Chapter 7 - Section A - Mathcad Solutions

m J gm 7 R
7.1 u2  325˜ R  8.314˜ molwt  28.9 CP  ˜
sec mol˜ K mol 2 molwt
With the heat, work, and potential-energy terms set equal to zero and
with the initial velocity equal to zero, Eq. (2.32a) reduces to
2
u2
'H  = 0 But 'H = CP˜ 'T
2
2
u2
Whence 'T  'T 52.45 K Ans.
2˜ CP

7.4 From Table F.2 at 800 kPa and 280 degC:

kJ kJ
H1  3014.9˜ S1  7.1595˜
kg kg˜ K
Interpolation in Table F.2 at P = 525 kPa and S = 7.1595 kJ/(kg*K) yields:
3
kJ cm kg
H2  2855.2˜ V2  531.21˜ mdot  0.75˜
kg gm sec
With the heat, work, and potential-energy terms set equal to zero and
with the initial velocity equal to zero, Eq. (2.32a) reduces to:
2
u2
'H  = 0 Whence u2  2˜ H2  H1
2
m
u2 565.2 Ans.
sec
mdot˜ V2 2
By Eq. (2.27), A2  A2 7.05 cm Ans.
u2

7.5 The calculations of the preceding problem may be carried out for a
series of exit pressures until a minimum cross-sectional area is found.
The corresponding pressure is the minimum obtainable in the converging
nozzle. Initial property values are as in the preceding problem.

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 kJ kJ
H1  3014.9˜ S1  7.1595˜ S2 = S 1
kg kg˜ K
Interpolations in Table F.2 at several pressures and at the given
entropy yield the following values:

§ 400 · § 2855.2 · § 531.21 ·

¨ 425 ¨ 2868.2 ¨ 507.12
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ kJ ¨ ¸ cm3
P  ¨ 450 ¸ ˜ kPa H2  ¨ 2880.7 ¸ ˜ V2  ¨ 485.45 ¸ ˜
¨ 475 ¸ ¨ 2892.5 ¸ kg ¨ 465.69 ¸ gm
¨ ¨ ¨
© 500 ¹ © 2903.9 ¹ © 447.72 ¹
o
 o mdot˜ V2
kg
mdot  0.75˜ u2  2˜ H2  H1 A2 
sec u2
§ 565.2 · § 7.05 ·
¨ 541.7 ¨ 7.022
¨ ¸ m ¨ ¸ 2
u2 ¨ 518.1 ¸ A2 ¨ 7.028 ¸ cm
¨ 494.8 ¸ sec ¨ 7.059 ¸
¨ ¨
© 471.2 ¹ © 7.127 ¹
Fit the P vs. A2 data with cubic spline and find
the minimum P at the point where the first
derivative of the spline is zero.
i  1  5 pi  Pi a2  A2
i i
s  cspline P  A2 A (P) interp s  p  a2  P

pmin  400˜ kPa (guess)

2
cm
A pmin = 0˜ pmin  Find pmin
d
Given
dpmin kPa

A pmin
2
pmin 431.78 kPa Ans. 7.021 cm Ans.

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 Show spline fit graphically: p  400˜ kPa  401˜ kPa  500˜ kPa

7.13

7.11

A2 7.09
i
2
cm
7.07
A (p)
2
cm 7.05

7.03

7.01
400 420 440 460 480 500
Pi p

kPa kPa

7.9 From Table F.2 at 1400 kPa and 325 degC:

kJ kJ
H1  3096.5˜ S1  7.0499˜ S2  S1
kg kg˜ K

Interpolate in Table F.2 at a series of downstream pressures and at S =

7.0499 kJ/(kg*K) to find the minimum cross-sectional area.

§ 800 · § 2956.0 · § 294.81 ·

¨ 775 ¨ 2948.5 ¨ 302.12
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ kJ ¨ ¸ cm3
P  ¨ 750 ¸ ˜ kPa H2  ¨ 2940.8 ¸ ˜ V2  ¨ 309.82 ¸ ˜
¨ 725 ¸ ¨ 2932.8 ¸ kg ¨ 317.97 ¸ gm
¨ ¨ ¨
© 700 ¹ © 2924.9 ¹ © 326.69 ¹
 o
§ V2 ·
u2  2˜ H2  H1 A2 = ¨ ˜ mdot
© u2 ¹

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 Since mdot is constant, § 5.561 ·
the quotient V2/u2 is a  o ¨ 5.553
measure of the area. Its
§ V2 · ¨ ¸ cm2˜ sec
minimum value occurs very ¨ ¨ 5.552 ¸
close to the value at © u2 ¹ ¨ 5.557 ¸ kg
vector index i = 3. ¨
© 5.577 ¹
2
At the throat, A2  6˜ cm
A2˜ u2
3 kg
mdot  mdot 1.081 Ans.
V2 sec
3
At the nozzle exit, P = 140 kPa and S = S1, the initial value. From
Table F.2 we see that steam at these conditions is wet. By
interpolation,
kJ kJ
Sliq  1.4098˜ Svap  7.2479˜
kg˜ K kg˜ K

S1  Sliq
x x 0.966
Svap  Sliq

ft ft
7.10 u1  230˜ u2  2000˜
sec sec
From Table F.4 at 130(psi) and 420 degF:
Btu Btu
H1  1233.6˜ S1  1.6310˜
lbm lbm˜ rankine
2 2
By Eq. (2.32a), u1  u2 Btu
'H  'H 78.8
2 lbm
Btu
H2  H1  'H H2 1154.8
lbm
From Table F.4 at 35(psi), we see that the final state is wet steam:
Btu Btu
Hliq  228.03˜ Hvap  1167.1˜
lbm lbm

Btu Btu
Sliq  0.3809˜ Svap  1.6872˜
lbm˜ rankine lbm˜ rankine

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 H2  Hliq
x x 0.987 (quality)
Hvap  Hliq
BTU
S2  Sliq  x˜ Svap  Sliq S2 1.67
lbm˜ rankine

Btu
SdotG  S2  S1 SdotG 0.039 Ans.
lbm˜ rankine

m gm 7 R
7.11 u2  580˜ T2  (273.15  15)K
˜ molwt  28.9 CP  ˜
sec mol 2 molwt
2 2 2
u1  u2 u2
By Eq. (2.32a), 'H = =
2 2
But 'H = CP˜ 'T Whence

2
u2
'T  'T 167.05 K Ans.
2˜ CP

Initial t = 15 + 167.05 = 182.05 degC Ans.

7.12 Values from the steam tables for saturated-liquid water:

3
cm
At 15 degC: V  1.001˜ T  288.15˜ K
gm
Enthalpy difference for saturated liquid for a temperature change from
14 to 15 degC:
J 'H
'H  (67.13  58.75)˜ 't  2˜ K Cp 
gm 't
4 J
1.5˜ 10 Cp 4.19
E 'P  4˜ atm gm˜ K
K

Apply Eq. (7.25) to the constant-enthalpy throttling process. Assumes

very small temperature change and property values independent of P.

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 1  E ˜ T ˜ P § 1
V˜' joule ·
'T  ˜¨ ˜ 'T 0.093 K
Cp 9.86923 cm3˜ atm
© ¹
The entropy change for this process is given by Eq. (7.26):

'S  Cp˜Eln ¨
§ T  'T ·  ˜'V˜ P 'S 1.408 u 10
3 J
© T ¹ gm˜ K

Apply Eq. (5.36) with Q=0: TV  293.15˜ K

J kJ
Wlost  TV'
˜ S Wlost 0.413 or Wlost 0.413 Ans.
gm kg

7.13--7.15 P2  1.2bar

§ 350 · § 80 ·
¨ ¨
350 ¸ 60
T1  ¨ K P1  ¨ ¸ bar
¨ 250 ¸ ¨ 60 ¸
¨ ¨
© 400 ¹ © 20 ¹
§ 304.2 · § 73.83 · § .224 ·
¨ ¨ ¨
282.3 ¸ 50.40 ¸ .087 ¸
Tc  ¨ K Pc  ¨ bar Z ¨
¨ 126.2 ¸ ¨ 34.00 ¸ ¨ .038 ¸
¨ ¨ ¨
© 369.8 ¹ © 42.48 ¹ © .152 ¹
§ 5.457 · § 1.045 ·
¨ ¨
1.424 ¸ 14.394 ¸ 10 3
A ¨ B ¨ ˜
¨ 3.280 ¸ ¨ .593 ¸ K
¨ ¨
© 1.213 ¹ © 28.785 ¹
§ 0.0 · § 1.157 ·
¨ ¨
¨ 4.392 ¸ 10 6 0.0 ¸ 5 2
C ˜ D ¨ ˜ 10 ˜ K
¨ 0.0 ¸ K2 ¨ 0.040 ¸
¨ ¨
© 8.824 ¹ © 0.0 ¹

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 As in Example 7.4, Eq. (6.93) is applied to this constant-enthalpy
process. If the final state at 1.2 bar is assumed an ideal gas, then Eq.
(A) of Example 7.4 (pg. 265) applies. Its use requires expressions for HR
and Cp at the initial conditions.

§ 1.151 · § 1.084 ·

o ¨ 
o ¨
Tr 
T1
Tr ¨ 1.24 ¸ Pr 
P1
Pr ¨ 1.19 ¸
Tc ¨ 1.981 ¸ Pc ¨ 1.765 ¸
¨ ¨
© 1.082 ¹ © 0.471 ¹

7.13 Redlich/Kwong equation: :  0.08664 <  0.42748

 o o
E: §¨ ˜
Pr · Eq. (3.53) q ¨
§ < · Eq. (3.54)
© Tr ¹ © : ˜ Tr
1.5
¹
Guess: z 1
zE
Given z = 1  E  q˜ E ˜ Eq. (3.52)
z˜ z  E

Z E  q  Find()
z
§ Z E i  qi  E i ·
i  1  4 Ii  ln ¨ Eq. (6.65b)
© Z E i  qi ¹
HRi  R˜ T1i˜ ª¬Z E i  qi  1  1.5˜ qi˜ Iiº¼ Eq. (6.67) The derivative in these

SRi  R˜ ln Z E i  qi  E i  0.5˜ qi˜ Ii Eq. (6.68) equations equals -0.5

The simplest procedure here is to iterate by guessing T2, and then

calculating it.

§ 280 ·
¨
302 ¸
Guesses T2  ¨ K
¨ 232 ¸
¨
© 385 ¹

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 Z E i  qi
§ 2.681 · § 5.177 ·
0.721 ¨ ¨
0.773
HR ¨ 2.253 ¸ kJ SR ¨ 4.346 ¸ J
0.956 ¨ 0.521 ¸ mol ¨ 1.59 ¸ mol˜ K
0.862 ¨ ¨
© 1.396 ¹ © 2.33 ¹


o  o
W
T2 ª ª B C
Cp  « R˜ «A  ˜WT1˜   1  ˜WT1 ˜
2 2
W1 
D 
2
ºº
» »
T1 2 3 W ˜ T1
¬ ¬ ¼¼
o  o
T2  §¨
HR
 T1
· 'S  §¨ Cp˜ ln §¨
T2 ·  R˜ ln § ·  SR·
P2
¨
© Cp ¹ © © T1 ¹ © P1 ¹ ¹

§ 279.971 · § 31.545 ·
¨ ¨
¨ 302.026 ¸ K 'S ¨ 29.947 ¸ J Ans.
T2
¨ 232.062 ¸
Ans. ¨ 31.953 ¸ mol˜ K
¨ ¨
© 384.941 ¹ © 22.163 ¹

7.14 Soave/Redlich/Kwong equation: :  0.08664 <  0.42748


o o

c 0.480  1.574˜ Z  0.176˜ Z 2 
D  ª¬ 1  c˜ 1  Tr
0.5 º¼
2

 o  o
§
E: ¨ ˜
Pr ·
Eq. (3.53) q ¨
§ <D˜ · Eq. (3.54)
© Tr ¹ © : ˜ Tr ¹
Guess: z 1
zE
Given z = 1  E  q˜ E ˜ Eq. (3.52) Z E  q  Find ( z)
z˜ z  E
§ Z E i  qi  E i ·
i  1  4 Ii  ln ¨ Eq. (6.65b)
© Z E i  qi ¹

ª ª § Tri · 0.5 º º Eq. (6.67)

HRi  R˜ T1i˜ « Z E i  qi  1  «ci˜ ¨  1» ˜ qi˜ Ii »
¬ ¬ © Di ¹ ¼ ¼

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 ª § Tri ·
0.5 º
SRi  R˜ « ln Z E i  qi  E i  ci˜ ¨ ˜ qi˜ Ii » Eq. (6.68)
¬ © Di ¹ ¼
0.5
§ Tri ·
The derivative in these equations equals: ci˜ ¨
© Di ¹
Now iterate for T2:

§ 273 ·
¨
300 ¸
Guesses T2  ¨ K
¨ 232 ¸
¨
© 384 ¹
Z E i  qi
0.75 § 2.936 · § 6.126 ·
¨ ¨
0.79
HR ¨ 2.356 ¸ kJ SR ¨ 4.769 ¸ J
0.975
¨ 0.526 ¸ mol ¨ 1.789 ¸ mol˜ K
0.866
¨ ¨
© 1.523 ¹ © 2.679 ¹


o  o
W
T2 ª ª B C
Cp  « R˜ «A  ˜WT1˜   1  ˜WT1 ˜
2 2
W1   D ºº
2» »
T1 2 3 W ˜ T1
¬ ¬ ¼¼

§ 272.757 ·
o ¨
§ HR  T1·
T2  ¨ T2 ¨ 299.741 ¸ K Ans.
© Cp ¹ ¨ 231.873 ¸
¨
© 383.554 ¹
§ 31.565 ·
 o ¨
'S  §¨ Cp˜ ln §¨
T2 ·  R˜ ln § ·  SR·
P2
'S ¨ 30.028 ¸ J
¨ ¨ 32.128 ¸ mol˜ K
Ans.
© © T1 ¹ © P1 ¹ ¹
¨
© 22.18 ¹

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 7.15 Peng/Robinson equation:

V  1 2 H  1 2 :  0.07779 <  0.45724


o 
o
c 0.37464  1.54226˜ Z  0.26992˜ Z 2 
D  ª¬ 1  c˜ 1  Tr
0.5 º¼
2

 o  o
§
E: ¨ ˜
Pr ·
Eq. (3.53) q ¨
§ <D˜ · Eq. (3.54)
© Tr ¹ © : ˜ Tr ¹
Guess: z 1
zE
Given z = 1  E  q˜ E ˜ Eq. (3.52)
z  HE˜ ˜ z  VE˜
Z E  q  Find()
z
1 § Z E i  qi  VE˜ i ·
i  1  4 Ii  ˜ ln ¨ Eq. (6.65b)
2˜ 2 © Z E i  qi  HE˜ i ¹

ª ª § Tri · 0.5 º º
HRi  R˜ T1i˜ « Z E i  qi  1  «ci˜ ¨  1» ˜ qi˜ Ii » Eq. (6.67)
¬ ¬ © Di ¹ ¼ ¼
ª § Tri ·
0.5 º
SRi  R˜ « ln Z E i  qi  E i  ci˜ ¨ ˜ qi˜ Ii » Eq. (6.68)
¬ © Di ¹ ¼

0.5
§ Tri ·
The derivative in these equations equals: ci˜ ¨
© Di ¹
Now iterate for T2:

§ 270 ·
¨
297 ¸
Guesses T2  ¨ K
¨ 229 ¸
¨
© 383 ¹

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 Z E i  qi
§ 3.041 · § 6.152 ·
0.722 ¨ ¨
0.76
HR ¨ 2.459 ¸ kJ SR ¨ 4.784 ¸ J
0.95 ¨ 0.6 ¸ mol ¨ 1.847 ¸ mol˜ K
0.85 ¨ ¨
© 1.581 ¹ © 2.689 ¹


o  o
W
T2 ª ª B C
Cp  « R˜ «A  ˜WT1˜   1  ˜WT1 ˜
2 2
W1  
D ºº
2» »
T1 2 3 W ˜ T1
¬ ¬ ¼¼
§ 269.735 ·
o ¨
T2  §¨
HR
 T1
· T2 ¨ 297.366 ¸ K Ans.
© Cp ¹ ¨ 229.32 ¸
¨
© 382.911 ¹
 o § 31.2 ·
¨
§ §
'S  ¨ Cp˜ ln ¨
T2 · §
 R˜ ln ¨
P2 ·
 SR
· ¨ 29.694 ¸ J Ans.
'S
© © T1 ¹ © P1 ¹ ¹ ¨ 31.865 ¸ mol˜ K
¨
© 22.04 ¹

7.18 Wdot  3500˜ kW Data from Table F.2:

kJ kJ kJ
H1  3462.9˜ H2  2609.9˜ S1  7.3439˜
kg kg kg˜ K

By Eq. (7.13),
Wdot kg
mdot  mdot 4.103 Ans.
H2  H1 sec

For isentropic expansion, exhaust is wet steam:

kJ kJ
Sliq  0.8321˜ Svap  7.9094˜ S2  S1
kg˜ K kg˜ K

S2  Sliq
x x 0.92 (quality)
Svap  Sliq

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 kJ kJ
Hliq  251.453˜ Hvap  2609.9˜
kg kg

3 kJ
H'2  Hliq  x˜ Hvap  Hliq H'2 2.421 u 10
kg

H2  H1
K K 0.819 Ans.
H'2  H1

7.19 The following vectors contain values for Parts (a) through (g). For intake
conditions:
§¨ 3274.3˜ kJ · §¨ 6.5597˜ kJ ·
¨ kg ¸ ¨ kg˜ K ¸
¨ kJ ¸ ¨ kJ ¸
¨ ˜ ˜
kg ¸ ¨ ¸
3509.8 6.8143
kg˜ K
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ § 0.80 ·
¨ 3634.5˜ ¸ kJ ¨ 6.9813˜ kJ ¸ ¨ 0.77
¨ kg ¸ ¨ kg˜ K ¸ ¨ ¸
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ 0.82 ¸
kJ kJ
H1  ¨ 3161.2˜ ¸ S1  ¨ 6.4536˜ ¸ K  ¨ 0.75 ¸
¨ kg ¸ ¨ kg ˜ K ¸ ¨ ¸
¨ kJ ¸ ¨ kJ ¸ ¨ 0.75 ¸
¨ 2801.4˜ ¸ ¨ 6.4941˜ ¸ ¨ 0.80 ¸
kg kg˜ K
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨
¨ Btu ¸ ¨ Btu ¸ © 0.75 ¹
¨ 1444.7˜ lbm ¸ ¨ 1.6000 ˜
lbm˜ rankine ¸
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
¨ Btu ¸ ¨ Btu ¸
1389.6˜ 1.5677˜
¨ ¨ lbm˜ rankine ¹
© lbm ¹ ©

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 For discharge conditions:

§¨ 0.9441˜ kJ · §¨ 7.7695˜ kJ ·
¨ kg˜ K ¸ ¨ kg˜ K ¸
¨ kJ ¸ ¨ kJ ¸
¨ 0.8321˜ kg˜ K ¸ ¨ 7.9094˜ kg˜ K ¸
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
¨ 0.6493˜ kJ ¸ ¨ 8.1511˜ kJ ¸
¨ kg˜ K ¸ ¨ kg˜ K ¸
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
kJ kJ
Sliq  ¨ 1.0912˜ ¸ Svap  ¨ 7.5947˜ ¸ S' = S
¨ kg ˜ K ¸ ¨ kg ˜ K ¸ 2 1

¨ kJ ¸ ¨ kJ ¸
¨ 1.5301 ˜ ¸ ¨ 7.1268 ˜ ¸
kg˜ K kg˜ K
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
¨ Btu ¸ ¨ Btu ¸
¨ 0.1750˜ lbm˜ rankine ¸ ¨ 1.9200˜ lbm˜ rankine ¸
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
¨ Btu ¸ ¨ Btu ¸
0.2200˜ 1.8625˜
¨ lbm˜ rankine ¹ ¨ lbm˜ rankine ¹
© ©

§¨ 289.302˜ kJ · §¨ 2625.4˜ kJ · §¨ 80˜ kg ·

¨ kg ¸ ¨ kg ¸ ¨ sec ¸
¨ kJ ¸ ¨ kJ ¸ ¨ kg ¸
¨ 251.453˜ kg ¸ ¨ 2609.9˜ kg ¸ ¨ 90˜ sec ¸
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
¨ 191.832˜ kJ ¸ ¨ 2584.8˜ kJ ¸ ¨ 70˜ kg ¸
¨ kg ¸ ¨ kg ¸ ¨ sec ¸
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
kJ kJ kg
Hliq  ¨ 340.564˜ ¸ Hvap  ¨ 2646.0˜ ¸ mdot  ¨ 65˜ ¸
¨ kg ¸ ¨ kg ¸ ¨ sec ¸
¨ kJ ¸ ¨ kJ ¸ ¨ kg ¸
¨ 504.701 ˜ ¸ ¨ 2706.3 ˜ ¸ ¨ 50 ˜ ¸
kg kg sec
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
¨ Btu ¸ ¨ Btu ¸ ¨ lbm ¸
¨ 94.03˜ lbm ¸ ¨ 1116.1˜ lbm ¸ ¨ 150˜ sec ¸
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
¨ Btu ¸ ¨ Btu ¸ ¨ lbm ¸
¨ 120.99˜ lbm ¨ 1127.3˜ lbm ¨ 100˜ sec
© ¹ © ¹ © ¹

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 o
S1  Sliq  o
x'2  H'2  ª¬ Hliq  x'2˜ Hvap  Hliq º¼
Svap  Sliq

 o o
'H  ª¬K ˜ H'2  H1 º¼ H2  H1  'H Wdot  'H˜ mdot

 o
H2  Hliq  o
x2  S2  ª¬ Sliq  x2˜ Svap  Sliq º¼
Hvap  Hliq

§ H 21 · § S21 ·
¨ ¨
¨ H2 ¸ § 2423.9 · ¨ S2 ¸ § 7.1808 ·
¨ 2535.9 ¨ 7.6873
¨ 2¸ ¨ ¸ kJ ¨ 2¸ ¨ ¸ kJ
¨ H2 ¸ ¨ 2467.8 ¸ ¨ S2 ¸ ¨ 7.7842 ¸
¨ 3¸ ¨ 2471.4 ¸ kg ¨ 3¸ ¨ 7.1022 ¸ kg˜ K
Ans.
¨ H2 ¸ ¨ ¨ S2 ¸ ¨
¨ 4¸ © 2543.4 ¹ ¨ 4¸ © 6.7127 ¹
¨ H2 ¨ S2
© 5¹ © 5¹
§ H 26 · § 1031.9 · Btu § S26 · § 1.7762 ·
¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
Btu
¨ H2 © 1057.4 ¹ lbm ¨ S2 © 1.7484 ¹ lbm˜ rankine
© 7¹ © 7¹
§ 68030 · § 91230 ·
¨ 87653 ¨ 117544
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
¨ 81672 ¸ ¨ 109523 ¸
Wdot ¨ 44836 ¸ kW Wdot ¨ 60126 ¸ hp Ans.
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
¨  12900 ¸ ¨  17299 ¸
¨ 65333 ¸ ¨ 87613 ¸
¨ ¨
© 35048 ¹ © 46999 ¹

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 7.20 T  423.15˜ K P0  8.5˜ bar P  1˜ bar
J
For isentropic expansion, 'S  0˜
mol˜ K

For the heat capacity of nitrogen:

3
0.593˜ 10 5 2
A  3.280 B D  0.040˜ 10 ˜ K
K
For the entropy change of an ideal gas, combine Eqs. (5.14) & (5.15)
with C = 0. Substitute:

W  0.5 (guess)

Given

ª
'S = R˜ «A˜ ln W  « B˜
ª T

D § W  1· º
˜¨ ˜ W  1  ln §¨
P ·º
» »
W T © 2 ¹¼
2
¬ ¬ © P0 ¹¼

T
W  Find W T0  T0 762.42 K Ans.
W

Thus the initial temperature is 489.27 degC

7.21 T1  1223.15˜ K P1  10˜ bar P2  1.5˜ bar

J
CP  32˜ K  0.77
mol˜ K

Eqs. (7.18) and (7.19) derived for isentropic compression apply equally well
for isentropic expansion. They combine to give:

ª R º
« CP »
«§ P2 · » J
W's  CP˜ T1˜ «¨  1» W's 15231
¬© P1 ¹ ¼ mol

J
Ws  K ˜ W's 'H  Ws Ws 11728 Ans.
mol

234
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 Eq. (7.21) also applies to expansion:
'H
T2  T1  T2 856.64 K Ans.
CP

7.22 Isobutane: Tc  408.1˜ K Pc  36.48˜ bar Z  0.181

T0  523.15˜ K P0  5000˜ kPa P  500˜ kPa

J
'S  0˜ For the heat capacity of isobutane:
mol˜ K
3 6
37.853˜ 10 11.945˜ 10
A  1.677 B C
K 2
K
T0 P0
Tr0  Tr0 1.282 Pr0  Pr0 1.3706
Tc Pc
P
Pr  Pr 0.137
Pc

The entropy change is given by Eq. (6.92) combined with Eq. (5.15) with D = 0:

W  0.5 (guess)

Given

ª ª § W  1 · º ˜ W  1  ln § P · º
'S = R˜ «A˜ ln W  « B˜ T0  C˜ T0 ˜ ¨
2
» ¨P »
« ¬ © 2 ¹ ¼ © ¹ »
0
« § W ˜ T · »
« SRB ¨ Tc ZPr   SRB Tr0 ZPr0 
0
»
¬ © ¹ ¼
W  Find W T  W ˜ T0 T 445.71 K

T
Tr  Tr 1.092
Tc

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 The enthalpy change is given by Eq. (6.91):


'Hig  R˜ ICPH T0  T  1.677  37.853˜ 10
3
 11.945˜ 10
6
 0.0

kJ
'Hig 11.078
mol

'H'  'Hig  R˜ Tc˜ HRB Tr Z

Pr    HRB Tr0 Z
Pr0 

J
'H' 8331.4
mol

The actual enthalpy change from Eq. (7.16):

mol J
K  0.8 ndot  700˜ 'H  K'
˜ H' 'H 6665.1
sec mol

Wdot  ndot˜ 'H Wdot 4665.6 kW Ans.

The actual final temperature is now found from Eq. (6.91) combined with Eq
(4.7), written:

W  0.7 (guess)

Given

«
ª
'H = R˜ A˜WT0˜   1 
B 2
˜WT0 ˜  2  1 
C 3
˜WT0 ˜  3  1  º
»
2 3
« § § 0
W ˜ T · · »
«  Tc˜ ¨ HRB ¨ Z
Pr   HRB Tr0 Z
Pr0  »
¬ © © T c ¹ ¹ ¼
W  Find W W 0.875 T  W ˜ T0 T 457.8 K Ans.

7.23 From Table F.2 @ 1700 kPa & 225 degC:

kJ kJ
H1  2851.0˜ S1  6.5138˜
kg kg˜ K

kJ
At 10 kPa: x2  0.95 Sliq  0.6493˜
kg˜ K

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 kJ kJ kJ
Hliq  191.832˜ Hvap  2584.8˜ Svap  8.1511˜
kg kg kg˜ K

kg
mdot  0.5˜ Wdot  180˜ kW
sec

H2  Hliq  x2˜ Hvap  Hliq 'H  H2  H1

3 kJ kJ
H2 2.465 u 10 'H 385.848
kg kg

kJ
(a) Qdot  mdot˜ 'H  Wdot Qdot 12.92 Ans.
sec

(b) For isentropic expansion to 10 kPa, producing wet steam:

S1  Sliq
x'2  H'2  Hliq  x'2˜ Hvap  Hliq
Svap  Sliq

x'2 0.782 3 kJ
H'2 2.063 u 10
kg

Wdot'  mdot˜ H'2  H1 Wdot' 394.2 kW Ans.

7.24 T0  673.15˜ K P0  8˜ bar P  1˜ bar

J
For isentropic expansion, 'S  0˜
mol˜ K
For the heat capacity of carbon dioxide:
3
1.045˜ 10 5 2
A  5.457 B D  1.157˜ 10 ˜ K
K
For the entropy change of an ideal gas, combine Eqs. (5.14) & (5.15) with C = 0:
W  0.5 (guess)

Given
ª ª
'S = R˜ «A˜ ln W  « B˜ T0 
D § W  1 · º ˜ W  1  ln§ P ·º
˜¨ ¨P »
T0˜ W 2 © 2 ¹» © 0 ¹¼
¬ ¬ ¼
W  Find W W 0.693 T'  W ˜ T0 T' 466.46 K

237
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'H'  R˜ ICPH T0  T'  5.457  1.045˜ 10
3
 0.0  1.157˜ 10
5

kJ
'H' 9.768
mol

kJ
K  0.75 Work  K'
˜ H' Work 7.326 Ans.
mol
kJ
'H  Work 'H 7.326
mol

For the enthalpy change of an ideal gas, combine Eqs. (4.2) and (4.7)
with C = 0:
Given
ª
'H = R˜ « A˜WT0˜   1 
B 2
˜WT0 ˜  2  1 
D § W  1· º
˜¨ »
¬ 2 T0 © W ¹ ¼

W  Find W W 0.772 T  W ˜ T0 T 519.9 K Ans.

Thus the final temperature is 246.75 degC

7.25 Vectors containing data for Parts (a) through (e):

§ 500 · §6· § 371 · § 1.2 · § 3.5 ·

¨ 450 ¨5 ¨ 376 ¨ 2.0 ¨ 4.0
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
T1  ¨ 525 ¸ P1  ¨ 10 ¸ T2  ¨ 458 ¸ P2  ¨ 3.0 ¸ Cp  ¨ 5.5 ¸ ˜ R
¨ 475 ¸ ¨7¸ ¨ 372 ¸ ¨ 1.5 ¸ ¨ 4.5 ¸
¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
© 550 ¹ ©4¹ © 403 ¹ © 1.2 ¹ © 2.5 ¹
 o
'H  [Cp˜ (T2  T1)] Ideal gases with constant heat capacities
 o
ª ª R ºº
« « P2 Cp »» Eq. (7.22) Applies to expanders as
'HS  « Cp˜ T1˜ «§¨
·  1» » well as to compressors
¬ ¬© P1 ¹ ¼¼

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 § 0.7 ·

o ¨ 0.803
'H ¨ ¸
K K ¨ 0.649 ¸
'HS ¨ 0.748 ¸
¨
© 0.699 ¹

7.26 7 mol
Cp  ˜R ndot  175 T1  550K P1  6bar P2  1.2bar
2 sec

Guesses: K  0.75 Wdot  600kW

Given

ª R º
« Cp »
§ §
Wdot = ¨ 0.065  .08˜ ln ¨
Wdot · · §
˜ ndot˜ Cp˜ T1˜ «¨
P2 ·
 1»
© © kW ¹ ¹ ¬© P1 ¹ ¼

Wdot  Find ( Wdot) Wdot 594.716 kW Ans.

K  §¨ 0.065  0.08˜ ln §¨
Wdot · ·
K 0.576 Ans.
© © kW ¹ ¹
For an expander operating with an ideal gas with constant Cp, one can
show that:

ª ª R ºº
« « P2 Cp »»
T2  T1˜ « 1  K ˜ «§¨
·  1» » T2 433.213 K
¬ ¬© P1 ¹ ¼¼
By Eq. (5.14):

'S  R˜ §¨
Cp § T2 ·
 ln §¨
P2 · · J
˜ ln ¨ 'S 6.435
© R © T1 ¹ © P1 ¹ ¹ mol˜ K

By Eq. (5.37), for adiabatic operation :

3 J
SdotG  ndot˜ 'S SdotG 1.126 u 10 Ans.
K˜ sec

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 7.27 Properties of superheated steam at 4500 kPa and 400 C from Table F.2,
p. 742.
H1  3207.1 S1  6.7093
If the exhaust steam (Point 2, Fig. 7.4) is "dry," i.e., saturated vapor, then
isentropicexpansion to the same pressure (Point 2', Fig. 7.4) must produce
"wet" steam, withentropy:

S2 = S1 = 6.7093 = (x)(Svap) + (1-x)(Sliq) [x is quality]

A second relation follows from Eq. (7.16), written:

'H = Hvap - 3207.1 = (K'HS) = (0.75)[ (x)(Hvap) + (1-x)(Hliq) - 3207.1]

Each of these equations may be solved for x. Given a final temperature

and the corresponding vapor pressure, values for Svap, Sliq, Hvap, and
Hliq are found from the table for saturated steam, and substitution into the
equations for x produces two values. The required pressure is the one for
which the two values of x agree. This is clearly a trial process. For a final
trial temperature of 120 degC, the following values of H and S for
saturated liquid and saturated vapor are found in the steam table:

Hl  503.7 Hv  2706.0

Sl  1.5276 Sv  7.1293
The two equations for x are:
Hv 801.7  .75˜ Hl 6.7093  Sl
xH  xS 
.75˜ (Hv Hl) Sv Sl

The trial values given produce: xH 0.924 xS 0.925

These are sufficiently close, and we conclude that:
t=120 degC; P=198.54 kPa

If K were 0.8, the pressure would be higher, because a smaller pressure

drop would be required to produce the same work and 'H.

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 7.29 P1  5˜ atm P2  1˜ atm T1  15˜ degC K  0.55
Data in Table F.1 for saturated liquid water at 15 degC give:

3
cm kJ
V  1001˜ Cp  4.190˜
kg kg˜ degC
Eqs. (7.16) and (7.24) combine to give: 'H  K ˜ V˜ ( P2  P1)
kJ
Ws  'H (7.14) Ws 0.223
kg

'H  V˜ ( P2  P1)
Eq. (7.25) with E=0 is solved for 'T: 'T 
Cp

'T 0.044 degC Ans.

7.30 Assume nitrogen an ideal gas. First find the temperature after isentropic
expansion from a combination of Eqs. (5.14) & (5.15) with C = 0. Then
find the work (enthalpy change) of isentropic expansion by a combination
of Eqs. (4.2) and (4.7) with C = 0. The actual work (enthalpy change) is
found from Eq. (7.20). From this value, the actual temperature is found by
a second application of the preceding equation, this time solving it for the
temperature. The following vectors contain values for Parts (a) through
(e):
§ 753.15 · § 6˜ bar · § 1˜ bar ·
¨ 673.15 ¨ 5˜ bar ¨ 1˜ bar
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
T0  ¨ 773.15 ¸ ˜ K P0  ¨ 7˜ bar ¸ P  ¨ 1˜ bar ¸
¨ 723.15 ¸ ¨ 8˜ bar ¸ ¨ 2˜ bar ¸
¨ ¨ ¨
© 755.37 ¹ © 95˜ psi ¹ © 15˜ psi ¹

§ 200 · § 0.80 · 'S  0˜

J
¨ 150 ¨ 0.75 mol˜ K
¨ ¸ mol ¨ ¸
ndot  ¨ 175 ¸˜ K  ¨ 0.78 ¸ i  1  5
¨ 100 ¸ sec ¨ 0.85 ¸
¨ ¨
© 0.5˜ 453.59 ¹ © 0.80 ¹

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 For the heat capacity of nitrogen:
3
0.593˜ 10 5 2
A  3.280 B D  0.040˜ 10 ˜ K
K

W  0.5 (guess)

Given
ª ª
'S = R˜ A˜ ln W  B˜ T0 
D § W  1 · º ˜ W  1  ln § P ·º
˜¨
« « 2 ¹»
¨P »
T0 ˜ W ©
2 2
¬ ¬ ¼ © 0 ¹¼

TauT0  P0  P  Find W 
W i  Tau T0  P0  Pi
i i

§ 460.67 ·
¨ 431.36
¨ ¸
Ti  T0 ˜ W i
i
T ¨ 453.48 ¸K
¨ 494.54 ¸
¨
© 455.14 ¹
3
'H'i  R˜ ICPH § T0  Ti  3.280  0.593˜ 10  0.0  0.040˜ 10 ·
5
© i ¹
§ 8879.2 · § 7103.4 ·
¨ 7279.8 ¨ 5459.8
¨ ¸ J  o ¨ ¸ J
'H' ¨ 9714.4 ¸ 'H  'H'˜ K 'H ¨ 7577.2 ¸
¨ 6941.7 ¸ mol ¨ 5900.5 ¸ mol
¨ ¨
© 9112.1 ¹ © 7289.7 ¹
W  0.5 (guess)

Given
ª
'H = R˜ « A˜WT0˜   1 
B 2
˜WT0 ˜  2  1 
D § W  1· º
˜¨ »
¬ 2 T0 © W ¹ ¼


Tau T0  'H  Find W W i  Tau T0  'Hi i
Ti  T0 ˜ W i
i

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 § 520.2 · § 1421 ·
¨ 492.62 ¨ 819
¨ ¸  o ¨ ¸
T ¨ 525.14 ¸ K Ans. Wdot  ndot˜ 'H Wdot ¨ 1326 ¸ kW Ans.
¨ 529.34 ¸ ¨ 590 ¸
¨ ¨
© 516.28 ¹ © 1653 ¹

7.31 Property values and data from Example 7.6:

kJ kJ kg
H1  3391.6˜ S1  6.6858˜ mdot  59.02˜
kg kg˜ K sec
kJ kJ
H2  2436.0˜ S2  7.6846˜ Wdot  56400˜ kW
kg kg˜ K

TV  300˜ K By Eq. (5.26)

Wdotideal  mdot˜ ¬ª H2  H1  TV ˜ S2  S1 º¼ Wdotideal 74084 kW

Wdot
Kt  Kt 0.761 Ans.
Wdotideal
The process is adiabatic; Eq. (5.33) becomes:
kW
SdotG  mdot˜ S2  S1 SdotG 58.949 Ans.
K
Wdotlost  TV ˜ SdotG Wdotlost 17685 kW Ans.

7.32 For sat. vapor steam at 1200 kPa, Table F.2:

kJ kJ
H2  2782.7˜ S2  6.5194˜
kg kg˜ K
The saturation temperature is 187.96 degC.
The exit temperature of the exhaust gas is therefore 197.96 degC, and
the temperature CHANGE of the exhaust gas is -202.04 K.
For the water at 20 degC from Table F.1,
kJ kJ
H1  83.86˜ S1  0.2963˜
kg kg˜ K

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 The turbine exhaust will be wet vapor steam.
For sat. liquid and sat. vapor at the turbine exhaust pressure of 25 kPa, the
best property values are found from Table F.1 by interpolation between 64
and 65 degC:
kJ kJ
Hliq  272.0˜ Hlv  2346.3˜
kg kg

kJ kJ
Sliq  0.8932˜ Slv  6.9391˜ K  0.72
kg˜ K kg˜ K

For isentropic expansion of steam in the turbine:

S'3  Sliq
S'3  S2 x'3  H'3  Hliq  x'3˜ Hlv
Slv
kJ
S'3 6.519 3 kJ
kg˜ K x'3 0.811 H'3 2.174 u 10
kg
'H23  K ˜ H'3  H2 H3  H2  'H23
kJ 3 kJ
'H23 437.996 H3 2.345 u 10
kg kg
H3  Hliq
x3  S3  Sliq  x3˜ Slv
Hlv
kJ
S3 7.023
x3 0.883 kg˜ K

mol
For the exhaust gases: ndot 125˜
sec
T1  (273.15  400)K
˜ T2  (273.15  197.96)K
˜

T1 673.15 K T2 471.11 K

gm
molwt 18
mol


'Hgas  R˜ MCPH T1  T2  3.34  1.12˜ 10
3
 0.0  0.0 ˜ T2  T1

R˜ MCPS T1  T2  3.34  1.12˜ 10  0.0  0.0 ˜ ln ¨

3 § T2 ·
'Sgas 
T1 © ¹
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 3 kJ kJ
'Hgas 6.687 u 10 'Sgas 11.791
kmol kmol˜ K
Energy balance on boiler:

'
ndot˜ Hgas kg
mdot  mdot 0.30971
H2  H1 sec

(a) Wdot  mdot˜ H3  H2 Wdot 135.65 kW Ans.

(b) By Eq. (5.25): TV  293.15˜ K

Wdotideal  ndot˜ 'Hgas  mdot˜ H3  H1 

 TV ˜ ª¬ ndot˜ 'Sgas  mdot˜ S3  S1 º¼

Wdot
Wdotideal 314.302 kW Kt  Kt 0.4316 Ans.
Wdotideal

(c) For both the boiler and the turbine, Eq. (5.33) applies with Q = 0.
For the boiler:
SdotG  ndot˜ 'Sgas  mdot˜ S2  S1

kW
Boiler: SdotG 0.4534 Ans.
K

For the turbine: SdotG  mdot˜ S3  S2

kW
Turbine: SdotG 0.156 Ans.
K

kW
(d) Wdotlost.boiler  0.4534˜ ˜ TV Wdotlost.boiler 132.914 kW
K
kW
Wdotlost.turbine  0.1560˜ ˜ TV Wdotlost.turbine 45.731 kW
K
Wdotlost.boiler
Fractionboiler  Fractionboiler 0.4229 Ans.
Wdotideal

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 Wdotlost.turbine
Fractionturbine  Fractionturbine 0.1455 Ans.
Wdotideal

Note that: K t  Fractionboiler  Fractionturbine 1

7.34 From Table F.2 for sat. vap. at 125 kPa:

kJ kJ
H1  2685.2˜ S1  7.2847˜
kg kg˜ K

kJ
For isentropic expansion, S'2 = S1 = 7.2847˜
kg˜ K

Interpolation in Table F.2 at 700 kPa for the enthalpy of steam with this
entropy gives

kJ H'2  H1 kJ
H'2  3051.3˜ K  0.78 'H  'H 469.359
kg K kg

kJ
H2  H1  'H H2 3154.6 Ans.
kg

Interpolation in Table F.2 at 700 kPa for the entropy of steam with this
enthalpy gives
kJ
S2  7.4586˜ Ans.
kg˜ K

kg
mdot  2.5˜ Wdot  mdot˜ 'H Wdot 1173.4 kW Ans.
sec

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 7.35 Assume air an ideal gas. First find the temperature after isentropic
compression from a combination of Eqs. (5.14) & (5.15) with C = 0. Then
find the work (enthalpy change) of isentropic compression by a
combination of Eqs. (4.2) and (4.7) with C = 0. The actual work (enthalpy
change) is found from Eq. (7.20). From this value, the actual temperature
is found by a second application of the preceding equation, this time
solving it for the temperature. The following vectors contain values for
Parts (a) through (f):

§ 298.15 · § 101.33˜ kPa · § 375˜ kPa ·

¨ ¨ ¨
¨ 353.15 ¸ ¨ 375˜ kPa ¸ ¨ 1000˜ kPa ¸
¨ 303.15 ¸ ¨ 100˜ kPa ¸ ¨ 500˜ kPa ¸
T0  ¨ ¸˜K P0  ¨ ¸ P ¨ ¸
¨ 373.15 ¸ ¨ 500˜ kPa ¸ ¨ 1300˜ kPa ¸
¨ 299.82 ¸ ¨ 14.7˜ psi ¸ ¨ 55˜ psi ¸
¨ ¨ ¨
© 338.71 ¹ © 55˜ psi ¹ © 135˜ psi ¹
§ 100 · § 0.75 ·
¨ ¨
¨ 100 ¸ ¨ 0.70 ¸ J
¨ 150 ¸ mol ¨ 0.80 ¸ 'S  0˜
mol˜ K
ndot  ¨ ¸˜ K ¨ ¸
¨ 50 ¸ sec ¨ 0.75 ¸ i  1  6
¨ 0.5˜ 453.59 ¸ ¨ 0.75 ¸
¨ ¨
© 0.5˜ 453.59 ¹ © 0.70 ¹
For the heat capacity of air:
3
0.575˜ 10 5 2
A  3.355 B D  0.016˜ 10 ˜ K
K
W  0.5 (guess)

Given

ª ª
'S = R˜ «A˜ ln W  « B˜ T0 
D § W  1 · º ˜ W  1  ln § P ·º
˜¨
» ¨P »
T0 ˜ W © 2 ¹ ¼
2 2
¬ ¬ © 0 ¹¼

Tau T0  P0  P  Find W 
W i  Tau T0  P0  Pi
i i

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 § 431.06 ·
¨
¨ 464.5 ¸
Ti  T0 ˜ W i
¨ 476.19 ¸
i T ¨ ¸K
¨ 486.87 ¸
¨ 434.74 ¸
¨
© 435.71 ¹

3
'H'i  R˜ ICPH § T0  Ti  3.355  0.575˜ 10  0.0  0.016˜ 10 ·
5
© i ¹
§ 3925.2 ·
¨
¨ 3314.6 ¸
¨ 5133.2 ¸ J
'H' ¨ ¸
¨ 3397.5 ¸ mol
¨ 3986.4 ¸
¨
© 2876.6 ¹ § 5233.6 ·
¨
o ¨ 4735.1 ¸
'H  ¨
§ 'H' · ¨ 6416.5 ¸ J
© K ¹ 'H ¨ ¸
¨ 4530 ¸ mol
¨ 5315.2 ¸
¨
© 4109.4 ¹
W  1.5 (guess)

Given
ª
'H = R˜ « A˜WT0˜   1 
B 2
˜WT0 ˜  2  1 
D § W  1· º
˜¨ »
¬ 2 T0 © W ¹ ¼


Tau T0  'H  Find W 
W i  Tau T0  'Hi
i
Ti  T0 ˜ W i
i

 o
Wdot  ndot˜ 'H

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 § 474.68 · § 702 · § 523 ·
¨ ¨ ¨
¨ 511.58 ¸ ¨ 635 ¸ ¨ 474 ¸
¨ 518.66 ¸ ¨ 1291 ¸ ¨ 962 ¸
T ¨ ¸K Wdot ¨ ¸ hp Wdot ¨ ¸ kW Ans.
¨ 524.3 ¸ ¨ 304 ¸ ¨ 227 ¸
¨ 479.01 ¸ ¨ 1617 ¸ ¨ 1205 ¸
¨ ¨ ¨
© 476.79 ¹ © 1250 ¹ © 932 ¹

7.36 Ammonia: Tc  405.7˜ K Pc  112.8˜ bar Z  0.253

T0  294.15˜ K P0  200˜ kPa P  1000˜ kPa

J
'S  0˜ For the heat capacity of ammonia:
mol˜ K
3
3.020˜ 10 5 2
A  3.578 B D  0.186˜ 10 ˜ K
K
T0 P0
Tr0  Tr0 0.725 Pr0  Pr0 0.0177
Tc Pc
P
Pr  Pr 0.089
Pc
Use generalized second-virial correlation:

The entropy change is given by Eq. (6.92) combined with Eq. (5.15); C = 0:

W  1.4 (guess)

Given
ª ª
'S = R˜ «A˜ ln W  « B˜ T0 
§ W  1 · º ˜ W  1  ln§ P · º
D
˜¨
2 © 2 ¹» ¨P »
« ¬ 
W ˜ T 0 ¼ © 0¹
»
« § W ˜ T0 · »
« SRB ¨ T ZPr   SRB Tr0 ZPr0  »
¬ © c ¹ ¼
W  Find W W 1.437 T  W ˜ T0 T 422.818 K
T
Tr  Tr 1.042
Tc

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'Hig  R˜ ICPH T0  T  3.578  3.020˜ 10
3 5
 0.0  0.186˜ 10

kJ
'Hig 4.826
mol


'H'  'Hig  R˜ Tc˜ HRB Tr Z
Pr   
 HRB Tr0 Z
Pr0 

J
'H' 4652
mol

The actual enthalpy change from Eq. (7.17):

'H' J
K  0.82 'H  'H 5673.2
K mol

The actual final temperature is now found from Eq. (6.91) combined with Eq
(4.7), written:

W  1.4 (guess)

Given
ª
'H = R˜ « A˜WT0˜   1 
B
˜WT0 ˜ 
2 2
1 
D § W  1·
˜¨ 
º
»
« 2 T 0 © W ¹ »
« § § W ˜ T0 · · »
«  T c˜ ¨ HRB ¨ ZP r   HRB T r0 Z
P
r0  »
¬ © © Tc ¹ ¹ ¼
W  Find W W 1.521 T  W ˜ T0 T 447.47 K Ans.
T
Tr  Tr 1.103
Tc

ª ª
'S  R˜ «A˜ ln W  « B˜ T0 
D § W  1 · º ˜ W  1  ln § P · º
˜¨ ¨P »
2 © 2 ¹»
« ¬ W ˜ T0 ¼ © ¹ »
0
« SRB Tr ZPr   SRB Tr0 Z Pr0  »
¬ ¼

J
'S 2.347 Ans.
mol˜ K

250
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 7.37 Propylene: Tc  365.6˜ K Pc  46.65˜ bar Z  0.140

T0  303.15˜ K P0  11.5˜ bar P  18˜ bar

J
'S  0˜ For the heat capacity of propylene:
mol˜ K
3 6
22.706˜ 10 6.915˜ 10
A  1.637 B C
K 2
K
T0 P0
Tr0  Tr0 0.8292 Pr0  Pr0 0.2465
Tc Pc
P
Pr  Pr 0.386
Pc

Use generalized second-virial correlation:

The entropy change is given by Eq. (6.92) combined with Eq. (5.15) with D = 0:

W  1.1 (guess)

Given
ª ª § W  1 · º ˜ W  1  ln § P · º
'S = R˜ «A˜ ln W  « B˜ T0  C˜ T0 ˜ ¨
2
» ¨P »
« ¬ © 2 ¹ ¼ © ¹ »
0
« § W ˜ T · »
« SRB ¨ Tc ZPr   SRB Tr0 ZPr0 
0
»
¬ © ¹ ¼

W  Find W W 1.069 T  W ˜ T0 T 324.128 K

T
Tr  Tr 0.887
Tc

The enthalpy change for the final T is given by Eq. (6.91), with HRB for
this T:


'Hig  R˜ ICPH T0  T  1.637  22.706˜ 10
3
 6.915˜ 10
6
 0.0

3 J
'Hig 1.409 u 10
mol
'H'  'Hig  R˜ Tc˜ HRB Tr Z 
Pr   
 HRB Tr0 Z
Pr0 

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 J
'H' 964.1
mol
The actual enthalpy change from Eq. (7.17):
'H' J
K  0.80 'H  'H 1205.2
K mol

mol
ndot  1000˜ Wdot  ndot˜ 'H Wdot 1205.2 kW Ans.
sec

The actual final temperature is now found from Eq. (6.91) combined with Eq
(4.7), written:

W  1.1 (guess)

Given

'H = R˜ ª A˜WT0˜   1 
«
B

2 2
˜WT0 ˜
C 3 3
 1  ˜WT0 ˜ 
 1  º
»
2 3
« § § W ˜ T0 · · »
«  Tc˜ ¨ HRB ¨ ZPr  
 HRB Tr0 Z
Pr0  »
¬ © © T c ¹ ¹ ¼
W  Find W W 1.079 T  W ˜ T0 T 327.15 K Ans.

7.38 Methane: Tc  190.6˜ K Pc  45.99˜ bar Z  0.012

T0  308.15˜ K P0  3500˜ kPa P  5500˜ kPa

J
'S  0˜ For the heat capacity of methane:
mol˜ K
3 6
9.081˜ 10 2.164˜ 10
A  1.702 B C
K 2
K
T0 P0
Tr0  Tr0 1.6167 Pr0  Pr0 0.761
Tc Pc
P
Pr  Pr 1.196
Pc

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 Use generalized second-virial correlation:

The entropy change is given by Eq. (6.92) combined with Eq. (5.15) with D = 0:

W  1.1 (guess)

Given
ª ª § W  1 · º ˜ W  1  ln § P · º
'S = R˜ «A˜ ln W  « B˜ T0  C˜ T0 ˜ ¨
2
» ¨P »
« ¬ © 2 ¹ ¼ © ¹ »
0
« § W ˜ T · »
« SRB ¨ Tc ZPr   SRB Tr0 ZPr0 
0
»
¬ © ¹ ¼

W  Find W W 1.114 T  W ˜ T0 T 343.379 K

T
Tr  Tr 1.802
Tc

The enthalpy change for the final T is given by Eq. (6.91), with HRB for
this T:


'Hig  R˜ ICPH T0  T  1.702  9.081˜ 10
3 6
 2.164˜ 10  0.0

3 J
'Hig 1.298 u 10
mol


'H'  'Hig  R˜ Tc˜ HRB Tr Z
Pr   
 HRB Tr0 Z
Pr0 

J
'H' 1158.8
mol

The actual enthalpy change from Eq. (7.17):

'H' J
K  0.78 'H  'H 1485.6
K mol

mol
ndot  1500˜ Wdot  ndot˜ 'H Wdot 2228.4 kW Ans.
sec

The actual final temperature is now found from Eq. (6.91) combined with Eq
(4.7), written:

W  1.1 (guess)

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 Given

'H = R˜ ª A˜WT0˜   1 
«
B 2
˜WT0 ˜  2  1 
C 3
˜WT0 ˜  3  1  º
»
2 3
« § § 0
W ˜ T · · »
«  Tc˜ ¨ HRB ¨ Z
Pr   HRB Tr0 Z
Pr0  »
¬ © © T c ¹ ¹ ¼
W  Find W W 1.14 T  W ˜ T0 T 351.18 K Ans.

7.39 From the data and results of Example 7.9,

T1  293.15˜ K T2  428.65˜ K P1  140˜ kPa P2  560˜ kPa

J
Work  5288.3˜ TV  293.15˜ K
mol


'H  R˜ ICPH T1  T2  1.702  9.081˜ 10
3
 2.164˜ 10
6
 0.0

J
'H 5288.2
mol

§

'S  R˜ ¨ ICPS T1  T2  1.702  9.081˜ 10
3
 2.164˜ 10
6
 0.0  ln ¨
§ P2 · ·
© © P1 ¹ ¹
J
'S 3.201
mol˜ K

J
Since the process is adiabatic: SG  'S SG 3.2012 Ans.
mol˜ K

J
Wideal  'H  TV ˜ 'S Wideal 4349.8 Ans.
mol

J
Wlost  TV ˜ 'S Wlost 938.4 Ans.
mol

Wideal
Kt  Kt 0.823 Ans.
Work

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 7.42 P1  1atm T1  (35  273.15)K T1 308.15 K

P2  50atm T2  (200  273.15)K T2 473.15 K

3
m
K  0.65 Vdot  0.5 Cp  3.5˜ R
sec
R˜ T1 Vdot mol
V ndot  ndot 19.775
P1 V sec

With compression from the same initial conditions (P1,T1) to the same
final conditions (P2,T2) in each stage, the same efficiency in each stage,
and the same power delivered to each stage, the applicable equations are:
1
N
r = §¨
P2 · (where r is the pressure ratio in each stage and N is
© P1 ¹ the number of stages.)

Eq. (7.23) may be solved for T2prime: T'2  »(T2  T1)K

˜  T1º¼

T'2 415.4 K Eq. (7.18) written for a single stage is:

R1
N˜ Cp
T'2 = T1˜ §¨
P2 ·
Put in logarithmic form and solve for N:
© P1 ¹

ln §¨
P2 ·
(a) Although any number of
N
R
˜ © P1 ¹ N 3.743 stages greater than this
Cp § T'2 ·
ln ¨ would serve, design for 4
© T1 ¹ stages.
1
N
r  §¨
P2 ·
(b) Calculate r for 4 stages: N  4 r 2.659
© P1 ¹
Power requirement per stage follows from Eq. (7.22). In kW/stage:

§ R ·
¨ Cp
ndot˜ Cp˜ T1˜ © r  1¹
Wdotr  Wdotr 87.944 kW Ans.
K

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 (c) Because the gas (ideal) leaving the intercooler and the gas entering
the compressor are at the same temperature (308.15 K), there is no
enthalpy change for the compressor/interchanger system, and the first law
yields:

Qdotr  Wdotr Qdotr 87.944 kW Ans.

Heat duty = 87.94 kW/interchanger

(d) Energy balance on each interchanger (subscript w denotes water):

With data for saturated liquid water from the steam tables:
kJ kJ
'Hw  (188.4  104.8) 'Hw 83.6
kg kg
Qdotr kg
mdotw  mdotw 1.052 Ans. (in each interchanger)
'Hw sec

7.44

§ 300 · § 2.0 ·
¨ 290 ¨ 1.5
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
T1  ¨ 295 ¸ K P1  ¨ 1.2 ¸ bar
¨ 300 ¸ ¨ 1.1 ¸
¨ ¨
© 305 ¹ © 1.5 ¹

§ 464 · §6 · § 3.5 ·
¨ 547 ¨5 ¨ 2.5
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
T2  ¨ 455 ¸ K P2  ¨ 6 ¸ bar Cp  ¨ 4.5 ¸ ˜ R
¨ 505 ¸ ¨8 ¸ ¨ 5.5 ¸
¨ ¨ ¨
© 496 ¹ ©7 ¹ © 4.0 ¹
 o
'H  [Cp˜ (T2  T1)] Ideal gases with constant heat capacities

o

ª ª R ºº
« « P2 Cp »»
'HS  « Cp˜ T1˜ «§¨
·  1» » (7.22)
¬ ¬© P1 ¹ ¼¼
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 § 3.219 · § 0.675 ·
¨ 3.729 
o ¨ 0.698
¨ ¸ kJ 'HS ¨ ¸
'HS ¨ 4.745 ¸ K K ¨ 0.793 ¸ Ans.
¨ 5.959 ¸ mol 'H ¨ 0.636 ¸
¨ ¨
© 4.765 ¹ © 0.75 ¹

7.47 The following vectors contain values for Parts (a) through (e). Intake
conditions first:

§ 298.15 · § 100˜ kPa · § 20˜ kg ·

¨ 363.15 ¨ 200˜ kPa ¨ 30˜ kg
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 1
T1  ¨ 333.15 ¸ ˜ K P1  ¨ 20˜ kPa ¸ mdot  ¨ 15˜ kg ¸ ˜
¨ 294.26 ¸ ¨ 1˜ atm ¸ ¨ 50˜ lb ¸ sec
¨ ¨ ¨
© 366.48 ¹ © 15˜ psi ¹ © 80˜ lb ¹

§ 2000˜ kPa · § 0.75 · § 257.2 ·

¨ 5000˜ kPa ¨ 0.70 ¨ 696.2
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 10 6
P2  ¨ 5000˜ kPa ¸ K  ¨ 0.75 ¸ E  ¨ 523.1 ¸ ˜
¨ 20˜ atm ¸ ¨ 0.70 ¸ ¨ 217.3 ¸ K
¨ ¨ ¨
© 1500˜ psi ¹ © 0.75 ¹ © 714.3 ¹
From the steam tables for sat.liq. water at the initial temperature (heat
capacity calculated from enthalpy values):

§ 1.003 · § 4.15 ·
¨ 1.036 ¨ 4.20
¨ ¸ cm3 ¨ ¸ kJ
V  ¨ 1.017 ¸ ˜ CP  ¨ 4.20 ¸ ˜
¨ 1.002 ¸ gm ¨ 4.185 ¸ kg˜ K
¨ ¨
© 1.038 ¹ © 4.20 ¹

o
o 'HS
By Eq. (7.24) 'HS  ª¬V˜ P2  P1 º¼ 'H 
K

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 § 1.906 · § 2.541 ·
¨ 4.973 ¨ 7.104
¨ ¸ kJ ¨ ¸ kJ
'HS ¨ 5.065 ¸ 'H ¨ 6.753 ¸
¨ 1.929 ¸ kg ¨ 2.756 ¸ kg
¨ ¨
© 10.628 ¹ © 14.17 ¹
§ 0.188 ·
 o ¨ 0.807

'H  V˜ 1  E ˜ T1 ˜ P2  P1 ¨ ¸
By Eq. (7.25) 'T  'T ¨ 0.612 ¸ K
CP ¨ 0.227 ¸
¨
© 1.506 ¹
§ 50.82 · § 68.15 ·
¨ 213.12 ¨ 285.8
o ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
Wdot  'H˜ mdot Wdot ¨ 101.29 ¸ kW Wdot ¨ 135.84 ¸ hp Ans.
¨ 62.5 ¸ ¨ 83.81 ¸
¨ ¨
© 514.21 ¹ © 689.56 ¹
§ 298.338 ·
¨ 363.957
 o ¨ ¸

T2  T1  'T T2 ¨ 333.762 ¸ K
¨ 294.487 ¸
¨
© 367.986 ¹


o § t21 ·
§¨ T · ¨ §¨ 25.19 ·
§ 2 · ¨ t2 ¸
t2  ¨ ¨  273.15 ¨ 90.81 ¸ degC
©© K ¹¹ ¨ 2¸ ¨ 60.61
¨ t2 © ¹
© 3¹
o
§ T2 · § t24 · § 70.41 ·
t2  ¨ ˜ 1.8  459.67 ¨ ¨ degF
©K ¹ ¨ t2 © 202.7 ¹
© 5¹

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 7.48 Results from Example 7.10:
kJ kJ kJ
'H  11.57˜ W  11.57˜ 'S  0.0090˜
kg kg kg˜ K
Wideal
TV  300˜ K Wideal  'H  TV ˜ 'S Kt 
W
kJ
Wideal 8.87 Ans. Kt 0.767 Ans.
kg
Since the process is adiabatic.

SG  'S  3 kJ
SG 9 u 10 Ans.
kg˜ K

Wlost  TV ˜ 'S Wlost 2.7

kJ
kg Ans.

7.53 T1  (25  273.15)K P1  1.2bar P2  5bar

T3  (200  273.15)K P3  5bar

J kJ
Cpv  105 'Hlv  30.72 K  0.7
mol˜ K mol

Estimate the specific molar volume of liquid benzene using the Rackett
equation (3.72).
3
cm
From Table B.1 for benzene: Tc  562.2K Zc  0.271 Vc  259
mol
Tn
From Table B.2 for benzene: Tn  (80.0  273.15)K Trn 
Tc
2

1Trn 7
cm
3
Assume Vliq = Vsat: V  Vc˜ Zc Eq. (3.72) V 96.802
mol
Calculate pump power

V˜ P2  P1 kJ
Ws  Ws 0.053 Ans.
K mol

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 Assume that no temperature change occurs during the liquid compression.

Therefore: T2  T1
Estimate the saturation temperature at P = 5 bar using the Antoine
Equation and values from Table B.2
For benzene from
A  13.7819 B  2726.81 C  217.572
Table B.2:

Tsat  §¨  C· degC Tsat

B
142.77 degC
§ P2 ·
¨ A  ln ¨
© © kPa ¹ ¹ Tsat  Tsat  273.15K Tsat 415.9 K

Estimate the heat of vaporization at Tsat using Watson's method

From Table B.2 kJ

'Hlv  30.72
At 80 C: mol

(80  273.15)K Tsat

Tr1  Tr1 0.628 Tr2  Tr2 0.74
Tc Tc

0.38
§ 1  Tr2 · kJ
'Hlv2  'Hlv˜ ¨ Eq. (4.13) 'Hlv2 26.822
© 1  Tr1 ¹ mol

Calculate the heat exchanger heat duty.


Q  R˜ ICPH T2  Tsat  0.747  67.96˜ 10
3
 37.78˜ 10
6
 0 
 'Hlv2  Cpv˜ T3  Tsat

kJ
Q 51.1 Ans.
mol

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 7.54 T1  ( 25  273.15)K P1  1.2bar P2  1.2bar

T3  ( 200  273.15)K P3  5bar

J
Cpv  105 K  0.75
mol˜ K

Calculate the compressor inlet temperature.

Combining equations (7.17), (7.21) and (7.22) yields:

T3
T2  T2 408.06 K
ª R º
« Cpv »
«
1 § 3·P » T2  273.15K 134.91 degC
1  ˜ «¨  1»
K ¬© P2 ¹ ¼
Calculate the compressor power

kJ
Ws  Cpv˜ T3  T2 Ws 6.834 Ans.
mol

Calculate the heat exchanger duty. Note that the exchanger outlet
temperature, T2, is equal to the compressor inlet temperature. The
benzene enters the exchanger as a subcooled liquid. In the exchanger the
liquid is first heated to the saturation temperature at P1, vaporized and
finally the vapor is superheated to temperature T 2.
Estimate the saturation temperature at P = 1.2 bar using the
Antoine Equation and values from Table B.2
For benzene from
A  13.7819 B  2726.81 C  217.572
Table B.2:

Tsat  §¨  C· degC Tsat

B
85.595 degC
§ P1 ·
¨ A  ln ¨
© © kPa ¹ ¹ Tsat  Tsat  273.15K Tsat 358.7 K

Estimate the heat of vaporization at Tsat using Watson's method

From Table B.2 kJ From Table B.1 Tc  562.2K

'Hlv  30.72
At 25 C: mol for benzene:

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 (80  273.15)K Tsat
Tr1  Tr1 0.628 Tr2  Tr2 0.638
Tc Tc

0.38
§ 1  Tr2 · kJ
'Hlv2  'Hlv˜ ¨ Eq. (4.13) 'Hlv2 30.405
© 1  Tr1 ¹ mol


Q  R˜ ICPH T1  Tsat  0.747  67.96˜ 10
3 6
 37.78˜ 10  0 
 'Hlv2  Cpv˜ T2  Tsat

kJ
Q 44.393 Ans.
mol

kmol
7.57 ndot  100 P1  1.2bar T1  300K P2  6bar
hr

J
Cp  50.6 K  0.70
mol˜ K
Assume the compressor is adaiabatic.

R
Cp
§ P2 ·
T2  ¨ ˜ T1 (Pg. 77) T2 390.812 K
© P1 ¹
Wdots  ndot˜ Cp˜ T2  T1 Wdots 127.641 kW

Wdots
Wdote  Wdote 182.345 kW
K
0.952
§ Wdots ·
C_compressor  3040dollars˜ ¨ C_compressor 307452 dollars Ans.
© kW ¹
0.855
§ Wdote ·
C_motor  380dollars˜ ¨ C_motor 32572 dollars Ans.
© kW ¹

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 7.59 T1  375K P1  18bar P2  1.2bar
For ethylene: Z  0.087 Tc  282.3K Pc  50.40bar

T1 P1
Tr1  Tr1 1.328 Pr1  Pr1 0.357
Tc Pc
P2
Pr2  Pr2 0.024
Pc

3 6
A  1.424 B  14.394˜ 10 C  4.392˜ 10 D 0

a) For throttling process, assume the process is adiabatic. Find T2 such that
'H = 0.

'H = Cpmig˜ T2  T1  HR2  HR1 Eq. (6-93)

Use the MCPH function to calculate the mean heat capacity and the HRB
function for the residual enthalpy.
Guess: T2  T1
Given

J
0˜ = MCPH T1  T2  A  B  C  D ˜ R˜ T2  T1 
mol
§ T2 ·
 R˜ Tc˜ HRB ¨ Z Pr2   R˜ Tc˜ HRB Tr1 Z 
Pr1 
© T c ¹
T2
T2  Find T2 T2 365.474 K Ans. Tr2  Tr2 1.295
Tc
Calculate change in entropy using Eq. (6-94) along with MCPS function for
the mean heat capacity and SRB function for the residual entropy.

§ § T2 · § P2 · ·
'S  ¨ R˜ MCPS T1  T2  A  B  C  D ˜ ln ¨  R˜ ln ¨  Eq. (6-94)
© © T1 ¹ © P1 ¹ ¹

 R˜ SRB Tr2 Z
Pr2  
 R˜ SRB Tr1 Z
Pr1 

J
'S 22.128 Ans.
mol˜ K

263
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 b) For expansion process. K  70%

First find T2 for isentropic expansion. Solve Eq. (6-94) with 'S = 0.

Guess: T2  T1

Given
J § T2 · § P2 ·
0 = R˜ MCPS T1  T2  A  B  C  D ˜ ln ¨  R˜ ln ¨ 
mol˜ K © T1 ¹ © P1 ¹ Eq. (6-94)
§ T2 ·
 SRB ¨ Z
Pr2  
˜ R  SRB Tr1 Z
Pr1  ˜R
© Tc ¹
T2
T2  FindT2 T2 219.793 K Tr2  Tr2 0.779
Tc
Now calculate the isentropic enthalpy change, 'HS.

HR2  HRB Tr2 Z 

Pr2  ˜ R ˜ Tc

'HS  ¬ªR˜ MCPH T1  T2  A  B  C  D ˜ T2  T1 º¼ 

 HRB Tr2 Z 
Pr2  ˜ R˜ Tc  HRB Tr1 Z 
Pr1  ˜ R˜ Tc
3 J
'HS 6.423 u 10
mol

Calculate actual enthalpy change using the expander efficiency.

3 J
'H  K'
˜ HS 'H 4.496 u 10
mol
Find T2 such that 'H matches the value above.

Given

˜ HS = MCPH T1  T2  A  B  C  D ˜ R˜ T2  T1 
K'
§ T2 ·
 R˜ Tc˜ HRB ¨ Z Pr2   R˜ Tc˜ HRB Tr1 ZPr1  
© T c ¹

T2  FindT2 T2 268.536 K Ans.

264
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 Now recalculate 'S at calculated T2
§ § T2 · § P2 · ·
'S  ¨ R˜ MCPS T1  T2  A  B  C  D ˜ ln ¨  R˜ ln ¨  Eq. (6-94)
© © T1 ¹ © P1 ¹ ¹

 R˜ SRB Tr2 Z
Pr2  
 R˜ SRB Tr1 Z
Pr1 

J
'S 7.77 Ans.
mol˜ K

Calculate power produced by expander

kJ
P  K'˜ H P 3.147 Ans.
mol

The advantage of the expander is that power can be produced in the

expander which can be used in the plant. The disadvantages are the extra
capital and operating cost of the expander and the low temperature of the
gas leaving the expander compared to the gas leaving the throttle valve.

J
7.60 Hydrocarbon gas: T1  500degC Cpgas  150
mol˜ K

J J
Light oil: T2  25degC Cpoil  200 'Hlv  35000
mol˜ K mol
Exit stream: T3  200degC

b) Assume that the oil vaporizes at 25 C. For an adiabatic column, the overall
energy balance is as follows.

F˜ Cpgas˜ T3  T1  D˜ ª¬ 'Hlv  Coilp˜ T3  T2 º¼ = 0

Solving for D/F gives:

ª¬Cpgas˜ T3  T1 º¼
DF 
ª¬ 'Hlv  Cpoil˜ T3  T2 º¼ DF 0.643 Ans.

c) Using liquid oil to quench the gas stream requires a smaller oil flow rate.
This is because a significant portion of the energy lost by the gas is used
to vaporize the oil.

265
______________________________________________________________________________________________
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted
only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using
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