1468 Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 15, No. 6, pp.

1468-1479, November 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.6113/JPE.2015.15.6.1468
JPE 15-6-6 ISSN(Print): 1598-2092 / ISSN(Online): 2093-4718

High Efficiency High-Step-up Single-ended DC–DC

Converter with Small Output Voltage Ripple
Do-Hyun Kim*, Hyun-Woo Kim*, Joung-Hu Park†, and Hee-Jong Jeon*
*, †
Department of Electrical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea

Abstract
Renewable energy resources such as wind and photovoltaic power generation systems demand a high step-up DC–DC
converters to convert the low voltage to commercial grid voltage. However, the high step-up converter using a transformer has
limitations of high voltage stresses of switches and diodes when the transformer winding ratio increases. Accordingly,
conventional studies have been applied to series-connect multioutput converters such as forward–flyback and switched-capacitor
flyback to reduce the transformer winding ratio. This paper proposes new single-ended converter topologies of an isolation type
and a non-isolation type to improve power efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and output ripple. The first proposal is an isolation-type
charge-pump switched-capacitor flyback converter that includes an extreme-ratio isolation switched-capacitor cell with a charge-
pump circuit. It reduces the transformer winding number and the output ripple, and further improves power efficiency without
any cost increase. The next proposal is a non-isolation charge-pump switched-capacitor-flyback tapped-inductor boost converter,
which adds a charge-pump-connected flyback circuit to the conventional switched-capacitor boost converter to improve the
power efficiency and to reduce the efficiency degradation from the input variation. In this paper, the operation principle of the
proposed scheme is presented with the experimental results of the 100 W DC–DC converter for verification.

Key words: High step-up, Isolated switched-capacitor cell, Output ripple, Single ended, Tapped inductor

improved version of high step-up converters with a coupled-

I. INTRODUCTION inductor have also been introduced by adding a charge pump
PV power generation technology, which typically has a or a switched-capacitor cell because a flyback converter
low-voltage high-current characteristic, attracts great employing a coupled inductor is an isolation version of the
attention as a next-generation energy source. The PV power low-efficiency buck-boost converter, as shown in Fig. 1(a)
control unit, however, basically demands a high-step-up DC– [3]. The voltage multiplier method is another enhancement
DC converter to interface with other electrical networks. technique using high-voltage capacitors and diodes [4]-[9].
Hence, various types of conventional high-step-up converter With the help of the charge-pump switched capacitor inserted
topologies have been proposed for low-voltage power sources between the primary side and the secondary side of the
[1]. Switched-capacitor or charge-pump circuits are generally coupled-inductor, the boost ratio was largely increased,
used in the high-step-up applications. In a previous article, a whereas the rectifier-diode voltage stress was reduced closer
conventional switched-capacitor series-connected flyback to the output voltage. This method has a simple hardware;
converter or a switched-capacitor coupled-inductor boost however, the output voltage of this method has discrete levels
converter has successfully achieved an efficiency because of the absence of voltage regulation capability [10]-
breakthrough even under a wide input voltage variations. The [16]. Moreover, the charge-pump cell has a limitation of
coupled-inductor method is a voltage-enhancement technique voltage enhancement, i.e., double or triple. Therefore,
that uses core-sharing magnetic devices that integrate the multistage structures should be used in spite of the efficiency
functions of auto-transformers and inductors [2]. Several reduction.
Previous studies on the application of these engineering
Manuscript received Nov. 13, 2014; accepted May 31, 2015 techniques to high-step-up converter topologies, particularly
Recommended for publication by Associate Editor Yan Xing. for low-voltage power sources, have reported some
†
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Tel: +82-2-828-7269, Fax: +82-2-817-7961, Soongsil University
limitations. A previous article [17] mentioned that in a clamp-
*
Department of Electrical Engineering, Soongsil University, Korea mode couple-inductor buck–boost converter [18], the output
© 2015 KIPE
 High Efficiency High-Step-up ... 1469

diode stress was similar to that of a traditional flyback

converter, i.e., the output diode stress was higher than the
output voltage, even with recycling the leakage energy of the
coupled inductor. Further improvements were accomplished
by combining a boost converter with a flyback converter [19],
[20]. Compared with the converter in [18], the series
combination of outputs of the boost and flyback converters
improves the step-up ratio. Nevertheless, a problem still
existed in [18]. By adding a switched capacitor in series with
the transformer, a new high-ratio DC–DC converter with (a) Flyback converter.
coupled inductor and switched capacitor was introduced in
[21]. With the switched capacitor between the primary side
and the secondary side of the coupled inductor, the boost
ratio increases, and the output diode voltage stress was
reduced. However, the magnetic core is not fully utilized
because the operation does not include a transformer (on-time
transfer) mode, but an inductor (off-time transfer) mode. A
further-improved version is presented in [17]. This version
combines pulse-width modulation (PWD) and resonant power
conversions to increase the total power and to decrease the
losses through a simultaneous energy transfer in an auxiliary (b) Transformer-type switched-capacitor cell.
inductor and a charge-pump capacitor. However, this version Fig. 1. Comparison between a couple-inductor converter and a
needs more devices for energy transfer [22]. Therefore, transformer-type switched-capacitor one.
design complexity and cost can still be improved.
To handle these problems, a conventionally proposed
switched-capacitor circuit that includes a transformer is
introduced, as shown in Fig. 1(b) [22]. The circuit diagram of
the proposed cell is similar to that of the conventional flyback
converter, as shown in Fig. 1(a). However, the dot of
transformer is the other side, which decides the operation
principle critically [23]. The circuit has a very high step-up
ratio, as well as isolation capability, through the use of a high Fig. 2. Proposed single-ended isolated charge-pump switched-
turn ratio of the transformer. With the assumption that the capacitor cell: note the dot pair. The cell is not a flyback.
transformer is ideal, the operating performance is extremely
similar to the conventional switched capacitors. Therefore, The step-up ratio of the proposed cell is as follows:
the proposed cell was named the “isolated switched-capacitor _ (2)
cell” [22]. The secondary current flows directly to the load
where _ is the voltage of the charge pump, which has the
during the switch-on time, which helps the high efficiency,
compared with the conventional forward-flyback topology same boost ratio as the flyback converter.
[24]. The secondary winding coil of the transformer certainly The converter is cost effective because of the single switch
has a parasitic resistance, which restricts the in-rush of the and single magnetic device; however, the charge-pump
short current. cascaded single-output structure of the proposed cell requires
Then, the step-up ratio of the proposed cell is as follows: a high-voltage rating devices for high-step-up applications
because of the high-voltage stresses. In addition, the output
(1)
capacitor should be of high voltage and large capacitance.
where is the output voltage, is the input voltage, This paper proposes new converter topologies of both
is the primary turn ratio of the transformer, and is the isolation type and non-isolation type that allow high step-up
secondary turn ratio. The step-up ratio is independent of the with a low turn-on ratio and small output ripple using a series
magnetizing inductance of the transformer [22]. connection of the outputs. With the magnetically coupling
The cell can be extended further by an auxiliary circuit idea of the charge-pump switched-capacitor cell, flyback and
such as a charge pump for a high step up. Fig. 2 shows a tapped-inductor boost converters, which integrate each of the
newly proposed charge-pump switched-capacitor cell that magnetic energy transfer modes together in alternatively
facilitates a charge-pump circuit with the transformer-type driving method, are introduced in the proposed high boost-
switched-capacitor cell. ratio DC–DC converter. In the high step-up topologies
1470 Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 15, No. 6, November 2015

connecting the outputs serially, the entire output voltage

ripple is reduced through phase differences of the charging or
discharging time between the upper and lower capacitances.
For example, if the charge-pump switched-capacitor cell and
the flyback converter are separated in charging and
discharging time, i.e., the charge-pump switched-capacitor
cell charges the output capacitor in switch on-time, and the
flyback converter charges the output capacitor in switch-off
time, then the total output ripple is made smaller through
connecting the outputs in a series with each one of the Fig. 3. Proposed isolated CSFB converter.
converters. The reduction in alternatively driving can be
called an “interleaving” technique, even though it is not an charge-pump switched-capacitor and flyback. Both of the
exact 180° shift [10]. outputs are serially connected to boost the output voltage.
Not only the cost reduction from the magnetic device The proposed converter makes effective utilization of the
integration, but also the continuous energy transfer during the transformer because power is delivered during both switch-on
switch-on and -off in every switching cycle can increase the and -off time. Furthermore, the output ripple is reduced
total power delivery by reducing the losses in the circuit. The through the phase difference between charging and
conduction losses in the primary side of the transformer are discharging of the output capacitors.
also remarkably reduced because of the reduced input-current
RMS value through the primary side. The superposition of B. CCM Transfer Gain of a CSFB Converter
the magnetizing and the switched-capacitor transferred To analyze the steady-state gain, the charge-pump
current makes the primary current to slightly fluctuate. In switched capacitor and flyback converter can be analyzed
addition, the proposed scheme decreases the voltage rating of using an equivalent circuit transformation, as shown in Fig. 4
the main switch or the diodes by correctly adjusting the turn [24]. Both of the output currents ( _ and _ ) are the
ratio of the transformer, as well as by expanding the design same as load current ILoad because of the series connection.
criteria for part selection. In terms of extra advantages of the The following equations indicate each of the load resistances
novel converter, the single-ended circuit system is for the equivalent transformation:
comparatively simple and cost effective, and its efficiency is
and (3)
extremely high with a low turn-on ratio. The controller design
will be interesting, being closely associated with the PV where is the switched capacitor output, and is the
generator dynamic responses [25]; hence, it will be flyback output.
considered for future study. As aforementioned, the steady-state voltage gain of the
The remainder of this study is organized as follows. Section isolated switched capacitor cell is only determined by the turn
II presents the proposal of a new isolated CSFB converter and ratio of the transformer winding. Meanwhile, the charge-
operating analysis of the proposed converter. Section III pump voltage is equal to the flyback converters. Thus, the
presents the power loss analysis of CSFB converter and voltage gain of the charge-pump switched-capacitor cell is as
design guideline. In addition, section IV presents the proposal follows:
of a non-isolated CSFB tapped-inductor (CSFTI) boost _ (4)
converter and operating analysis of the proposed converter.
where is the switching ratio. Each parameter of the
Section V presents the power loss analysis of the CSFTI
derivation is denoted in Fig. 4. The steady-state voltage gain
converter and the design guideline. In Section VI, the
of the CCM flyback is derived as follows:
experimental results of the 100-W hardware prototype as a
pre-regulating stage of the multistage photovoltaic power _ . (5)
conditioning systems are given for topologies verification. Consequently, the final input–output transfer function of
Finally, a conclusions are presented in Section VII. the CSFB converter derived from the equivalent
transformation in CCM is established as
II. ISOLATED DC–DC CONVERTER USING CHARGE- . (6)
PUMP SWITCHED-CAPACITOR CELL
C. DCM Transfer Gain of a CSFB Converter
A. Structure of the Proposed CSFB Converter To analyze the steady-state input–output DCM transfer
The structure of the proposed isolated DC-DC converter is gain of the proposed converter, the charge-pump switched-
shown in Fig. 3. The primary has PWM voltages generated capacitor and flyback converter can be analyzed by power
by a single main switch. The secondary has the isolated balance and volt-second balance. The following equation
 High Efficiency High-Step-up ... 1471

(a)
Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit of the proposed CSFB converter having
separated outputs.

indicates the relation of input power and output power:

(7)
where is the input voltage, is the input current, is
the output voltage, is the load resistance, is the
parasitic resistance of the transformer winding ( ), and
is the secondary current. (b)

The input current ( ) is as follows:

(8)
where is the magnetic inductance, and is the
switching frequency. From Equs. (7) and (8), the following
equation can be derived:
0. (9)
Thus, is as follows: (c)
Fig. 5. Equivalent circuit of the CSFB in each operation mode. (a)
Mode 1. (b) Mode 2. (c) Mode 3.

. (10)
capacitor diode ( ) is reverse biased, and at the same time,
The final input–output transfer function of the CSFB the energy magnetically stored at is released to the load
converter derived from the equivalent transformation in DCM through and of the charge pump and flyback
is derived as follows because 4 is negligible: converter (see Fig. 5, mode 2). The charge pump capacitor
( is charged by the reset current in this mode, as shown
. (11) in Fig. 5(b), because the charge pump diode ( ) is forward
biased. The output capacitor ( discharges the load current
D. Operating Principles because the switched capacitor diode ( ) is reverse biased.
The DCM operation, which eliminates the reverse recovery Mode 3: The transformer is de-magnetized completely
current of diodes, has some advantages in terms of power during this period, and the output voltage is maintained by
efficiency. The proposed converter has three operating modes, the discharge of the output capacitors , (see Fig. 5,
as shown in Figs. 5 and 6, according to the switching state. mode 3). All rectifier diodes are reverse biased, as shown Fig.
Mode 1: The current flows in the magnetizing inductance 5(c).
and the primary winding ( ) as a result of the switch (Q
turn-on. The primary current is transferred to the secondary III. POWER LOSS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
( ) coil of the isolated switched capacitor cell via the
GUIDELINE OF THE CSFB CONVERTER
magnetic linkage (see Fig. 5, mode 1). Then, the secondary
current is rectified into through the switched capacitor diode A. Power Loss Analysis of the CSFB Converter
( ), as shown in Figs. 5(a) and 6. The output capacitor ( ) The power efficiency of the CSFB converter changes
discharges the load current because the flyback diode ( ) depending on the boosting ratio and the load condition. To
and charge pump diode ( ) are reverse biased. find the optimal operating point, the loss breakdown of the
Mode 2: When the switch ( ) is turned off, the switched proposed converter is performed. The efficiency is estimated
1472 Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 15, No. 6, November 2015

Fig. 8. Simulation result of the proposed CSFB converter

according to the variation of the input voltage.

Fig. 6. DCM waveforms of the proposed CSFB converter.

Fig. 9. Cross section of the coaxial cable.

voltage gain specification. The desirable proper operating

duty cycle is within a range of 0.35–0.65; therefore, from the
transfer gain of CCM or DCM, depending on the application,
the turn ratios are determined. In CSFB, because the voltage
gain range is from 8.95 to 14, the winding number is chosen
from the DCM gain equation, such as:
Fig. 7. Simulation result of the proposed CSFB converter ∶ ∶ 14 ∶ 14 ∶ 42. (13)
according to the variation of the output power. To analyze the critical inductance for the DCM of the
proposed converter, CCM and DCM transfer gain can be used
through an efficiency simulation according to the loss
as follows:
analysis of the high-frequency transformer, MOSFET, and
diodes. The detail of the estimation procedure is presented in
Appendix A. From the loss breakdown, the efficiency . (14)
calculation has been done using MATLAB simulation. Figs. Thus, the critical inductance is as follows:
7 and 8 show the MATLAB simulation result of the proposed
CSFB converter according to the variation of the output _ (15)
power and the variation of the input voltage.
In this design example, the inductance is determined as 80
B. Analysis and Design of the Transformer μH for the DCM operating margin.
The key design components of the proposed CSFB
C. MOSFET and Diodes
converter are transformer, MOSFET, diodes, output capacitor,
and so on. The following section suggests an example of the The voltage stress of the MOSFET is derived as
design procedure for the CSFB converter. 71.43 . (16)
To guarantee the prevention of core saturation, primary The secondary-diode selection should consider voltage and
winding number ( ) should satisfy the constraint shown as current stresses, reverse-recovery characteristics, and so on.
follows, The voltage stress of charge pump _ , switched capacitor
. (12) _ , and flyback diodes _ are respectively shown as

The winding layer should be considered carefully for low _ 210 V (17)
leakage inductances that significantly contribute to the power _ _ (18)
efficiency and ringing suppression. To enhance the magnetic and
flux linkage, a coaxial cable transformer can be applied, as
_ 287 V. (19)
shown in Fig. 9 [26]. The coupling coefficient of an
implemented transformer is more than 99.9%. Table I shows design results of CSFB rectifiers and
The transformer turn ratio should be determined by the MOSFET for the hardware prototype.
 High Efficiency High-Step-up ... 1473

TABLE I
DIODES AND MOSFET UTLIZED IN THE HARDWARE
Symbol Parameter(part number) Spec.
, MBR10250 250 V/ 10 A
SF18 600 V / 1A
Q IRFP4468PbF 100 V / 195 A

D. Output Capacitors
As mentioned earlier, the proposed CSFB converter has a
reduced output ripple through an alternating charging action
of the output capacitors. In order to analyze the output ripple,
each capacitor currents need to be analyzed. In Fig. 10(a),
switched capacitor current starts to charge at switch
turn-on and starts to discharge when becomes equal to
the output current . (a) Current waveform of the switched capacitor diode.
Switched capacitor current is as follows:
(20)

where , which is the approximation discharging time, is

as follows:

ln . (21)

As shown in the last waveform in the figure, switch current

becomes relatively more rectangular than that of previous
topologies because of the superposition and triangular
magnetizing current. This waveform contributes to the
conduction loss reduction largely. As shown in Fig. 10(b), the
flyback current starts to flow right after charge-pump
charging ( ). (b) Current waveforms of the charge pump and the flyback
rectifiers.
To find the start time of the flyback current, the conduction Fig. 10. Key waveforms of the diodes in the proposed topology.
time correlation between the flyback and charge pump diodes
need to be analyzed. capacitors. Consequently, the output capacitance for the 0.1%
The average value of the flyback current ( ) and the requirement output ripple is 7.89 μF.
charge pump current ( ) are the same. Therefore, the
relationship between the currents is as follows: IV. NON-ISOLATED CONVERTER USING THE
(22) PROPOSED CHARGE-PUMP SWITCHED-
where CAPACITOR CELL
(23) A. Structure of the Non-Isolation Converter
and The structure of the proposed non-isolated DC–DC
converter is shown in Fig. 11. The primary has a PWM
, (24) switching voltages generated by a single main switch in a
and is the reset ratio. Then, , which means tapped-inductor boost converter. The secondary has an
approximation discharging time, is as follows: isolated charge-pump switched capacitor and a flyback. All
of the outputs are serially connected to boost the output
7 14 3 0 . (25)
voltage [27]. The converter is named the “CSFTI converter.”
The output voltage ripple decided by the discharging time
of both output capacitors is as follows: As a CSFB converter, the proposed CSFTI converter
makes an effective utilization of the transformer and the
∆ (26) output ripple is reduced through the phase differences of the
where is an equivalent capacitance of both output charging or discharging time among the output capacitors.
1474 Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 15, No. 6, November 2015

Fig. 11. CSFTI boost converter. (a)

(b)
Fig. 13. Equivalent circuit of CSFTI in each operating mode. (a)
Mode 1. (b) Mode 2.
Fig. 12. Equivalent circuit of the proposed CSFTI converter
having equivalent output separation.
_ . (30)
Furthermore, the three outputs share the output voltage stress Consequently, the final input–output transfer function is
in series, so the application of Schottky diode is allowed.
. (31)
B. CCM Transfer Gain of CSFTI Converter
C. Operating Principles
To analyze the steady-state CCM transfer gain of the
proposed CSFTI converter, the charge-pump switched- The CCM operation, which reduces the RMS value of the
capacitor, flyback, and tapped-inductor boost converters can magnetic current, has a benefit in terms of power efficiency
be analyzed by output separation using an equivalent circuit by applying Schottky diodes, which eliminates the reverse
transformation, as shown in Fig. 12. Output currents _ , recovery current of the diodes [28]. The proposed converter
has two operating modes, as shown in Fig. 13. The mode
_ , and _ are the same because of the series
analysis can be used not only for the steady-state analysis but
connection in the series-connected CSFTI boost converter.
also for the dynamic analysis using a state-space averaging
Equ. (27) indicates each of the load resistances for the
technique [29]-[31].
equivalent transformation:
Mode 1: The current flows in the magnetizing inductance
, , (27) and the primary winding ( ), as the switch (Q turns on.
where is the switched capacitor output, is the flyback The primary current is transferred to the secondary ( ) coil
output, and is the tapped-inductor boost output. of the isolated switched capacitor cell via the magnetic
As aforementioned, the steady-state voltage gain of the linkage. Then, the secondary current is rectified into DC
isolated switched capacitor is as follows: through the switched capacitor diode ( ). Because the
flyback diode ( ), tap-inductor boost diode ( ), and
_ (28)
charge pump diode ( ) are reverse biased, output capacitors
where is the switching ratio. The steady-state voltage gain
and discharge the load current.
of the CCM flyback is derived as follows:
Mode 2: When the switch ( ) is turned off, the switched
_ . (29) capacitor diode ( ) is reverse biased, and at the same time,
The steady-state voltage gain of the CCM tapped-inductor the energy magnetically stored at is released to the load
boost converter is derived as follows: through , , and ( ). Because the charge pump
 High Efficiency High-Step-up ... 1475

TABLE II TABLE III

DIODES AND MOSFET UTLIZED IN THE CSFTI HARDWARE KEY PARAMETER OF CSFB CONVERTER HARDWARE
Symbol Parameter(part number) Spec. Symbol Parameter(part number) Spec.
, MBR10200 200 V/ 10 A Input voltage 25–40 VDC
MBR10250 250 V / 10A Output voltage 340 VDC
SF18 600 V / 1 A Output power 30–100 W
Q IRFP4468PbF 100 V / 195 A Switching frequency 30 kHz
Magnetizing inductance 80 µH
diode ( ) is forward biased, the charge pump capacitor Q Main switch (IRFP4468) 100 V, 195 A
( is charged by the reset current in this mode. Because Primary winding 14 turns
, Secondary winding 14 / 42 turns
the switched capacitor diode ( ) is reverse biased, the
Switched capacitor’s diode
output capacitor ( discharges the load current in this
, (MBR10250) 250 V, 10 A
mode.
Boost’s diode(SF18) 600 V, 1 A

V. POWER LOSS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN GUIDELINE 261 (41)

_
OF THE CSFTI CONVERTER
where the voltage stress of the tapped inductor is _ , the
A. Power Loss Analysis of CSFTI Converter switched capacitor is _ , and the flyback diodes is _ .

To find the optimal operating point, the loss breakdown of Table II shows a design result of CSFTI rectifiers and
the proposed converter is performed. The efficiency is MOSFET for the hardware prototype.
estimated through an efficiency simulation according to the D. Output Capacitors
loss analysis of the high-frequency transformer, MOSFET,
The output capacitance for the output ripple is similar to
and diodes. The detail of the estimation procedure is
the CSFB. All the difference is tapped-inductor boost
presented in Appendix B. As a CSFB converter, the power
capacitor , which has the same current waveform as that
efficiency is maintained high in the entire input and load
ranges. of . The ripple equation is approximately the same as Equ.
(26).
B. Analysis and Design of the Transformer
Boost ratios of the CSFTI converter is determined by the
transformer winding, as shown in the CCM transfer gain.
VI. EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION
Therefore, the first procedure is to decide the primary A. Experimental Results of the CSFB Converter
winding number ( ) for guarantee of high efficiency and of To verify the aforementioned analysis, a 100-W hardware
prevention from core saturation. Then, the next step is prototype of the CSFB PWM converter has been
winding ratios. implemented. The hardware part list is presented in Table III.
The winding number of the transformer is chosen as Fig. 14 shows the waveforms of the PWM gate signal,
: : : 13 ∶ 13 ∶ 39 ∶ 52. (36) switch current, the secondary waveforms of the charge pump
The critical inductance is as follows: current, and the MOSFET drain–source voltage without a
snubber. As shown in figure, the inductor of the charge pump
. (37) switched capacitor and the flyback converter are operating in
_
the DCM. From the results, the hardware waveforms agree
In this design example, the inductance is determined as 400 well with the theoretical analysis shown in Section III. In the
μH for the CCM operation margin. waveform of , the switch current becomes more
rectangular, which contributes to the conduction-loss
C. MOSFET and Diodes
reduction because of the small RMS value.
The voltage stress of the MOSFET, , and the Fig. 15 shows the power efficiency according to the input
diodes are derived as voltage and the output power variation. According to the
56.36 (38) experimental results, the efficiency is greater than 97% in the
gain range of 8–9 (35–40 V input). Then, the efficiency is
_ _ 156 (39)
gradually reduced as the input voltage, and the output power
_ 208 V (40) decreases, which is similar to the simulation in Section III. As
the figure shows, the proposed CSFB converter maintains
and
high efficiency over 95% in the entire operating conditions,
1476 Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 15, No. 6, November 2015

Fig. 17. Key waveforms. ( : charge-pump current; :

Fig. 14. Key waveforms of the hardware experiment (PWM: drain–source current; : drain–source voltage).
PWM gate signal; : charge-pump current; : drain–
source current; : drain–source voltage). TABLE IV
KEY PARAMETER OF CSFB TAP-INDUCTOR BOOST CONVERTER
HARDWARE
Symbol Parameter(part number) Spec.
Input voltage 15–35 VDC
Output voltage 340 VDC
Output power 30–100 W
Switching frequency 40 kHz
Magnetizing inductance 400 µH
Q Main switch (IRFP260N) 200 V, 50 A
Primary winding 13 turns
Fig. 15. Experimental result of the CSFB converter according to Secondary winding 91 turns
the variation of the input voltage. Switched capacitor’s diode
(UF4006) 800 V, 1 A
Boost’s diode(UF4004) 400 V, 1 A

power stress in the extreme step-up-isolated converters.

B. Experimental Results of the CSFTI Converter

In terms of the CSFB converter, a 100-W hardware
prototype of the proposed CSFTI PWM converter has been
implemented to verify the operation principles and the
(a) (b)
performance of the converter. The implemented component
Fig. 16. Comparison of the thermal distribution of the hardware data concerning the prototype are listed in Table IV.
prototypes. (a) =25 V. (b) =40 V. Fig. 17 shows the waveforms of the switch current, the
secondary waveforms of the charge-pump current, and the
along with good galvanic isolation. MOSFET drain–source voltage without a snubber. As shown
Fig. 16 shows a couple of the temperature distributions of a in the figure, the proposed converter operates in the CCM.
CSFB hardware with an identical operating condition, except From the results, the hardware waveforms agree well with the
the input voltage. The experiment was done at the ambient theoretical analysis shown in Section IV.
temperature, and the MOSFET and secondary diodes have no Fig. 18 shows the power efficiency according to the input
heat sink. The spot of main heat sources such as transformer voltage and the output power variation. From the
(TR), main switch (MOSFET), and diodes (DCP, Dfb, and DSC) experimental results, efficiency is greater than 97% in the
are indicated in the figure. The results show that the step-up gain of almost 10 (30–35 V input). As shown in the
temperatures of the diodes are not significantly different, figure, the proposed CSFTI converter maintains a high
which means the loss changes in the diodes are quite small efficiency of over 94% with high step-up ratio from 10 to 22
even though the voltage gain increases. The temperature of in the entire output variation.
the main switch rises up to 48.1 °C from 41.5 °C, and the
primary winding also rises up to 69.1 °C from 61.0 °C. The
C. Experimental Results of the Output Voltage Ripple
temperature measurement is explained well by the loss To verify the small output ripple that allows small output
breakdown in Section III and efficiency measurement in Fig. capacitances, a hardware prototype of the CSFB converter
15. Based on the experimental results, a conclusion is drawn was tested. Table V shows the operating condition.
that the CSFB topology is effective for reducing the severe Fig. 19 shows the output voltage ripple and the flyback
 High Efficiency High-Step-up ... 1477

VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a pre-regulating DC–DC converters,
specifically a series-connected CSFB converter for multistage
photovoltaic power conditioning systems, has been proposed.
The single-ended charge-pump-flyback operation contributing
to the high-density power delivery of the transformer is quite
beneficial to the enhancement of the output voltage with low
cost. The operational principle of the proposed converter has
Fig. 18. Experimental result of the CSFTI converter according to been presented through obtaining the equivalent
the variation of the input voltage.
transformation from load-sharing ratio in a series output. An
TABLE V experimental result with a 100-W hardware prototype is also
TEST CONDITION OF CSFB CONVERTER HARDWARE included to show that the proposed converter has a high
Symbol Parameter(part number) Spec. efficiency that is greater than 97% in the range of 25–40 V
Input voltage 20 VDC input to 340 V output.
Output voltage 205 VDC For the topology extension, another novel high-step-up
Output power 28 W series-connected CSFB converter employing a tapped-
inductor has been presented. The tapped inductor allows an
extreme step-up voltage while maintaining a moderate duty
ratio. In addition, the switching component stresses are
decreased by the application of a charge-pump switched-
capacitor cell. All the subconverters are integrated with a
single switch and a single magnetic device, leading to
increase in the converter efficiency with minimum extra cost.
The experimental results of a 100-W hardware prototype
verify the performance estimation of extremely high
efficiency.

Fig. 19. Key waveforms of the hardware experiment including an APPENDIX

output voltage ripple.
A. Loss Analysis of the CSFB Converter
1) MOSFET Loss Analysis: The switching loss is

_ (42)
where is the output capacitor of the MOSFET.
To analyze the conduction loss of the MOSFET, switched-
capacitor current should be performed. The switched-
capacitor current is
. (43)

The switch current is

. (44)

The RMS current of the MOSFET is

Fig. 20. Key waveforms of the simulation with the output voltage 1
ripple. Parameters are in the same order as in Fig. 19. . (45)

current. The equivalent capacitance of the output capacitors is

0.6 µF through the use of several tens of nano-Farad ceramic The conduction loss is
capacitors. As shown in Fig. 20, the output ripple waveform . (46)
(VO) agrees well with the theoretical analysis shown in The total MOSFET loss is
Chapter III.
1478 Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 15, No. 6, November 2015

. (47) The off-time primary winding current is

2) Diode Loss Analysis: The diode loss model is divided into : ~
a constant voltage sink ( ) and a constant resistor ( ). . (59)
The average current of all diodes are same as the output Then, the total RMS current of the primary is
current ( ).
The total diode loss is : 0~ : ~ . (60)
. (48) 2) Tapped-Inductor Boost-Diode Loss Analysis: The current
RMS current of the switched capacitor diode ( ) is of the tap-inductor boost diode ( ) is same as the off-
time primary current.
The RMS current of the tap-inductor boost diode is
1 . (49)

The current of the charge-pump diode ( ) is 1 1 1

: ~ , .
. (50) (61)
The RMS current of the charge pump diode ( ) is
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

3 3 2
This work was supported by the Human Resources
Development Program (No. 20144030200600) of Korea
where, Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning
(KETEP) grant funded by Korea Government Ministry of
, . Trade, Industry, and Energy.
(51)
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switched reluctance converter for single-phase switched Department of Electrical Engineering of
reluctance motor,” Journal of Electrical Engineering & Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea. degree.
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1, pp. 65-73, Jan. 2003. Engineering of Soongsil University, Seoul,
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flyback step-up converter,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.-Electr.
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coupled-inductor,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 20, Electrical Engineering and Computer
No. 5, pp. 1025-1035, Sep. 2005. Science of Seoul National University, Seoul,
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ended high-efficiency step-up converter using the isolated He was a Visiting Scholar at the Center of
switched-capacitor cell,” Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. Power Electronics System, Virginia
13, No. 5, pp. 766-778, Sep. 2013. Polytechnic Institute and State University,
[23] D.-H. Kim, S. Moon, C.-I. Kim, and J.-H. Park, “High Blacksburg, VA, USA, from 2004 to 2005. He is currently an
efficiency step-down flyback converter using coaxial cable Associate Professor at Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea and a
transformer,” Power Electronics and Motion Control visiting professor in Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Conference (IPEMC), Vol. 3, pp. 1974-1984, 2012.
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forward-flyback converter for high step-up power Hee-Jong Jeon received his B.S. degree
conversion,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 26, No. 12, from Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea, his
pp. 3629-3641, Dec. 2011. M.S. degree from Seoul National University,
[25] L. Nousiainen, J. Puukko, A. Mäki, T. Messo, J. Huusari, J. Seoul, Korea, and his Ph.D. degree from
Jokipii, J.Viinamäki, D. T. Lobera, S. Valkealahti, and T. Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea, in
Suntio, “PV generator as an input source for power 1975, 1977, and 1987, respectively. He was
electronic converters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol the Vice President of the Korea Institute of
28, No. 6, pp. 3028-3038, Jun. 2013. Power Electronics from 2000 to 2001. He is
[26] D.-H. Kim, S. Moon, C.-I. Kim, and J.-H. Park, “High currently a Professor at Soongsil University. His current research
efficiency step-down flyback converter using coaxial cable interests include mechatronics systems, automation control, and
renewable energy systems.