ............................ 533 Pb. 14.46 ............................ 588
Pb. 13.49 ............................ 536 Pb. 14.50 ............................ 589
Pb. 14.51 ............................ 590
CHAPTER 14 539 Pb. 14.54 ............................ 591

Pb. 14.1 ............................. 539 CHAPTER 15 595

Pb. 14.3 ............................. 541
Pb. 14.4 ............................. 541 Pb. 15.1 ............................. 595
Pb. 14.5 ............................. 545 Pb. 15.2 ............................. 599
Pb. 14.6 ............................. 549 Pb. 15.3 ............................. 602
Pb. 14.7 ............................. 553 Pb. 15.4 ............................. 606
Pb. 14.8 ............................. 557 Pb. 15.5 ............................. 608
Pb. 14.9 ............................. 560 Pb. 15.6 ............................. 611
Pb. 14.10 ............................ 563 Pb. 15.7 ............................. 614
Pb. 14.12 ............................ 565 Pb. 15.8 ............................. 615
Pb. 14.15 ............................ 567 Pb. 15.9 ............................. 617
Pb. 14.16 ............................ 569
Pb. 14.18 ............................ 570 CHAPTER 16 620
Pb. 14.20 ............................ 573
Pb. 14.22 ............................ 574 Pb. 16.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Pb. 14.24 ............................ 575

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 SECTION B — Non-Numerical Solutions
CHAPTER 1 621 Pb. 3.77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Pb. 3.78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Pb. 1.1 ............................... 621
Pb. 1.2 ............................... 621
Pb. 1.3 ............................... 621 CHAPTER 4 640
Pb. 1.9 ............................... 622 Pb. 4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Pb. 1.17 ............................. 622 Pb. 4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Pb. 1.20 ............................. 622 Pb. 4.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Pb. 1.21 ............................. 622 Pb. 4.27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Pb. 4.49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
CHAPTER 2 623
Pb. 2.3 ............................... 623 CHAPTER 5 642
Pb. 2.6 ............................... 623 Pb. 5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Pb. 2.7 ............................... 623 Pb. 5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Pb. 2.8 ............................... 623 Pb. 5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Pb. 2.9 ............................... 623 Pb. 5.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Pb. 2.10 ............................. 623 Pb. 5.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Pb. 2.14 ............................. 623 Pb. 5.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Pb. 2.16 ............................. 624 Pb. 5.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
Pb. 2.19 ............................. 624 Pb. 5.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Pb. 2.20 ............................. 625 Pb. 5.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Pb. 2.21 ............................. 626 Pb. 5.22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Pb. 2.24 ............................. 626 Pb. 5.23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
Pb. 2.32 ............................. 626 Pb. 5.24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
Pb. 2.35 ............................. 626 Pb. 5.31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
Pb. 2.38 ............................. 627 Pb. 5.32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Pb. 2.40 ............................. 627 Pb. 5.36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Pb. 2.41 ............................. 627 Pb. 5.37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Pb. 2.43 ............................. 627 Pb. 5.40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Pb. 2.44 ............................. 627 Pb. 5.45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650

CHAPTER 3 628 CHAPTER 6 651

Pb. 3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628 Pb. 6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Pb. 3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628 Pb. 6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Pb. 3.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628 Pb. 6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Pb. 3.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 Pb. 6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
Pb. 3.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 Pb. 6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Pb. 3.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 Pb. 6.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Pb. 3.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630 Pb. 6.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Pb. 3.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 Pb. 6.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Pb. 3.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632 Pb. 6.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Pb. 3.27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 Pb. 6.18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Pb. 3.28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 Pb. 6.19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Pb. 3.29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 Pb. 6.83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
Pb. 3.31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 Pb. 6.84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
Pb. 3.36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 Pb. 6.85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Pb. 3.56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 Pb. 6.89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Pb. 3.57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636 Pb. 6.90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Pb. 3.60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636 Pb. 6.91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Pb. 3.63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 Pb. 6.92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Pb. 3.64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 Pb. 6.93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Pb. 3.66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 Pb. 6.94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Pb. 3.68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 Pb. 6.97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
Pb. 3.69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 Pb. 6.98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Pb. 3.74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 Pb. 6.99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Pb. 3.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 Pb. 6.100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Pb. 3.76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 Pb. 6.102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667

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only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using
it without permission.
 CHAPTER 7 662 Pb. 11.29 ............................ 685
Pb. 11.30 ............................ 685
Pb. 7.2 ............................... 662 Pb. 11.31 ............................ 686
Pb. 7.3 ............................... 662 Pb. 11.35 ............................ 686
Pb. 7.6 ............................... 663 Pb. 11.41 ............................ 687
Pb. 7.7 ............................... 663 Pb. 11.42 ............................ 687
Pb. 7.8 ............................... 663 Pb. 11.45 ............................ 687
Pb. 7.16 ............................. 664 Pb. 11.46 ............................ 688
Pb. 7.17 ............................. 665 Pb. 11.47 ............................ 689
Pb. 7.28 ............................. 665 Pb. 11.48 ............................ 689
Pb. 7.33 ............................. 665 Pb. 11.49 ............................ 690
Pb. 7.40 ............................. 666
Pb. 7.41 ............................. 667
Pb. 7.43 ............................. 667 CHAPTER 12 691
Pb. 7.45 ............................. 667 Pb. 12.2 ............................. 691
Pb. 7.46 ............................. 667 Pb. 12.4 ............................. 691
Pb. 7.49 ............................. 668 Pb. 12.5 ............................. 691
Pb. 7.50 ............................. 668 Pb. 12.7 ............................. 693
Pb. 7.51 ............................. 668 Pb. 12.10 ............................ 694
Pb. 7.52 ............................. 668 Pb. 12.11 ............................ 694
Pb. 7.55 ............................. 669 Pb. 12.24 ............................ 694
Pb. 7.56 ............................. 669 Pb. 12.25 ............................ 694
Pb. 12.40 ............................ 696
CHAPTER 8 670 Pb. 12.41 ............................ 697
Pb. 12.42 ............................ 697
Pb. 8.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Pb. 12.61 ............................ 698
Pb. 8.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Pb. 12.63 ............................ 698
Pb. 8.21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
Pb. 12.66 ............................ 698
Pb. 12.67 ............................ 698
CHAPTER 9 674 Pb. 12.68 ............................ 700
Pb. 12.70 ............................ 700
Pb. 9.1 ............................... 674
Pb. 9.3 ............................... 674
CHAPTER 13 701
Pb. 9.5 ............................... 674
Pb. 9.6 ............................... 674 Pb. 13.1 ............................. 701
Pb. 9.20 ............................. 675 Pb. 13.2 ............................. 701
Pb. 9.21 ............................. 675 Pb. 13.3 ............................. 702
Pb. 13.7 ............................. 702
CHAPTER 10 676 Pb. 13.8 ............................. 702
Pb. 13.9 ............................. 703
Pb. 10.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676 Pb. 13.10 ............................ 704
Pb. 10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676 Pb. 13.24 ............................ 705
Pb. 10.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676 Pb. 13.35 ............................ 705
Pb. 10.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 Pb. 13.36 ............................ 705
Pb. 10.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 Pb. 13.38 ............................ 706
Pb. 10.21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 Pb. 13.40 ............................ 707
Pb. 10.23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 Pb. 13.42 ............................ 707
Pb. 10.24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 Pb. 13.44 ............................ 707
Pb. 10.35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678 Pb. 13.47 ............................ 707

CHAPTER 11 679 CHAPTER 14 709

Pb. 11.6 ............................. 679 Pb. 14.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
Pb. 11.7 ............................. 679 Pb. 14.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
Pb. 11.8 ............................. 679 Pb. 14.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
Pb. 11.9 ............................. 680 Pb. 14.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
Pb. 11.10 ............................ 680 Pb. 14.17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
Pb. 11.11 ............................ 680 Pb. 14.19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
Pb. 11.12 ............................ 680 Pb. 14.21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
Pb. 11.13 ............................ 681 Pb. 14.23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
Pb. 11.14 ............................ 682 Pb. 14.29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
Pb. 11.15 ............................ 683 Pb. 14.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
Pb. 11.20 ............................ 683 Pb. 14.31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
Pb. 11.26 ............................ 684 Pb. 14.34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
Pb. 11.28 ............................ 684 Pb. 14.35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715

x
______________________________________________________________________________________________
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted
only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using
it without permission.
 Pb. 14.36 ............................ 716 CHAPTER 16 721
Pb. 14.37 ............................ 716
Pb. 14.39 ............................ 717 Pb. 16.1 ............................. 721
Pb. 14.40 ............................ 717 Pb. 16.2 ............................. 721
Pb. 14.41 ............................ 717 Pb. 16.3 ............................. 722
Pb. 14.42 ............................ 718 Pb. 16.4 ............................. 722
Pb. 14.43 ............................ 719 Pb. 16.5 ............................. 722
Pb. 14.44 ............................ 719 Pb. 16.6 ............................. 722
Pb. 14.47 ............................ 719 Pb. 16.7 ............................. 722
Pb. 14.48 ............................ 719 Pb. 16.8 ............................. 723
Pb. 14.49 ............................ 720 Pb. 16.9 ............................. 723
Pb. 14.52 ............................ 720 Pb. 16.11 ............................ 723
Pb. 14.53 ............................ 720 Pb. 16.12 ............................ 723
Pb. 16.13 ............................ 723

APPENDIX:

Evolution of a Textbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724

xi
______________________________________________________________________________________________
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted
only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using
it without permission.