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c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj

RM`xkP›`ª ivq

Agi GKz‡k cÖKvkbx

Namasudra Kabe Holo Purbe Tara Kiba Chhilo
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© MÖš’Kvi KZ©„K me©mË¡ msiw¶Z

cÖ_g cÖKvk t †deªæqvwi, 2018

(nwiPuv`-¸iæPuv` Rb¥RqšÍx D`&hvcbx)

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m¤úwË †bB; †ZvgivB Avgv‡`i m¤ú`| hZ KóB
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GKUvB Dc‡`kÑ †Zvgiv wkwÿZ nIÑ
gvby‡li g‡Zv gvbyl n‡q `kR‡bi
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welq c„ôv
mwebq wb‡e`b 6
f‚wgKv 9
MÖš’ cÖm‡½ 15
bgtk~`‡ª `i c~e© cwiPq 17
cvj kvm‡b eªvþY‡`i Abyc‡Ö ek I †eŠ× weZvob 25
e„nr e‡½ †eŠ× BwZnv‡mi we‡jvc 33
bgtRvwZi cÖwZ ÔPÐvjÕ e‡j Mvwj †`Iqvi N„Y¨ Pµv‡šÍi KviY 37
eªvþY¨ kv¯¿ wnmv‡e ÔPÐvjÕ Kv‡`i ejv n‡q‡Q 38
PÐvj Mvwj †gvPb 39
bgtk~‡`ªi Drm mÜv‡b 50
PÐvj †_‡K bgtk~‡`ª c`vc©‡Yi AviI HwZnvwmK Z_¨ 61
gymjgvb‡`i g‡Zv bgtk~`‡ª `i m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v
m¤úª`vq wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZi `vwe †ck 72
hw` PÐvj bvg cwieZ©b bv Kiv nZ 77
6 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj

mwebq wb‡e`b
†h RvwZ Zvi BwZnvm Rv‡b bv, †m RvwZ Zvi BwZnvm iPbv Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv| Avevi ÒcÖ‡Z¨K RvwZ‡KB Zvi wbR wbR BwZnvm wjwL‡Z nB‡e| GK RvwZ
Ab¨ RvwZi BwZnvm wjwLqv †`q bv|... †Kvb RvwZi m¼UKv‡j Zvi HwZn¨gwÐZ
RvZxq BwZnvmB GKgvÎ c_ wb‡`©kK| GB BwZnvm †h RvwZi Av‡Q A_P we¯§„Z
Zviv AÜ L‡Äi gZB cÖwZeÜx|Ó (ew¼gP›`ª) n¨vu, Avwg †mB bv Rvbv BwZnvm
Rvbv‡bvi Kv‡R eªZx n‡qwQ| GK mg‡qi cÖZvckvjx †eŠ×iv eªvþY‡`i Pµv‡šÍ
PÐv‡j (ev Pvovj) cwiYZ nq| Zvici bgt †_‡K bgtk~`ª bvgKiY wb‡q
wPiZ‡i µwgK AmgvbZv m¤úbœ eªvþY¨ev` bvgK mgvR e¨e¯’vi Kv‡Q ˆ`e`v‡m
cwiYZ n‡q eªvþY¨ev`x gvqvRv‡j Av‡óc„‡ô Rwo‡q c‡o Ges †mB ˆ`eeÜb
†_‡K AvRI wb‡R‡K gy³ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
†mB BwZnvmB Avwg Avcbv‡`i mvg‡b Z_¨cÖgvY mn Zz‡j ai‡Z P‡jwQ
GB eB‡qi gva¨‡g| Avi GLv‡b †h me Z_¨ Zz‡j a‡iwQ, †mUv †Kv‡bv fwYZv
bv K‡iB mivmwifv‡e DÌvcb K‡iwQÑ †hUv MZvbyMwZK `„wó‡Z Ab¨iKg g‡b
n‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍz Z‡_¨i weï×Zv ivLvi Rb¨ Avwg A‡bK Z_¨B mivmwi Zz‡j
a‡iwQ| Z‡e Avwg cÖ_‡gB Rvwb‡q ivwL †h, Avwg †Kv‡bv †ckvMZ †jLK bB|
QvÎRxe‡b B”Qv wQj wkÿv-msµvšÍ †ckv‡K MÖnY Kiv| wKšÍz Pig `vwi‡`ªi
Kvi‡Y Ab¨ †ckv MÖnY Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡jI Avgvi †bkvq †hb QvÎRxe‡bi
B”QvUv myßve¯’vq †_‡KI cÖKv‡ki A‡cÿvq iBj| my`xN© cÖvq 20 eQi †ckvMZ
Kvi‡Y evsjv I evOvwji †_‡K eû `~‡i _vKvi d‡j Avwg evsjv Abv‡m©i QvÎ
n‡qI †hb evsjv‡K fyj‡Z e‡mwQ| ZvB †jLvi g‡a¨ nq‡Zv †Zgb †Kv‡bv
mvwnZ¨ ¸Y †bB|
ZezI hLb eySjvg Avgvi GB ÔAvwgÕ n‡q IVvi wcQ‡b †hme gnvgvbe‡`i
Ae`vb Av‡QÑ †mB †MŠZg ey×, nwi-¸iæPvu`, gnvcÖvY †hv‡M›`ªbv_, evev mv‡ne
I Ab¨vb¨ gnvgvbe Zuv‡`i Øviv MÖw_Z e„‡ÿi dj Avwg| ZvB Avwg dj n‡q
†mB gnvgvbe‡`i Øviv Drcbœ d‡ji exRUv‡K Avevi †ivcb Ki‡Z PvB| Zvi
Rb¨ KjgUv‡K nv‡Z Zz‡j wbjvg| Avwg hv eywS †mUv‡K wjwce× Ki‡Z ïiæ
Kijvg| welq wfwËK †ek wKQz †jLv Avwg B›Uvi‡b‡U ‘MATUAISMÑ
gZzqvev`’ I ‘MULNIVASI’ eø‡M †i‡LwQ| fwel¨‡Z †m¸‡jv GKwÎZ K‡i
GKUv msKjb cÖKvk KiviI B”Qv Av‡Q|
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 7
GB Ôbgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQjÕ bv‡gi eBwU Avgvi wØZxq eB|
cÖ_g eB Ô¸iæPvu` VvKz‡ii wkÿv Av‡›`vjbÕÑ †hUv evsjv I wnw›`‡Z cÖKvk
†c‡q‡Q Ges ÔIwoAvÕ‡ZI gvP© Õ18 †Z cÖKvwkZ n‡e|
GB eB‡Z Avwg Avgvi msMÖ‡n wewfbœ m~Î †_‡K †h me eB †c‡qwQ, Zvi
†_‡K mivmwi Zz‡j ai‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ| G wel‡q cÖ_‡gB Avgvi `„wó AvKl©Y
K‡i Kwe gnvb›` nvj`vi-Gi ÔkÖxkÖx¸iæPvu` PwiZÕ (cÂg ms¯‹iY)-G ¸iæPvu`
VvKz‡ii gyLwbtm„Z evYx| †mUvB Avwg eB‡qi bvgKiY K‡iwQ| Avi GB bvgvw¼Z
welq wb‡q hLb ¸iæPvu` PwiZ co‡Z ïiæ Kijvg, ZLb †`Ljvg A‡bK
BwZnvm Gi g‡a¨ Av‡Q, hvi AviI cÖKvk nIqv `iKvi| ZvB KweZvi Q›`‡K
Avwg Zz‡j ai‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ mij e¨vL¨vq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cvV‡Ki nq‡Zv
ïiæ‡ZB Gme BwZnvm Rvbvi AvMÖn Kg n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e hvuiv GKUz AbymÜvbx
`„wó wb‡q GB eB‡qi g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek Ki‡eb Zvuiv nq‡Zv Zv‡`i Pvwn`vbyiƒc im`
†c‡q hv‡eb| GB eB‡qi bvgvbymv‡iB Avwg mKj Z_¨ Zz‡j ai‡Z †Póv
K‡iwQ| hvi Rb¨ Avwg bgt ev bgtk~‡`ªi Dci †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡qwQ|
cvVKMY GB eB‡qi cÖ_‡gB Ôbgtk~‡`ªi c~e© cwiPqÕ-G †`L‡Z cv‡eb
KZUv `„pZvi m‡½ ¸iæPvu` VvKzi Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, ÒGB a¤§©exi hviv †mB es‡k
Rwb¥ †gvivÓ| n¨vu, GB a¤§©exi Kvuiv Ges Zuv‡`i esk Kx wQj, ag© Kx wQj, Kx
Ki‡Zb ZvuivÑ †mme Avwg ¸iæPvu` PwiZ Abymv‡i Zz‡j ai‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ|
Avevi Kxfv‡e GB ag©exi‡`i ¯^ag© †_‡K weZvwoZ n‡q ag©nxb cwZZ n‡Z
n‡jv Ges ÔPÐvjÕ Mvwj gv_vq wb‡q nxb n‡Z n‡jv, GB Ae¯’vi Rb¨ †K `vqx,
†Kb GiKg GB RvwZ‡K n‡Z n‡jvÑ Zvi e¨vL¨v Avwg Kivi †Póv K‡iwQ|
¸iæPvu` Pwi‡Z Av‡Q ÔGB e‡½ †eŠ× wfbœ bv wQj eªvþYÕ| Zvn‡j GB bgtRvwZi
†jv‡Kiv PÐvj‡Z¡ cwZZ nIqvi c~‡e© Zv‡`i ag© Kx wQj? †mUvI Zz‡j ai‡Z
†Póv K‡iwQ|
BwZnvm †_‡K †hUv cvBÑ †mB mg‡q †eŠ×‡`i cÖwZ Kx AgvbywlK AZ¨vPvi
Kiv n‡qwQj ejøvj †mb Øviv Zvi GKUv SjKI Zz‡j a‡iwQ| KviY, A‡b‡Ki
g‡a¨ †eŠ×‡`i m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv bv _vK‡Z cv‡i; ZvB †mB mg‡qi cwiw¯’wZ
Zz‡j a‡iwQ| †hLv‡b GK RvqMvq Av‡Q Ô‡eŠ× wenv‡ii bvg ïwb‡j wn›`yMY
Kv‡b AvOzj w`‡Zb, GB cvc bvg D”PviY Kwi‡Z bvB| wkïiv GB wkÿv
cvBqvwQj|Õ Avi GK RvqMvq Av‡Q, Ô‡h Rbc‡` GK †KvUxi AwaK †eŠ× Ges
11,500 wfÿz evm KwiZ, †mLv‡b GKLvwb †eŠ× MÖš’ 30 erm‡ii †Póvq cvIqv
hvq bvB| †h c~eŸ©fviZ †eŠ×a‡¤§©i cÖavb jxjv‡ÿÎ wQj, Z_vq †eŠ×a‡¤§©i †h
8 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj, ZvnvI hy‡ivcxq cÖZZ
œ vw˦KM‡Yi †Póvq Aaybv Avwe®‹vi Kwi‡Z nBqv‡Q|Õ
GiKg eû Z_¨ av‡c av‡c Zz‡j ai‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ| A‡b‡K fve‡Z cv‡ib
Avwg ey‡×i m¤ú‡K© ¸YMvb Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQ| bv, Avwg †Póv K‡iwQ Avgvi
wek¦vm g‡Z eB‡qi bvgvbymv‡i mwVK BwZnvm‡K Zz‡j ai‡Z|
Gic‡i ¸iæPvu` PwiZ Abymv‡i Kxfv‡e PÐvj Mvwj †gvPb Kiv m¤¢e n‡jv
†m BwZnv‡miI e¨vL¨v K‡iwQ; Ges ciewZ©‡Z Ab¨vb¨ Z‡_¨i D×…wZ mnKv‡i
GB Mvwj †gvP‡bi BwZnvm Zz‡j a‡iwQ|
GB PÐvj bv‡gi DrcwËi BwZnvm wewfbœ †jLK‡`i †jLv †_‡K Zz‡j
a‡iwQ| PÐvj bvg cwieZ©b Ki‡Z wM‡q Kxfv‡e c‡` c‡` mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb
n‡Z nq Ges c‡i gymjgvb‡`i g‡Zv m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v m¤úª`vq wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ I
wn›`y RvwZ †_‡K bgtk~`iª v Avjv`v Ges gymjgvb‡`i g‡Zv Avjv`v ivR‰bwZK
my‡hvMmyweavi `vwei Z_¨ Zz‡j a‡iwQ| hw` PÐvj K_v cwieZ©b Kiv bv n‡Zv
Ges Awn›`y c„_K RvwZ wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ †c‡Zv Zv n‡j Kx n‡Zv? Avi GB bvg
cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Kx n‡jv? G m‡eiI h_vh_ Z_¨ Zz‡j a‡iwQ| PÐvj ÔRvwZiÕ
bgtk~`ª ÔRv‡ZÕ (bZzb bvgKi‡Yi gva¨‡g) cwiewZ©Z nevi dj Kx n‡qwQj?
†mUvI e¨vL¨vq Zz‡j a‡iwQ| GBfv‡e wewfbœ Av‡jvPbv GB MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ Zz‡j
aivi †Póv K‡iwQ|
GB eB cÖKv‡ki Kv‡R Avgv‡K we‡klfv‡e mn‡hvwMZv I hveZxq wWwUwc
I GB msµvšÍ Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb wcZvZzj¨ msMÖvgx Kg©exi kÖ‡×q
myaxi iÄb nvj`vi gnvkq, I Avgvi GB Kv‡Ri me mg‡qi mv_x, Drmvn
cÖ`vbKvix kÖ‡×q `v`v cÖ`xc Kzgvi wek¦vm gnvkq‡K Avgvi AvšÍwiK kÖ×v
RvbvB| Avi GB eB‡qi cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î cÖZ¨ÿ c‡ivÿfv‡e †h mKj eÜyceÖ iMY
Avgv‡K mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i‡K AvšÍwiK Awfb›`b RvbvB| GB eB‡qi
cÖ”Q` ‰Zwi K‡i‡Q wcÖq Amxg `vm I †KŠwkK ivq| Zv‡`i AvšÍwiK fv‡jvevmv
RvbvB| ZvivI Avgvi GB msMÖv‡gi GKwbô mv_x|
Avgvi GB cÖ‡Póv hw` wcwQ‡q ivLv mgv‡Ri DÌv‡bi Rb¨ mvgvb¨Zg
mnfvMx n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡eB Avgvi GB kÖg mv_©K n‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b Ki‡ev| Rq
nwiPvu`| Rq ¸iæPvu`|
gy¤v^ B; webxZ
29 Rvbyqvix; 2018 RM`xkP›`« ivq
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 9

f‚wgKv
evsjvi bgtRvwZ‡K Av‡M ÔPÐvjÕ ev ÔPuvovjÕ ejv nZ| GB ÔPÐvjÕ
bvgKi‡Yi KviY wnmv‡e wewfbœ M‡el‡Ki wfbœ wfbœ gZ i‡q‡Q| †KD e‡jb
Pv‡›`j †`‡ki Awaevmx Pv‡›`j RvwZ †_‡K PÐvj n‡q‡Q| gyn¤§` wgb&nvR
Dwχbi ÔZeKrB bvwmiBÕ g‡ZÑ DËi-`w¶Y e‡½ m`¨ m„ó P‡ii Dci
me©c_Ö g hviv Avj †eu‡a Pvl-evm KiZ Zv‡`i Pi+Avj=Pvivj ejv nZ|
Pvivj †_‡K Puvovj, c‡i PÐvj-G iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv M‡el‡Ki
g‡Z M½vwiw` RvwZi †jv‡KivB c‡i Pv›`vj RvwZ‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| †h
Kvi‡YB Guiv PÐvj †nvb bv †Kb, Guiv wKš‘ me mgq wb‡R‡`i ÔbgtÕ ev
Ô†bv‡gvÕ RvwZ e‡j cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| Z‡e G K_v mwZ¨ †h bvbv Av‡›`vjb
K‡i bgtRvwZ miKvwi fv‡e PÐvj †_‡K bgtk~`~ ª RvwZ e‡j cwiwPwZ †c‡q‡Q|
M½vi `yÕwU aviv fvwMi_x I cÙvi ga¨eZ©x GjvKv M½vwiw` ivóª bv‡g
cwiwPZ wQj| †m Kvi‡Y †mLvbKvi Awaevmxiv M½vwiw` RvwZ bv‡g L¨vZ wQj|
MÖxK& †jLK †gMvw¯’wb‡mi †jLv ÔBwÐKvÕ (Indika) Aej¤^‡b wcøwb (Pliny) I
†mvwjbv‡mi (Solinus) †jLv †_‡K M½vb`x Ges M½vwiw` ivRvi kw³gËv
m¤ú‡K© A‡bK Z_¨ Rvbv hvq| M½vwiw` RvwZi †jv‡Kiv meB AvjcvBb ev
Amyi gvbe‡Mvôxi †jvK Ges †eŠ×ag©vej¤^x wQ‡jb| mvgvb¨ wKQz
ˆRbag©vej¤^xI wQ‡jb| eªvþY¨ag© eûKvj ch©šÍ c~ef © vi‡Z wkKo emv‡Z
cv‡iwb| wenvi Ges evsjv A‡ji †jv‡Kiv eªvþY¨a‡g©i D”P-bxP bxwZ ¯^xKvi
K‡ibwb| cieZ©x mg‡q wewfbœ †ckvMZ ev †MvôxMZ Kvi‡Y GK GKwU †Mvôx
Avjv`v Avjv`v RvwZ‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ bgt ev †bv‡gv, †cŠÐª ev
†cuv`, gywP, †R‡j, ˆKeZ©, Kcvjx, hyMx BZ¨vw`| eZ©gvb bgt Ges †cuv` RvwZi
†jv‡Kiv K‡qK kZvãx c~‡e©I GKB RvwZi AšÍf © ³
y wQ‡jb| G‡`i gv_vi Lywji
gvc‡RvK Ges kvixwiK MVb GKB iKg| c‡i Giv `yÕwU Avjv`v RvwZ‡Z
cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv M‡elK G K_vI e‡jb †h, bgtRvwZ mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki
es‡kiB DËicyiælÑ huviv Avm‡j ¶wÎq Ges †eŠ×ag©vej¤^x wQ‡jb|
b›`es‡ki gnvcÙb›`, †gŠh© P›`ª¸ß, we›`ymvi Ges A‡kv‡Ki †kŠh©ex‡h©i
g‡ZvB bgtk~`‡ª `i †kŠh©exh©I j¶ Kiv hvq|
cvj ivRvivI GB bgtRvwZi †jvK wQ‡jb| cvj ivRv‡`i eskai e‡jB
10 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
ejøvj †m‡bi Avg‡j Gu‡`i N„wYZ RvwZ wnmv‡e ÔPÐvjÕ ejv nq| 1901
wLª÷v‡ãi †jvKMYbvi Aa¨¶ E. A. Gait Zuvi Report-G (Aby‡”Q` 309,
c„t 171) e‡j‡Qb, Ò(bgtk~`ª I †KvP) DcRvwZiv c~‡e© wQ‡jb kvmK †kªwY|
Zuviv Zuv‡`i ivR‰bwZK cÖvavb¨ nviv‡bvi Rb¨B eªvþY‡`i Ke‡j c‡o‡Qb Ges
ZvB Zuv‡`i n‡Z n‡q‡Q wb¤œ Ae¯’v|Ó
†h KviY †_‡KB PÐvj bv‡gi DrcwË †nvK bv †Kb eªvþY¨ag© Abymv‡i †h
K‡g© wbhy³ †jvK‡`i PÐvj ejv nq, evsjvi weivU msL¨K bgtRvwZi †jv‡Kiv
†mB K‡g© wbhy³ †_‡K PÐvj bvg aviY K‡i‡Q G aviYv m¤ú~YB© Aev¯Íe Ges
evZzjZv gvÎ|
ÔgbymswnZvÕ Ges Ôe„n×g© cyivYÕ-G PÐv‡ji DrcwË m¤ú‡K© †h weeiY
cvIqv hvq, Zv wbZvšÍB Am¤¢e e¨vcvi Ges we‡ØlekZB †h ejv n‡q‡Q, Zv‡Z
†Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB| ejv n‡q‡Q, k~`ª cyiæl Ges eªvþY ¯¿xi A‰ea †hŠbwgj‡bi
d‡j †h mg¯Í mšÍv‡bi Rb¥ n‡qwQj Zv‡`i wb‡qB PÐvj RvwZ MwVZ n‡qwQj|
GUv Am¤¢e e¨vcvi GB Rb¨ †h, eªvþY¨a‡g© eªvþY‡`i msL¨vi †P‡q Z_vKw_Z
PÐvj‡`i msL¨v A‡bK ¸Y †ewk| cÖ‡Z¨K eªvþ‡Yi ¯¿x‡`i m‡½I hw` k~`iª v
A‰ea m¤úK© ¯’vcbc~eK © †hŠbwgjb K‡i eQ‡ii ci eQi mšÍvb Drcv`b
Ki‡Z _v‡Kb Zvn‡jI GZ eûj msL¨vq PÐv‡ji Rb¥ †`Iqv m¤¢e bq!
bgtRvwZi bvgKi‡Yi mwVK BwZnvm Rvbv hvq bv| Ôkw³m½gZš¿Õ bvgK
†lvok kZvãx‡Z wjwLZ GKLvwb MÖ‡š’ Rvbv hvq †h, bgtk~`iª v PÐvj bq, Zviv
eªvþY| Zviv Kk¨c gywbi eskai| ÔKk¨cÕ gywbi cyÎ Ôbgm&Õ gywb Zvi weevwnZ
ˆea FZzgZx ¯¿x‡Z DcMZ nevi d‡j †h mšÍvb R‡b¥ †mB nj bgtk~`|ª A_©vr
Kk¨c I bgm&gwy bi eska‡iivB bgtk~`ª bv‡g cwiwPZ| G Rb¨B bvwK
bgtk~`iª v Kk¨c gywbi bvg Abymv‡i wb‡R‡`i ÔKvk¨c‡MvÎÕ e‡j cwiPq †`b!
A‡bK wkw¶Z bgtk~`ª e¨w³I G K_v e‡j _v‡Kb| wKš‘ GB Z_¨wU wbZvšÍB
MuvRvLywi Ges nvm¨Ki! GBfv‡e Rb¥jvf m¤ú~YB© Aev¯Íe Ges A‰eÁvwbK!
†Kbbv, FZzKv‡j †hŠbm½‡g †Kv‡bv bvixi c‡¶B Mf©aviY m¤¢e bq|
wek¦vm‡hvM¨ mZ¨ hv, Zv njÑ evsjvq ewnivMZ eªvþ‡YivB †mLvbKvi
e„nËg Rb‡Mvôx †eŠ×ag©vej¤^x bgtRvwZi †jvK‡`i wnsmvekZ N„Yvi D‡Ï‡k¨
PÐvj bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i| Zvi cÖavb KviYÑ wbR¯^ ag© Z¨vM K‡i eªvþY¨ag©
MÖnY Ki‡Z Zuv‡`i A¯^xKvi Kiv Ges Z¾wbZ eªvþY‡`i †µva| PÐvj bv‡g
fvi‡Z †h cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡KB GKwU RvwZ wQj, Zvi eû cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|
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wnmv‡eB Gu‡`iI GB bvg †`Iqv nq| eªvþY‡`i †`Iqv N„Yvm~PK PÐvj bvgwU
c~ef© vi‡Zi Rbeûj bgtRvwZ †Kv‡bv w`bB mš‘ówP‡Ë †g‡bI †bqwb| GB
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eªvþY¨ag© MÖnY K‡i cÖvY i¶v K‡i Ges me©wb¤œ k~`ª e‡Y© ¯’vb cvq|
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cÖvY i¶v K‡ib| Zviv Avkªq †bb eZ©gvb Kv‡ji h‡kvni, Lyjbv, dwi`cyi,
ewikvj, XvKv, gqgbwmsn cÖfw„ Z b`xbvjv, Lvjwej, bjLvMovi R½jc~Y© `yMg©
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g‡a¨ e½‡`‡k Zv‡`i c‡¶ cÖfve we¯Ívi Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| †eŠ× fvi‡Z wLª÷xq
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12 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
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eªvþY¨a‡g©i AvMÖvmx g‡bvfve Ges AZ¨vPv‡ii Kvi‡Y IB A‡ji Awaevmxiv
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Zuv‡`i wbe©vmb †`Iqv nqÑ ˆcZv wQu‡o A¯ú„k¨ Kiv nqÑ ivRvi AZ¨vPv‡ii
f‡q Zuviv evsjvi Rjvf~wg‡Z cvwj‡q hvb BZ¨vw` BZ¨vw`| Avw`k~i bv‡g GK
ivRvi Kvwnwb Ry‡o GBme Mí cÖPvi K‡i eBI †jLv nq| wKš‘ Avw`k~i bvgK
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`yiwfmwÜg~jK †jv‡Ki gw¯Í®‹cmÖ Z ~ Kíbv gvÎ| Avi BwZnvm bv Rvbv bgtk~`ª
mgv‡Ri wKQy †jvK GB Mí ï‡b Avb‡›` M`M` nb| ÔAvgiv eªvþ‡Yi eskaiÕ
e‡j jçSç K‡i e„_v Me© Abyfe K‡ib!
bgtRvwZi †jv‡Kiv exi RvwZ wnmv‡e cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| h‡kvn‡ii ivRv
cÖZvcvw`‡Z¨i Ab¨Zg †mbvcwZ wQ‡jb bgtRvwZi exi g‡nk gÐj| wZwb 52
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 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 13
A‡ji g„av, nvIjv`vi Dcvwaavix e¨w³MY ivRcwiev‡ii †`ni¶xi KvR
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wb‡q GKwU ¯^vaxb ivR¨ cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvi iƒcPuv` Xvjx bv‡g GKRb
bgtk~`ª †mbvcwZ wQ‡jb| Xvjx I m`©vi Dcvwa †hv×vRxe‡bi Bw½Z enb K‡i|
bgtRvwZi †jv‡Kiv me©Kv‡h© cvi`k©x wQ‡jb| mgv‡Ri †h ai‡Yi KvRB
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Ki‡Zb †mB Abyhvqx Zuvi bv‡gi c`weI nZ Ges Zv eskMZ c`we‡Z cwiYZ
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n‡q‡Qb Nivwg| Ggwb K‡i †bŠKv Movevi KvR K‡i n‡q‡Qb ev‰o, †bŠKvq
gvjcÎ wb‡q nv‡U nv‡U †ePv‡Kbv K‡i n‡q‡Qb †ecvix, †bŠKvq †jvK cwienb
K‡i n‡q‡Qb gvwS, †j‡Vj‡`i †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q n‡q‡Qb m`©vi, my›`ie‡b evIqvj
Ki‡Z wM‡q n‡q‡Qb evIqvwj, dz‡ji KvR K‡i n‡q‡Qb gvwj, Ggwb AviI
KZ Kx| bgtRvwZi wfZ‡i huviv gvQ a‡i RxB‡q †i‡L wewµ Ki‡Zb Zuviv
n‡q‡Qb Rxqvwb| Ab¨ †Kv‡bv RvwZi †jvK‡`i bvwcZiv Gu‡`i Pzj`vwo KvUZ
bv e‡j wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨B GK`j Pzj`vwo †K‡U Gu‡`iB bvwcZ wn‡m‡e mgv‡R
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me eªvþ‡Yi KvQ †_‡K cy‡Rv BZ¨vw`i gš¿ wk‡L eªvþY n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †h me
eªvþY Zuv‡`i wµqvKg© K‡i‡Q, ˆew`Ka‡g©i eªvþ‡Yiv, †h‡nZz Zuviv ˆew`Ka‡g©i
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Z_vKw_Z D”PeY©xq †jv‡Kiv G‡`i w`‡q †Kv‡bv ag©xq KvR KiZ bv, GLb
ch©šIÍ K‡i bv| ˆew`Ka‡g©i wbôvevb eªvþ‡Yiv A`¨vewa bgtRvwZi †jvK‡`i
†Kv‡bv ag©xq ev cvi‡jŠwKK wµqvI K‡i bv|
†jLK RM`xkP›`ª ivq Òbgtk~`ª K‡e nÕj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQjÓ eB‡q
PÐvj ev bgtRvwZi bgtk~`ª wnmv‡e cwiwPZ nevi †cÖÿvcU Ges AZx‡Z G‡`i
Kx cwiPq wQj †m m¤ú‡K© wel‡` Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| bgtRvwZmn e‡½i
AwaKvsk Rb‡Mvôx †h Av‡M †eŠ×a¤§vej¤^x wQj, †m m¤ú‡K© wZwb wewfbœ
M‡el‡Ki M‡elYvjä Z_¨vewj †_‡K D×…wZ mnKv‡i cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb|
†mBm‡½ AviI cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb fviZ †_‡K †eŠ×a¤§‡K D‡”Q` Kivi mv‡_
14 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
mv‡_ †eŠ×fvi‡Zi KxwZ©mg~n Kxfv‡e eªvþY¨ev`xiv Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i K…wZZ¡ I
†eŠ×wb`k©b¸wj‡K eªvþY¨a‡g©i cyiv‡Yv³ wewfbœ Pwi‡Îi mv‡_ wgwk‡q w`‡q
wg_¨v cÖPvi Pvwj‡q‡Q|
PÐvj‡`i bvg cwieZ©b K‡i bgtk~`ª bvgKi‡Yi d‡j PÐvjiv †h jvfevb
n‡Z cv‡iwb †m wel‡qI Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb †jLK| bvg cwieZ©b K‡i
bgt-Gi mv‡_ k~`ª †hvM K‡i Zuv‡`i k~`vª qb K‡i eªvþ‡Yi c`vkÖqx KivB
n‡q‡Q gvÎ, †Kv‡bv †MŠieRbK gh©v`ve„w× nqwb| mvgvwRKfv‡e Zuviv †h
A¯ú„k¨ wQ‡jb, GLbI †mB A¯ú„k¨B Av‡Qb| Wt evevmv‡ne Av‡¤^`Ki iwPZ
msweav‡bi Kj¨v‡Y A¯ú„k¨Zv wbwl× n‡jI Ab¨vb¨ RvwZi gvbwmKZvq Zuviv
ag©xq I mvgvwRKfv‡e GLbI N„wYZB i‡q †M‡Qb| †m wnmv‡e †ZR¯^x, ejexh©
mgwš^Z HwZn¨evnx †eŠ×ag©vej¤^x †mB bgtRvwZi bvg cwieZ©b civRq Qvov
Avi wKQzB bq|
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K‡i‡Qb, Zv‡Z A‡bK ARvbv Z_¨ Avgv‡`i †MvP‡i G‡m‡Q| eBLvwb bgtRvwZ
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ARvbv Z‡_¨i fvÐvi Ly‡j †`‡e e‡j Avgvi wek¦vm| GB eB‡qi eûj cÖPvi
Kvgbv Kwi|

cvjcvov; myaxi iÄb nvj`vi

15 Rvbyqvwi, 2018
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 15

MÖš’ cÖm‡½
eZ©gvb fvi‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q t Òwnsmvq Db¥Ë fviZel©, wbZ¨ wbôzi
Ø›Ø|Ó RvZ wefvR‡bi bv‡g †kvlY I kvm‡bi P‚ovšÍ wb`k©b| cÖZ¨ÿ
I c‡ivÿfv‡e hvi wcQ‡b i‡q‡Q miKvwi kvmbh‡š¿i mn‡hvwMZv|
GK K_vq eªvþY¨ev‡`i kvmb| eªvþY¨ev‡`i wbôziZvq bvix I k~`ª
wbMÖn fvi‡Zi mgvRe¨e¯’vq wbZ¨ NUbv| eY©vkÖg cÖ_vi c„ô‡cvlK
eªvþY¨ev`x ivRÿgZv RjvÄwj w`‡q‡Q mywePvi, mgZv, ¯^vaxbZv I
†mŠåvZ…Z‡¡ eva| †hLv‡b msweavb cÖ‡YZv evevmv‡n‡ei cÖ¯vÍ ebv (1950)
AvR c‡ivÿfv‡e miKvwi mn‡hvwMZvq jw•NZ|
Avh© AvMg‡bi c~‡e© Kvk¨c gywbmn Ávbx gvby‡li mg‡q fviZ
f‚L‡Ð wQj mvg¨ev` I Áv‡bi mswgkÖ‡Y m~² mbvZb ag©| wKš‘ Avh©‡`i
cÖewZ©Z we‡f`Kvgx ˆew`Ka‡g©i e¨e¯’vq ˆew`K M֚ђ †e`, gbymswnZv,
MxZv, eªþcyivY cÖfw… Zi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri gvby‡li g‡a¨ wefvRb ˆZwi
Kiv nj| RvwZ‡f‡`i bv‡g eY©vkÖg, PZzivkÖ‡gi †gvo‡K eªvþY, ÿwÎq,
ˆek¨, k~`ª bvg K‡i †kvlY I kvmb ïiæ nj (hv eZ©gv‡b i‡q‡Q)|
cieZ©x mg‡q †kÖô Ávbcyiæl †MŠZg ey‡×i Avwef©ve Ges †eŠ×`k©‡bi
cÖmvi| mgMÖ fviZmn wZeŸZ, †bcvj, wPb, Rvcvb, †Kvwiqv, wmsnj
(kÖxjsKv) cÖfw… Z †`‡k †eŠ×`k©b Qwo‡q coj m¤ªvU A‡kv‡Ki (PÐv‡kvK
ev PÐvj A‡kvK) gnvb cÖ‡Póvq| A‡kv‡Ki eskai m¤ªvU e„n`ª_‡K
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wKš‘ hviv m¤§v‡bi m‡½ jovB K‡i euvPvi †Póv Kij Zviv nj PÐvj|
cvjivRZ¡ ch©šÍ e„nr e‡½ H †eŠ×ivB m¤¢eZ bgtRvwZ wnmv‡e cwiwPZ
wQj| cieZ©xKv‡j cvjivR‡Z¡i cZ‡bi ci †mbivR‡Z¡ ev eªvþY¨a‡g©i
16 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
DÌv‡b H bgtRvwZi gvbylB evsjvq PÐvj bv‡g cwiwPZ nj| ZvB
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VvKzi evsjvi ag©nxb K‡i ivLv bgtRvwZi gvbyl‡K ¯^ag© †eŠ×a‡g©i
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Òey‡×i Kvgbv Zvnv cwic~Y© Rb¨|
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cieZ©xKv‡j GB bgtRvwZi ¯^ag© m¤ú‡K© ¸iæPuv` VvKzi evievi
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© wiPq m¤ú‡K© eB cÖKvk
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gnvg~j¨evb MÖš’ c~‡e© cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q e‡j Avgvi Rvbv †bB| nwiPuv`
VvKz‡ii my‡hvM¨ cyÎ ¸iæPuv` VvKzi bgtk~`ª‡`i üZ m¤§vb cÖwZôvq
†eŠ×`k©b Ges gZzqv `k©‡bi †h †gjeÜb Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb, GB
eBwU‡Z i‡q‡Q Zvi Pvwe| w`M&åvšÍ Zcwkwj mgvR‡K eZ©gvb evsjv
mn fviZe‡l© Av‡jvi w`kv †`Lv‡e e‡j Avgvi `„p wek¦vm| †`k
wefvR‡bi d‡j gZzqv mgv‡Ri Z_v bgtRvwZi cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥i
iÿvKe‡Pi Bw½Z i‡q‡Q Òbgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQjÓ
bvgK eBwU‡Z| eBwUi mvwe©K cÖPvi cÖmv‡ii Kvgbv Kwi|
PigÐj, DËi 24 ciMYv webxZ
29 Rvbyqvwi; 2018 cÖ`xc Kzgvi wek¦vm
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 17

bgtk~`‡ª `i c~e© cwiPq

1881 mv‡j eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki Lyjbv †Rjvi AšÍMZ © `ËWvOv
MÖv‡gi Ck¦i MvB‡bi evwo‡Z kª×vbyôvb Dcj‡¶ eû `~i`~ivšÍ †_‡K †h
AmsL¨ Ávbx-¸YxRb Av‡mb, Zv‡`i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z ¸iæPvu` VvKzi
mfvcwZi fvl‡Y cÖ_‡gB RvbvbÑ
ÒZvB ewj mfvRb m‡e n‡q GK gb
bgtk~`ª RvwZ K_v ïb gb w`qv|
bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
ms‡¶‡c‡Z †mB K_v ewje mfvq|
ѸiæPvu` PwiZ c„t 123
myax mfvm`MY, Avcbviv ˆah¨© a‡i kvšÍ n‡q ïbyb Kxfv‡e GB
bgtk~`ª RvwZi D™¢e nÕj| Avi Gi c~‡e© GB RvwZi cwiPq I ag© Kx
wQj? †mme K_v Avwg ms‡¶‡c ej‡Z †Póv KiwQ|
AvPvi wePvi hZ me eªvþ‡Yi gZ
ïaygvÎ hÁm~Î M‡j bvwn iq|
m‡e K‡i K…wl KvR, ZvÕ‡Z bvwn †Kvb jvR
c~eŸ©Kv‡j Avh© RvwZ KwiZ mevB| ÑH c„t 123
Avgv‡`i GB bgtRvwZi AvPvi Abyôvb, wePviaviv GiKg A‡bK wKQzB
eªvþY‡`i gZ wQj| (‡hgb- eªvþYiv kªv×Kvh© `kw`‡b K‡i| bgtk~`iª v †KD
gviv †M‡j Zvi ¯§„wZi D‡Ï‡k kª×v Ávcb Kivi Rb¨ `kw`‡b cvjb K‡i|
Ab¨ RvwZi †jv‡Kiv wKš‘ †KD 30 w`b ev 15 w`‡b K‡i)| hw`I Avgv‡`i
†jvK‡`i Mjvq †Kvb ˆcZv wQj bv| Avgv‡`i c~ec © iy æ‡liv mK‡j K…wlKvR
Ki‡Zb| †h KvR †mB mg‡q Avh©iv Ki‡Zb|*1
Avgv‡`i c~ec
© iy æ‡liv kvwšÍwcÖq wQ‡jb| †Kvb cÖKvi Qj-PvZzwi Zv‡`i
g‡a¨ wQj bv| Avi †Kvb wejvwmZvi Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Zb bv| Zv‡`i
g‡a¨ †Kvb †fv‡Mi jvjmv wQj bv| K…wlKvh© K‡i †hUv Drcv`b Ki‡Zb
†mUv w`‡qB my‡L kvwšÍ‡Z Rxeb KvUv‡Zb| Avgv‡`i GB †jv‡Kiv
cÖK…wZi c~RK wQ‡jb| Ab¨ †Kvb †`e‡`exi c~Rv Ki‡Zb bv| Guiv
18 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
`xb-`ytLx‡K D`vi n‡¯Í `vb Ki‡Zb|
wKš‘ GLb cÖkœ n‡”QÑ
Ggb mij hviv Zviv †Kb meŸ©nviv
†mB K_v mfv gv‡S ewjev‡i PvB| ÑH c„t bs 123
Avgv‡`i c~ec © iy æ‡liv hLb GZ mnR mij wQ‡jb, my‡L-kvwšÍ‡Z
Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Zb, Zvuiv †Kb me©nvivq cwiYZ n‡jb? †mB BwZnvm
Avwg Avcbv‡`i Kv‡Q Zz‡j ai‡Z PvB| GB BwZnvm fxlY `yt‡Li| †mUv
g‡b co‡ZB Avgvi ü`q †e`bvq f‡i I‡V| †m `yt‡Li Kvwnwb Qwei
g‡Zv Avgvi †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †f‡m DV‡Q| †hme K_v Avwg Avgvi wcZv
AbšÍ KiæYvwmÜy kªxnwii KvQ †_‡K †R‡bwQ|
PivPi G eªþvÐ †Kv_v g~j †Kv_v KvÐ
†Kev m„wó K‡i Zv‡i †Kvb wewag‡Z|
Ro-A‡PZb mv‡_ wKev fv‡e †Kvb g‡Z
†PZbv iƒwcYx kw³ Av‡Q ewm ZvÕ‡Z||
mªóv-m„wó wK m¤^Ü myL `ytL fvjg›`
†PZbv‡PZ‡b i‡n †Kvb m~Î awi|
†Kev †`‡n K_v Kq †Kev myL-`ytL eq
†Kev †M‡j Ro †`n i‡n f‚‡g cwo||
Rxeb giY wKev wKev ivwÎ wKev w`ev
†Kvb m~‡Î Mvu_v Av‡Q Rx‡ei Rxeb|
Rxeb cÖfvZ nÕ‡Z biRvwZ G aiv‡Z
Kwiqv‡Q AweiZ G me wPšÍb||
Aa‡i awi‡e e‡j w`‡b w`‡b c‡j c‡j
†PZbv‡i fi Kwi K‡i‡Q mgi|
Ro †`n Kwi ¶q jwfev‡i myweRq
K‡i‡Q mvabv KZ hyM hyMvšÍi || ÑH c„t 123
GB †h, wek¦eþª vÐ, Gi †Kv_vq ïiæ Avi Gi †kl ev †Kv_vq? Kxfv‡e
Gi Ro c`v‡_©i (cÂf‚Z) †_‡K Rx‡ei m„wó nÕj? †h Rx‡ei g‡a¨ wbišÍi
†PZbvi weKvk e„w× cv‡”Q| †Kvb& m~‡Î GB mªóv I Zvi m„wói g‡a¨ GKUv
m~² m¤^Ü M‡o D‡V‡Q? †h m¤^Ü DrcwË I webv‡ki ga¨ w`‡q weewZ©Z
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 19
n‡q P‡j‡Q?
Avgv‡`i GB †h †`n, Gi g‡a¨ †h †PZbvi cÖevn Pj‡Q, †mB
†PZbvi cÖKvk Avgiv e¨³ Ki‡Z cviwQ| Gme Kxfv‡e NU‡Q? †Kvb
m~‡Îi d‡j GB Rxeb gi‡Yi †Ljv Pj‡Q? Avi Agvwbkvi AÜKvi `~‡i
wM‡q cÖfv‡Zi wKiY D™¢vwmZ n‡”Q? A_©vr GB mg¯Í wKQz GKUv wbq‡g
wbišÍi N‡U P‡j‡Q| †Kb GZ `ytL? `yt‡Li KviY wK? Gi †_‡K gyw³i
c_ wK? Avi GB me cÖ‡kœi mgvav‡bi Rb¨Ñ
Rxeb cÖfvZ nÕ‡Z biRvwZ G aiv‡Z
Kwiqv‡Q AweiZ G me wPšÍb| ÑH c„t 123
GB wek¦eþ ª v‡Ði †kªô Rxe gvby‡liv Aweivgfv‡e †Póv K‡i hv‡”Q
GB Aaiv‡K aivi Rb¨| cÖwZw`b cÖwZ¶‡Y †PZbvi Dci A_©vr Áv‡bi
weKv‡ki Dci wbf©i K‡i †hb hyׇ¶‡Î msMÖvg K‡i P‡j‡Q| KZ gywbiv
Gi Ávbwccvmvq Wz‡e wM‡q a¨vbgMœ wP‡Ë mvabv K‡i P‡j‡Q|*2 Zviv
GBme inm¨‡K D×vi Kivi Rb¨ a¨v‡bi gva¨‡g mvabvq gMœ †_‡K
Zvi †_‡K Ávb AvniY K‡i weÁv‡bi weKvk mvab K‡i‡Q| GiKgB
Avgv‡`i fviZ f‚wg‡Z c~‡e©i 27 Rb gywbi b¨vq Avi GKRb gywb
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
GK`v fviZ L‡Ð Avwmqv DËi e‡½
ivRvi Avjq R‡b¥ Ávb-AeZvi|
ey× bv‡g cwiwPZ Kwi‡jb Rxe-wnZ
†f`v‡f` fzwj m‡e nj GKvKvi|| ÑH c„t 124
wZwb ivR cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| hw`I †mB ivRv wb‡R nvj
Pvjv‡Zb| K…wlKvR Ki‡Zb| †h K_v Avwg c~‡e©B e‡jwQ †h, Avgv‡`i
c~ec
© iy æ‡liv Pvlvev` Ki‡Zb| †Zv †mB ivR cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib
GKRb ÔÁvb-AeZviÕ A_©vr Áv‡bi cÖwZg~wZ©| wZwb Dc‡ii Hme cÖ‡kœi
DËi K‡Vvi a¨v‡bi gva¨‡g Ly‡u R cvb| hv‡K ey× (Ávb-Knowledge)
ejv nq| wZwb GB gvbe Kzj Z_v Rxe Kz‡ji wnZ mva‡bi Rb¨ mg¯Í
iK‡gi †f`v‡f`‡K `~‡i mwi‡q mvg¨ ˆgÎx I Awnsmvi evYx cÖPvi K‡ib|
Zvui GB mvg¨ ˆgÎxi evYx‡Z gy» n‡q mgv‡Ri GK‡kªwYi RbMY †hb
nv‡Zi g‡a¨ ¯^M‡© K †c‡q †M‡jb| mviv wek¦ GB gnvb ey‡×i bxwZ‡Z
20 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
cÖfvweZ n‡q gyw³i Avb‡›` †R‡M DVj| A_©vr Zvi GB mvg¨ ˆgÎxi
evYx Avi ïay fvi‡Z bq, we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k Qwo‡q coj| wZwb we‡k¦i
Kv‡Q Zz‡j ai‡jb GBÑ
Rb¥-g„Z¨z -`ytL R¡iv wbwLj-AwLj-‡Rvov
Awfbe e¨vL¨v Zvi Kwij WvwKqv|
Rx‡e kw³ cvq ey‡K wÎZvc R¡vjvi gy‡L
Awnsmv cig mZ¨ RvwMj ü`‡q|
bvwn wnsmv bvwn †Øl GK RvwZ GK †`k
`‡j `‡j †eŠ× Qz‡U †m ag© weR‡q||
fviZ weRq nj Z‡e f‚fvi‡Z †Mj
gvbe g‡bi evav †Mj †h UzwUqv|
wKev wkí wK mvwnZ¨ wKev a¤§© wKev ZË¡
kvk¦Z iƒ‡ci Qwe DwVj dzwUqv|| ÑH c„t 124
Rb¥ n‡j g„Z¨z n‡e| GUv cÖKw… Zi wbqg| GB cÖKw… Zi cvuPwU Dcv`vb
w¶wZ, Ac, †ZR, giær I †e¨vg| hv‡K cÂf‚Z ejv nq| GB cÂf‚‡Zi
Pvi f‚Z (‡e¨vg ev‡`) wb‡q cÖ_g Rx‡ei m„wó n‡q‡Q| Avi weeZ©‡bi
d‡j Ges cÖRb‡bi gva¨‡g cwieZ©b N‡U P‡j‡Q| GB cÖKw… Z n‡”Q wek¦
eªþvÐ| Gi †Kvb m„wóKZ©v †bB| cÖKw… Z wb‡RB ¯^q¤¢|y weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g
GB m„wó I webv‡ki m~Î wbišÍi N‡U P‡j‡Q| Rx‡ei †h †PZbv NU‡Q,
†mUv GB cÖKw… Zi PviwU Dcv`v‡bi Rb¨| Gi GKwU Dcv`v‡bi wµqv
eÜ n‡q †M‡j Rx‡ei †PZbv jyß n‡q hvq| Rx‡ei g„Z¨z N‡U| Avi Ro
kixi ev c`v_© Avevi ax‡i ax‡i cÖKw… Zi Dcv`v‡b wg‡j hvq| Avi
gvby‡li †h `ytLKóÑ Gme Av‡m evmbv ev †jvf †_‡K| gvbyl hw` Zvi
Bw›`ªqMZ †jvf I wnsmv‡K cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j Zvi g‡a¨ Avi
†Kvb `ytL _vK‡e bv| †Kvb wnsmv-†Øl _vK‡e bv, †Kvb RvwZ‡f` _vK‡e
bv| ZLb GKRvwZ (gvbe RvwZ) GK‡`k (wek¦eþ ª vÐ) M‡o DV‡e| gvbyl
GK AbšÍ kvwšÍ jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
†Zv ey‡×i GB bxwZ mviv fviZ‡K weRq Kij| gvby‡li g‡bi Møvwb
`~i n‡q †Mj| Avi ey‡×i GB Awnsmv, mvg¨, ˆgÎxi wePviaviv w`‡K
w`‡K kvwšÍi evYx eB‡q w`‡Z jvMj| GB bxwZi cÖev‡n fviZe‡l©i wkí,
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 21
mvwnZ¨ ag©xq wPšÍv fvebv I Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î GK wecøe NUvj| gvbyl‡K
gyw³i `iRv Ly‡j w`j| fviZel© GK mg„×kvjx iv‡óª cwiYZ n‡q DVj|
wKš‘ GB †MŠie Mv_v †hb GK‡kªwYi gvby‡li Kv‡Q mn¨ nj bv| Zviv
my‡hv‡Mi A‡c¶vq _vKj Gi webvk Kivi Rb¨|
w`‡b w`‡b w`b hvq cÖKw… Zi wK †Ljvq
Rxe Kzj cybt fzj Kwij fzwjqv|
eªvþY¨ a‡g©i bv‡g fvi‡Zi cyY¨ f‚‡g
†eŠ× a¤§© bvk K‡i me‡j wcwlqv|| ÑH c„t 124
fviZf‚wg hLb cyY¨f‚wg‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nj, mg¯Í wnsmv `~i n‡q kvwšÍi
mgxiY eB‡Z ïiæ Kij, we‡k¦i `iev‡i fviZ GK D”P Avmb jvf Kij|
hvi d‡j we‡`k †_‡K wk¶v_©xiv G‡`‡k G‡m covïbv K‡i D”Pwk¶v
AR©b Ki‡Z jvMj, ZLb †eŠ× a‡¤§i GB aŸRv‡K PµvšÍ K‡i (cÖ_‡g
185 wLªt c~ev© ‡ã mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki eskai e„n`ª_‡K eªvþY †mbvcwZ
cyl¨wgÎ ï½ cÖKvk¨ ivRmfvq nZ¨v K‡i kvmb fvi `Lj K‡i eªvþY¨
kvmb ¯’vcb K‡i, c‡i Avevi ejøvj †mb GKB c×wZ‡Z cvjes‡ki
†eŠ×‡`i bvk K‡i) ayjvq wgwk‡q †`q| mg¯Í †eŠ× a¤§vej¤^x‡K †g‡i
†djvi ûKzg Rvwi K‡i| mg¯Í wk¶vcÖwZôvb R¡vwj‡q †`q| A‡bK †eŠ×
gviv hvb| A‡b‡K cvwj‡q wM‡q Rxeb i¶v Kivi Rb¨ wbR a¤§‡K Z¨vM
Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| Avevi A‡b‡K eªvþY¨ kvm‡bi cÖej AZ¨vPvi †_‡K
gy³ nIqvi Rb¨ †`kvšÍix nb| †Kn †Kn R½‡j cvwj‡q wM‡q †Kvb
g‡Z cÖvY i¶v K‡ib| GBfv‡e fviZ f‚LÐ †_‡K ey‡×i Awnsmv, mvg¨,
ˆgÎxi wePviaviv‡K wbg©j ‚ K‡i †`q|
Zvi hZ eskai `~‡i _vwK ci¯ci
wbivj‡q ewmqv wKQz cv‡j ixwZbxwZ|
abevb ejevb Kwiev‡i nZgvb
AvL¨v w`j Zv mev‡i AcweÎ RvwZ|| ÑH c„t 124
GB ey×a¤§veje¤^x GK †kªwYi eskaiMY wKš‘ GB eªvþYx kvmb
e¨e¯’v‡K ¯^xKvi bv K‡i R½‡j cvwj‡q wM‡q emevm Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡ib|
†mLv‡b wM‡q Zvuiv Zv‡`i a¤§xq ixwZbxwZ cvjb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb|
†eŠ×a¤§xq kvmb Kv‡ji abevb ejevb †Mvôx Zv‡`i mg¯Í welq
22 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
m¤úwˇK nvwi‡q wbt¯^ n‡q †M‡jI Zv‡`i Av`k©‡K eªvþY¨ kvm‡Ki
Kv‡Q wewj‡q w`‡Z ivwR nbwb| ZLb GB †eŠ× gZv`‡k©i RbMY‡K
Av‡iv gvbwmKfv‡e `yej © K‡i †`evi Rb¨ Acgvb RbK kã ev N„Yv g~jK
K_v w`‡q eªvþY¨ kvmb e¨e¯’v Gu‡`i‡K ÔAcweÎ RvwZÕ e‡j †NvlYv K‡i|
KvjPµ Ny‡i Av‡m wbiæcvq Ae‡k‡l
wn›`ya¤§© Ke‡j‡Z †eŠ× Av‡m wd‡i|
fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m e½ ev Aci †`‡k
wn›`yiƒcx †eŠ× †`Lv hvq N‡i N‡i|| ÑH c„t 124
Kv‡ji P‡µ GK mg‡qi abevb ejevb †eŠ×a¤§vej¤^xiv wb‡R‡`i
a¤§‡K nvwi‡q ÔAcweÎ RvwZÕ‡Z cwiYZ n‡q Ae‡k‡l eªvþY¨ kvmb‡K
Rxe‡b †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ †g‡b wb‡Z eva¨ nb; hvi d‡j Zvuiv bv‡g wn›`y
nb, wKš‘ Zvuiv Zv‡`i AvPvi-wePvi-ixwZbxwZ meB c~‡e©i †eŠ×gZvbymv‡i
Ki‡Z _v‡Kb|
ZvB †`wL me©‡`‡k hvÕ w`‡M A¯c„k¨ fv‡lÕ
wn›`yi mKj bxwZ bvwn Rv‡b Zviv|
wKQz wn›`y wKQz †eŠ× GB bxwZ †`kï×
†eŠ× m‡e gvwb jq n‡q w`‡knviv|| ÑH c„t 124
Zvi Rb¨ Avgiv mviv fviZe‡l© †`L‡Z cvB hv‡`i‡K A¯c„k¨ ejv
nq, Zv‡`i Dci wn›`y a‡g©i bvg Pvwc‡q w`‡jI Zuviv wn›`y a‡g©i †Kvb
ixwZbxwZ Rv‡bb bv| KviY Zvuiv †Zv MZKv‡ji †eŠ×; Avi AvR‡Ki
wn›`y| ZvB Zuviv Avav wn›`y Avav †eŠ× ixwZbxwZ wb‡q w`‡knviv n‡q
Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Qb|
e½‡`‡k wbôvevb wQj hZ gwZgvb
a¤§© Qvwo cÖvY i¶v Kwi‡Z bv Pv‡n|
a¤§© Z‡i `~‡i hvq KZ AZ¨vPvi mq
a¤§© Z‡i ebg‡a¨ nxb n‡q i‡n||
GB a¤§©exi hviv †mB es‡k Rwb¥ †gviv
Kv‡ji KzUxj P‡µ n‡q AvwQ nxb|
eû w`b MZ nq m‡e gnv `ytL mq
GB N‡i Gj ZvB nwi f³vaxb|| ÑH c„t 124
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 23
mviv fviZe‡l© †h †eŠ×a¤§vej¤^x‡`i A¯c„k¨ bvg w`‡q wn›`y a‡g©i
†Luvqv‡o cÖ‡ek Kivq eªvþY¨ kvmbe¨e¯’v; †mB †Luvqv‡o cÖ‡ek bv Kivi
Rb¨ Rxeb‡K evwR iv‡Lb e‡½i GK †kªwYi wbôvevb †eŠ×a¤§vej¤^xiv|
Zvuiv wb‡R‡`i a¤§ I AvZ¥gh©v`v‡K eªvþY¨ kvmK‡`i Kv‡Q mgc©Y Ki‡Z
wKQz‡ZB ivwR nbwb; huv‡`i gv_vi Dci nxb& m~PK ÔAcweÎ RvwZÕi Kj¼
Pvwc‡q †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| ZeyI Zvuiv Rxe‡bi †_‡K a¤§ I AvZ¥gh©v`v‡K
†ewk m¤§v‡bi g‡b K‡ib| ZvB Zvuiv R½‡j wM‡q emevm K‡ib|
ÒGB a¤§©exi hviv †mB es‡k Rwb¥ †gvivÓ ÑGB †h a¤§ex‡iivÑ huviv
wb‡R‡`i a¤§ I AvZ¥gh©v`v‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ kZ AZ¨vPvi mn¨ K‡iI
msMÖvg K‡iwQ‡jb, wKš‘ KLbI gv_v bZ K‡ibwb eªvþY¨ kvmKRvwZi
Kv‡Q| †mB a¤§ex‡iiv n‡”Qb Avgv‡`i c~ec © iy æl| huviv †eŠ×a¤§vej¤^x
wQ‡jb| Avgiv Zuv‡`i eskai| Avi AvR Kv‡ji KzwUjP‡µ Avgiv
GLbI nxb& n‡q †eu‡P AvwQ| cwZZ n‡q AvwQ|
wKš‘ GB nxb& Ae¯’v ev wbR a¤§ †_‡K weZvwoZ cwZZ Ae¯’v †_‡K
D×vi Kivi Rb¨ eûKvj c‡i GB N‡i (es‡k) Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib Ggb
GKRb gnvgvbe, whwb GB ag©nxb cwZZ RvwZ‡K c~ec © iy æl‡`i g‡Zv
gvbm¤§vb †kŠh©-exh© D×v‡ii Rb¨ mZ¨ †cÖg cweÎZv ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ msMÖvg
ïiæ K‡ib; wZwb n‡”Qb nwiPvu` VvKzi|
N‡i Gj fMevb RvwMj RvwZi cÖvY
bgtk~`ª RvwZ Rb¥ nj †mB w`‡b| ÑH c„t 124
GB nÕj bgtRvwZi cÖKZ … BwZnvm| GB bgtk~‡`ªi ¯^xq kw³‡Z cÖvY
wd‡i †`Iqvi Rb¨ nwiPvu` VvKzi GB ag©nxb cwZZ RvwZ‡K D×vi K‡i
†eŠ×a‡¤§i gZv`‡k© bZzb a‡g©i ¯’vcb K‡i bvg †`b ÔgZzqv ag©ÕÑ †h
a‡g©i ixwZbxwZ AvPvie¨envi †mB c~ec © i~ æl‡`i gZB| ZvBÑ
a¤§© b‡n `~‡i †Kv_v Ni †Qu‡o †LvuR e„_v
Avcbvi N‡i a¤§© Av‡Q NygvBqv|
cweÎ PwiÎ †i‡L mZ¨ evK¨ e‡j gy‡L
nwi e‡j a¤§© evwZ jn RvMvBqv|| ÑH c„t 125
Avcbv‡`i ag© Avcbv‡`i N‡ii g‡a¨B Nywg‡q Av‡Q| KviY, eªvþY¨
†kvlK‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii d‡j †mB ag© †R‡M IVvi A‡c¶vq Av‡Q|
24 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
Avcbv‡`i AvPvi wePvi ixwZbxwZi g‡a¨ †mB ag© jywK‡q Av‡Q| ZvB
Avcbviv wb‡R‡`i g‡b cweÎZv MÖnY K‡i mZ¨ evK¨‡K mv‡_ wb‡q Avevi
Avcbv‡`i cyec © iy æl‡`i Awnsmvi ag©, mvg¨-ˆgÎxi ag©‡K RvwM‡q Zzjby ,
GUvB nwiPvu` VvKz‡ii Av‡`k| Ònwi e‡j a¤§©evwZ jn RvMvBqv|Ó
m~Î bs 1) ÒAvh© n‡”Q GKwU fvlv†Mvôxi bvg| Avi GKvwaK
gvbe‡MvôxB GB fvlv‡Mvôxi AšÍf³ z© | fvlvMZ w`K w`‡q fviZe‡l© `yÕwU
Avh© RvwZi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †g‡j| Avi †MvôxMZ w`K w`‡q hv‡`i GKwU nÕjÑ
AvjcvBb gvbe‡Mvôxfz³ Ges Ab¨wU bwW©K gvbe‡Mvôxfz³| GB
AvjcvBb gvbe‡Mvôxfz³ †jv‡Kiv †hgb Amyi bv‡g cwiwPZ, †Zgwb
bwW©K gvbe‡Mvôxfz³ †jv‡Kiv wQj eªvþY bv‡g cwiwPZ| bwW©K Avh©
AvMgbc~e© fviZxq AvjcvBb ev Amyi gvbe‡Mvôxi fvlvI wQj Avh©|
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Gi cÖKó… cÖgvY Av‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K bwW©K gvbe‡Mvôxi ˆew`K eªvþY‡`i
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ewnivMZ| hw`I eZ©gv‡b Avh© ej‡Z Avgiv †Kej bwW©K gvbe‡Mvôxfz³
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Avh©fvlx AmyiÑ hv Wt Av‡¤^`Ki Zvui M‡elYv ØvivB cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb |
Avm‡j e¨vcviUv n‡”Q †h, bwW©K gvbe‡Mvôxi eªvþ‡Yiv Ges AvjcvBb
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gvbe‡Mvôxi Amy‡iiv †h‡nZz Avh© fvlv‡Mvôxfz³ ZvB m¤¢eZ eªvþ‡Yiv
Amyi‡`i BwZnvm wPiZ‡i gy‡Q †`Iqvi Rb¨ wb‡R‡`i‡K Avh© gvbe‡Mvôx
e‡j cÖPvi w`‡q †`kxq Amyi‡`i Abvh© gvbe‡Mvôx e‡j cÖPvi K‡i‡Qb| Avi
Amyiiv Abvh© gvbe‡Mvôx wnmv‡e cÖPvi cvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ G‡Kev‡iB
gvwUPvcv c‡o †M‡Q Avmj mZ¨wU n‡”Q Ô†`kxq AmyiivI cÖKZ … c‡¶
Avh©fvlv‡MvôxiB gvbyl|Õ hw`I Df‡qi g‡a¨ A_©vr AvjcvBb I bwW©K
gvbe‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ weivU cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|Ó{msM„nxZ-Abv‡jvwKZ AZxZ
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myÎ bs 2) c~‡e© wQj gywbMY Kwi‡Zb a¨vb|
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(-kªxkªxnwi jxjvg„Z-ZviK miKvi| c„ôv bs 36, cÖ_g cÖKvk 1916,
evsjv 1323 mvj|)
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637 mv‡j ivRv kkv‡¼i g„Z¨z i ci my‡hvM¨ kvm‡Ki Afv‡e mgMÖ
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mvj ch©šÍ evsjvq †Nvi AivRKZvi m„wó nq| GB mg‡qi GB Ae¯’v‡K
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k‡ãi Av¶wiK A_© Ôhuviv cvjb K‡ib|Õ evsjvq GB cvjes‡ki kvmb
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wQ‡jb †eŠ×a¤§vej¤^x| ZvB Avgiv AvPvh© gnvb›` nvj`vi Gi †jLv
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nq, ZLb evsjvi mKj RbMY †eŠ× a¤§vej¤^x wQj| ZLb †Kvb eªvþY
26 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
wQj bv| G wel‡q Avgiv Av‡iv cÖgvY cvB wnDqvb mvs Gi eY©bv Abyhvqx
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191)|
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cvjes‡ki kvmb hLb mviv evsjvq cÖmvwiZ nq, ZLb mviv evsjvi
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MÖnY K‡i| KviY, ey‡×i bxwZ wQj D`vi| †mLv‡b †Kvb †f`v‡f` bxwZ
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me nj eªvþY PÐvj!
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evwn‡i wgÎZv Kwi AšÍ‡i Mij cywiÕ
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†mmg‡qi eªvþYiv Zv‡`i †f` eywׇZ `yó wQj Ges Zv‡`i Kv‡Q
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GB ey‡×i mvg¨ ˆgÎx I b¨v‡qi bxwZ I KvR‡K †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡iwb| KviY,
Zviv eªvþY e‡j Avjv`vfv‡e †Kvb myweav cvw”Qj bv| †hgb Avgiv †`L‡Z
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 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 27
†f‡e †ei Kij| †mUv n‡”Q, ÔGB †eŠ×‡`i‡KB Zvov‡Z n‡eÕ| Zvi
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GBfv‡e †KŠkj K‡i †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ eªvþYiv †eŠ× mvR‡Z ïiæ
K‡i| Avi Avmj †eŠ×‡`i Kv‡Q wM‡q wewfbœfv‡e Qjbv K‡i A‡hŠw³K
bxwZ‡K mwZ¨ wbqg e‡j cÖPvi Ki‡Z _v‡K| GB cÖPv‡ii g~j D‡Ïk¨
wQj †eŠ×‡`i ¸Y Mv_v‡K nxb ev bxP †`Lv‡bv|
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Gici †eŠ×‡`i wKQz bxwZ‡K †KŠkj K‡i wn›`y‡`i g‡a¨ XzwK‡q
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cyivY gywbMY wj‡LwQj, †mB cyivY ïay bv‡g †i‡L Zvi g‡a¨ eªvþY‡`i
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28 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
eªvþY nB‡j iæó wKQz‡Z bvwnK Bó|
RMw`ó K…ò bvwK e‡j|
†jvf Avi fq w`‡q fv‡e e¨vL¨v eySvB‡q
mK‡j Uvwbj wbR `‡j|| ÑH c„t 29
eªvþYB †kÖô †`eZv| cvcÿq ev ¯^Mj © v‡fi Rb¨ Zv‡K Zvi
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Avi hw` eªvþY iæó n‡q hvq Zvn‡j †Kv‡bv ÿgv †bB| bi‡K wbe©vmb
Awbevh©| GB ai‡Yi ¯^M-© biK, cvc-cy‡Y¨i fq I †jvf †`wL‡q wb‡Ri
myweav g‡Zv e¨vL¨v K‡i mvaviY gvbyl‡`i‡K wb‡Ri AvqZ¡vaxb K‡i|
GBfv‡e Pjvi ci `xN© w`b c‡i eªvþYiv eySj †h, cvj ivR‡Z¡i
mg¯Í ¶gZv Zv‡`i gy‡Vvi g‡a¨ G‡m †M‡Q| Avi BwZg‡a¨ weRq †mb
(1095-1158 Kb©vUKx eªvþY) evsjvi wKQzUv Ask Zvi wbqš¿Yvaxb K‡i
kvmb Ki‡Z _v‡K| Avi Zvici Zvi cyÎ ejøvj †mb (1158-1179)
m¤c~Yf © v‡e evsjvi mgMÖ kvmbfvi KivqZ¡ K‡i| Zvici ïiæ nq Zvi
Avmj iƒc †`Lv‡bv|
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ejøvj †mb evsjvi kvmbfvi MÖnY Kivi ci †eŠ×‡`i cÖwZ cïi gZ
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gviv hvq| 185 wLªt c~t †hgb cyl¨wgÎ ï½ †gŠh© mgªvU e„n`ª_‡K cÖKvk¨
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KivB wQj ejøvj †m‡bi Avmj D‡Ïk¨|
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GKRb eªvþY g„Z¨z i Av‡M ch©šÍ hZ Lywk weevn Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Avi ejøvj
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†h evsjvq cÖvq Pvik eQi a‡i †eŠ× kvmb P‡jwQj, †hLv‡b Ò‡eŠ×
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wPiZ‡i jyß n‡q †Mj| †mLv‡b †eŠ× KvD‡K _vK‡Z †`Iqv nj bv|
A_©vr mKj‡K eªvþY¨ev‡`i †Mvjvwgi †Luvqv‡o cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nj|
bgtRvwZi †jv‡Kiv ejøvj †m‡bi wb‡`©k D‡cÿv K‡i ¯^a¤§‡K gh©v`v
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¶YgvÎ †m‡`‡k iÕe bv|Ó ÑH c„t 30
mKj‡K †W‡K Rvwb‡q †`Iqv nq †h, ‡h †`‡k wbRa¤§ cvj‡bi
†Kvb AwaKvi †bB| †m †`‡k wePvi e¨e¯’v †bB| ZvB fvB me, Avi
GKUzI †`ix bv K‡i, mevB Pjyb Avgiv GB †`k †Q‡o P‡j hvB|
wb‡R‡`i a¤§‡K evuPv‡bvi Rb¨ ejøvj †m‡bi †Kv‡c c‡o c~ec © iy æ‡li
wfUv †_‡K weZvwoZ nj GBfv‡e| AviI GKevi GB †jvK‡`i wfUv
Qvov n‡Z nq †`k fv‡Mi ewj n‡q 1947 mv‡j|
GZ ewj `‡j `‡j †`k Qvwo hvq P‡j
Zey †Kn a¤§©‡K bv Qv‡o|
a¤§©‡K mnvq Kwi m‡e ivRavbx Qvwo
wb‡R b‡o a¤§©‡K bv bv‡o|| ÑH c„t 30
Gici mK‡j `‡j `‡j †`k †Q‡o P‡j hvIqv ïiæ K‡ib| wKš‘
Zvuiv wKQz‡ZB wb‡R‡`i a¤§‡K Qvo‡Z ivwR nb bv| KviY, a¤§B n‡”Q
mnvq m¤^j| †mB a¤§‡K m¤^j K‡i †`kvšÍix nb GK mg‡qi cÖZvc
cÖwZcwË I †MŠiekvjx †eŠ× a¤§vej¤^x bgtRvwZi †jv‡Kiv|
†eŠ×a¤§vej¤^xiv †`k †Q‡o P‡j hv‡”QÑ GK_v hLb ivRvi Kv‡b
†Mj ZLbÑ
ejøvj ïwbqv K_v e‡j Avi hvq †Kv_v
ˆmb¨ w`qv mKwj bvwke|
32 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
Av¯cÏ©v †e‡o‡Q KZ Ki me gyÐ cvZ
†eŠ×a¤§© imvZ‡j w`e||Õ ÑH c„t 30
ejøvj †mb †µv‡a AwMœwcÐ n‡q †NvlYv K‡i †h, ‡eŠ×‡`i GZeo
Av¯úa©v †e‡o‡Q? Zviv Avgvi Av‡`k Agvb¨ K‡i †`k †Q‡o P‡j hv‡”Q?
gš¿x, ˆmb¨‡`i wb‡`©k `vI, Zviv †hb mKj †eŠ‡×i gyЇ”Q` K‡i †`q|
Avwg †eŠ×‡`i a¤§©‡K wPiZ‡i imvZ‡j Zwj‡q †`e|
ejøvj †m‡bi GB wb‡`©k ï‡b Zvi gš¿x Ômywe×vbÕ g‡b g‡b e¨_v
cvb| wZwb ivRv‡K GB nZ¨vjxjv bv Kivi Rb¨ †evSv‡bvi †Póv K‡i
Amdj nb|
Gw`‡K †eŠ‡×i `j Z¨wR ivRavbx ¯’j
Mnb KvšÍv‡i Pwj hvq| ÑH c„t 30
†eŠ×MY Zvu‡`i wm×všÍ Abymv‡i Avi Kvj wej¤^ bv K‡i ivRavbxi
evm¯’j †Q‡o w`‡q Mfxi Ai‡Y¨i g‡a¨ P‡j hvb| wKš‘ Mfxi Ai‡Y¨i
g‡a¨ cvbxq Rj, Lv`¨ `ªe¨ bv †c‡q ag©msKU †_‡K gy³ n‡q gvivZ¥K
Lv`¨ `ª‡e¨i msK‡Ui gy‡LvgywL nb|
Kv‡j Kv‡j esk e„w× üZ-ab üZ-Fw×
†hvMk~b¨ a‡¤§©i mwnZ| ÑH c„t 30
a‡¤§i gh©v`v‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ ivRavbx †Q‡o R½‡j emevm Ki‡Z
ïiæ Kivi d‡j, Rxe‡bi †eu‡P _vKvi im` †RvMvo Ki‡Z wM‡q Avi
wb‡R‡`i a‡¤§i AvPvi-Abyôvb ixwZ-bxwZ my`xN© w`b cvjb Ki‡Z bv
†c‡i †Kgb †hb me wKQz k~b¨ nq hvq| KzPµx eªvþY‡`i †Nvi
AZ¨vPv‡ii d‡j †h †eŠ×a¤§vej¤^xiv †`kQvov n‡jb, cieZ©x‡ZÑ
bexb wn›`yi a‡¤§© †e`wewa wµqv K‡¤§©
†eŠ× m‡e µ‡g Gj wdwi| ÑH c„t 30
A‡bK †eŠ× KzPµx eªvþY‡`i †Nvi AZ¨vPvi mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i
†e`wewa wµqv Kg©‡K †g‡b wb‡q wn›`y a‡g©i †Luvqv‡o cÖ‡ek K‡i| GB
n‡”Q GK mg‡qi †MŠiekvjx bgtRvwZi †eŠ×a¤§ †_‡K wn›`y a‡g©
weZvo‡bi BwZnvm| GB BwZnvm‡K bgtRvwZi †jv‡Kiv GLbI we¯§„Z
n‡q wb‡R‡`i c~ec © iy æ‡li †kŠh©-exh© I †MŠi‡ev¾j BwZnvm‡K fz‡j wM‡q
nwiPvu` VvKzi cÖewZ©Z †eŠ× a‡¤§i AbyKi‡Y ÔgZzqv a‡g©iÕ QÎZ‡j bv
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 33
G‡m wn›`y a‡g©i †Mvjvwg‡ZB gyw³i ¯^v` Ly‡u R P‡j‡Q| Avi GB Kv‡R
mnvqZv Ki‡Q RvwZiB wKQz wkwÿZ eªvþY¨ev`x PvgPviv| ZvB ewj, IV,
Rv‡Mv, Avi K‡e †Zvgv‡`i Nyg fv½‡e? GB BwZnvm Rvbvi c‡iI eªvþY¨
a‡g©i †Mvjvwg †_‡K gy³ nIqvi Rb¨ i³ UMeM Ki‡Q bv wK? †Zvgv‡`i
c~ec© iy æl‡`i msMÖvg‡K g‡b Ki| Zvuiv wb‡R‡`i a¤§‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨
e‡b R½‡j emevm K‡i‡Qb| Avi †Zvgiv AvR nwiPvu` ¸iæPvu` VvKz‡ii
msMÖv‡gi d‡j mewKQz wd‡i †c‡qQ| ZvB Avi KZw`b eªvþY¨ev‡`i
†Luvqv‡o †_‡K †Mvjvwg Ki‡e? K‡e gZzqva‡g©i wbkvb we‡k¦i `iev‡i
Zz‡j ai‡e?
e„nr e‡½ †eŠ× BwZnv‡mi we‡jvc
¸iæPvu` Pwi‡Z ¸iæPvu` VvKz‡ii gyLwbtm„Z evYx w`‡q Kwe †h fv‡e
bgt‡`i c~e© BwZnvm‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb; †hLv‡b ¯úó K‡i e‡j †`Iqv
n‡q‡Q †h, bgtiv †eŠ×a¤§vej¤^x wQj| Avi †hfv‡e †mLvb †_‡K
weZvwoZ n‡q cwZZ Ae¯’vq ch©ewmZ n‡Z n‡qwQj, †mK_v nqZ
A‡b‡KB AbyavebI Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| Kxfv‡e eªvþYiv mewKQz‡K wbwðý
K‡i w`‡q wb‡R‡`i KivqË K‡i wQj, †mUv Rvb‡j Avðh© n‡Z nq|
Avmyb †`‡L †bIqv hvK †mB BwZnv‡mi wKQz Z_¨| (`x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi
†jLv eB Òe„nr e½Ó c„t 6 †_‡K 11)
Ò...†h eªvþY¨ a‡¤§©i cybiæÌvb nBqvwQj, †mB cybiæwÌZ wn›`ya¤§©,
‰Rb †eŠ×w`‡Mi D¾¦j Aa¨vq G‡`‡ki BwZnv‡mi c„ôv nB‡Z G‡Kev‡i
gywQqv †dwjqvwQj| †eŠ×wenv‡ii bvg ïwb‡j wn›`yMY Kv‡Y AvOzj w`‡Zb,
GB cvc bvg D”PviY Kwi‡Z bvB| wkïiv GB wkÿv cvBqvwQj|
wnDbmv½-ewY©Z mgZ‡Ui ivRavbx Kvg&Zv bM‡i (K¤§všÍ, AvaywbK mg‡q
Kzwgjøvi wbKUeË©x Kvg&Zv) †hLv‡b m•Nvivg wQj eË©gv‡b Dnvi bvg
ÒwenvigÐjÓ-Dnv eo Kvg&Zv MÖv‡gi wKQz Dˇi| kÖxhy³ bwjbxKvšÍ
fÆkvjx gnvkq wjwLqv‡Qb, Òcvk¦e© Ë©x MÖvgevwmMY KLbI †fv‡ii †ejvq
†mB MÖv‡gi bvg jq bv, c~‡ei MÖvg wK cwð‡gi MÖvg BZ¨vw` ewjqv `iKvi
nB‡j Bnvi D‡jøL Kwiqv _v‡K|Ó (cÖwZfv, Z…Zxqel©, 2q msL¨v, 125
c„ôv)| m¤úÖwZ kÖ‡×q nicÖmv` kv¯¿x gnvk‡qi my‡hvM¨ cyÎ kÖxhy³
34 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
webq‡Zvl fÆvPvh©¨, Gg& G wc-GP& wW gnvkq, ÒQÙ‡e‡k †`e‡`exÓ bvgK
Zvunvi GKwU M‡elYvc~Y© cÖe‡Ü cÖgvY Kwiqv‡Qb †h, Avgv‡`i meŸ©Î
Aviva¨ wn›`y‡`eZvi A‡bK¸wjB †eŠ×Zš¿ nB‡Z M„nxZ| †eŠ× †`e‡`exMY
wn›`yi gw›`‡i cÖwZwôZ nBqv‡Qb Ges wn›`yiv Zvnvw`M‡K †egvjyg wbR¯^
Kwiqv †eŠ×FY A¯^xKvi Kvwiqv‡Qb; GgbwK Zviv, Kvjx, mi¯^Zx cÖfw„ Z
†`eZv w`M‡K Avgiv †hfv‡e c~Rv Kwiqv _vwK, Zvnv †eŠ× Z‡š¿i
AbyMZ| wZwb †`LvBqv‡Qb, DM©v, g‡nvM©v, eRªv cÖfw„ Z mvZwU †`eZv
Zvivi iƒcvšÍi, Ges Zviv †`exi DrcwË †eŠ× a¤©§ nB‡Z; Bnvi gv_vq
ÒA‡ÿvf¨,Ó cvuPwU gy`vª I ÒGKRUvÓ bvg mg¯ÍB †eŠ×Zviv nB‡Z M„nxZ|
cieË©x wn›`y Zvwš¿KMY ÒA‡ÿvf¨Ó A‡_© wke Ges ÔGKRUvÕ I wn›`y
†`eZvi wef~wZ ewjqv e¨vL¨v Kwiqv‡Qb; wKš‘ A‡ÿvf¨ cÖKZ … c‡ÿ a¨vbx
ey×; GKRUv †eŠ× †`eZv, Ges gy`vª ¸wjI †eŠ× ZË¡vbyM| wn›`y Z‡š¿i
†h¸wj‡Z Ab¨iƒc e¨vL¨v †`Iqv nBqv‡Q, Zvnvi †KvbwUB mßg kZvãx
nB‡Z AwaK cÖvPxb b‡n| GBfv‡e `„ó nq, wn›`yiv †eŠ×a¤§© ïay bó Kwiqv
Qv‡ob bvB, Zvunviv `ynv‡Z †eŠ× fvÛvi jyÚb Kwiqv mg¯Í jywÚZ `ª‡e¨i
Dci wbR wbR bvgv‡¼i Qvc w`qv Dnv meŸ©‡Zvfv‡e wbR¯^ Kwiqv‡Qb|
wn›`yi cieË©x b¨vq-`k©b, a¤§©kv¯¿ cÖfw„ Z mg¯Í wel‡qB GB jyÚ‡bi
cwiPq Av‡QÑ †Kv_vI FY-¯^xKvi bvB| GBfv‡e wn›`yiv †eŠ×a‡¤§©i
BwZnv‡mi we‡jvc mvab Kwiqv‡Qb| e‡½i cwð‡gvËi Dcv‡šÍ wcÖq`k©x
A‡kvK cÖfw„ Z hZ eo eo ivRv Rwb¥qvwQ‡jb, wKQzw`b c~‡eŸ© Avgv‡`i
wbKU Zvunviv bv‡g gvÎI cwiwPZ wQ‡jb bv| e½‡MŠi‡ei ga¨gwY
weµgcyievmx `xc¼‡ii bvg ch©¨šÍ weµgcyievmxiv fywjqv wMqvwQ‡jb|
bvj›`v, weµgkxjv, I`šÍciy I myeY© wenv‡ii bvgB ev †K ïwbqvwQj?
†Kej Avgiv hywawôi, fxg cÖfw„ Z c cvЇei bvg jBqv MeŸ© Kwi‡Z
wkwLqvwQjvg; †Kej aªæe, cÖnv¬ ` cÖfw„ Zi ¯^‡cœ we‡fvi wQjvg| evoxi Kv‡Q
Kwj‡½i †h fxlY hyׇÿ‡Î jÿ ‰mb¨ nZ¨v Kwihv ivRv A‡kvK AbyZß
nBqvwQ‡jb, †mB iƒc gnvhy‡×i K_vI Avgiv G‡Kev‡i fywjqv wMqvwQjvg|
wKš‘ K‡e †Kvb hy‡M Kz¤K¢ ‡Y©i m‡½ hy× Kwi‡Z hvBqv myMxÖ e cÖfw„ Z evb‡iiv
Zvunvi D`i¯’ nBqv KY©iÜ« w`qv ewnM©Z nBqvwQj Ges jÿ¥‡Yi kw³‡kj
Dcj‡ÿ gviæwZ K‡e †Kvb& w`K w`qv MÜgv`b ‰kj Kvu‡a Kwiqv j¼v‡ÿ‡Î
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 35
DcbxZ nBqvwQj, ¯§iYvZxZ Kv‡ji †mBiƒc DcK_v Avgiv cqvi Q‡›`
cvV Kwiqv Kɯ’ KwiqvwQjvg| e¸ov †Rjvq fxg ‰Ke‡Ë©i Rv½vj‡K
Avgiv wØZxq cvЇei KxwË© cwiKíbv Kwiqv fw³‡Z M`M` nBqvwQ Ges
XvKv †Rjvi mvfv‡ii †eŠ× ivRv nwið‡›`ªi cÖvPxb cÖvmv‡`i fMœve‡kl‡K
†cŠivwYK nwið‡›`ªi evox g‡b Kwiqv mkÖ× nBqv Zrm¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv
KwiqvwQ| wÎcyiv †Rjvi gqbvgZx cvnv‡o ¯’v‡b ¯’v‡b cÖKvÐ wkjvLÐ
†jv‡K 濫-wb濫i¢ Aw¯’ ewjqv wb‡`©k Kwiqv _v‡K| ‰Rb I †eŠ× †`eZvi
weMÖn e‡½i cjøx‡Z cjøx‡Z cvIqv hvB‡Z‡Q wKš‘ Zvnviv †h †eŠ× ev
© Zvnv †K K‡e g‡b KwiqvwQj? †Kvb †Kvb ¯’v‡b w`M¤^i
‰Rb a‡¤§©i AšÍMZ
Zx_©¼i wkeiƒ‡c c~wRZ nB‡Z‡Qb| GK ¯’v‡b †`wLqvwQ †evwaZiæi wb‡¤œœ
Dcweó ey× weMÖ‡ni bvg cvÐviv w`qv‡Q ÔRUvk¼iÕ, ey‡×i wk‡ii E‡×©
†evwaZiæi cÎcyÄ RUv¯^iƒc cÖwZfvZ nBqv‡Q| ey×g~wË©‡K wm›`yi gwÐZ
Kwiqv MÖvg¨ cy‡ivwn‡Ziv Zviv g~wZ©Áv‡b A”P©bv Kwiqv gvZ…cR
~ vi evÃv
PwiZv_© Kwiqv‡Qb, Giƒc msev`I Avgiv Rvwb| kÖxhy³ bwjbxKvšÍ
fÆkvjx gnvkq wjwLqv‡Qb, ÒwÎcyivi eo Kvg&Zv MÖv‡g wenvi gЇj †eŠ×
R¤¢jg~wË©, K…òg~wË© ewjqv c~wRZ nBqv _v‡K|Ó (cÖwZfv, Z…Zxq el©,
wØZxq msL¨v, 125 c„: )| A‡bK ¯’‡j A‡kvK-¯Í¤¢ Ôfx‡gi M`vÕ bv‡g
AwfwnZ| †eŠ×a‡¤§©i cÖwZ eªvþ‡Yiv GZB wew`ó nBqvwQ‡jb †h, †mB
mKj cvc K_v †hb †Kn bv ï‡b GB D‡Ï‡k¨ eªvþ‡Yiv B”Qv Kwiqv
Zvnv‡`i KxwË© †jvc Kwiqv w`qvwQ‡jb|
Òmß`k kZvãx‡Z Ôeyׇ`‡ei AeZviÕ ewjqv wb‡R‡K cÖPvi Kwiqv
eשgvbevmx ivgvb›` †Nvl bvgK GKe¨w³ GKLvwb ivgvqY iPbv K‡ib,
Zvnv‡Z Zvunvi †eŠ×a‡¤§©i cÖwZ we‡Øl AwZ µz× fvlvq cÖKvwkZ
nBqv‡Q| wn›`yiv †eŠ× I †Wvg cwÐZw`‡Mi e„wË †jvc KivBqv Zvnv‡`i
n¯Í nB‡Z †`egw›`‡ii c~Rvi AwaKvi Kvwoqv jBqvwQ‡jb|
†WvgvPvh©¨w`‡Mi bvg †eŠ×-mvwn‡Z¨ cwiwPZ| †h mKj †eŠ× cy‡ivwnZ
Zvwš¿K Abyôvb Kwihv AwZ †nq wRwbl fÿY Kwi‡Zb ZvnvivB m¤¢eZ;
Ô‡g_iÕ †kÖYx‡Z cwiYZ nBqvwQ‡jb| kãwU ÒgnË¡iÓ k‡ãi Acåsk
ewjqv g‡b nq| wn›`y ¯§„wZi weav‡b PÐv‡jiv †g_i‡`i eË©gvb Kv‡h©¨
wbhy³ wQj| wKš‘ Kv‡j hLb PÐv‡jiv wn›`yi wbZvšÍ ÒAbyMZ I mgv‡Ri
36 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
wb¤œ‡œ kÖYxi MÐxfy³ nBqv cwoj,Ó ZLb wewRZ kÎæM‡Yi g‡a¨ hvunviv
Zvwš¿K Abyôvbvw`i `iæY wbZvšÍ †nq wRwbl NvuUvNvuwU Kwi‡Z wØav‡eva
Kwi‡Zb bv, ZvunvivB PÐv‡ji Kv‡Ri fvi jB‡Z eva¨ nB‡jb| BnvivB
eªvþYw`‡Mi weiæ‡× `vuovBqvwQ‡jb| G‡`‡k eªvþY¨ cÖfv‡ei cybifz¨`‡q
wewRZ †eŠ×w`‡Mi cÖwZ †hiƒc K‡Vvi wbcxob PwjqvwQj, Zvnv‡Z ‰eò‡eiv
hw` †mB mKj nZfv‡M¨i Rb¨ ¯^xq mgv‡Ri Øvi D˜NvUb bv Kwi‡Zb, Z‡e
†mB †kÖYxi mK‡jB gymjgvb nBqv hvBZ| `vwÿYv‡Z¨ ‰k‡eiv †eŠ× I
‰Rbw`‡Mi g¯ÍK †Q`b Kwiqv wbôyifv‡e Zvunv‡`i g‡Zi aŸsm KwiqvwQj|
Òhvnv nDK we‡Øl I Drcxobvw` m‡Ë¡I †eŠ× I ‰Rb a¤§©kv¯¿ I
`k©‡bi mvivsk eªvþ‡Yiv wb‡R‡`i kv‡¯¿i AšÍMZ © Kwiqv †k‡l GB `yB
a¤§©‡K eR©b KvwiqvwQ‡jb|
Ò†eŠ× BwZnvm eªvþ‡Yiv †¯^”Qvq I †Nvi kÎæZv Kwiqv jyß Kwiqv‡Qb|
Zvunv‡`i iv‡R¨ †h †Kvb Kv‡j c~‡eŸ©v³ `yB cÖavb a¤§©vej¤^x m¤úÖ`v‡qi
Giƒc Avðh©¨ jxjv nBqv wMqv‡Q, Zvnvi wPýgvÎ hvnv‡Z bv _v‡K Zvunviv
DwVqv cwoqv ZvnvB Kwiqv‡Qb, GRb¨ Avgv‡`i cÖvPxb BwZnvm D×v‡ii
c‡_ GZ Avuavi|
nicÖmv` kv¯¿x gnvkq wjwLqv‡Qb, Ò‡eŠ× cvwifvwlK kã¸wj
Rbmvavi‡Yi fvlv nB‡Z AšÍwn©Z nBqv‡Q, †h Rbc‡` GK †KvwUi AwaK †eŠ×
Ges 11,500 wf¶z evm KwiZ, †mLv‡b GKLvwb †eŠ×MÖš’ 30 erm‡ii †Póvq
cvIqv hvq bvB| †h c~eŸ©fviZ †eŠ×a‡¤§©i cÖavb jxjv‡ÿÎ wQj, Z_vq
†eŠ×a‡¤§©i †h Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj, ZvnvI qy‡ivcxq cÖZZ œ vwË¡KM‡Yi †Póvq Aaybv
Avwe®‹vi Kwi‡Z nBqv‡QÓ (Discovery of Living Buddhism in Bengal, 1 c„t)|
Ò†eŠ×-weR‡qi ci ev½jv hLb be eªvþ‡Y¨ `xwÿZ nBj, ZLb fywjqv
†Mj †h GKKv‡j GB †`‡ki mxgv‡šÍ bvj›`v I weµgkxjv wenvi wQj,
`xc¼‡ii cÖwZfv †`kwe‡`k D¾¦j KwiqvwQj, G‡`k nB‡Z ev½vjx ex‡iiv
hvBqv wm•Nj weRq KwiqvwQ‡jb Ges G‡`‡ki axgvb& I weZcvj Aש Gwkqvi
wPθiæ nBqv wkíRM‡Z GK Af~Zc‚eŸ© hyMvšÍi Dcw¯’Z KwiqvwQ‡jb|Ó
Gici D³ eB‡qi 39 c„t †_‡KÑ ÒAvgiv †`LvB‡Z †Póv KwiqvwQ
†h B`vbxšÍbKv‡j eªvþYMY †hLv‡b †hLv‡b †eŠ× hy‡Mi wb`k©b wQj Zvnv
ivgvqY I gnvfvi‡Zi hy‡Mi NUbvi m‡½ mswkøó Kwi‡Z †Póv cvBqv‡Qb|
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 37
P›`ªmh~ ¨© es‡ki †MŠie †jvKP‡ÿ Zvunviv Lye AwZiwÄZ Kwiqv eY©bv
Kwiqv‡Qb| †hLv‡b †h †Kvb ivRv Av‡Qb, Zvunv‡`i Avw` cyiæl‡K
gnvfvi‡Zi †Kvb †`k-wekÖæZ ex‡ii m‡½ †MvuRvwgj w`qv, eskjZv Uvwbqv
Avwbqv‡Qb| e½‡`‡ki mKj ivRvi m¤^‡ÜB Hiƒc NwUqv‡Q| ïay G‡`‡k
b‡n, ivRcyZbv cÖfw„ Z †`kI m~h¨© es‡ki jxjv‡ÿÎ nBqv `vuovBqv‡Q|
myZivs ivRvw`‡Mi Avw`cyiæ‡li K_vUv G‡Kev‡i BwZnvm nB‡Z ev` w`‡jI
g›` nq bv| hZB †Kb ms¯‹„Z †køvK DׄZ nDK bv †Kb, HwZnvwmKMY
GB mKj esk-jZvi gyLcvÎUv Lye myP‡ÿ †`wL‡eb bv| evwj Øx‡ci wn›`yMY
Zvunv‡`i †`‡k A‡hva¨v, mihy, B›`ªc¯Ö ’ cÖfw„ Z mg¯Í ¯’vbB †`LvBqv _v‡Kb|
G †`‡ki BwZnvm‡KI eªvþYMY gnvfvi‡Zv³ Zx‡_© cwiYZ Kwievi
D‡Ï‡k¨ †eŠ‡×wZnvm gywQqv †dwjqv wQ‡jb|Ó
AvkvKwi, cvVKMY GB BwZnvm †_‡K A‡bK mZ¨ NUbv m¤ú‡K©
Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡jb| GB BwZnvm bv Rvb‡j nq‡Zv A‡bK wKQzB
Aaiv †_‡K †hZ †eŠ×‡`i cÖwZ eªvþY‡`i µziZv m¤ú‡K©| Avi GB
BwZnvm ¸iæPvu` VvKzi ewY©Z D³ BwZnv‡mi D‡jøLgvÎ e‡j g‡b Kwi|
ZvB GUv‡K Zz‡j aijvg|
bgtRvwZi cÖwZ ÔPÐvjÕ e‡j Mvwj †`Iqvi N„Y¨ Pµv‡šÍi KviY
Avgiv GZ¶Y Rvbjvg Kxfv‡e †eŠ×‡`i Dci AZ¨vPvi n‡qwQj
Ges †eŠ‡×i wb`k©b jyß K‡i †`evi †KŠkj K‡iwQj| Avi evsjvi
†eŠ×a¤§vej¤^x bgtRvwZi †jv‡Kiv ¯^a¤§ i¶vi Rb¨ ejøvj †m‡bi
†µv‡ai wkKvi n‡q Kxfv‡e ivRavbx †Q‡o e‡bR½‡j wM‡q emevm
Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| ivRavbx †Q‡o `~‡i huviv emwZ K‡ibÑ
ÔPÐvjÕ ewjqv Rvb ¯’j
~ | ѸiæPvu` PwiZ- c„t 239
GB cÖwZev`x a¤§ wecøex‡`i ivRv ejøvj †mb ÔPÐvjÕ e‡j †NvlYv
K‡i| eªvþY ivRvi GB A‡hŠw³K †NvlYvi †KD we‡ivwaZv bv Ki‡Z
†c‡i bxi‡e _v‡K| bgtRvwZi cÖwZ GB AcgvbRbK Mvwj cÖ‡qv‡Mi
d‡j mK‡j fxlYfv‡e wegl© n‡q c‡ob|
Zviv e‡j ÔGwK `vqÕ Kxfv‡e PÐvj Kq
GZ ïay wnsmv K‡i ejv|
38 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
weavb †g‡k bv hvnv †mB AvL¨v w`j Avnv
me wKQz eªvþ‡Ywi Qjv|| ÑH c„t 239
Zviv eyS‡Z cv‡ib, ïaygvÎ cÖwZwnsmv PwiZv_© Kivi Rb¨ eªvþY
ivRv GB Mvwj w`‡q‡Q| KviY, PÐvj k‡ãi A¶wiK A‡_©i m‡½
bgtRvwZi †jvK‡`i †Kv_vI we›`ygvÎ mvgÄm¨ Ly‡u R cvIqv hvq bv|
eªvþY¨ kv¯¿ wnmv‡e ÔPÐvjÕ Kv‡`i ejv n‡q‡Q
hviv MÖv‡gi evB‡i emevm K‡i, g„Z‡`n k¥kv‡b †cvovq Ges hviv
†Kvb Pvlvev‡`i KvR K‡i bv| hviv g„Z †`‡ni e¯¿ wb‡q wb‡RivB cwiavb
K‡i| ZvivB n‡”Q PÐvjÑ eZ©gv‡b hv‡`i‡K Ô‡WvgÕ ejv nq| Avi GKUv
cÖgvY Av‡Q| †hUv wb‡q GK GK Rb GK GK K_v e‡j| †mUv n‡”Q,
AvKv‡k ivû Av‡Q| †m bvwK Pvu`‡K †L‡q †d‡j| †mB Rb¨ eªvþY‡`i
kv‡¯¿ GB ivû‡K PÐvj ejv n‡q‡Q| Z…Zxq D`vniY n‡”Q, †µva ev ivM‡K
PÐvj e‡j Mvwj †`Iqv nq| wKš‘ evsjvi bgtRvwZi †jvK‡`i GB wZbwU
D`vni‡Yi †KvbwUi m‡½B †g‡j bv| KviY, Ôbgtk~`ª RvwZ †kªô
†kŠ‡h©ex‡h© myMwiôÕ| bgtRvwZi †jv‡Kiv RvwZMZfv‡e †kŠh©ex‡h©
gnvkw³kvjx| ïaygvÎ wnsmvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i ÔPÐvjÕ e‡j Mvwj †`Iqv
n‡q‡Q| ivû‡K †h PÐvj e‡j‡Q, †mUv †Zv ev¯Í‡e c„w_exi Qvqv hLb
Pvu`‡K †X‡K †`q, hv‡K ÔP›`ªMnÖ YÕ ejv nq, †h K_v weÁvb e‡j| GLv‡b
ivûi †Kvb KvíwbK †hvMm~Î †bB| Avi ivû e‡jI wKQz †bB| Z…Zxq
†h †µva ev ivM‡K PÐvj ejv n‡q‡Q, GB †µva †Zv mKj Rx‡ei g‡a¨B
Av‡Q| wKš‘ ïaygvÎ bgtRvwZi †jvK‡`i cÖwZ †Kb GB Mvwj †`Iqv n‡e?
Zvn‡j †Zv ej‡Z nq mviv we‡k¦B PÐvj Av‡Q|
MÖv‡gi evwn‡i evm bvwn K‡i Pvlevm
GB hw` PÐvj j¶Y|
K…wl K‡g© m`v iZ bgtk~`ª Av‡Q hZ
MÖvg Qvov _v‡K bv KLb||
ZeyI PÐvj Zv‡i e‡j ïay wnsmv K‡i
wnsmv d‡j d‡j weldj| ÑH c„t 239
eªvþY¨ kv¯¿Mš Ö ’ Abymv‡i PÐvj‡`i e¨vL¨v †`Iqv n‡q‡Q †h, Zviv
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 39
MÖv‡gi evB‡i emevm K‡i| †Kv‡bv Pvlvev‡`i KvR K‡i bv| GUv hw`
PÐvj‡`i j¶Y nq, Zvn‡j bgtk~`iª v Kx K‡i PÐvj nÕ‡Z cv‡ib? KviY,
Zuviv †Zv MÖv‡gi evB‡i _v‡Kb bv| Avi cÖvq mK‡jB K…wl Kv‡Ri m‡½
hy³| Zvn‡j GUv a‡i †bIqv hvq bv wK †h, ïaygvÎ cÖwZwnsmvi Rb¨
bgtk~`‡ª `i PÐvj e‡j Mvwj †`Iqv n‡q‡Q? GBfv‡e †Kv‡bv m¤cÖ`v‡qi
†jvK‡`i wnsmvcivqY Mvwj †`Iqvi d‡j wKš‘ wnsmvB †e‡o hvq| Avi
Zvi cwiYwZ KLbI fvj nq bv|
PÐvj Mvwj †gvPb
hvB‡nvK, my`xN©Kvj GB ÔPÐvjÕ Mvwj bgtRvwZi †jvK‡`i e‡q wb‡q
†eov‡Z nq| Gici ¸iæPvu` VvKzi I wm.Gm. gxW mv‡n‡ei K‡Vvi †Póvi
d‡j GB Mvwj †gvPb Kiv m¤¢e nq| Gevi †mB BwZnv‡m cÖ‡ek Kiv
hvK| ¸iæPvu` VvKz‡ii wk¶v-Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j ivavbv_, fx®§‡`e,
kªx‡gvnb, Kzg`y gwjøK, kwkf‚lY Guiv D”P wk¶vq wkw¶Z nb| wKš‘
bgt‡`i mwVK cwiPq Bs‡iR ivRvi Kv‡Q bv _vKvq Guiv †Kv‡bvfv‡e
PvKwii my‡hvM cvw”Q‡jb bv| ¸iæPvu` VvKzi GB me K_v gxW mv‡ne‡K
Rvwb‡q e‡jb, Gi GKUv Dcvq †ei Ki‡Z| ZLb gxW mv‡ne civgk©
†`b, ÔwKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨ †QvUjvU mv‡ne dwi`cy‡i Avm‡eb| †mLv‡b
jvUmv‡ne‡K bgt‡`i c¶ †_‡K GKUv msea©bv †`Iqv `iKvi| Avi
bgtRvwZi m¤ú‡K© jvU mv‡ne‡K me K_v Rvbv‡Z n‡e| Avi †mB
Rvbv‡bvi `vwqZ¡ wZwb wb‡R MÖnY Ki‡eb|
Ab¨vb¨ wkw¶Z hyeK‡`i m‡½ wb‡q dwi`cy‡i jvU `iev‡i hvevi
w`b ¸iæPvu` VvKzi †mB Avg‡ji cvuP‡kv UvKvi †cvkvK c‡i ivR‡e‡k
Dcw¯’Z nb| ¸iæPvu` VvKz‡ii GB ivRKxq †ek †`‡L †Rjv g¨wR‡óªU
gxW mv‡n‡ei Kv‡Q ¸iæPvu` VvKz‡ii m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ cwiPq Rvb‡Z
Pvb| ZLb gxW mv‡ne e‡jb †h, GB e¨w³ (¸iæPvu` VvKzi) bgtk~`ª Kz‡ji
GKRb MY¨gvY¨ e¨w³| wZwb IovKv›`x MÖv‡g evm K‡ib| wZwb
bgtRvwZi g‡a¨ †kªô e¨w³| Zvui wcZvI GKRb gnr gvbyl| Zvui wcZvi
A‡bK wkl¨ Av‡Q G‡`‡k| Avi GB e¨w³ GKRb AwZkq mr I
ivRf³|
40 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
Gme K_v †kvbvi ci g¨vwR‡óªU ¸iæPvu` VvKzi‡K e‡jbÑ Ô`qv Kwi
†Pqv‡i emyb gnvkq|Õ wKQz¶Y c‡i g¨vwR‡óªU Avevi gxW mv‡n‡ei Kv‡Q
Rvb‡Z Pvb †h, Òbgtk~`ª †Kvb& RvwZ ejZ Avgvq?Ó (¸iæPvu` PwiZ c„t
212)
ZLb gxW& mv‡neB g¨vwR‡óª‡Ui Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z Pvb †h, ÒAvcbvi
Aax‡b †Kvb †Kvb RvwZi †jvK evm K‡ib †mUv GKUz Avcwb ejyb|
Avi †Kvb RvwZi †jv‡Kiv wK KvR K‡ib †mUvI ejyb| KviY, Avcwb
†Rjv kvmK| Avcbvi Kv‡Q Gwel‡q me ai‡Yi Z_¨ _vKvi K_v|ÕÕ
ZLb g¨vwR‡óªU wewfbœ RvwZi bvg e‡jb| Avi e‡jb,
Av‡iK RvwZi K_v ewj Avwg cv‡Q|
ÔPÐvjÕ ewjqv m‡e Zvnvw`‡MÕ Kq| -H c„t 212
ÒAvi GK RvwZi †jvK Av‡Q mK‡j hv‡`i‡K ÔPÐvjÕ e‡j| Zviv
Avgvi †Rjvq A‡bK Av‡Q| Giv kw³kvjx Ges jvwV‡Ljv Rv‡b| Giv
K…wlKvR K‡i RxweKvR©b K‡i| Z‡e Giv †Kvb wkw¶Z bq| Avi kni
e›`‡iI Kv`vwPr Av‡m| Avi GB RvwZi †jvK‡`i m‡½ Avgvi †Zgb
†Kvb cwiPq †bB| Z‡e GB RvwZi †jv‡Kiv †Zv mK‡j ÔPÐvjÕ,
Ôbgtk~`Õª ‡Zv †KD bq|Ó
ZLb gxW& mv‡ne e‡jb †h, hv‡`i‡K Avcwb ÔPÐvjÕ e‡j Rv‡bb,
ÒGB ÔPÐvjÕ‡`i g~jZË¡ Kx †mUv hw` GKUz e‡jb?Ó
ZLb g¨vwR‡óªU †n‡m e‡jb †h, Òcv`ªx gnvkq, Gme Avwg Kx K‡i
Rvb‡ev? GLvbKvi †jv‡Kiv †hUv Avgv‡`i Rvwb‡q‡Q †mUvB Avwg ejwQ|
Zv QvovÑ
Avgvi Aax‡b hZ Av‡Q Kg©Pvix|
Zvnviv PÐvj e‡j Avwg wKev Kwi|| ÑH c„t 213
Avgvi Aax‡b hZ Kg©Pvix Av‡Q, Zviv mK‡j PÐvj e‡j| Avi †h
me K_v wi‡cv‡U© †jLv Av‡Q, Zvi evB‡i Avwg Kx K‡i Rvb‡ev ejyb?Ó
ZLb gxW mv‡ne e‡jb †h, jvU mv‡n‡ei Kv‡Q GB e¨w³i cwiPq
w`b GB e‡j †h, GB e¨w³ GKRb ivRf³| wZwb ivRvi weiæ‡× KLbI
K_v e‡jbwb| wZwb ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM`vb K‡ibwb| Zvui cyÎKb¨v
mK‡j weØvb| wZwb mf¨, wkô, kvšÍ I f`ª¯f ^ v‡ei gvbyl| wZwb GKRb
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 41
c‡ivcKvix| Z‡e Avcbvi Aax‡b hZ Kg©Pvix Av‡Q Zviv me mgq
Gu‡`i‡K wnsmv K‡i| N„Yv K‡i| Avcbvi GB Kg©Pvixiv Gu‡`i cÖKZ …
cwiPq‡K Rvb‡Z †`q bv| †mRb¨ Avcwb Gu‡`i Avmj cwiPq Rvb‡Z
cv‡ibwb| KviY, GB RvwZi †jvK‡`i g‡a¨ Avwg me mgq KvR Kwi|
Gu‡`i g‡a¨ A‡bK weØvb e¨w³I Av‡Qb|
ivR-cwiwPZ Giv bv wQj KLb|
cwZZ i‡q‡Q Giv ïay †h KviY|| ÑH c„t 213
Guiv ivRvi m‡½ KLbI cwiwPZ bq| hvi Rb¨ Guiv GLbI mew`K
†_‡K eªvZ¨ n‡q i‡q‡Q|
hvB‡nvK, ¸iæPvu` VvKzi jvU `iev‡i bgtk~`‡ª `i me K_v Rvwb‡q
N‡i wd‡i G‡m wPšÍvgMœ n‡q c‡ob| KviY,
jvU-`ievi Kv‡j g¨vwR‡óªU gx‡W e‡j
bgtk~`ª RvwZ bvwn wPwb|
¸iæPvu` e¨_v cvq ZvB wd‡i wbRvjq
hyw³ K‡i wb‡R ¸YgwY||
gx‡W WvwK e‡j ax‡i Òej gxW wK cÖKv‡i
G KjsK NyPvBe Avwg?Ó ÑH c„t 240
¸iæPvu` VvKzi `ytL cvb g¨vwR‡óª‡Ui K_v ï‡b| KviY, g¨vwR‡÷ªU
bgtk~`ª e‡j †Kv‡bv RvwZ‡K Rv‡bb bv| wZwb ÔPÐvjÕ e‡j Rv‡bb| ZvB
¸iæPvu` VvKzi gxW mv‡n‡ei m‡½ civgk© K‡ib, Kxfv‡e GB ÔPÐvjÕ Mvwj
†_‡K gy³ nIqv hv‡e| Avi Gi Rb¨ wZwb PÐvj m¤c‡K© we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e
e¨vL¨v eywS‡q e‡jb gxW mv‡ne‡K| me K_v ï‡b gxW mv‡ne cÖ¯vÍ e
K‡ib, RbMYbvi eB wK‡b G‡b Av‡M we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z n‡e| Z‡e †mB
Avg‡ji †mÝvm wi‡cv‡U©i eB †RvMvo Kivi Rb¨ ¸iæPvu` VvKzi
ZvjZjvi GK mfvq hvb| †mLv‡b e‡jb-
ZvB mfv R‡b WvwK ¸iæPvu` KgjvwL
K‡n Ò‡kvb bgtk~`ª MY|
ÔPÐvjÕ ewjqv Kq Ab¨ hZ m¤cÖ`vq
MÖš’ g‡a¨ K‡i‡Q wjLb|Ó ÑH c„t 242
Ò‡n Avgvi ¯^RvwZ mfvm`MY ïbyb, Ab¨ RvwZi †jv‡Kiv Avgv‡`i‡K
42 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
ÔPÐvjÕ e‡j Wv‡K| Avi GUv RbMYbvi eB‡ZI †jLv Av‡Q| Zviv Avgv‡`i
cÖwZ GB Mvwj w`‡q‡Q Zv‡`i wnsmv PwiZv_© Kivi Rb¨| ZvB Avgv‡`i
RvwZi gv_vq GB †h Kj¼ Pvwc‡q †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Zvi †_‡K gy³ nIqvi
Rb¨ cÖ_‡g †mB RbMYbvi wi‡cv‡U©i eB wKb‡Z n‡e| Avi Zvi Rb¨ 35
UvKv jvM‡e| gxW mv‡ne Avgv‡K e‡j‡Qb GB eB wK‡b Avb‡j wZwb
Avgv‡`i Dc‡ii GB Mvwj †gvPb Kivi KvR K‡i †`‡eb| ZvB Avcbviv
UvKvi †RvMvo K‡i w`b| A‡bK NUbvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z UvKvi †RvMvo nq|
ZvjZjv †_‡K ¸iæPvu` VvKzi UvKv wb‡q IovKv›`x wd‡i G‡m gxW mv‡ne‡K
UvKv †`b RbMYbvi wi‡cvU© wK‡b Avbvi Rb¨| mßvn Lv‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ wi‡cvU©
nv‡Z †c‡q gxW mv‡ne Zvi cy•Lvbyc•y L c‡o Rvbvb †h,
bgtk~`ª RvwZ ewj bvwn cwiPq|
ÔPÐvjÕ ewjqv ZvÕ‡Z †jLv †`Lv hvq||
wi‡cv‡U© wj‡L‡Q K_v AwZ K`vPvi|
bgtk~`ª bvwn gv‡b AvPvi wePvi||
we`¨vnxb `v½vevR Avi KZ Mvwj|
wi‡cvU© wjwLqv w`j bgtKz‡j Kvwj||
weaev cÖm‡½ wj‡L K_v K`vPvi|
Zviv bvwK Kfz bvwn gv‡b m`vPvi|| ÑH c„t 244
†mÝvm wi‡cv‡U© Ôbgtk~`Õª e‡j †Kvb RvwZi D‡jøL †bB| ÔPÐvjÕ e‡j
†jLv Av‡Q| Z‡e wi‡cv‡U© †jLv n‡q‡Q Giv †Kv‡bv AvPvi wePvi gv‡b
bv| mK‡j Awkw¶Z Ges `v½vevR| GQvov A‡bK Lvivc K_v ejv
n‡q‡Q| Avi weaev gwnjv‡`i cÖwZ N„Y¨ K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| GB wi‡cvU©
covi ci gxW mv‡ne fxlY †i‡M hvb| wZwb e‡jb, Òhviv GB wi‡cvU©
wjwL‡q‡Q Zviv gvbyl e‡j MY¨ nÕ‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY, Avwg A‡bK w`b
a‡i GB e‡½ G‡mwQ| Kg †ewk me RvwZi †jvK‡KB wPwb| Zv‡`i
BwZnvmI Rvwb| wKš‘ bvixi cÖwZ hviv eb¨ cïi g‡Zv AvµgY K‡i,
Zviv gvby‡li †hvM¨ bq| bgtRvwZi cÖwZ †h G‡Zv wnsmv G‡`i, †mUv
Avwg fve‡ZI cviwQ bv| Avm‡j hv‡`i gvbwmKZvB nxb, ZvivB GB
ai‡Yi wg_¨v K_v Amf¨ fvlvq wjL‡Z cv‡i| GB ai‡Yi nxb
gvbwmKZvi †jvK‡`i a‡i a‡i Av›`vgv‡b cvVv‡bv `iKvi| Giv
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 43
bgtRvwZi cÖwZ †`vlv‡ivc K‡i GB RvwZi Avmj mZ¨‡K Pvcv w`‡Z
Pvq|Ó GBfv‡e A‡bK K_v ejvi ci gxW mv‡ne ¸iæPvu` VvKz‡ii
evwo‡Z †M‡jb| wZwb ¸iæPvu` VvKzi‡K ej‡jb †h, Ò‡mÝvm wi‡cvU©
c‡o Avwg fxlY `ytL †c‡qwQ| RNb¨fv‡e cÖwZwnsmv PwiZv_© Ki‡Z GB
wi‡cvU© †jLv n‡q‡Q| †h K_v Avwg gy‡LI D”PviY Ki‡Z cviwQ bv|
ixwZ bxwZ G RvwZi wKQz †jLv bvB|
†`vl wj‡L me Lv‡b †i‡L‡Q mvdvB||
weevnvw` kªv×Kg©, c~Rvw` cveŸ©Y|
wKQzB D‡jøL bvB wnsmvi KviY||
weaev bvixi K_v wjwLqv‡Q hvnv|
gg K‡Ú D”PviY bvwn n‡e Zvnv|| ÑH c„t 245
GB RvwZi ixwZbxwZ wKQzB †jLv †bB| ïaygvÎ †`v‡li K_v wj‡L
f‡i †i‡L‡Q| weevn, kª×vKg© ev c~Rv-cve©‡Yi K_viI D‡jøL K‡iwb
cÖwZwnsmvi Rb¨| Avi weaev bvix‡`i cÖwZ †h KUz fvlv cÖ‡qvM K‡i
wj‡L‡Q; †mUv Avwg j¾vq gy‡L Avb‡Z cvie bv| G‡`‡k hLb †_‡K
GB †jvK MYbvi KvR Pj‡Q; ZLb †_‡KB GB ai‡bi N„Y¨ K_v Pj‡Q|
hw`I Avcbvi RvwZi †jv‡Kiv Awkw¶Z| ZvB Gme wel‡qi Lei ivLvi
cÖ‡qvRb g‡b K‡i bv| Z‡e GB N„Y¨ Acev` †_‡K D×vi †c‡Z n‡j
ÔRvwZ g‡a¨ Avb Zzwg †Nvi Av‡›`vjbÕ|Ó
gxW mv‡n‡ei me K_v †kvbvi ci ¸iæPvu` VvKzi Rvb‡Z PvbÑ
Ò‡Kvbfv‡e Av‡›`vjb Kwi gnvkq?Ó
ZLb gxW mv‡ne e‡jb, ÒeoKZ©v, AvcvZZ GK KvR Kiæb; Avcbvi
mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ hZ weaev igYx Av‡Q, Zv‡`i weev‡ni e¨e¯’v Kiæb| Avi
evwK KvR Kxfv‡e Kx Ki‡Z n‡e †mme Avwg †f‡e †`LwQ|Ó
Gici ¸iæPvu` VvKzi Zvui wek¦¯Í mnPi weayfl‚ Y‡K †W‡K cvVvb|
Zvi Kv‡Q gxW mv‡ne †h me K_v e‡j‡Qb, me Rvbvb| Avi Kxfv‡e
gZzqv‡`i g‡a¨ weaev weevn Pvjy Kiv hv‡e †mUv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|
ZLb weayfl‚ Y VvKzi‡K civgk© †`b †h, ÒAvi wKQzw`b c‡iB eviæYx
Drme (nwiPvu` VvKz‡ii Rb¥w`b cvjb Drme) ïiæ n‡e| ZLb Avcwb
mKj gZzqv‡`i Kv‡Q GB weaev weev‡ni wb‡`©k †`‡eb|
44 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
eviæYx Drm‡e `~i`~ivšÍ †_‡K eû‡jv‡Ki mgvMg nq| weayfl‚ ‡Yi civgk©
gZ ¸iæPvu` VvKzi f³M‡Yi m‡½ Av‡jvPbvq e‡mb| wZwb Rvbvb †h,
D”P RvwZ wnsmv K‡i Rvbv‡q‡Q ivR Øv‡i|
ixwZ bxwZ bgt bvwn gv‡b|
eûZ Kj¼ K_v fwiqv wj‡L‡Q cvZv
Ô‡mÝvm wi‡cvU©Õ e‡j hv‡i|| ÑH c„t 251
RbMYbvi wi‡cv‡U© D”PeY©xqiv cÖwZwnsmv PwiZv_© Kivi Rb¨ Bs‡iR
miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Awf‡hvM K‡i‡Q GB e‡j †h, bgtiv †Kv‡bv ixwZbxwZ
gv‡b bv| †mRb¨ bgtRvwZi †jvK‡`i
Aag ÔPÐvjÕ ewj †m MÖ‡š’ w`qv‡Q Zzwj
wg_¨v Kwi Av‡iv wj‡L KZ| ÑH c„t 251
ÔPÐvjÕ e‡j Mvwj w`‡q‡Q| AviI A‡bK wg_¨v K_v bgtRvwZi
D‡Ï‡k¨ wj‡L †i‡L‡Q| †Zv Wvt gxW mv‡ne, whwb GKRb wLª÷vb
wgkbvwi| whwb me mgq mK‡ji DcKvi K‡ib| wZwb Avgv‡K †mÝv‡mi
eB Avb‡Z e‡jb| Avi †mB eB c‡o wZwb Rvbvb †h, RbMYbvi
wi‡cv‡U©i eB‡Z bgtRvwZ‡K PÐvj ejv n‡q‡Q| AviI A‡bK wg_¨v
K_vI wj‡L †i‡L‡Q|
GB Kv‡h© hvnv cvB Bsiv‡Ri †`vl bvB
Kg©Pvix Kvq¯’ eªvþY|
†h wi‡cvU© w`j Zviv BsivR AvwQj hviv
AweKj Kwij wjLb|| ÑH c„t 252
hw`I GB Kv‡R Bs‡iR‡`i †Kv‡bv †`vl †bB| KviY, eªvþY, Kvq¯’
Kg©Pvixiv miKvi‡K †h wi‡cvU© w`‡q‡Q, †mUvB ûeû wj‡L w`‡q‡Q| †Zv
Gme c‡o gxW mv‡ne fxlY †i‡M wM‡q‡Qb| Avgv‡`i GB Kj¼ `~i
Kivi Rb¨ wZwb Avgv‡`i mKj‡K Av‡›`vjb Kivi civgk© w`‡q‡Qb|
Avi e‡j‡QbÑ
hw` wbR Bó PvI weaev‡`i we‡q `vI| (H c„t 252)
Avi GB weaev weev‡ni Lei Bs‡iR ivRvi Kv‡Q †cŠuQv‡Z e‡j‡Qb|
Avi mKj‡K `iLv¯Í wjL‡Z e‡j‡Qb GB K_v Rvwb‡q †h, Avgiv ÔPÐvjÕ
bB| ïaygvÎ wnsmvi Kvi‡Y D”PeY©xqiv Avgv‡`i cÖwZ GB AcgvbRbK
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 45
K_v wjwL‡q‡Q wi‡cv‡U©| wZwb AviI e‡j‡Qb †h, wZwb wb‡RB Avgv‡`i
c‡¶i n‡q mv¶¨ †`‡eb| wZwb Rvbv‡eb †h, bgtk~`iª v fvj †jvK|
Zviv ÔPÐvjÕ ev N„Y¨ AcgvbRbK Mvwji Dchy³ bq| Gme D”PeY©xq‡`i
wnsmvi Kvi‡Y n‡q‡Q| Avi Bs‡iR miKviI †Kvb c¶cvwZZ¡¡ bv K‡i
mywePvi Ki‡eb| ZvB AvwgI gxW mv‡n‡ei K_vg‡Zv wVK K‡iwQ †h,
Ôweaevi wefv w`e bgtK‚j ZivBeÕ (¸.P. c„t 252)| Avi †Zvgv‡`iI
GB KvR Kivi Rb¨ Avwg Aby‡iva KiwQ| GLb ej, †K †K GB Kv‡Ri
Rb¨ GwM‡q Avm‡e?Ó
G K_v †kvbvi ci f³gÐjxi g‡a¨ GKUv ¸Äb ïiæ n‡q hvq|
VvKz‡ii Av‡`k †g‡b †b‡e? bv Kx Ki‡e? †mUv wb‡q fvebvq c‡o hvq|
Zvici †`exPvu` e‡jb †h, ÒVvKzi Avwg GKRb mvgvb¨ gvbyl| Z‡e Avgvi
Øviv hw` Avcbvi †Kv‡bv KvR nq, Zvn‡j Avwg Aek¨B Kie| weaev‡`i
weevn †`Iqv †Kb, Avcwb †h AvÁv Ki‡eb Avwg ZvB cvjb Kie|Ó
†`exPvu‡`i K_v ï‡b ¸iæPvu` VvKzi fxlY Lywk nb| Gici G‡K G‡K
mK‡jB Rvbvb †h, Zvuiv VvKz‡ii AvÁv cvjb Ki‡eb| hvB‡nvK, VvKz‡ii
AvÁv cvjb Kivi Rb¨ mK‡j wbR wbR MÖv‡g wd‡i †M‡jb| Gici
†`exPvu` Zvui MÖv‡g †cŠu‡Q Zvui f³MY‡K ¸iæPvu` VvKz‡ii Ôweaev weev‡niÕ
AvÁv cvjb Kivi Rb¨ wb‡`©k w`‡jb|
†Mvcv‡ji gZ wbqv kªxbv_ Kwij weqv
Avi weqv K‡i KZRb|
dwi`cyi, Lyjbv ewikvj GK _vbv
wÎk R‡b weevn Kwij| ÑH c„t 254
¸iæPvu` VvKz‡ii AvÁv cvjb Kivi Rb¨ †`exPvu‡`i wb‡`©kgZ cÖ_g
weaev weevn K‡ib kªxbv_| Zvici G‡Ki ci GK weaev weevn Pj‡Z
_v‡K| dwi`cyi, Lyjbv, ewikvj †Rjvq †gvU wÎkRb weaev weevn
K‡ib| wKš‘ GB NUbv †`‡L D”PeY©xq‡`i gv_vq †hb eRªvNvZ nq|
mvgvwRK e¨w³ hZ m‡e †hb eRªvnZ
ejvewj Kwi‡Z jvwMj|
ÒgZzqvi G wK KvÐ wµqv Kg© jÐ fÐ
RvwZ ag© Avi bvwn _v‡K|
46 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
weaevi w`j we‡q Kvi Kv‡Q eyw× wb‡q
†nb Kg© K‡i Svu‡K Svu‡K||
gZzqv‡`i ev` `vI mgv‡R‡Z bvwn bvI
L„óv‡bi gZ e¨envi|
Ki Zv‡i ûKv eÜ bvwcZ eªvþY eÜ
GK m‡½ K‡iv bv Avnvi|| ÑH c„t 254
†h D”PeY©xqiv bgtk~`‡ª `i‡K ÔPÐvjÕ e‡j Mvwj w`‡q‡Q, weaev
bvix‡`i cÖwZ Am¤§vbRbK K_v †mÝvm wi‡cv‡U© wjwL‡q‡Q, †hK_v gy‡LI
Avbv hvq bv, †mB ÔPÐvjÕ Mvwj †gvP‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ges weaev bvix‡`i
weevn †`evi g‡Zv gnr KvR hLb gxW mv‡n‡ei civgk©g‡Zv ¸iæPvu`
VvKz‡ii wb‡`©‡k ïiæ n‡q‡Q; ZLb D”PeY©xq‡`i MvÎ`vn ïiæ n‡q hvq|
Zv‡`i gv_vi Dci †hb eRªNvZ nq| KviY, ZvivB †Zv mgvR‡K
my`xN©Kvj a‡i KjywlZ K‡i †i‡L‡Q| Avi AvR Zviv GB mgvR
ms¯‹vig~jK KvR †`‡L ej‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q †h, ÔgZzqviv Gme Kx KvÐ
ïiæ K‡i‡Q? Zviv †Zv †`LwQ wLª÷vb‡`i g‡Zv †Kv‡bv RvwZ ag© gv‡b
bv| G‡`i‡K mgvR †_‡K ewn®‹vi Kiv `iKvi| G‡`i m‡½ mg¯Í ai‡bi
mvgvwRK m¤cK© wQbœ Ki‡Z n‡eÕ, GB e‡j D”PeY©xqiv †NvlYv K‡i|
†`Lyb bgtRvwZi †jv‡Kiv, †h D”PeY©xqiv Avcbv‡`i PÐvj e‡j Mvwj
w`‡q‡Q| Avcbv‡`i N‡ii gv †evb‡`i cÖwZ N„Y¨ K_v wj‡L †i‡L‡Q|
hLb Avcbviv Gi †_‡K gy³ nIqvi Rb¨ mgvR ms¯‹v‡ii KvR Ki‡Qb;
ZLb †mB D”PeY©xqiv Avevi Avcbv‡`i mvgvwRK ewn®‹vi Kivi K_v
†NvlYv Ki‡Q| Gi †_‡K Avcbviv Avi K‡e wK wkL‡eb? Avi KZw`b
GB D”PeY©xq‡`i †Mvjvwg Ki‡eb?
weaev weevn †`Iqvi KvR †kl n‡j †`exPvu`, †Mvcvj‡K m‡½ wb‡q
¸iæPvu` VvKz‡ii m‡½ †`Lv Ki‡Z Av‡mb| Avi weaev weev‡ni mg¯Í
NUbv Rvbvb| ¸iæPvu` VvKzi ZLb gxW mv‡ne‡K †W‡K GB ïf msev`Uv
†`b| ZLb gxW mv‡ne fxlY Lywk n‡q Rvbvb †h, wZwb †`exPvu` I
†Mvcv‡ji d‡Uv Zz‡j wejv‡Z cvwV‡q †`‡eb GBe‡j †h, ÔGiv weaev
weevn †`Iqvi KvR K‡i‡Qb| Giv bgtk~`ª RvwZi †jvK| Giv ÔPÐvjÕ
bq| Giv wkw¶Z I f`ª‡jvK|
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 47
Gici c~‡e©i wm×všÍ Abymv‡i gxW mv‡n‡ei civgk© g‡Zv ¸iæPvu`
VvKzi MÖv‡g MÖv‡g PÐvj Mvwj †gvP‡bi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb M‡o Zzj‡Z e‡jb|
Zvici mKj‡K Bs‡iR miKv‡ii Kv‡Q PÐvj Mvwj †gvP‡bi Rb¨ `iLv¯Í
Kivi wb‡`©k †`b|
`iLv¯Í Ki m‡e ivRvi wbKU|
Møvwb `~i n‡e ZvÕ‡Z Rã n‡e kV| ÑH c„t 256
mK‡j wg‡j `iLv¯Í (Application) Ki‡j Bs‡iR miKvi mwVK
wel‡qi cÖwZ AeMZ n‡eb| Avi †h D”PeY©xqiv bgtRvwZi cÖwZ GB
nxbm~PK Mvwj w`‡q‡Q ZvivI Rã n‡e|
¸iæPvu` VvKzi‡K mgv‡Ri †bZv e‡j D‡jøL K‡i †`‡ki wewfbœ cÖvšÍ †_‡K
†mÝvm †ev‡W©i cÖavb, wg÷vi †MBU-Gi Kv‡Q Application cvVvb PÐvj Mvwj
†gvP‡bi Rb¨| IovKv›`x †_‡K †h mKj `iLv¯Í Kiv n‡qwQj- ÒBnv‡Z
m¤§Z AvwgÓ gxW wj‡L w`j| evsjvi bgtRvwZi Dci †_‡K PÐvj Mvwj
†gvP‡bi Rb¨ eû msL¨K Application †MBU mv‡n‡ei Kv‡Q †cŠuQvq| welq-
e¯‘i ZË¡¡ I Z_¨ Rvbvi Rb¨ wZwb b¨vqiZœ g‡n‡ki Kv‡Q cÎ †j‡Lb|
b¨vqiZœ e½‡`‡ki cÖavb cwÐZ|
RvwZgvjv MÖš’ nÕj Zvnvi iwPZ|| H c„t 256
†MBU mv‡n‡ei cÎ †c‡q wbwØ©avq b¨vqiZœ Rvwb‡q w`j †h,-
Òe½‡`‡k bgtk~`ª e‡j RvwZ bvB|
ÒPÐvjÓ mK‡j Zviv cÖgv‡Y‡Z cvB||
eoB Amf¨ RvwZ we`¨v wk¶v bvB|
PÐvj ewjqv e¨vL¨v Kwijvg ZvB||Ó H c„t 256
b¨vqiZœ †MBU mv‡n‡ei wPwVi Rev‡e Rvwb‡q w`jÑ Òe½‡`‡k
bgtk~`ª e‡j †Kvb RvwZ †bB| Giv mK‡jB ÒPÐvjÓ, †mUv cÖgv‡Y cvIqv
hvq| Avi GB RvwZi †jv‡Kiv fxlY Amf¨| Giv †Kvb †jLvcovI Rv‡b
bv| †mRb¨B G‡`i‡K ÒPÐvjÓ e‡jwQ|Ó
Reve †c‡q †MBU mv‡ne fve‡jb b¨vqiZœ hvi bvg, Zvi GiKg
Ab¨vq e¨vL¨vi KviY Kx?
ZLb wZwb Avevi Application †ei K‡i †`‡Lb, cÖwZwU‡Z Wvt gxW
mv‡n‡ei ¯^v¶i i‡q‡Q| ZLb wZwb fve‡jb gxW mv‡ne hw` GBme
48 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
wel‡qi Avmj ZË¡ bv Rv‡bb, Zvn‡j wZwb ¯^v¶i Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
ZvB wZwb gxW mv‡n‡ei Kv‡Q wPwV cvVvb g~jZË¡ Rvbvi Rb¨| KviY,
b¨vqiZœ †Zv Dëv K_v e‡j Reve w`‡q‡Q| Zvn‡j Gi Avmj Z_¨ Kx?
gxW mv‡ne †MBU mv‡n‡ei cÎ †c‡q wVK Ki‡jb, e½‡`‡k hZ
wLª÷vb wgkbvwi Av‡Q mKj‡K wPwV †`‡eb bgtk~`ª RvwZi †jvK‡`i
Dci †_‡K PÐvj Mvwj †gvP‡bi Rb¨ mv¶¨ w`‡Z|
GZ ewj gxW †j‡L wgkbvwi VvuB|
bgtk~`ª c‡¶ Avwg mv¶¨ w`‡Z PvB||
†Zvgiv mK‡j ZvÕ‡Z mvnvh¨ Kwi‡e|
Ôbgtk~`ª nxb b‡nÕ GK_v wjwL‡e|| H c„t 256-257
GLv‡b Lye K‡i †f‡e †`Lvi welq †h, wm.Gm.gxW mv‡ne GKRb
wLª÷vb ag©vej¤^x Bs‡iR| wZwb evsjvi bgtk~`‡ª `i Dci ÔPÐvjÕ Mvwj
wi‡cv‡U© †`‡L †i‡M wM‡q‡Qb| Zvi gvbweKZv GZ D”P¯Í‡i †h, GK
†kªwYi weag©x‡`i Dci AgvbweKZv‡K wZwb mn¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb bv|
Avm‡j gvbweKZvB †kªô ag©| ZvB GB Acgvb ïaygvÎ bgtk~`ª RvwZi
cÖwZ Acgvb bq; mgMÖ gvbeRvwZi cÖwZ Acgvb| ZvB wZwb GB Kj¼
†gvPb Kivi Rb¨ evsjvi mg¯Í wLª÷vb wgkbvwi‡`i wPwV wjL‡Z Aby‡iva
Ki‡Qb GB e‡j †h, ÒÔbgtk~`iª v nxb bq|Õ GB K_v wj‡L w`‡q, GBUzKz
DcKvi Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi ev` evwK me wKQz Avwg mvg‡j †be| †m me
`vwqZ¡ Avgvi|Ó KZeo gnr fvebvi cwiPq| GB gnr Z¨v‡Mi Rb¨
bgtk~`‡ª `i gxW mv‡n‡ei cÖwZ K…ZÁZv Rvbv‡bv `iKvi| Zvui Ae`v‡bi
K_v D”PK‡Ú ¯^xKvi Kiv `iKvi|
mKj wgkbvwii c¶ †_‡K Zvuiv Lywk n‡q gxW mv‡n‡ei K_v gZ
wPwV wj‡L cvVv‡jb| Zvici gxW mv‡ne wb‡RI GKUv wPwV wjL‡jb
†MBU mv‡n‡ei Kv‡Q| wZwb GBfv‡e wPwV †jLv ïiæ Ki‡jbÑ
ÒAvwg GKRb wgkbvwi| wLª÷vb ag© cÖPvi Kivi Rb¨ me mgq Avwg
e½‡`‡k Ny‡i †eovB| GB †`‡k hZ RvwZi †jvK Av‡Q, Zv‡`i mKj‡K
Avwg wPwb| KviY, me RvwZi wfZ‡i Kg †ewk wLª÷ag©x †jvK Av‡Q|
Avi †Kvb RvwZi Kx AvPvi e¨envi Ges Kxfv‡e Zviv Rxeb AwZevwnZ
K‡i, Zv‡`i me ai‡bi ZË¡ I Z_¨ Avwg Rvwb| bgtk~`ª e‡j hv‡`i K_v Avwg
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 49
Avcbv‡K wj‡LwQ, Zvuiv mK‡j K…wlKvR K‡ib| Avi K…lKiv mK‡ji eÜy nq|
Kv‡iv `vm bq| GB RvwZi A‡bK abevb, gvb¨evb †jvK Av‡Q| we‡kl K‡i,
IovKv›`x‡Z Av‡Qb ¸iæPvu` VvKzi| Zvui A‡bK wkl¨ (AbyivMx) Av‡Q e½‡`‡k|
Avi †mB wkl¨‡`i g‡a¨ eªvþY, Kvq¯’, ˆe`¨, †Zjx, gvjx, bgtk~`ª BZ¨vw` RvwZi
jv‡Lv †jvK Av‡Q| ¸iæPvu` VvKz‡ii wcZv nwiPvu` VvKziI GKRb gnvgvbe|
wZwb GB †`‡k ÒgZzqvag©Ó bv‡g gvbeZvev`x bZzb a‡g©i ¯’vcb
K‡i‡Qb| GB RvwZi †jv‡Kiv eZ©gv‡b ivRKv‡h©I AwaKvi AR©b
K‡i‡Q| GB RvwZi †jv‡Kiv gZzqva‡g©i cÖwZôvZv nwiPvu` VvKzi‡K †hgb
feMvb ¯^iƒc g‡b K‡i, †Zgwb Gu‡`i AvPvi e¨envi I ixwZbxwZ meB
mgv‡Ri cÖMwZi AbyK‡‚ j| Guiv Zv‡`i ag© Abymv‡i †hgb e›`bv Dcvmbv
K‡i, †Zgwb †KD gviv †M‡j Zvi ¯§„wZi D‡Ï‡k `kw`b †kvK w`em
cvjb K‡i| †hUv ey×a‡¤§©i gZ|
Avi GKUv K_v †gvi nBqv‡Q g‡b|
GB RvwZ wc‡Q b‡n bvixi m¤§v‡b||
weaev weevn cÖ_v Giv gvb¨ K‡i|
e¨wfPvix b‡n Zviv GRvwZi N‡i||
Gme Kvi‡Y Avwg ewjby wbðq|
bgtk~`ª †Kvb Kv‡j ÔPÐvjÕ bv nq|| H c„t 257
Avi GKUv K_v, GB RvwZi †jv‡Kiv bvix‡`i Lye m¤§vb K‡i| Avi
weaev weevn cÖ_vI Guiv †g‡b P‡jb| GRvwZi †jv‡Kiv A‡bK mymf¨
I f`ª| ZvB Guiv e¨wfPvix bq| Gu‡`i K…wó-KvjPvi A‡bK cÖMwZkxj|
ZvB GB me Kvi‡Y Avwg Avcbv‡K Rvbv‡Z PvB †h, bgtk~`ª RvwZi
†jv‡Kiv †Kv‡bvw`bB ÔPÐvjÕ wQj bv| Avwg GB RvwZ m¤c‡K© †h K_v
wjLjvg, meB Avgvi Ávb g‡Z mZ¨ K_v| ZvB Avcbv‡K GKvšÍ Aby‡iva
KiwQ †h, GB RvwZi Dci †_‡K GB Kj‡¼i †evSv ÔPÐvjÕ bvg‡K Zz‡j
w`b| Avgvi GB wPwVi m‡½ wgkbvwii c¶ †_‡K hZ wPwV w`‡q‡Q
†m¸‡jvI c‡o †`Lvi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K Aby‡iva KiwQ| Ae‡k‡l Avwg Avevi
Avcbv‡K Aby‡iva KiwQ ÔPÐvjÕ K_vwU‡K Zz‡j †`evi Rb¨|
Avcbvi GKvšÍ AbyivMx
wm. Gm. gxW
50 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
¸iæPvu` VvKz‡ii g‡bvej Avi Rbe‡ji m‡½ gxW mv‡n‡ei gvbeZv
I D`viZvi mswgkª‡Y Ae‡k‡l eªvþY¨ev`x‡`i eûKv‡ji Pµv‡šÍi
Aemvb nq| †MBU mv‡ne Mfxifv‡e Z_¨ I ZË¡‡K Rvbvi ci gxW
mv‡ne‡K wPwV wj‡L Rvwb‡q‡`b †h, wZwb ÔPÐvjÕ Mvwj RbMYbvi wi‡cvU©
†_‡K Zz‡j †`‡eb| cieZ©x‡Z Avi ÔPÐvjÕ k‡ãi e¨envi n‡e bv|
ÔPÐv‡jiÕ cwie‡Z© bgtRvwZi K_v †jLv n‡e|
GB nÕj bgtRvwZi c~e© cwiP‡qi weeiY Avi Kxfv‡e †eŠ× a¤§vej¤^x
nIqvi d‡j AZ¨vPvwiZ n‡q weZvwoZ n‡Z n‡qwQj| Avi PÐvj Mvwj‡K
Kxfv‡e †`Iqv nq I Zv †gvPb Kiv nq, Zvi BwZnvm| GB BwZnvm
Òkªxkªx¸iæPvu` PwiZÓ Abymv‡i| Gevi Avgiv G wel‡q wewfbœ MÖš’ †_‡K
Av‡iv Z_¨ Zz‡j aiwQ|
bgtk~‡`ªi Drm mÜv‡b
bgtk~`‡ª `i m¤ú‡K© Z‡_¨i D‡jøL cvIqv hvq 1872 mvj †_‡K cÖKvwkZ
RbMYbvi wi‡cvU© †_‡K| eû kZvãx a‡i Zviv ÿgZvi †K›`ª †_‡K eû `~‡i
_vKvi d‡j Zv‡`i Drm m¤ú‡K© †Zgb †Kv‡bv cÖvPxb cÖvgvY¨ `wjj †bB
ej‡jB P‡j| bgtk~`ª bvgwU me© cÖ_g †jLv AvKv‡i cvIqv hvq 1891 mv‡ji
RbMYbvi wi‡cv‡U©| hw`I GLv‡b RbMYbv ïiæ nq 1872 mvj †_‡K|
bgtk~`‡ª `i msMwVZ AvKv‡i D‡jøL cvIqv hvq cÖ_g 1881 mv‡j ev‡Minv‡Ui
`ËWv½vq ¸iæPvu` VvKz‡ii mfvcwZ‡Z¡ AbywôZ bgtk~`ª m‡¤§jb †_‡K|
†hLv‡b cÖvq cvuP nvRvi cÖwZwbwa Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| Avi GB gnvm‡¤§j‡bi
ciB wm‡j‡Ui (ZrKvjxb Avmvg) miKvix Kwgkbvi 1882 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^i
gv‡mi 9 ZvwiL ÔPÐvjÕ Gi cwie‡Z© Ôbgtk~`Õª †jLvi wb‡`©k †`b| †m wb‡`©k
m¤ú‡K© c‡i Av‡jvPbv KiwQ|
Gevi GB PÐvj I bgtk~`ª msµvšÍ M‡elYvg~jK Z_¨ mivmwi Zz‡j
aiwQ †jLKÑ ¯^‡ivwPl miKv‡ii (Literature at University of Rajshahi)
†jLv †_‡K (MYgyw³/ bgtk~‡`ªi Drm mÜvb msL¨v| mßg msL¨v, GwcÖj-
‡m‡Þ¤^i, 2006, c„ôv bs 107 †_‡K 116)| †jLvwU AZ¨šÍ g~j¨evb|
ZvB û-eû Zz‡j w`w”Q| KviY, Zvui e¨vL¨v, hyw³ I Z_¨ Avgvi GB †jLvi
†ÿ‡Î fxlY Dc‡hvMx e‡j g‡b Kwi|
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 51
Òbgtk~`‡ª `i k~`ª wn‡m‡e cÖavb `vwe`vi mxZvbv_ wek¦vm we`¨viZœ|
wZwb Zvui ÔRvwZZË¡ I bgm¨Kzj`c©bÕ (1931) MÖ‡š’ wewfbœ hyw³ †`wL‡q
ejvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb bgtk~`iª v k~`ª †kÖYxfy³, Z‡e bgm¨ †kÖYxi k~`|ª
KviY Giv ivRvi RvZ wQ‡jv, hvi d‡j Ab¨ †kÖYxi gvbyl G‡`i bvg
D‡jøL Ki‡Z wM‡q m¤£gm~PK ÔbgtÕ kã e¨envi Ki‡Zv| wZwb `vwe
K‡ib †h, cvj ivRviv GB Rb‡Mvôxi †jvK wQ‡jb| Pvu` ivq, †K`vi
ivq, mxZvivg ivq, KvjvPvu` ivq, cÖgLy fyBu qvMYI wQ‡jb GB
Rb‡Mvôxi| mxZvbv‡_i `vwe Abyhvqx ivRv cÖZvcvw`Z¨I wQ‡jb bgtk~`ª
†kÖYxi, c‡i whwb Kvq¯’ wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ cvb|
Òbgtk~`ª ebvg †MvÐ I e½
ÒGKvwaK cÖvPxb †KŠg‡K bgtk~‡`ªi Drm wn‡m‡e eY©bv Kivi
cÖeYZvwU mv¤úÖwZK| G ai‡bi `yBwU `vwe m¤úÖwZ †ek RbwcÖqZv jvf
K‡i‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ weL¨vZ wkÿvwe` Awbj wek¦vm aviYv †cvlY K‡ib
†h, cÖvPxb †MvÐ RvwZ eû weeZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q bgtk~`ª RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ
n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K D‡c›`ªbv_ wek¦v‡mi AwfgZ n‡jv, cÖvPxb e½ RvwZ
†_‡K eû ivR‰bwZK DÌvb-cZ‡bi gva¨‡g bgtk~`ª RvwZi D™¢e|
ÒAwbj wek¦vm (2004) Zvui mywjwLZ GKwU Bs‡iwR MÖ‡š’ (Oneil
Biswas, The Namah-Shudras: Origin and Development. Kolkata,
Sudhansu Kumar Neogi, 2004 p. 156) bvbv ai‡bi hyw³ I Z_¨ w`‡q
cÖgvY Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb, bgtk~`iª v gMaivR b‡›`i (wLªóc~e© 4_© kZK)
eskai, hvi eska‡iiv †gŠh© bv‡g cwiwPZ| b›` kãwU G‡m‡Q MÐ †_‡K,
†h MÐiv MÐwiw` (ev M½vwiwW) kvmb Ki‡Zv| GB es‡ki gnvcÙ wQ‡jb
cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi GKRb weL¨vZ ivRv whwb cy‡iv DËi fvi‡Zi Aaxk¦i
wQ‡jb; hw`I ms¯‹Z„ mvwnZ¨ Zvui m¤ú‡K© bxieZv cvjb K‡i _v‡K e‡j
Zvui aviYv| Awbj wek¦v‡mi wek¦vm Abyhvqx MÐiv g~jZ wQ‡jb †gvb‡Lui-
fvlx, c‡i Giv Avh©xK…Z nq| ga¨cÖ‡`‡ki GKvwaK RvwZ‡MvôxI GB MÐ
RvwZi eskai| QwËkM‡oi ivRcy‡Ziv G ai‡bi Avh©xK…Z MÐ, hv‡`i
Ab¨Zg †Mv‡Îi bvg Pv‡›`j ev Pv‡›`jø| evsjv‡`‡k GB bi‡Mvôxi ga¨
†_‡KB cvj ivRv‡`i D™¢e N‡U| †mb Avg‡j GB Pv‡›`j weK…Z n‡q PÐvj
iƒc aviY K‡i| 1872 mv‡ji RbMYbvi cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki eivZ w`‡q Awbj
52 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
wek¦vm e‡jb, †mb Avg‡j GB PÐvjMY eªvþY¨ev`x‡`i Pv‡ci gy‡L ivRkvnx
AÂj †_‡K weZvwoZ n‡q h‡kvi-dwi`cyi-ewikvj-XvKv-gqgbwms‡ni
w`‡K P‡j †h‡Z eva¨ nq|
bgtk~`ª Rb‡Mvôx cÖvPxb e½ RvwZiB AvaywbK iƒcvšÍiÑ G `vwei c‡ÿ
hyw³ †`Lvb D‡c›`ªbv_ wek¦vm| 2004 mv‡ji b‡f¤^i gv‡m KjKvZvq
AbywôZ bgtk~`ª gnvm‡¤§j‡bi GKwU †mwgbv‡i D‡c›`ªbv_ wek¦vm Zvui
aviYv‡K e¨vL¨v K‡ib| we‡klfv‡e jÿYxq †h, cÖm½Z wZwb `vwe K‡ib,
ÔGLb †_‡K bgtk~‡`ªi cwie‡Z© RvwZi bvg nIqv DwPZ e½|Õ 2005
mv‡j GgwmGgwe †g‡gvwiqvj Uªvó Ôe½ GKwU Rb‡MvóxÕ bv‡g Zvui †mB
e³e¨‡KB GKwU cyw¯ÍKvi AvKv‡i cÖKvk K‡i| H cyw¯ÍKvq wZwb †hme
hyw³ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb, Zvi mvivsk wbgœiƒct
ÒcÖvPxb kv‡¯¿ e½ bv‡g GKwU RvwZi bvg cvIqv hvq, hv‡`i evm¯’vb
wQ‡jv `wÿY evsjvi Mv‡½q e-Øx‡c| µ‡g GB e½ RvwZi bvg Abymv‡i
H f‚L‡Ði bvg nq e½| M½vi `yB cÖavb avivq (fvMxi_x †_‡K cÙv-
‡gNbv) AšÍeZ © x© GjvKv wb‡q GB †fŠ‡MvwjK BDwb‡Ui g~j †K›`ª M‡o I‡V
Ges GLv‡bB ¯^vaxb e½ iv‡R¨i weKvk N‡U| 1872 †_‡K 1911 ch©šÍ
†gvU cvuPwU Av`gïgvwii wi‡cvU© †_‡K †evSv hvq PÐvj ev bgtk~`ª bv‡g
wPwýZ Rb‡MvôxB GB e‡½i g~j wbevmx| 1872 mv‡ji MYbvq G‡`i cÖvq-
wn›`y Avw`evmx wn‡m‡e wPwýZI Kiv nq| GQvov Av`gïgvwii H
wi‡cvU©¸‡jv‡Z Av‡iv †`Lv hvq †h, GB A‡ji evB‡i PÐvj ev
bgtk~`‡ª `i emevm LyeB Kg| cÖavbZ h‡kvi-Lyjbv-dwi`cyi-ewikv‡ji
g‡a¨B Giv emevm K‡i| GBme Z_¨ Ges e½ RvwZi PvwiwÎK ‰ewk‡ó¨i
m‡½ bgtk~‡`ªi PvwiwÎK ‰ewk‡ó¨i HK¨ †_‡K g‡b Kiv hvq †h, bgtk~`ª
Ges cÖvPxb e½ RvwZ Awfbœ|
Òcyw¯ÍKvwUi Dcmsnv‡i D‡c›`ªbv_ Zvui e³e¨‡K †gvU AvUwU m~‡Î
Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| Gi g‡a¨ cÖ_g wZbwU czbiæ‡jøL‡hvM¨t
(1) e½ GKwU RvwZ, e½ RvwZi bvg †_‡K †`‡ki bvgKiY n‡q‡Q e½|
(2) Mv‡½q e-Øxc we‡klfv‡e Mv‡½q e-Øx‡ci c~ev© sk e½ †`‡ki
g~j f~LÛ|
(3) eZ©gvb Kv‡ji RbMY bgtk~`,ª e½ Rb‡Mvôxi eskai Ges
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 53
g~jwbevmx| †eŠ× cvj ivRb¨eM© Zv‡`i Rb‡Mvôxi cvjesk|
ÒMÖšw’ U cÖKv‡ki ciciB cwðge‡½i GKwU cwÎKvq KwcjK…ò VvKzi
Gi GKwU K‡Vvi mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| wZwb g‡b K‡ib, D‡c›`ªbv_ wek¦v‡mi
G ai‡bi `vwe bgtk~`ª mgv‡Ri AwaKvsk‡K ¶zä K‡i Zzj‡e|
KwcjK…ò VvKzi G cyw¯ÍKvi †gvU bqwU †`vl †`wL‡q ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb,
ÒGB cjKv K‡qKwU hyw³ I Kíbvi Dc‡i wbf©i K‡i bgtk~‡`ªi bvg-
cwiPq e`jvevi g‡Zv GKwU ¸iæZ¡cY~ © cÖ¯vÍ e wb‡q Avmv Ges Zv wb‡q
mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ we‡f` ‰Zwii †Póv AbywPZ KvR Zv‡Z m‡›`n †bB|Ó cyw¯ÍKvwU
cvV K‡i Aek¨ †evSv gykwKj, wVK Kx Kvi‡Y KwcjK…ò VvKzi †jLvwUi
Ggb D”PKÚ mgv‡jvPbvq GwM‡q G‡jb| D‡c›`ªbv_ wek¦vm bgtk~‡`ªi
eªvþY¨Z¡ ev Pv‡›`jø `vwe‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`bwb e‡jB wK KwcjK…ò G‡ZvUv
ÿyä? AvU b¤^i †`v‡li K_v co‡Z wM‡q A‡bKUv †m-iKgB g‡b nq|
ÒAwbj wek¦v‡mi Ges D‡c›`ªbv_ wek¦v‡mi `vwe ¯^Zš¿ n‡jI Df‡qi
`vwei g‡a¨ †ek wKQz mv`„k¨ jÿ Kiv hvq| GK w`K w`‡q †`L‡j
Df‡qi `vwe g~jZ GK| GKR‡b MÐ Ges Ab¨R‡b e½‡K bgtk~‡`ªi
Avw` Drm we‡ePbv K‡ib| Awbj wek¦vm Zvui Av‡jvPbvq cÖvPxb
M½vwiwW‡K MЇ`i ivRavbx wn‡m‡e eY©bv K‡ib| mv¤úÖwZK M‡elYv
†_‡K Rvbv hvq cwðge‡½i P›`ª‡KZzM‡oi aŸsmve‡klB †mB M½vwiwW
bM‡ii, Ges †mUvB wQ‡jv cÖvPxb e‡½i ivRavbx| Ab¨w`‡K D‡c›`ªbv_
wek¦vm P›`ª‡KZz M‡oi K_vi D‡jøL bv K‡iI cÖvPxb e½ RvwZ‡KB
bgtk~‡`ªi Drm wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡ib| Gfv‡e `yR‡bi Avjv`v `vwe
P›`ª‡KZz Mo m~‡Î Awfbœ `vwe‡Z cwiYZ nq|
ÒDf‡qi `vwe Zvrch©cY~ © GKvwaK Kvi‡Y| cÖ_gZ, GB `yRbB
me©c_Ö g bgtk~`ª RvwZi cÖvPxbZ¡‡K `yB nvRvi eQ‡iiI Av‡M wb‡q hvIqvi
†Póv K‡i‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K hvuiv bgtk~`‡ª `i eªvþYZ¡ `vwe K‡ib, Zvuiv
bgtk~‡`ªi BwZnvm‡K e‡ov †Rvi GK nvRvi eQi c~‡e© †U‡b wb‡Z
cv‡ib| Gw`K w`‡q Df‡qi `~i`wk©Zv cÖksmvi †hvM¨| wØZxqZ, Guiv
`yR‡bB cÖPiz covïbv K‡i wewfbœ Rb‡Mvôxi bvbvwea ‰ewkó¨ AbymÜv‡bi
ci bgtk~`‡ª `i GKwU m¤¢ve¨ ci¤úiv‡K Zz‡j aivi †Póv K‡ib|
ÒGK_v mZ¨ †h, GB ai‡bi M‡elYv Ki‡Z wM‡q Zvuiv cÖv_wgK
54 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
DcKi‡Yi AcÖZj z Zvq fy‡M‡Qb Ges †hme mnvqK DcKiY Zvuiv e¨envi
K‡i‡Qb, Zvi me¸‡jvB cÖkvœ ZxZ bq| Z‡e wewfbœ m~Î †_‡K †h-aviYvi
wfZ Zvuiv wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb, bgtk~‡`ªi AÁvZ AZxZ‡K h_vh_fv‡e
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡j fwel¨‡Zi M‡elK †mLvb †_‡K ch©vß w`K&wb‡`©kbv
cv‡eb, †m wel‡q †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB|
ÒGu‡`i Abygvb Abyhvqx bgtk~‡`ªi Drm-ci¤úiv †gvUvgywU wbgœiƒct
ÒAwbj wek¦v‡mi aviYvÑ MÐ ⇒ Pv‡›`jø ⇒ Pv‡›`j ⇒ bgtk~`ª
ÒD‡c›`ªbv_ wek¦v‡mi aviYvÑ e½ ⇒ PÐvj ⇒ bgtk~`ª
ÒGu‡`i `yÕR‡bi `vwei g‡a¨ AwfbœZv n‡jv, Df‡q g‡b K‡ib cÖvPxb
M½vwiwW ivóª bgtk~`‡ª `i wbqš¿‡Y wQ‡jv, cvj ivRviv bgtk~`ª †_‡K D™¢Z
~ ,
Ges ejøvj †m‡bi mg‡q Giv PÐvj AvL¨v cÖvß nq| Z‡e `yR‡bi aviYvi
g‡a¨ g~j ZdvZ n‡jv Awbj wek¦vm g‡b K‡ib M½vwiwWi ivRb¨ wQ‡jb
MÐMY, Ab¨w`‡K D‡c›`ªbv_ wek¦vm g‡b K‡ib, M½vwiwWi ivRb¨ wQ‡jb
e½MY| Awbj wek¦vm Zvui MÖ‡š’ Ggb wKQz Z_¨ mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡i‡Qb, hv
Zvui wbR aviYvi wec‡ÿ hvq Ges GKB m‡½ Zv D‡c›`ªbv_ wek¦v‡mi
c‡ÿ hvq| Ggb GKwU welq M½vwiwWi ivRb¨‡`i fvwlK cwiPq|
ÒAwbj wek¦vm MЇ`i †gvb‡Luifvlx wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡ib| wKš‘
GKB m‡½ Zv‡`i M½vwiwWi ivRb¨ wn‡m‡eI wPwýZ Ki‡Z Pvb| wKš‘ m¤úÖwZ
M½vwiwWi aŸsmve‡kl wn‡m‡e P›`ª‡KZzMo †_‡K †hme wjwLZ wb`k©b
cvIqv †M‡Q, Zv‡Z †`Lv hvq, †mB iv‡óªi Awaevmxiv L‡ivôx wjwc‡Z
wjL‡jI Zviv wQ‡jv Avh©fvlx, cvwj fvlvi m‡½ †m fvlvi wQ‡jv Nwbô
wgj| †hgb †mLvbKvi K‡qKwU wm‡j †jLv i‡q‡Q t RjwakÎæ, †awm‡`v,
†RV, RqšÍ-kvnx-RyR,y fq w؇Rmy D`‡aŠ, †`eÁvZwgÎ BZ¨vw`| (‡MŠixksKi
†`, ÒP›`ª‡KZzM‡oi mgy`ª evwYR¨,Ó BwZnvm AbymÜvb 7, c„. 96) Gme Z‡_¨
cÖgvwYZ nq †h, GLvbKvi Rb‡Mvôx Avh©fvlx wQj| we‡klfv‡e kÎæ kãwU
jÿYxq| †eŠ× mvwn‡Z¨ GwU B‡›`ªi cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e e¨enƒZ| Awbj wek¦vm
Ab¨Î DׄZ K‡ib †h, Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii fviZ Awfhv‡bi mg‡q M½vwiwW
ivRvi bvg wQ‡jv abvb›`| G bvgwUI Avh©k‡ãi|
ÒGw`K w`‡q M½vwiwWi ivRb¨‡`i e½ RvwZi we‡ePbv D‡c›`ªbv_
wek¦vm DwjøwLZ ai‡bi ¯^we‡iva †_‡K wb‡R‡K gy³ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb|
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 55
mivmwi D‡jøL bv Ki‡jI e½ RvwZ †h Avh©xK…Z GKwU Rb‡Mvôx, †m
e¨vcv‡i D‡c›`ªbv_ wek¦v‡mi Av¯’vi welqwU AcÖKvwkZ _v‡Kwb|
ÒPh©vc‡` cÖwZdwjZ cÖvmw½K GKwU Z_¨I D‡c›`ªbv_ wek¦v‡mi
Awfg‡Zi AbyK‡z j hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î Ph©vc‡`i 39 bs c‡` DwjøwLZ e½
cÖm½ Ges 49 bs c‡` DwjøwLZ e½vj-PÐvj cÖm‡½i cÖwZ `„wó AvKl©Y
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 39 bs c‡` fymK y z wj‡L‡Qb Ôe‡½ Rvqv wj‡jwm c‡i
fv‡Mj †Zv‡nvi weYvYvÕ| Gi A_© t e½ †Zvi ¯¿x‡K niY Kivi d‡j †Zvi
welqÁvb `~i n‡jv| GB c‡` e½ RvwZevPK kã wn‡m‡e e¨enƒZ, Zv
mn‡RB †evaMg¨| Avevi 49 bs c‡` †jLv n‡q‡Q, ÔevRYve cvox cuDqv
Lv‡j evwnD/ A`A e½v‡j †K¬k jywoD/ AvwR fymK y z e½vjx fBwj/ wYA
NwiYx PÐvjx †jjx|Õ Gi A_© t eRiv †bŠKv wbqv cÙvLvj cvwo w`jvg,
AwØZxq e½vj `ytL niY Ki‡jv, fymK y z wb‡R evOvwj n‡q †M‡jv, wb‡Ri
¯¿x PÛv‡j MÖnY Ki‡jv|(Ph©vc`, gbx›`ª‡gvnb emy m¤úv. 2q msL¨v,
KjKvZv t Kgjv eyK wW‡cv, 1964, c„. 191-233) jÿYxq 39 bs c‡`
mi‡ni ¯¿x‡K e‡½iv wb‡q hvq, Ab¨w`‡K 49 bs c‡` fymK y iz ¯¿x‡K
PÛv‡jiv wb‡q hvq| Dfq iƒcK w`‡q GB wm×vPvh©MY Awfbœ welq‡K
wb‡`©k K‡i _vK‡j, Zvn‡j Abvqv‡mB ejv hvq †h, Ph©vc‡`i fvlvq
e½ Ges PÐvj Awfbœ| mK‡jB Rv‡bb †h, Ph©vc`¸‡jv wewfbœ mg‡q
iwPZ wewfbœ Kv‡ji Kwe‡`i KweZvi msKjb| ZvB Ggb nIqv Am¤¢e
bq †h, mi‡ni mgq †_‡K fymK y iz mg‡qi g‡a¨B DwjøwLZ ivóªwecøewU
msNwUZ n‡qwQ‡jv, Gi d‡j GKB A‡_© e½ Ges PÐvj k‡ãi cÖ‡qvM
jÿ Kiv hvq|
ÒÔe½R Kvq¯’Õ welqK GKwU aviYvI D‡c›`ªbv_ wek¦v‡mi Abygvb‡K
kw³kvjx K‡i wKbv †f‡e †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i| e½ Ges bgtk~`‡ª K Awfbœ
we‡ePbv Ki‡j e½R Kvq¯’ k‡ãi A_© nq, Kvq¯’‡`i †h kvLv bgtk~`‡ª `i
ga¨ †_‡K D™¢Z~ | cÖm½Z D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, bgtk~`‡ª `i GKwU
kvLvi bvg evMj, Avevi e½R Kvq‡¯’i GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ c`wei bvgI
evMj| (GB c`weavix GKRb weL¨vZ e¨w³i bvg †hv‡MkP›`ª evMj,
whwb e½R Kvq¯’ wQ‡jb| ¯^‡ivwPl miKvi, †hv‡MkP›`ª evMj XvKvt evsjv
GKv‡Wgx, 1993, c„ 10)
56 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
Òch©v‡jvPbv
Òbgtk~`‡ª `i RvwZcwiPvqK GKwU †jŠwKK cÖZ¨q cÖm½Z ¯^Zš¿
g‡bv‡hvM `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i| bgtk~`ª A‡ji mvaviY wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi
g‡a¨ bgtk~`iª v ÔbgÕ, Ôb‡gvÕ ev Ô‡bv‡gvÕ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| wiRwj Zvi
eB‡qi Bs‡iwR‡Z ÔbgÕ-‡K (Nama) Ab¨Zg weKí bvg wn‡m‡e D‡jøL
K‡i‡Qb| (wiRwj Zvui MÖ‡š’ wc‡ivRcy‡ii bgtk~`‡ª `i RvwZcwiPq ÔbgÕ
`vwei K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| cÖm½Z wZwb jÿ K‡i‡Qb, bgtk~`iª v GB
mg‡q h‡_ó we‡`ªvnx n‡q I‡V Ges hvi cÖKvk¯^iƒc eY©wn›`y‡`i Rwgi
avb KvU‡Z mw¤§wjZfv‡e AcviMZv cÖKvk K‡i| (H. H. Resely, The
Tribes and Castes of Bengal, Vol. I. p. 188)
ÒcÖm½Z ¯§iYxq, cvwj fvlvq bgt k‡ãi iæcvšÍi b‡gv| KviY †mLv‡b
wem‡M©i †Kv‡bv e¨envi †bB| †mw`K w`‡q kãwU‡K †eŠ× hy‡Mi ¯§„wZevnx
wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hvq| bgtk~`c ª aÖ vb A‡ji wn›`y gymjgvb wbwe©‡k‡l
bgtk~`ª cvov‡K †bv‡gvcvov e‡j| GgbwK GBme A‡ji gymjgvb
Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ †bv‡gv k‡ãi Zvrch© G‡Zv e¨vcK †h, A‡bK mg‡q †bv‡gv
ej‡Z Giv Zver wn›`y‡`iB †evSvq| evsjv‡`‡ki weL¨vZ Kwe RmxgD`&`xb
Zvui GKvwaK Kv‡e¨ bgtk~`‡ª K bgy wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, hv †bv‡gv k‡ãiB
QÙiƒc, A_ev ejv hvq Acåsk iƒc| †jvKmgv‡R cÖPwjZ RvwZcwiPvqK
GB cÖZ¨qwU †gv‡UB nvjKv K‡i †`Lv hvq bv| A‡bK aviYv cwieZ©bkxj
n‡jI RvwZcwiPvqK Gme cÖZ¨q kZvãxi ci kZvãx ch©šÍ wU‡K _vK‡Z
cv‡i| welqwU we‡ePbv Ki‡j g‡b nq, hvuiv bgtk~`‡ª K bgt ev bgm¨ wn‡m‡e
cÖgvY Kivi †Póv Ki‡Qb, Zvu‡`i hyw³i mvieËv we‡ePbv‡hvM¨ I Mfxi
g‡bv‡hvM `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i| (‡hgb mxZvbv_ wek¦v‡mi MÖš)’ |
Ò†m‡ÿ‡Î Ggb nIqv LyeB m¤¢e †h, cvj kvmbvg‡j bgtk~`iª v ivRvi
RvZ _vKvi Rb¨ mgv‡R Zv‡`i we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ wQ‡jv Ges Ab¨ m¤úÖ`v‡qi
wbKU Giv bgm¨ ev we‡kl kÖ×vi cvÎ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Zv| †mB
cUf‚wg‡Z m¤úÖ`vqwUi g~j RvZcwiP‡qi cwie‡Z© Zv‡`i GB †jŠwKK
cwiPqwU µ‡g ¸iæZ¡ †c‡Z ïiæ K‡i Ges Kvjµ‡g Zv c~ee© Z©x cwiPq‡K
m¤ú~Yi© ƒ‡c MÖvm K‡i| GB b‡gv k‡ãiB ms¯‹Z „ vwqZ cÖwZkã bgtk~`,ª hv Dwbk
kZ‡Ki †klv‡a© cÖvwZôvwbK cwiPq wn‡m‡e miKvwifv‡e ¯^xK…Z nq|
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 57
ms¯‹„Z wbq‡g mgvm Kivi d‡j bgt k‡ãi c‡i wemM© _vKvUv e¨vKi‡Yi
wbq‡gB ï×| Zvn‡jB Gi A_© `vuovq bgm¨ k~`ª A_©vr k~`‡ª `i g‡a¨ hviv
bg¯‹vi cvevi †hvM¨| wemM©nxb bgk~`ª bvg e¨vKiYwm× bq, ïay ZvB
bq, Rb‡MvôxwUi GB weK…Z evbvbwUI eY©ev`x gvbwmKZvcyó| Gi cÖgvY,
hvuiv GB Rb‡Mvôxi cÖwZ kÖ×vevb, †hgb iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, w`wM›`ªbvivqY
fÆvPvh© ev bxnviiÄb ivq, Zvuiv evbvbvwU‡K wemM© w`‡q †j‡Lb| wKš‘ A‡bK
be¨ eY©ev`x kãwUi wemM© eR©b Kivi c‡ÿ| G e¨vcv‡i cwðge½ †_‡K
cÖKvwkZ Awfavb¸‡jv D`vniY n‡Z cv‡i| `„óvšÍ¯i^ ƒc cwðge½ evsjv
AKv‡`wg cÖKvwkZ ÔAKv‡`wg we`¨v_©x evsjv AwfavbÕ-Gi bvg Kiv hvq,
†hLv‡b cÖvmw½K fyw³i cÖ_g evbvbwU‡K wemM©ewR©Z †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, hw`I
ey¨rcwËwU h_vh_fv‡e †`Lv‡bv nq| A‡b‡K nq‡Zv ïgvwi cÖwZ‡e`‡bi
evbv‡bi cÖm½ Zzj‡Z cv‡ib| †mLv‡b †h‡nZz wem‡M©i Rb¨ †Kv‡bv eY©
e¨enƒZ nqwb, AZGe evsjv cÖwZe‡Y© †Kb wemM© †jLv n‡e? Gai‡bi hyw³
AMÖvn¨ n‡e GB Kvi‡Y †h, bgtk~`ª kãwU G‡Kev‡iB beMwVZ| gvÎ GK
kZvãxi e¨eav‡b kãwUi Acåsk iƒc `vb Kivi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv eY©ev`x
Aceyw× KvR K‡i wKbv †f‡e †`Lv `iKvi|
ÒRb‡MvôxwU‡K PÐvj AvL¨v cÖ`vb Kivi welqwU‡KI cÖvq Awfbœ
Aceyw×i dj wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †Kbbv GB Aceyw×B
evsjv‡`‡k e¨vcK ag©všÍ‡ii cUf‚wg iPbv K‡iwQ‡jv| evsjv‡`‡ki
gymjgvb Rb‡Mvôxi AwaKvskB †h bgtk~`ª Rb‡Mvôx †_‡K D™¢Z y ,
A‡b‡KB †m e¨vcv‡i GKgZ| (1901 mv‡ji Av`gïgvwi cÖwZ‡e`‡b
cÖvmw½Z gšÍe¨ Ki‡Z wM‡q cÖwZ‡e`K B G †MBU †j‡Lbt ÒThe
Namasudras aggregate about 1,861000 and the pods nearly half
a million; but the full strenght of the two castes concealed by
the fact that large number has been converted to
Mohammadanism and now call themselves Shekh. There are
ten and-a-half millions of Mohammandans in the Dacca and
Chittagong Divisions, and it has been shown that the great
majority of these are the desendants of converts from the ranks
of these two castes.” Census of India 1901. Vol. VI part I. p. 396)
58 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
ÒnxbZvevPK Awfav Av‡iv‡ci welqwU †h †mLv‡b ¸iæZ¡cY~ © cÖfveK
wQ‡jv, Zv Abygvb Ki‡Z Kó nq bv| GgbwK bgtk~`c ª aÖ vb A‡j wgkb
cÖwZôv Kivi d‡j Dwbk kZ‡Ki wLªóag© cÖPvi †h we‡kl mvdj¨ AR©b
K‡i, Zvi †cQ‡bI bgtk~`‡ª `i AcgvbRbK AwfavwUi ¸iæZ¡cY~ © f‚wgKv
_vKv m¤¢e| D`vniY wn‡m‡e B‡¤úwiqvj †M‡R‡U cÖKvwkZ wek kZ‡Ki
m~Pbvi GKwU Z‡_¨i D‡jøL Kiv hvq| †mLv‡b †`Lv hvq, XvKv wefv‡M
Kxfv‡e GK `k‡Ki e¨eav‡bB bgtk~`ª mgv‡Ri cÖvq cvuP nvRvi †jvK
wLªóa‡g© `xÿv MÖnY K‡i| (Imprial Gazetteer of India: Eastern Bengal
and Assam. p. 342)
ÒAvi GKwU welq wØRvwZZË¡| wek kZ‡K m~Pbvq fviZxq mgvR
†hme ivR‰bwZK cÖm‡½ Av‡jvwoZ n‡qwQ‡jv, Zvi me¸‡jv‡K ¸iæ‡Z¡i
m‡½ we‡ePbv Ki‡j eyS‡Z Kó nq bv, AšÍZ w·ki `kK ch©šÍ fviZxq
mgvR AmsL¨ fv‡M wef³ wQ‡jv| cÖm½Z wkL, cviwm, †eŠ×, wLªóvb
cÖfw„ Z ag©m¤úÖ`v‡qi cwiP‡qi K_v †Zvjv hvq| Z_vKw_Z wØRvwZZ‡Ë¡i
g‡a¨I †h AšÍZ wÎRvwZZË¡ wQ‡jv, GKUz wPšÍv Ki‡jB Zv Dcjwä Kiv
m¤¢e, Avi Zv n‡jv t eY©wn›`y, Zdwkwj wn›`y Ges gymjgvbÑ GB wZb
ZË¡| 1947 mv‡ji †`kwefvM GB wÎRvwZZË¡‡K ivZvivwZ wØRvwZZ‡Ë¡i
w`‡K †V‡j †`q| GKB Kvi‡Y bgtk~‡`ªi c‡ÿI LvuwU wn›`y‡Z (!) cwiYZ
nIqvi c_ myMg n‡q I‡V|
Ò†`kwefvM Ges bgtk~‡`ªi GB LvuwU wn›`y‡Z¡ cÖZ¨vMgb fv‡jv wK g›`,
cÖZ¨vwkZ wK AevwÃZ, Zv wb‡q ¯^Zš¿ M‡elYv n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Gi ga¨
†_‡KI AšÍZ `ywU Z_¨ `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i| cÖ_gZ, GB NUbvi d‡j bgtk~`iª v
Zv‡`i g~j Avevm¯’j Z¨vM K‡i e¨vcK nv‡i fvi‡Z Awfevmb MÖnY K‡i|
cybe©vm‡bi bv‡g Giv DËicÖ‡`‡ki ‰bwbZvj, ga¨cÖ‡`‡ki gvbv-evUv, Iwokvi
gvjKvbwMwi, Av›`vgvb wb‡Kvei cÖfw„ Z A-evsjvfvlx A‡j Qwo‡q c‡o|
cwðge‡½ emevmKvix‡`i A‡b‡K mvgvwRK gh©v`vi AbymÜv‡b eªvþY-Kvq¯’
cwiPqI aviY K‡i| hw`I cwðge‡½ Zdwkwj †KvUv myweavi Kvi‡Y †m
cÖwµqv †Zgb Z¡ivwš^Z n‡Z cv‡i bv| Ab¨w`‡K A-evsjvfvlx A‡j bgtk~`ª
cwiP‡qi †h‡nZz †Kv‡bv †KvUvg~j¨ †bB, Ges wU‡K _vKvi ZvwM‡`, µ‡g
µ‡g Zviv evOvwj cwiPq †_‡KI nvwi‡q hv‡”Q|
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 59
ÒwØZxq Z_¨wU LvwbKUv BwZevPK| evsjv‡`‡ki bgtk~`iª v GLv‡b
wn›`y wn‡m‡eB cÖwZ‡ekx gymjgvb‡`i cÖwZ‡hvMx| wn›`y‡Z¡i HwZn¨ Zvi
cwiP‡qi wfZ‡i gReyZ K‡i| GKB Kvi‡Y AZx‡Z eY©wn›`yMY gymjgvb
Rb‡Mvôxi cÖwZ †hme Ab¨vq AvPiY K‡iwQ‡jv, Zvi cÖwZwµqvq cvëv
AvPiY MÖnY Kivi Rb¨I Zv‡K cÖ¯Z ‘ _vK‡Z nq|
ÒGme Av‡jvPbvi cvkvcvwk c~‡e©v³ gZvgZmg~n †_‡K bgtk~`‡ª `i
Drm I ci¤úiv m¤ú‡K© mywbw`©ó †Kv‡bv aviYv m„wó Kiv KwVb| Z‡e
cieZ©x Av‡jvPbvq myweav n‡Z cv‡i †f‡e Ges fwel¨r M‡el‡Ki wPšÍvi
†LvivK n‡Z cv‡i we‡ePbvq cÖvmw½K Av‡jvPbvq Av‡jvwoZ aviYv¸‡jvi
mvigg©‡K wbgœwjwLZfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvqt
Ò1| bgtk~`ª cÖavbZ K…wlRxex GKwU evOvwj Rb‡Mvôx| eZ©gv‡b
G‡`i RbmsL¨v GK †KvwU| evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi wewfbœ iv‡R¨ Giv
emevm K‡i|
Ò2| aviYv Kiv nq Øv`k kZ‡K ivRv ejøvj †mb GB Rb‡Mvôx‡K
me©c_Ö g PÐvj bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib| Gici †_‡K Rb‡MvôxwU
cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e PÐvj bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡Z _v‡K| bgtk~`ª mgv‡Ri cÖej
AvcwËi gy‡L 1911 mvj †_‡K GB PÐvj cwiP‡qi Aemvb N‡U|
Ò3| 1891 mv‡ji ci †_‡K mvgvwRK gh©v`v e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ GB
Rb‡Mvôxi †jvK wb‡R‡`i eªvþY cwiPq `vwe K‡i| wKš‘ 1931 mvj
bvMv` bgtk~`ª mgv‡Ri †bZ…¯v’ bxq e¨w³eM© bvg e`‡ji †P‡q
Av_©mvgvwRK gyw³i welqwU‡K cÖvavb¨ †`b|
Ò4| AvaywbK b„ZvwË¡K ch©‡eÿ‡Y, we‡klZ †`ncwiwgwZ welqK
Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq, GKgvÎ bgtk~`‡ª `i †`ncwiwgwZB DËifvi‡Zi
eY©evª þY‡`i Abyiƒc| Gw`K w`‡q bgtk~`iª v cÖvPxb fviZxq eY©web¨vm
Abyhvqx eªvþY e‡Y©i †hŠw³K `vwe`vi|
Ò5| bgtk~`ª bvgwU b‡gv, †bv‡gv ev bgt k‡ãi ms¯‹„ZvwqZ cÖwZkã|
ms¯‹„ZvwqZ kãwUi me©c_Ö g cÖvwZôvwbK e¨envi N‡U 1891 mv‡ji
Av`gïgvwi cÖwZ‡e`‡b| aviYv Kiv nq, †jŠwKK cwiPq wn‡m‡e
m¤úÖ`vqwUi b‡gv cwiPq, PÐvj Awfavi mgvšÍiv‡j hyM hyM a‡i wU‡K
wQ‡jv| A‡b‡Ki aviYv †eŠ× kvmbvg‡j ivRvi RvZ Z_v bgm¨ RvZ
60 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
wn‡m‡e GB b‡gv cwiP‡qi D™¢e N‡U| bxnviiÄb ivq wj‡L‡Qb, AÁvZ
mg‡q ivóªxq, mvgvwRK ev RvwZMZ msN‡l©i g‡a¨ bgtk~`‡ª `i mvgvwRK
Agh©v`v m¤úwK©Z| †mb kvmbvg‡ji m~Pbvq cvj‡`i m‡½ †mb‡`i
msNvZ‡K DwjøwLZ NUbv wn‡m‡e Abygvb Kiv m¤¢e|
Ò6| bgtk~`ª RvwZ cÖvPxb e½ RvwZi DËim~wiÑ A‡b‡K GB `vwe
K‡ib| e½ RvwZ Avh©xK…Z n‡qwQ‡jv, bvwK Avh© RvwZ e½xK…Z n‡qwQ‡jv,
†m BwZnvm A¯úó n‡jI †fŠ‡MvwjK-kvixwiK-PvwiwÎK cÖfw„ Z jÿY
†`wL‡q Zvuiv hLb e‡jb, e½ Ges bgtk~`ª Awfbœ ZLb Zv †hŠw³Kfv‡e
MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡q I‡V| Gfv‡e bgtk~‡`ªi Drm‡K `yB nvRvi eQ‡iiI c~‡e©
wb‡q hvIqv m¤¢e nq| GB Awfg‡Zi mg_©K GB aviYv †h, Avh© eªvþY‡`i
†Kv‡bv GKwU †Mvôx †eŠ×ag© MÖnY Kivi ci Mv‡½q e-Øx‡c AvMgb K‡i
Ges e½ bvg MÖnY K‡i| bvbv ai‡bi ivR‰bwZK DÌvb-cZ‡bi c‡i
Giv bvbvwea K…wle„wˇK RxweKvi Dcvq wn‡m‡e †e‡Q wb‡Z eva¨ nq|
Ò7| Rb‡MvôxwUi cwiPq cwieZ©‡bi Gfv‡e †gvU PviwU ¯Íi Kíbv
Kiv m¤¢e| cÖ_g ¯Íi t wLªóc~eK
© v‡ji e½ RvwZ; wØZxq ¯Íi t cvj kvmbvg‡j
e½ †_‡K bgm¨ ev bgt (cvwjiƒc t b‡gv) RvwZ| Z…Zxq ¯Íi t ivR‰bwZK
msNv‡Z civwRZ Rb‡Mvôx wn‡m‡e Acgvbm~PK PÐvj RvwZ Ges PZz_©
¯Íi t 1891 mvj †_‡K bgtk~`ª RvwZ|
ÒDcmsnvi
Òb„ZvwË¡K Rb‡Mvôx wn‡m‡e bgtk~`‡ª `i mve©RwbK †Kv‡bv ag© †bB|
A_©vr ag©cwiP‡qi w`K w`‡q bgtk~`iª v we‡kl †Kv‡bv ag©‡K aviY K‡i
bv| GB Rb‡Mvôxi e„nËg AskwU eZ©gv‡b evOvwj gymjgvb| evOvwj
wLªóvb‡`i wmsnfvMI bgtk~`ª †_‡K AvMZ| we Avi Av‡¤^`K‡ii c`v¼
AbymiY K‡i fviZe‡l© A‡bK bgtk~`ª m¤úÖwZ †eŠ× a‡g© wek¦vm ¯’vcb
Ki‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡k hviv eoyqv Rb‡Mvôx, ZvivI bgtk~`‡ª `i GKwU kvLv
wKbv, Zv wb‡q M‡elYv n‡Z cv‡i| †Kbbv, bgtk~`‡ª `i †hme cÖvPxb
kvLvi K_v Rvbv hvq, Zvi g‡a¨ eiæqv Ges gMvB Ab¨Zg `ywU kvLvi
bvg| cÖm½Z ¯§iYxq 1931 mv‡jI eoyqv Rb‡Mvôx gM bv‡g cwiwPZ
wQ‡jv Ges Zviv `vwe K‡i AvmwQ‡jv †h, gvMax †eŠ× wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i
RvZcwiPq wjwce× Kiv †nvK| (Census of India,1931. p.427)
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 61
ÒRvwZMZ mve©RwbK ag© bv _vK‡jI bgtk~`‡ª `i D™¢vweZ GKwU
ag©gZ i‡q‡Q, hv Ab¨vb¨ cÖvwZôvwbK ag© †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ cÖKw… Zi|
fw³, mvg¨ I gvbweKZvwe‡aŠZ †mB ag©g‡Zi bvg gZzqv ag©, nwiPvu` VvKzi
(Rb¥ 11 gvP© 1812) hvi cÖwZôvZv| cwiewZ©Z hyMev¯ÍeZvq AvaywbK
wkÿvq wkwÿZ bgtk~`ª m¤úÖ`v‡qi DËim~wi‡`i mvÿ¨ †`Iqvi Rb¨ GL‡bv
†h bgtk~`ª bv‡g ¯^Zš¿ GKwU Rb‡Mvôxi Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q, Zviv †h mK‡j
wg‡j Ab¨ ag©m¤úÖ`vqmg~‡ni g‡a¨ wejxb n‡q hvqwb, Zvi †cQ‡bI GB
ag©g‡Zi Ab¨Zg cÖavb e¨w³Z¡ ¸iæPvu` VvKz‡ii Ae`vb wPi¯§iYxq|Ó
PÐvj †_‡K bgtk~‡`ª c`vc©‡Yi AviI HwZnvwmK Z_¨
Gevi ¯^cb wek¦v‡mi †jLv Ònwi-¸iæPvu` evOjvi PÐvj I fviZe‡l©i
eûRb Afz¨ÌvbÓ (Z…Zxq gy`Yª , GwcÖj, 2011) eB‡qi 15 †_‡K 19 I
37 c„ôv †_‡K †`‡L †bB bgtk~`ª bvgKi‡Yi wel‡q| hw`I Ôkªxkªx¸iæPvu`
PwiZÕ Abymv‡i Ôbgtk~`ª K‡e nj/ c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQjÕ| †m K_vi e¨vL¨v
K‡iwQ bgtk~`‡ª `i c~e© cwiPq As‡k|
Òc~ev© ‡ji PÐvjRvwZi GB bZzb bvgKiY A_©vr Ôbgtk~`Õª bvg †ewk
w`‡bi bq| †Kvb cÖvPxb ev ga¨hyMxq MÖ‡š’B GB kãwUi D‡jøL †Kvb
iK‡gB †bB| †e` Dcwbl‡` †bB| †bB ms¯‹‡… Z iwPZ cyivYvw` †Kvb
MÖ‡š’| †eŠ×cvwj Z_v cÖvK…Z fvlvq iwPZ ÔcvwjK…ZÕ mvwn‡Z¨i wecyj
fvÐv‡i, †Kv_vI bgtk~`ª RvZ ev RvwZi D‡jøL †bB| A‡kv‡Ki wkjvwjwc
ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cv_y‡i †jLvq GB kãwU †bB, hw`I †eŠ× ZË¡ I a‡g©i
ms‡hvM wQj †`‡ki mvaviY gvbyl‡`i wb‡q| Ph©vc‡`i cÖvPxb mvwnZ¨,
g½jKve¨ mvwnZ¨ Ges evsjvi cÖvwšÍK mvwnZ¨¸wji †Kv_vI GB bgtk~`ª
kãwU †`Lv hvq bv| hv †`Lv hvq Zv Zv‡`i g~j cwiPq ÁvcK ÔRvwZÕ
bvg PÐvj|
GB bgtk~`ª kãwUi cÖvPxbZg wbf©i‡hvM¨ D‡jøL †`Lv hvq 1809
mv‡j weªwUk iv‡Ri GK miKvwi weÁw߇Z (‡iRy‡jkb 4 †mKkb-8)
ZvI wbivj¤^fv‡e bq| KzwÚZ AvZ¥cÖKvk PÐvj/bgtk~`|ª hyMx, wcivjx,
nvox, †jv‡j A_ev Kzkex, †gQzqv, NymwK, evM`x, Kvnvi(`wjqv), †Wvg,
†Zqi, Pzjvø j A_ev mybix, MvRyi, ivReskx, Pvgvi, cvb, Ges fuBz gvjx
62 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
bvgK c‡biwU Rb‡Mvôxi mv‡_ Zv‡`i D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Giv cyixi
gw›`‡i cÖ‡ekvwaKvi cv‡e bv| KviY GB me wn›`yiv A¯c„k¨| GB miKvwi
weÁwß †Kvb bxwZ ZË¡ wfwËK e‡j g‡b nq bv| eªvþY we‡Øl Ges kw³i
`¤¢B †ewk K‡i cÖKvwkZ nq| †Kv¤cvwb ZLb fviZ-mgvR wel‡q
eªvþ‡Yi civg‡k© P‡j| D‡jøwLZ Rb‡Mvôxi mK‡jB wn›`y Z_v RvZ fz³
wQj bv| †hgb PÐv‡jiv wQj GK Awn›`y ÔRvwZÕ †Mvôx| gby PvwieY© I
msKie‡Y©i wel` Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Q| Zvi †`Iqv my`xN© ZvwjKvq,
Ô‡cŠÐª¶wÎqÕ, ÔivReskxÕ Ôbgtk~`Õª kã¸wj †bB| cieZ©xKv‡j, Bs‡iR
AvMg‡bi ci iwPZ Ôfwel¨cyivYÕ, ÔnwieskÕ, Ôag©ciy vYÕ cÖfw… Z
ms¯‹Z… kv‡¯¿ 36 Rv‡Zi bvg D‡jøL Av‡Q, Zv‡ZI Ôbgtk~`Õª †bB| kãwUi
eyrcwËMZ ˆeqvKiwYK w`KI h_v_© bq| 1911 mv‡ji fviZe‡l©i †mÝvm
wi‡cv‡U© me©c_Ö g PÐvj bv‡gi cwie‡Z© G‡`i bgtk~`ª bv‡g †Mvbv nq|
fviZe‡l© AZx‡Z †jvKMYbvi c×wZ cÖPwjZ wQj bv| mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki
ivRavbx cvUwjcy‡Îi bvMwiK‡`i msL¨vw` MYbvfz³ wQj| Gici
Bs‡iRivR miKvi me©c_Ö g fviZe‡l©i †jvKMYbv ïiæ K‡i 1872 mvj
†_‡K| GB mgq fviZxq‡`i cÖavbZ wn›`y, gymjgvb, wkL Ges A¨vs‡jv-
BwÐqvbÑ GB Pvi fv‡M MYbv Kiv nZ| cÖKZ … c‡¶ gymjgvb, wkL wKsev
A¨vs‡jv-BwÐqvb hviv bq †mBme bvMwiK‡`iB n‡i M‡o wn›`y wnmv‡e
MYbv Kiv nZ| 1872 mv‡ji Ges 1881 mv‡ji †jvKMYbvi ZvwjKvq
bgtk~`ª bvgK †Kv‡bv RvZ, eY© ev RvwZi D‡jøL wQj bv| wQj PÐvj
bvgK cÖvPxb GK RvwZ we‡k‡li D‡jøL| me©c_Ö g 1891 mv‡ji
†jvKMYbvi wi‡cv‡U© †`Lv †Mj Ôbgtk~`Õª kã| wbivj¤^ fv‡e bq| PÐvj
RvwZ‡KB cÖ”Qbœ cÖ‡Póvq k~`Rª v‡Z cwiYZ Kivi cÖqvm| †jLv nj PÐvj/
bgtk~`|ª PÐv‡ji eûj D‡jøL AwZ cÖvPxb| cÖvPxb fviZe‡l©i ÔPÐvjÕ
bvgK bi‡Mvôx, Giv bv wn›`y bv wQj PZze‡© Y©i av‡i Kv‡Qi †Kvb RvZ
ev DcRvZ ev eY©| Giv wQj GKwU weï× RvwZ A_©vr tribe, race ev
nation| 1901 mv‡ji †mÝvm Kwgkbvi, nvievU© wim‡j, Zvui wi‡cv‡U©i
†k‡l evowZ GK we¯ÍZ „ K‡g›Um wj‡LwQ‡jb| cieZ©x Kv‡j †mB Ask
GKwU Ag~j¨ cy¯K Í wnmv‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| PÐv‡jiv †h †Kvb RvwZ
wQj bv wQj Ab&-Avh© g~jfviZxq RvwZ we‡kl †mK_v wj‡L‡Qb GB MÖ‡š’|
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 63
ÒConsiderations of space preclude me from attempting and
exhaustive enumeration of the castes which may plausibly be described
as tribes absorbed into Hinduism, but I may mention as illustrious of
the transformation that has taken place, the Ahir, Dom and Dosad of
United Province and Bihar, The Gujar, Jat, Meo and Rajputan of
Rajasthan and the Punjab; the Koli, Mahar and Maratha of Bombay;
the Bagdi, Baruri, Chandal ( Namasudra) Kaibartta, Pod, and Rajbansi-
Koch of Bengal and in Madras the Mali, Nayar, vellala and Paraiyan
or Fariah of whom the last retain traditions of a time when they
prossessed an independent organization of their own and had not been
relegated to a low place in the Hindu social system.Ó(Risly, The people
of India, (Second Edition), p. 76).
ÒGiv msL¨vq wQj K‡qK †KvwU| ag© wek¦v‡m Giv wQj †eŠ×| GB
PÐvj es‡ki A‡b‡KB cÖvPxb fvi‡Z †`v`©Ð cÖZv‡c KiZ ivRZ¡|
BwZnv‡mi mv¶¨ cÖgvY †_‡K †`Lv hvq †MŠZg ey‡×i wkl¨ Ges †Kvkj
ivRv Ôc‡mbw`Õ ev cÖ‡mbwRr PÐvj RvwZi †jvK wQ‡jb| wZwb gvZ½
RvwZ‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| RvwZ kãwU cvwj fvlvq cvIqv hvq| Gi
A_© esk, Kzj ev MY A_©vr t tribe, race ev clan.Ó
Dc‡iv³ eB Abymv‡i (nwi-¸iæPvu`...c„t 37,38) Òbgtk~`ª GKwU
†hŠwMK kã| bgm& Ges k~`> ª bgtk~`|ª Ôbg&Õ avZz n‡jI bgm& (bgt)
kã GKwU wµqv evPK we‡kl¨, bg®‹vi Kiv| k~`ª kãwU ÔRvZÕ evPK
we‡kl¨ wn›`ykv‡¯¿v³ PZze‡© M©i wb¤œZgwUi bvg| A_©vr kãwU RvwZ evPK
we‡kl¨ ev ÔKgb bvDbÕ| wµqvc` I we‡kl¨ c‡`i †hŠwMK kã| mwÜe×
kãwU‡Z Zrcyiæl I Kg©avivq mgv‡mi j¶YvµvšÍ n‡jI wbqgvbymv‡i
c~ec© ‡` wef³ c‡`i wefw³ †jvc cvevi wbqg GLv‡b jw•NZ nq bv|
ÒnwiPiY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq bgt (bgm&) kãwU‡K m¤§vbv_© we‡klY c`iƒ‡c
k~`ª k‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b K‡ib| wKš‘ Ôbgm&Õ kã m¤§vbv‡_©
hw`I ev n‡Z cv‡i, we‡klY c` KLbB bq| we‡klY c`wU Ôbgm&Õ| Avevi
bgm¨ k~`,ª AZGe Ôbgtk~`Õª Giƒc e¨vmevK¨ Av‡`Š e¨vKiY m¤§Z n‡e bv|
wbiæwË I eyrcwË wePv‡i Ôbgtk~`Õª c`wU e¨vKiY weiæ×| Aï×| (Z_¨Ñ
Aa¨vcK w؇R›`ªjvj wek¦vm, e¨vKiY Kve¨Zx_© (Former ADPI), Agyw`ªZ)
64 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
ÒAek¨ hw` bgtk~`ª kãwU‡K Acåsk kã wnmv‡e aiv hvq Z‡eB
MÖvn¨| †hgb bek~`ª †_‡K Ôbgk~`ª (‡jey>‡bey) bgt k~`|ª A_©vr bZzb k~`|ª
hviv ˆew`K kv¯¿vw`‡Z k~`ª e‡j D‡jøwLZ nqwb c~‡e©| A_P †h bi‡Mvôx‡K
wb¤œZg mvgvwRK ¯Í‡i cÖwZwôZ K‡i bvg †`Iqv n‡jv bgtk~`|ª
ÒnvievU© wiR‡j ej‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb bgtk~`ª bvgwU ms¯‹Z … kã
Ôbg‡ZÕ A_©vr bxPz ev cwZZ †_‡K G‡m‡Q| hviv k~`‡ª `i †_‡KI bZ
_vK‡e ZvivB bgtk~`|ª Aa¨vcK b‡ikP›`ª `vm BZ¨vw` bgtk~`ª weØv‡biv
Aek¨ m¤ú~Y© D‡ëv `vwe K‡ib| Zv‡`i g‡Z hviv k~`‡ª `i bgm¨ ev cÖYg¨
ZvivB bgtk~`|ª GB ZË¡K_vi wfwˇZ Giv Ae‡k‡l bgtk~`‡ª `i eªvþY
wnmv‡e `vwe Ki‡Z †cÖiYv jvf K‡ib| Kvh©‡¶‡Î wKš‘ †Kv_vI
b‡ikevey‡`i e¨vL¨v ev¯ÍeZ wµqvkxj †`Lv hvq bv| GgbwK RjPj k~`iª vI
KLbB bg®‹vi K‡i bv bgtk~`‡ª `i| Zviv N„YvB K‡i Zv‡`i AšÍi †_‡K|
ÒcÖKZ
… c‡¶ GB ai‡Yi me KÕwU aviYv K…wÎg I åvšÍ| eY© e¨e¯’vi
†Kv_vI bgtk~`ª Lvc Lvqbv| e‡½ wfbœ Ab¨ †Kv_vI bgt †m Kvi‡Y †bB|
kãwU AwZ Ae©vPxb| Ôbgtk~`Õª †hŠwMK k‡ãi ÔbgtÕ I Ôk~`Õª GB `ywU
kãB cvwj Z_v cÖvK…Z Amyi fvlv †_‡K AvMZ| fviZe‡l©i cÖKw… Zcy‡Äi
fvlv ÔcvwjK…ZÕB wQj, Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ †MŠZgey‡×i a¤§ cÖPv‡ii
fvlv| GB cvwj‡ZB ejv n‡q‡Q Ôbgt ey×vqÕ|Ó
Gwel‡q Gevi †`‡L †bB gZzqv M‡elK gwb †gvnb ˆeivMx Zvui
ÔA¯ú„k¨ I AbMÖmi RvwZi gyw³ Av‡›`vj‡b nwi-¸iæPvu` VvKzi I gZzqv
ag©Õ (2q ms, 2012, c„t 183-84) eB‡q D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, Ò1130
Lªxóv‡ã cvj ivR‡Z¡i Aemv‡bi ci KY©vU‡Ki ˆew`K †mb ivRv‡`i nvZ
a‡iB e½‡`‡k ˆew`K eY© a‡g©i ¯’vqx AvMgb N‡U| ... 1871 mv‡ji
†mÝvm wi‡cv‡U© weªwUk miKvi eªvþY‡`i Pµv‡šÍ e½‡`‡k bgtRvwZ‡K
ÔPÐvj RvwZÕ bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ K‡i| GB mgq ch©š,Í A_©vr 1871 mv‡ji
†mÝvm wi‡cv‡U©i c~e© ch©šÍ eZ©gv‡bi bgtk~`iª v †h ïay Ôbgt RvwZÕ e‡jB
¯^xK…Z wQj Zv Avgiv f‚‡c›`ªbv_ `‡Ëi Ôevsjvi BwZnvmÕ I igvcÖmv` P‡›`ªi
Ô‡MŠogvjvÕ †_‡K Rvb‡Z cvwi| ZvB ÔPÐvjÕ bvg AcmviY K‡i ÔbgtÕ
bvgKi‡Yi `vwe‡Z ¸iæPvu` VvKz‡ii jvMvZvi Av‡›`vj‡b AwZô n‡q Ges
e½fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi †eKvq`vq c‡o †kl ch©šÍ Zviv †KŠkj e`jv‡Z eva¨
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 65
nq| Ges 1911 mv‡ji †mÝvm wi‡cv‡U© ÔPÐvjÕ bvg AcmviY K‡i ÔbgtÕ-Gi
mv‡_ MxZv Abyhvqx cvc‡hvwb m¤~Z¢ e‡j Mvwj LvIqv Ôk~`Õª kãwU Ry‡o w`‡q
Ôbgt+k~`Õª A_©vr Ôbgtk~`Õª bv‡g AcgvwbZ K‡i| hv wKbv PÐvj †_‡K
Av‡iv †ewk Akøxj; Av‡iv †ewk Kjw¼Z| KviY e½‡`‡ki gvby‡liv
†Kvbw`bI ˆew`K eY©a‡g©i †jvK wQj bv weavq, †Kvb w`b Zviv k~`I ª
wQj bv| ... e½f‚wgi bgtiv †Zv †eŠ×a¤§© †_‡K mivmwiB ag©nxb A¯c„k¨
cwZZ RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB Kvk¨c gywbi eskaiiv hv‡`i
evm¯’vb wQj wenv‡ii wgw_jv ch©šÍ †KejgvÎ ZvivB cieZ©x ˆew`K hy‡M
k~`ª bv‡g ˆew`K eY© a‡g© AcgvwbZ n‡qwQj gvÎ; wKš‘ evsjvi bgtiv
†Kvbw`bI ˆew`K eY© a‡g©i (wn›`y a‡g©i) g‡a¨ †Xv‡KBwb| †eŠ× ag© †_‡K
mivmwi Zviv A¯c„k¨ cwZZ RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| Avi GKvi‡Y
†eŠ×‡`i gZ gv- evevi g„Z¨z ‡Z GLbI ch©šÍ Zviv 10 w`bB †kvK w`em
cvjb K‡i| AZGe bgt‡`i †MŠiegq BwZnvm PÐv‡jB|Ó
Gevi Avgiv GB PÐvj †_‡K bgtk~‡`ª c`vc©‡Yi Av‡iv HwZnvwmK Z_¨
Zz‡j aivi †Póv KiwQ| G Kv‡R mnvqK M‡elYv g~jK MÖš’ wkcÖv wek¦v‡mi
ÒA‡š^lYÓ (1g LÐ, cÖKvkKÑ ÔA`j e`jÕ cwÎKv, 1996, c„t 273 †_‡K
294 I 303) -G Avgiv †`L‡Z cvBÑ
Òbgtk~‡`ªi bvg cwieZ©‡bi Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnvm †ek cyiv‡bv|
1872 mv‡ji RbMYbvq miKvwifv‡e Zv‡`i PÐvj †jLv nq| eûKvj
a‡i bgtk~`‡ª `i m‡½ D”Pe‡Y©i Zxeª msNl© PjwQj| †m msNl© GK mgq
ag©N‡Ui iƒc wb‡qwQj| From time immemorial the Chandals have been
despised by the upper class Hindus and a Brahman thought himself
defiled by even treading the shadow cast by the body of a Chandal
(W.W.Hunter: Statistical Account of Bengal vol. v. London 1875, p. 285.)
Ò¯§iYvZxZ Kvj †_‡K D”PeY©xq wn›`yiv PÐvj‡`i N„Yv K‡i Avm‡Q|
eªvþ‡Yiv Zv‡`i Qvqv gvov‡j AcweÎ n‡q hvq| D”Pe‡Y©i GB gš’‡b
Av‡iv N„Yvi DrcwË n‡e m‡›`n †bB| mgMÖ e‡½i c~ev© sk Ry‡o PÐvj
eûjZvi Kvi‡Y MÖv‡g MÖv‡g D‡ËRbv weivR Ki‡Zv| wn›`y‡`i AZ¨vPvi
mn¨ bv K‡i Zviv e¨vcK msL¨vq ag© Z¨vM K‡i‡Q t A great part of
them accordingly turned Musalmans under the Afghan and Mughol
66 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
Governments, and the remainder are now endeavouring to push
themselves forward to a comparatively respectable position in the Hindu
social scale. In the early part of this (1873) the Chandals made a
general strike in the district (Faridpur), resolving not to serve
anybody of the upper caste in whatever capacity, unless a better
position among the Hindu caste than what they at present occupy
was given to them.(W.W. Hunter:Ibid,p.285) PÐv‡jiv dwi`cyi
†Rjvq mvaviY ag©NU K‡iwQjÑ Zv‡`i `vwe mgv‡R Zv‡`i gh©v`vi Avmb
w`‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq D”Pi‡Y©i †Kvb cÖKv‡ii KvRKg© Ki‡e bv| C. A.
Kelly I C S GB ¸iæZ¡cY ~ © HwZnvwmK Z_¨wU m¨vi nv›Uvi‡K wjwLZ fv‡e
Rvbvb| (Hunter: Ibid p. 255) GLv‡b gvÎ GBUzKz Rvwb‡q ivwL GUvB
fviZe‡l©i cÖ_g ÔmvaviY ag©NUÕ ev general strike. G Z_¨ †jv‡K nqZ
Rv‡b bv, hviv Rv‡b Zviv Zz‡j a‡i bvÑ KviY D”Pe‡Y©i †kvlY I
`~e¨©env‡ii weiæ‡× GB mvaviY ag©NU| ZvB cÖKZ … ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i Gi
cUf‚wgKv Zz‡j a‡i, kªwgK Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnv‡m VvuB w`‡j D”Pe‡Y©i
gy‡Li D¾¡j cÖmvab L‡m covi fq| †`ewkïmyjf AgjKvwšÍ †Pnvivi
AšÍiv‡j XvKv Avmj K`vKvi iƒcUv †ewi‡q co‡e|
Ò1881 mv‡j RbMYbvi c‡iB wm‡jU †Rjvi A¨vwm÷v›U Kwgkbvi
Weø.y g¨vKdvimb bvg e`j wb‡q †h Av‡`k Rvwi K‡ib †mwU AweKj
DׄZ KiwQ t
NOTICE TO GO TO ALL STAMP VENDORS
NOTICE TO BE HUNG UP-
In Tahsil, In Court office, In English office, In Nazarat, In Criminal
office, In Municipal outpost.
That Namasudra must always be written and not Chang or Chandal
for all persons of the said caste that Deputy Commissioner has ordered
that any one who does not write Namasudra shall be removed from
employ.
(Sd.) W. C. Macpherson,
Sylhet. Assistant Commissioner
9-9-1883
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 67
ÒD³ †bvwU‡mi gg© GB †h, mg¯Í bgtk~`ª RvwZ‡K bgtk~`ª Aek¨
†jLv n‡e, KLb PO, PÐvj ev Ab¨ †Kvb KzrwmZ AcgvbRbK kã †jLv
nB‡e bv| gvbbxq †WcywU Kwgkbvi mv‡ne ûKzg w`qv‡Qb, †h-‡Kn
bgtk~`ª bv wjwL‡e Zvnv‡K PvKzix nB‡Z eiLv¯Í Kiv nB‡e|
ÒGgb GKwU miKvwi Av‡`k Av‡e`b, wb‡e`b, ¯§viKwjwc †ck,
MY‡Wcy‡Ukb, Av‡›`vjb e¨wZ‡i‡K †h Av‡`Š m¤¢e bq wkïivI Rv‡b|
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi e‡j‡Qb-ÒmܨvKv‡j Øxc R¡vjvevi Av‡M mKvj †ejvq
mj‡Z cvKv‡Z nq|Ó weªwUk kvmK g¨vKdvimb ¯^v¶wiZ GB Av‡`kwU
Rvwi Kivi Av‡M K‡Zv w`‡bi cÖ¯w‘ Z P‡j‡Q Zvi m¤c~Y© BwZnvm Avgv‡`i
ARvbv| mwVKfv‡e K‡e KLb I †Kv_vq me©c_Ö g bvg e`‡ji K_v
bgtk~`iª v ïiæ K‡iwQj wbðq K‡i ejv KwVb|
Z‡e wm‡j‡U weªwUk wmsn‡K û¼vi Qvo‡Z n‡q‡Q t bgtk~`ª Qvov
†Kv‡bv ÒKzrwmZ AcgvbRbKÓ kã †jLv n‡j Ògvbbxq †WcywU Kwgkbvi
mv‡ne ûKzg w`qv‡Qb...Zvnv‡K PvKzix nB‡Z eiLv¯Í Kiv nB‡e|Ó †`Lv
hv‡”Q PvKzix †Lvqvevi ûgwK‡ZI †KD fxZ bq t Kv‡iv cÖv‡Y AvZ‡¼i
m„wó nqwb| GB cÖ_g †Kv‡bv ivRkw³ KzrwmZ Acgv‡bi R¡vjv †_‡K
bgtk~`‡ª K evuPv‡Z c`‡¶c wb‡q‡Qb| hv‡K Acgvb Kiv wn›`yiv ag© g‡b
K‡i, kv¯¿`Ë AwaKvi †f‡e hviv Zv‡`i wbMÖn K‡i †mB wbcxwoZ‡K
m¤§v‡bi Avm‡b cÖwZôvi GB †Póv K‡Zv gnvb AvR Zvi A_© mg¨K
ü`q½g Kiv mnR bq|
Òh‡kvni †Rjvq Zv‡`i bvg e`‡ji e¨MÖZv 1880 mv‡j miKvwi
wi‡cv‡U© aiv c‡o| PÐvjiv bovBj gnKzgvq wb‡R‡`i bgtk~`ª e‡j cwiPq
w`‡Zv| †cÖwm‡WwÝ wefv‡Mi Kwgkbvi F. B. Peacock GK wPwV‡Z e½xq
miKv‡ii †Rbv‡ij wWcvU© †g‡›Ui mwPe‡K Rvbv‡”Q t ÒThe improvement
in the condition of the Chandals who are in the chief agriculturists in
Narail sub-division, has led them, it is said, to aspire to a superior status
in the Hindu caste system. They now call themselves Namasudras.Ó
(Lettter No 87 J. G. dated Alipur, the 18th July 1881. Annual
Administration Report, Presidency Division for 1880-81)
ÒAbyev` t PÐvjiv gyL¨Z K…lK| Avw_©K m½wZ e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ Zviv
68 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
mvgvwRK gh©v`v `vwe Ki‡Q| wb‡R‡`i Zviv bgtk~`ª e‡j cwiPq †`q|...
Avmv‡g Pxd Kwgkbv‡ii wb‡`©k Rvwi K‡i 8 AvM÷ 1895 mv‡j
KvQvo †Rjvi †WcywU Kwgkbvi‡K Rvbv‡bv nq †h miKvwi `wjj
`¯Ív‡e‡R PÐvj‡K bgtk~`ª ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z Zvui †Kv‡bv AvcwË †bB| Pxd
Kwgkbvi Awd‡mi wPwVi eqvb wb¤œcK Ö viÑ
No 1147 Misc/450-2ac From Secretary to the Chief
Commissioner of Assam, to the Officiating Deputy Commissioner
Cachar, dated Shillong, the 8th August, 1895.
Sir,
I am directed to acknowledge the receipt of your memo. No 1470
dated the 7th July, 1895, forwarding therewith a petition from Kusiram
Namasudra Moktar and certain other inhabitants of the Cachar district
in which they pray that the people of their caste may be designated
Namasudra in official documents instead of Chandal as at present.
In reply I am to say that the Chief Commissioner sees no objection
to persons who call themselves Namasudras being designated as such
in official documents. I am therefore to request that you will be good
enough to send a copy of the letter to one of the heading men among
the petitioners and issue some instructions (if any) on the subjects as
you may think necessary to subordinate officials in your district.
I have etc.
Sd. H. Corkeary.
for Secretary of the Chief Commissioner of Assam
Memo No. 2195.
Copy forwarded to Kushiram Namashudra Moktar Cachar for
information and communication to his fellow petitioners.
Cachar S. D.
Deputy Commissioner Office Deputy Commissioner
the 19th August 1895 Cachar
ÒKvQv‡oi †WcywU Kwgkbvi Pxd Kwgkbv‡ii ûKzgbvgvi GKwU Kwc
Kzwkivg bgtk~`ª †gv³vi‡K Zvui mn‡hvMx‡`i ÁvZv‡_© †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb|
Avmv‡gi KvQvo Z_v wm‡jU †_‡K h‡kvn‡ii bovBj eû`~i|
†mLv‡b PÐvjZ¡ Aemv‡bi Av‡›`vjb KvM‡R Kj‡g aiv c‡o‡Q| XvKv,
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 69
gqgbwms, dwi`cyi, wÎcyiv, ewikvj, cvebv, †bvqvLvwj Abyiƒc
Av‡›`vjb nqwb ejv hvq bv| ch©vß AbymÜv‡b †m bw_cÎ fvex
M‡elK‡K Ly‡u R †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|
Òh‡kvni †Rjvi †M‡RwUqv‡i I‡gwj wj‡L‡Qb t `The Chandals of
Bengal invariably call themselves Namasudra.’ (L. S. S. O’Malley, I
C S: The Gazetter of Jessor District, 1908, Calcuta.)
Òevsjvq PÐvj AeavwiZ fv‡e bgtk~`ª wnmv‡e cwiPq †`q| GLv‡b
`invariably’ kãwU Lye Zvrch©cY ~ |© †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b, †h †Kv‡bv mg‡q
Zv‡`i RvwZ cwiPq Rvb‡Z PvB‡j wb‡R‡`i bgtk~`ª e‡j| †Kv‡bv
Awkw¶Z RvwZ, c~e© evsjvi hviv me‡P‡q wekvj Rb‡Mvwô, we¯ÍxY© f‚L‡Ð
hviv Qwo‡q Av‡Q ivZvivwZ Zv‡`i g‡a¨ bgtk~`ª bvg cÖPwjZ n‡Z cv‡i
bv| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡i †h, `yew©y × I KzwUj eªvþYMY cÖwZwnsmv e‡k
Zv‡`i c‡i PÐvj bvg Pvwc‡q w`‡q‡Q| I‡gwji ‘invariably’ kã cÖ‡qvM
†_‡K GB g‡Zi mg_©b cvIqv hvq| fviZ miKv‡ii m`¨ cÖKvwkZ
Anthropological survey of India-i cy¯‡Í K †`‡LwQ evOjvi evB‡i
Dwol¨v, Zvwgjbvo– I †Kivjv Qvov Avi †Kv_vI PÐvj †bB| †Kv‡bv Kv‡j
wQj bv| Avh©fw‚ g DËi fvi‡Zi †Kv_vI PÐvj wQj e‡j Anthropological
survey `vweI K‡i bv|
ÒZ‡K©i LvwZ‡i hw` †g‡b †bIqv hvq wQj Ges Zviv PÐvj bvg e`‡j
wb‡q‡Q Zv‡Z evsjvi D”Pe‡Y©i L¨vwZ e„w× cvq bv| Ab¨Î eªvþ‡Yiv hw`
PÐv‡ji bvg cwieZ©‡b m¤§wZ I ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z cv‡i ZvnÕ‡j evsjvi
eªvþYivB wK me‡P‡q †ekx i¶Ykxj KÆi †gŠjev`x Ges Aby`vi?
HwZnvwmKiv GB AvZ¥NvZx eªvþY¨ev‡`i g~j¨vqb K‡ibwb KviY Zviv
H eªvþY¨ev‡`i A½ A_ev eªvþY¨ev‡`i QvqvZ‡j cyó; Zviv msKxY©
myweav‡fvMx| †Kv‡bv HwZnvwmK Rvbv‡Z Pvb bv †Kb evsjvi beŸB j¶
bgtk~`ª I †cv` ag©Z¨vM K‡i gymjgvb n‡qwQj|
Òwkw¶Z cÖfvekvjx ˆe`¨ I Kvq¯’ RvwZ eû †Póv K‡iI eªvþY A_ev
¶wÎq ¯^xK…wZ cvqwb| (†Kej bgtk~`iª v mdj n‡qwQj|) cÖkœ nÕj, GB
Amva¨ mvab bgtk~`‡ª `i Øviv wK fv‡e m¤¢e nj? gbyi wewa jw•NZ nj
wK K‡i? ag©cvÖ Y wn›`yi †Nvi †gŠjev`x cy‡ivwnZKzj PÐvj‡K bgtk~`ª
70 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
wnmv‡e †Kvb Ae¯’vq c‡o ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z eva¨ nq? wbZvšÍ m¼UKvj Qvov
Ggb NUbv AKíbxq| Garrett wj‡L‡Qb t “The Namasudras show
considerable aptitude for organization and it was at much pains they
succeeded in getting their designation recognised in place of the term
chandal to which they objected.” (J. A. E. Garrett, ICS: The Gazetteer
of Nadia District Calcutta, 1910, p.46).
Òbvg cwieZ©b Av‡›`vj‡bi cðv‡Z GZ eo mvsMVwbK ˆbc~‡Y¨i
`iKvi c‡owQj hv GB Svby AvB.wm.Gm.-Gi †Pv‡L c‡owQjÑ ZvI wKbv
b`xqv †Rjvq| bgtk~`ª Aa¨ywlZ XvKv, dwi`cyi, h‡kvi, ewikvj,
gqgbwms, wÎcyiv‡Z wK n‡qwQj †Kej Abygv‡bi welq| b`xqv ZLb
Zv‡`i msL¨v mxwgZ|
ÒKvM‡R Kj‡g bvg e`jv‡jB RbmgvR MÖnY bv-I Ki‡Z cv‡i|
we‡klZt i¶Ykxj wn›`yiv| Av‡MB wm‡j‡Ui †WcywU Kwgkbvi mv‡n‡ei
Av‡`‡ki K_v D‡jøL K‡iwQ| 1882 mv‡j wZwb Kov Av‡`k w`‡q‡Qb
†h, bgtk~`ª Qvov †Kv‡bv ÒKzrwmZ AcgvbRbKÓ kã †KD cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j
Zvi PvKzix P‡j hv‡e| bgtk~`ª bvg e¨env‡i Avmvg Pxd Kwgkbvi
mv‡n‡eiI †Kvb AvcwË wQj bv|
ÒmiKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i AvPvi mswnZv ev conduct rule-G PvKzwi‡”Q`‡K
major punishment K‡Vvi kvw¯Í MY¨ Kiv nq| weªwUk wms‡ni û¼vi cÖ”QbœI
bq| †bvwUk †ev‡W© Zvui Av‡`k UvOv‡bv n‡qwQj; Awd‡m Awd‡m Kwc
cvVv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †Rjvi mg¯Í ÷¨v¤c we‡µZv‡`i Kv‡Q cvVv‡bv nq|
†KvU© Awdm Ges †dŠR`vwi Awd‡mi gva¨‡g e¨vcviUv DwKj †gv³viKz‡ji
bR‡i ivZvivwZ Av‡m| †Rjv kvm‡Ki Bswjk Awdm I bvwRiLvbv GK
cÖKv‡ii †g‡Qv nvU| †mLv‡b †hw`b H Av‡`k †cŠuQvq †mB ¶YwU‡Z
Kx wekvj ¸Ä‡bi Zi½gvjv DwÌZ n‡qwQj Rvwbbv| PÐv‡ji cÖwZ †Rjv
kvm‡Ki GB AcÖZ¨vwkZ `i` †`‡L Zvi evOvjx Kg©Pvix I Awdmviiv
†h eyK Pvc‡o ÒG †h †Nvi KwjÓ e‡j nvnvKvi K‡iwQj Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv
m‡›`n †bB| ....Aa¯Íb Kg©Pvixiv †Rjv kvm‡Ki Av‡`k Ae‡njv
K‡i‡Q| kvmK‡Mvôx Zv‡`i Av‡`k Kvh©Kix Ki‡Z Avi KvD‡K eiLv¯ÍI
K‡iwb| †Pv‡Li mvg‡b Av‡`‡ki Aegvbbv †`‡LI Zviv Zviv PzcPvc
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 71
K‡i nqZ mn¨ K‡i †M‡Qb| A‡hvM¨ †jv‡Ki GB Aegvbbv Zv‡`i †hgb
we× K‡i‡Q bgtk~`iª v hš¿Yvq QUdU K‡i‡Q wePv‡ii Avkvq|
Ò... XvKv, dwi`cyi, evKiMÄ, gqgbwms, h‡kvi, Lyjbv Ges cvebv
†Rjvi bgtk~`ª RvwZi c¶ †_‡K evsjvi †jd‡Ub¨v›U MfY©i‡K 1901
mv‡j `yÕwU ¯§viKwjwc †`Iqv nqÑ cÖ_gwU GwcÖj gv‡m; Ab¨wU AvM÷ gv‡m|
`yÕwU ¯§viKwjwci Drcw˯’j dwi`cyi †RjvÑ cÖ_gwU IovKvw›`; wØZxqwU
†MvcvjMÄ| e¨e¯’vcÎ †c‡Z UvKv w`‡Z n‡Zv| e¯‘Zt UvKvKwoi igigv
Kvievi PjwQj| ...PwjøkR‡bi †ekx eªvþY H e¨e¯’vc‡Î mB K‡iwQj|
AZGe H PwjøkwU ÔAZjvwšÍK mvMiÕ m`„k †cU fiv‡Z evsjvi bvg
cwieZ©bKvgx GB RvwZwU‡K K‡Zv UvKv w`‡Z n‡qwQj †K Rv‡b?
1901 mv‡j GwcÖ‡j mgwc©Z ¯§viKc‡Î bvg cwieZ©‡bi mg_©‡b Zviv
e‡jb t
III. That the Nama-Sudras are chiefly Agriculturists, although many
of them are Jamindars, Taluqdars, Traders, Merchants, Clerks, Smiths,
Contractors, Carpenters, Teachers, Physicians, Postmasters and
Muktears like other highcaste Hindus of Bengal, and the latter behave
with them like the Sahas, Suvarnabaniks and Kaibarttas.
IV. That the Hindu Shastras lay down:-
(a) That Chandal and Swapacha shall live beyond the outskirts of
villages;
(b) That they shall wear the raiments of the dead and iron ornaments;
(c) That dog and ass shall be their chief wealth;
(d) That they shall carry on transactions with castement only;
(e) That they shall enter into villages, being marked by the king,
during the day;
(f) That they shall drag bodies of dead who had no kinsmen;
(g) That they shall exceute guiltymen sentenced to death by the
king and take their clothing and ornaments;
(h) That good men will not see them in iceremonies; and
(i) That they shall eat the fiesh of dogs;
most of these occupations are still to be found among the jallads
but none among the Nama-Sudras.
ÒAbyev` t bgtk~`R
ª vwZ g~jZt K…wlRxex n‡jI Zv‡`i A‡b‡K
72 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
Rwg`vi, ZvjyK`vi, e¨emvqx Avor`vi, †Kivbx, Kvgvi, wVKv`vi, Kv‡Vi
wgw¯¿, wk¶K, †cvógvóvi, †gvK&Zvi BZ¨vw`| PÐvj I ¯^cvP‡`i m‡½
Zv‡`i †ckvi A‡bK e¨eavb| PÐvjiv g„‡Zi †cvkvK I †jvnvi Mnbv
ci‡e; Zv‡`i m¤c` ej‡Z cÖavbZt KzKiz I Mvav| ivRvi Av‡`‡k Zviv
w`‡bi †ejvq MÖv‡g cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i gvÎ| ivRvi Av‡`‡k Zviv Acivax
e¨w³‡`i dvuwm †`‡e| †Kv‡bv m¾b Zv‡`i †Kvb ïf Abyôv‡b †`L‡e
bv| Zviv KzK‡z ii gvsm Lv‡e| GB e¨e¯’v kv¯¿wewa Abymvix|Ó Gme
bgtk~`‡ª `i †ckvq bq|
ÒwØZxq ¯§viKc‡Î GKB hyw³i cybive„wË Kiv n‡jI GKUv ¸iæZ¡cY~ ©
Z‡_¨i Lei †g‡j t Zv‡`i Av‡e`b †g‡b †bIqv nq| A_©vr 1901 mv‡j
Zv‡`i bgtk~`ª wnmv‡e †mÝv‡m †jLv n‡e e‡j miKvi ûKzg Rvwi K‡i|
¯§viKc‡Îi fvlvq t
“V. That it would not be, in the humble view of the memorialists,
out of place here to mention that the menorialists had submitted a
petition to your Honour, and that Your Honour was pleased to grant
them the permission on the 3rd August, 1901, (Office Memo No.
2796), to be entered as Nama- Sudra at the Census.
Òe½xq miKviI AvM÷ 1901 mv‡j 2796 bs Av‡`k e‡j bgtk~`ª
†jLvi ûKzg Rvwi K‡ib| wKš‘ Zv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡`i 1901 mv‡ji †mÝvm
wi‡cv‡U© ÒPÐvj A_ev bgtk~`Óª wnmv‡e †jLv nj|
ÒGBfv‡e Zv‡`i †Póv civnZ nj| miKv‡ii ûKzgbvgvi Aegvbbv
Kv‡`i Bw½‡Z nj? A_ev Kv‡`i we‡ivwaZvi gy‡L e½xq miKvi wb‡Ri
wb‡`©kbvgvi nbb n‡Z †`‡LI AwePj iB‡jb? miKvi Av‡`k w`‡jb
AvM÷ 1901 mv‡j| Census report cÖKvwkZ nj 1902 mv‡j| GZ
mgq nv‡Z †c‡qI e½xq miKv‡ii my`¶ AvB wm Gm Awdmvi †MBU
†Kb Kv‡h© iƒcvwqZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb?Ó
gymjgvb‡`i g‡Zv bgtk~`‡ª `i m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v m¤úª`vq wnmv‡e
¯^xK…wZi `vwe †ck
Gi c‡iB ÔA‡š^lYÕ-G †jLv n‡q‡Q (c„t 291) ÒGB Av‡`‡k KL‡bv
†jLv n‡”Q bgtk~`ª (PÐvj), KL‡bv bgtk~`;ª Avevi KL‡bv gvÎ PÐvj|
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 73
mvgÄm¨ ev HK¨ e‡j wKQz †bB| cy‡ivcywi Lvg‡Lqvjxi ivRZ¡| G‡Z
bgtk~`ª gn‡j nZvkv Ges †¶vf mÂvi nIqv Qvov Dcvq †bB|
ÒAZGe Av‡›`vjb ¯’wMZ nj bv| cÖwZ‡ekxi N„Yv, ag©xq ee©iZvc~Y©
HwZ‡n¨i hycKv‡ô bgtk~`iª v gv_v †c‡Z bxi‡e ewj n‡Z ivRx bq|
eY©vkªg ag© kvwmZ wn›`ymgv‡Ri cxob Zv‡`i ¶zä, A‰ah© I we‡`ªvnx K‡i
Zzj‡jv| Avmvg I c~ee© ‡½i bgtk~`ª cÖwZwbwaeM© c~ee© ½ I Avmv‡gi
†jd‡Ub¨v›U Mfb©i‡K 1911 mv‡ji †mÝv‡mi c~‡e© Avevi ¯§viKwjwc
†ck Ki‡jb| Zv‡Z ejv nj t
Ò(Abyev`) Òc~ee© ½ I Avmv‡gi Avgv‡`i msL¨v 14,33,061 Ges
eªvþY, Kvq¯’ I ˆe`¨ RvwZi †gvU msL¨v Avgv‡`i Zzjbvq 4,33,061
Rb Kg|Ó Gi A_© e½ I Avmv‡gi eªvþY ˆe`¨ I Kvq¯’iv ZLb gvÎ
`k jÿ|
Ò‡Pviv bv †kv‡b a‡g©i Kvwnbx| eªvþY¨ev`x wn›`y KL‡bv kv¯¿evK¨
AeÁv Ki‡Z cv‡i bvÑ ZvÕ hZ gvbeZvwe‡ivax †nvK| KviY gvbeZv
we‡ivax bv n‡j msKxY© ¯^v_© †fvM Kiv hvq bvÑ Zvi R‡b¨ hyw³ Ges
we‡eK bvgK †Kv‡bv e¯‘i K_v g‡b ivLv Pj‡e bv| GgZve¯’vq bgtk~`iª v
hv Aek¨¤¢vex †mB c`‡ÿc †bevi K_v †NvlYv Ki‡jv| evsjvi gnvgvb¨
†QvUjv‡Ui mvg‡b Zviv `vwe Rvbv‡jv t gymjgvb‡`i g‡Zv Avgv‡`i
m¤c~Y© Avjv`v m¤cÖ`vq wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`b| wn›`y RvwZ †_‡K Avgiv
Avjv`v| gymjgvb‡`i g‡Zv Avjv`v ivR‰bwZK my‡hvMmyweav w`b|
¯§viKc‡Îi fvlvq t
“5. We beg to add that, though our religious rites and their
observances, and social customs are similar to those of the high
caste Brahmins, we have not the slightest connection with any
of the Hindu communities. We are not allowed to join them in
their social and religious ceremonies, They have been continually
looking down upon us with contempt and malice; have kept us
under subjection and total ignorance. We have been smarting
under their yoke of bondage. It is absolutely absurd to anticipate
that they would, in future, mix with us in social and religious
performances, Thus we desire to be recognized by them
74 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
Government as entirely a different community having separate
claim to political privileges like Mahamedans.
ÒD”Pe‡Y©i †jv‡Kiv wPiKvj N„Yv, D‡cÿvI AeÁvf‡i GB wekvj
RvwZ‡K wkÿvewÂZ K‡i c`vbZ K‡i †i‡L‡Q, G ZviB weiæ‡×
we‡ùviY, we‡ÿvf| †mvRv fvlvq GUv we‡`ªvn| G we‡`ªv‡ni Rb¥ wn›`y‡Z¡i
†f`v‡f`-m„wóKvix `k©b I Z‡Ë¡i g~j‡K›`ª| wn›`yi we‡eKnxb ¯^v_©ciZvi
weiæ‡× G A‡gvN wb‡N©vl|
Òwn›`yag© I mgvRe¨e¯’vi g~j‡K›`ª †_‡K cÖevwnZ N„Yv, Acgvb,
Drcxob, †kvlY I wbMÖn †_‡K wb‡R‡`i evuPv‡Z bgtk~`iª v mdj nqwb|
MYZvwš¿K Dcv‡q 1882 mvj †_‡K Av‡e`b, wb‡e`b, †Wcy‡Ukb,
¯§viKcÎ †ck K‡iI †Kv‡bv mydj cvqwb| Gevi eva¨ n‡q Zviv
we‡`ªv‡ni cZvKv Zzj‡jv| Zviv ¯^vZ‡š¿¨i `vwe †Zv‡jÑ `xN© wÎk eQi
ev‡`| .... bgtk~`‡ª `i †¶vf wn›`y f`ª‡jvK‡`i weiæ‡×| Zv‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨
¯§viKc‡Î ب_©nxbfv‡e ejv nj t
“ They continually have been looking down upon us with
contempt and malice; have kept us under subjection and total
ignorance. We have been smarting under the yoke of their
bondage.” cv_i Qz‡u o gvi‡j cÖwZ`v‡b cy®úel©Y Avkv Kiv hvq bv|
N„Yvi dmj †cÖg I kª×v n‡Z cv‡i bv| AZ¨vPvi AvbyM‡Z¨i Rb¥`vb
K‡i bv| †m n‡e cÖKw… Zweiæ×|
Ò ....bgtk~`‡ª `i ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi I my‡hvMmyweavmn gymjgvb‡`i
g‡Zv wn›`y ej‡qi evB‡i, m¤c~Y© Avjv`v m¤cÖ`vq wnmv‡e `vwe, DuPz
Rv‡Zi c‡¶ GK `yw`©b| webv †g‡N eRªcv‡Zi g‡Zv Zv‡`i KvR©b we‡ivax
Av‡›`vjb cvk KvwU‡q Pjv; Zv‡Z †hvM`v‡bi Avgš¿Y cÖZ¨vL¨vb, m‡e©vcwi
¯^Zš¿ m¤cÖ`vq wnmv‡e ivR‰bwZK my‡hvM-myweavi `vwe wn›`y‡`i PgK
jvwM‡q w`‡qwQj| Zviv nZf¤^ n‡q wM‡qwQj| wn›`y †Mvuovcš’x‡`iI ZLb
bgtk~‡`ªi bvg cwieZ©‡bi `vwei we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z †mw`b mvnm nqwb|Ó
Z‡e cÖev` Av‡Q kqZv‡bi Qjbvi Afve nq bv| ZvB D”PeY©xqiv
bgtk~`‡ª `i wn›`y bv‡gi †Lvuqv‡o wPiZ‡i ew›` K‡i ivLvi Rb¨ †gv¶g
Pvj Pvj‡jv| PÐvj bvg †kl ch©šÍ ev` w`‡Z e½xq miKvi †Kb ivwR
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 75
nj? †m wK Ggwb? Gi cðv‡Z wK †Kv‡bv KviY †bB? KviY‡Zv Aek¨B
Av‡Q| †mB K_v Avgiv Gevi †`‡L †bB ¯^cb Kzgvi wek¦vm Gi †jLv
Ònwi-¸iæPvu` evOjvi PÐvj I fviZe‡l©i eûRb Afz¨ÌvbÓ eB †_‡K
(47-50 c„ôv)|
ÒPÐvj RvwZi GB bgtk~`ª bvgKi‡Yi wcQ‡b mgmvgwqK evsjvf‚wgi
eªvþY‡`i g`Z wQj Amvavib| cÖwZwôZ eªvþY kv¯¿Kv‡iiv †mKv‡j
kªgmva¨ kv¯¿ NvUvNvwU K‡i cÖgvY K‡iwQj †h bgtk~`iª v PÐvj bq|
PÐv‡jiv bgtk~`|ª Giv bvbvb fv‡e ¯^v¶imn Av‡e`bcÎ cÖPvi K‡iwQj
RbM‡Yi AeMwZi Rb¨| GB me weÁvc‡bi `ywU‡Z ¯^v¶i K‡iwQj
h_vµ‡g t wk‡ivi‡ZœvcvwaK kªxkwkKzgvi k¤§©bg, we`¨vf‚l‡YvcvwaK
kªxgwngP›`ª k¤§©bg, ZK©c‡YvcvwaK kªxwe‡k¦ki¦ k¤§©bg, we`¨vi‡ZœvcvwaK
ØvwiKvbv_ k¤§©bg, b¨vqiZœcvwaK kªxDgvKvšÍ k¤§©bg, ZK©i‡ZœvcvwaK
RvbKxbv_ k¤§©bg, ZK©i‡ZœvcvwaK kªxkwkf‚lY k¤§©bg, †e`všÍi‡ZœvcvwaK
kªxK…ò`vm k¤§©bg, b¨vq f‚‡YvcvwaK kªxk¤¢Pz ›`ª k¤§©bg BZ¨vw` Abyiƒc
evNv evNv AviI `k Rb we`» Ávbx k¤§©bg| Giv ZrKvjxb evsjvi
`~i `~i cÖv‡šÍi eªvþY VvKzi| †KvUvjx cvov, `jvBi WvOv, bqvKv›`x,
cvsmv, KzgviLvwj, bovBj, Pvu`wm, kvwšÍciy , KvjMwoqv, eiv‰Ki,
webœv‰di, g_yivfvi½, AvwjkvK›`v, †`Djx, Kzwôqv, nvUvBj Ges mvgya
bM‡ii BZ¨vw` weL¨vZ ¯’v‡bi cÖwZwbwa wQ‡jb ¯^v¶iKvix k¤§©b‡giv|
(Z_¨- hZxb evMPx RvwZ, ag© I mgvR weeË©b c„t 124-125,137)
†`L‡Z cvIqv hvq PwjøkRb wmsn, wmsn gnvcwÐZ eªvþY, GK †hv‡M
¯^v¶i K‡i e¨e¯’vcÎ Rvwi K‡iwQ‡jb| e¨e¯’vc‡Î cÖ_‡g wj‡LwQ‡jbt
The caste called Namasudra is Brahman by origin beging descended
from the great Brahmin, Kashyapa and nor “Chandal”.
ÒMiR eo evjvB| MYZ‡š¿i e¨vjUe‡· hLb A`~i fwel¨‡Z ‘One
man One vote, One value’-cÖeZ©b n‡Z P‡j‡Q ZLb GB `vw¤¢K I
msL¨vfvwi PÐv‡ji wn›`y wnmv‡e MYbv Kiv AwZ Avek¨K n‡q coj PZzi,
kqZvb, AZ¨vPvix cÖjä y eªvþY‡`i Kv‡Q| PÐvj‡`i Zviv my‡KŠk‡j
†NvlYv Kij bgtk~`ª RvZ (caste) wnmv‡e| Caste A_©vr ZK©vZxZ fv‡e
wn›`y| †h wn›`yiv I Zv‡`i wVKv`vi eªvþY †`eZviv AvKvk dz‡o B‡”Q
76 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
g‡Zv AcniY K‡i, wK¤^v Lywk n‡j ei`vb K‡i| myZivs †jvf †`Lvj P‚ovšÍ|
PÐv‡jiv ïay ÔRvZÕ bq Zviv m‡e©v”P RvZ weï× eªvþY| kv‡¯¿i cÖgvY †RvMvo
K‡i †djj Zviv| kv¯¿ bv _vK‡j ms¯‹Z … g‡š¿ wj‡L †djj bZzb kv¯¿|
mij wek¦vmx, wk¶vnxb Kv½vj PÐv‡jiv me †g‡b wbj Abvqv‡m|
Òwesk kZvãxi †kl `k‡K, AvMvLvu fvB‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡ gymjgvb mgvR
I Zv‡`i ivR‰bwZK `j¸wj mwVKfv‡e hLb †jvKMYbv Kivi Rb¨ Pvc
w`‡Z _vKj, Zviv ZLb †Pv‡L AvOzj w`‡q Bs‡iR KZ©v‡`i †`wL‡q w`j
†h Hme nvwo, †Wvg, PÐvj, mvuIZvjiv me Ab&-Avh© Ges wn›`y bq| wn›`yi
msL¨v ev gymjgvb‡`i Zzjbvq wn›`y‡`i AbycvZ A‡bK Kg| myZivs
weavbmfv Ges †K›`ªxq msm‡` gymjgv‡bi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Zv‡`i
msL¨vbycv‡Z A‡bK †ewk nIqv `iKvi| ¯^fveZB cÖgv` ¸Yj
f‚‡`eZviv| Zv‡`i A‡bK Pvgvi-PÐvj PvB `‡j| msL¨vfvwi nIqv
`iKvi| GB me Pvgvi-PÐvj-mvuIZvjiv, weiæ× gymjgvb kw³i mv‡_
nvZ †gjv‡j eªvþY‡`i †Zv me©bvk| GZKvj Zv‡`iB Øviv Giv
Ae‡nwjZ, AZ¨vPvwiZ, N„wYZ gvby‡liv gymjgvb kw³i mv‡_ nvZ
†gjv‡j me©bvk| GB Kvi‡YB G Kv‡j, D`vË K‡Ú ¯^vgx we‡eKvb›`
wPrKvi Ry‡o mveavb Ki‡Z _vK‡jbÑ Bs‡iRiv †kLv‡”Q nvwo, †Wvg,
PÐvj, mvuIZvjiv Ab&-Avh©iv †Zvgv‡`i bq| GLbI mgq Av‡Q, ÒZzwgI
KwUgvÎ e¯¿ve„Z nBqv ej eªvþY fviZevmx g~L© fviZevmx PÐvj fviZevmx,
†Zvgvi fvB, gywP †g_i †Zvgvi i³ †Zvgvi fvB|Ó nVvr G‡Kev‡i i‡³i
fvB‡qi K_v g‡b co‡jv| †Kb?
Ò...gvI‡mZzs Gi K_v g‡b c‡o, ÒhLb †Zvgvi kÎæ cÖksmv K‡i
ZLb eyS‡Z n‡e Zzwg fzj c‡_ P‡jQ; hLb kÎæ †Zvgvi Ici µy× Ges
wb›`v Ki‡Q ZLb eyS‡Z n‡e Zzwg h_v_© c‡_ Pj‡Q|Ó †Kvb cigv‡_©i
wewbg‡qB eªvþY kv¯¿Á KLbI †KvbI †QvURv‡Zi Eשvqb NUvqwb|
NUv‡e bv| DËi †giæi ei‡di cÖvšÍ‡i hw` KLbI meyR kl¨‡¶Î nqI
Z_vwc eªvþY KLbI A¯c„k¨ k~‡`ªi DÌvb I weKvk PvB‡Z cv‡i bv|
...mgKvjxb eyw×gvb Ges AZ¨šÍ cÖfvekvjx my‡hvM¨ PÐvj †bZvMYI
Zv‡`i Zvr¶wYK Ávb I ¯^Z¥ cwiwai AwfÁZvi Kvi‡Y eªvþY‡`i `xN©
lohš¿‡K Gov‡Z cv‡iwb| my‡KŠk‡j †c‡ZwQj we¯ÍxY© dvu` AwZ ax‡i
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 77
mšÍc‡© Y ¸wU‡q wb‡qwQj Rvj| wkKvi wQj Ae¨_©| ...Ae‡k‡l 1911
mv‡j †mÝvm wi‡cv‡U© PÐvj kã †jvc †cj, nj bgtk~`|ª myZivs AvMv
Lvu åvZ…؇qi Av‡e`‡b mvov w`‡q PÐvjvw` RvwZ¸wj‡K †h wn›`y bv‡gi
†kªYx‡Z MYbv bv K‡i Avjv`v A¯c„k¨ Ges UªvBe¨vj wnmv‡e Avjv`v
K‡i †MvYv ïiæ n‡qwQj Zv Kvh©Z D‡Ïk¨ wmwׇZ e¨_© n‡q †Mj| wn›`y
mgvRcwZiv, eªvþY f‚‡`eZviv †¯^vqvw¯Íi wbtk¦vm wbj, kvwšÍ‡Z big
evwj‡k gv_v †i‡L Nyg‡jv wZb kZvãx c‡i|Ó
hw` PÐvj bvg cwieZ©b bv Kiv nZ
D³ eB (nwi-¸iæPvu`....,c„t 42Ñ47) †_‡K ÒZiæY M‡elK I
cwðge½ miKv‡ii cÖkvmK fe‡Zvl wek¦vm Zvui wewfbœ iPbvq PÐvj
RvwZi HwZn¨gq exh©eË¡v e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| ÔPÐvjÕ GKwU A_©-ej-exh©
mgy¾j A_©‡`¨vZK kã| ïaygvÎ Avh©‡`i Zw”Q‡j¨i d‡jB kãwUi
e¨envi gwngv msKxY© n‡q c‡oÑ Ges N„YvZ¥K I MvjvMvwji ch©v‡q †b‡g
Av‡m|ÕÕ GgZve¯’vq eªvþY¨ cÖfZ z ‡¡ K †g‡b wb‡q, PÐv‡ji cwie‡Z© N„Yv
Z_v ¶z`Z ª e¡ vPK k~`ª kã A½f‚lY Ki‡j wK jvf?
ÒDc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq †h Ae¯’v cwiùzU nq, Zv †_‡K GUv ¯có †h
PÐvj‡`i bgtk~`ª bvgvšÍi NwU‡q Zv‡`i gyw³ ev AwaKvi cybiæ×vi Kiv
Z_v ÔmgvR weË ivR‰bwZKÕ wmsnvm‡b cybtcÖwZwôZ Kiv m¤¢e bq| Avh©
Z_v eªvþY¨kw³‡K civ¯Í K‡iB †m KvR m¤¢e| weªwUk iv‡R¨i MYZvwš¿K
ivóªKvVv‡gvi Ôiæj-Ad-jÕ msL¨vfvix PÐvj‡`i gyw³i c_ cwi®‹vi K‡i
w`‡Z hLb c~eM© M‡b Avkvi Av‡jv Qwo‡q w`‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQj ZLb Zviv
NygšÍ| wb‡R‡`i gyw³ bv NwU‡q Ôk~`Õª bvg A‡½ aviY K‡i eªvþY‡`i
PiYvkªqx nj| gš¿x gyL¨gš¿x nj fÆvPvh©, gyLv¾©xiv! bgtk~`iª v ZwíevnK
K¨vWvi| ivRmfvq Zviv ïayB ev`¨hš¿|
Òhw` PÐv‡jiv PÐvj, †cv`-PÐv‡jiv PÐvj, K…lK ivReskxiv (c~eZ © b
†eŠ×) †KvP BZ¨vw` Zv‡`i GB †gŠwjK bv‡g Rv‡Zi cwiPq a‡i ivL‡Z
m¶g nZ, Z‡e cieZ©xKv‡j Zv‡`i †bZviv †h Ô‡mcv‡iU B‡j±‡i‡UÕi
`vex K‡iwQj Zv AZ¨šÍ ejeZx nZ| evsjvi GB wZb-PviwU g~jwbevmx
msL¨vfvix RvwZ-‡Mvôx HK¨e×fv‡e Abvqv‡mB GKwU Awn›`y c„_K RvwZ
78 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
wnmv‡e, gymjgvb‡`i gZb wb‡R‡`i ivR‰bwZK fvM¨ M‡o †bevi Rb¨
Ges cwiYv‡g mvgvwRK A_©‰bwZK I Ava¨vwZ¥K (ag©xq) cybt gyw³i Rb¨
k³ c`‡¶c wb‡Z cviZ| eªvþY‡`i Zv‡e`vix †_‡K mn‡RB †invB
†cZ wPiZ‡ii Rb¨| Zvici Avcb Rxeb I †mŠfvM¨ Zviv wb‡RivB
evû I †gav e‡j K‡i wbZ| wKš‘ eªvþY¨ mgv‡Ri KzwUj P³v‡šÍ
KvóvB‡Rkb cÖ‡m‡mi gva¨ w`‡q bgtk~`,ª ivReskx ¶wÎq, †cv`-¶wÎq
BZ¨vw` bvg MÖnY K‡i mgv‡R Zv‡`i c„_K Aw¯ÍZ¡ LZg K‡i w`j| Zviv
nÕj wn›`y| wn›`y mgv‡R eªvþYivB eY© †kªô I ¸iæ| wn›`y _vK‡ev Avevi
Ò‡mcv‡iU B‡j±‡iUÓ PvBe, Zv wK †av‡c †U‡K?
ÒwØZxqZ PÐvj RvZxq GB me HwZn¨kvjx g~jwbevmx evOvwjiv
hLbB wn›`y RvZ-bvgK c`¸wj Zv‡`i cwiP‡qi m‡½ †j‡ej Gu‡U jvwM‡q
w`j, c~‡e© gyjmgvbiv Zv‡`i cÖwZ hZLvwb wbi‡c¶ wKsev gymjgvb wn›`y
Z_v, eªvþY ˆewiZvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i cÖwZ mnvbyfw‚ Zm¤cbœ ev eÜyZc¡ Y~ © wQj
Zv Avi _vK‡Z cvi‡jv bv| ¯^fveZB wn›`y wnmv‡e wb¤œRv‡Zi A¯c„k¨
wn›`yivI, gymjgvb‡`i kÎæ wnmv‡e gy‡LvgywL `Ðvqgvb nj| wn›`y
D”Pe‡Y©i †bZviv Zv‡`iB e¨envi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i gymjgvb we‡ivax `v½vq
nvwZqvi wnmv‡e| djZ m¤ú~Y© wk¶v`x¶v nxb, AÁvb, AÜ, nZ`wi`ª
GB me c~eZ © b PÐv‡jivB gymjgvb Av‡µvk I Avµg‡Yi eo wkKvi
nj| ¶wZ Avi Rvbgv‡ji †jvKmvb wbPzRv‡ZivB enb Ki‡Z eva¨ nj|
ÒPÐvj RvwZi †ewkifvMB gymjgvb n‡q †M‡Q wn›`y‡`i N„Yvi ag©ZË¡
Amnbxq nevi Kvi‡Y| GB †KvwU msL¨K PÐvj‡`i Avh©iv fvj eyS‡Z
†c‡iwQj| PÐvj‡`i nv‡Z, PÐv‡ji gv_v gywo‡q †b‡o evwb‡q wb‡qwQj
Avh©evª þ‡Yiv| we‡l we‡l wel¶q|
ÒRvwZ evPK HwZn¨gq cÖvPxb bvg cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y AviI eo †h
¶wZ nÕj Zv,ÔeûRb mgvRÕ UzK‡iv UzK‡iv nj| AvMvgx w`‡bi MYZvwš¿K
cÖRvZ‡š¿ ivRmË¡v `L‡ji Kv‡R eªvþY-‰e`¨-Kvq¯’‡`i Øviv †kvwlZ I N„wYZ
g~jwbevmx Drcv`K †kªYx AwZ mn‡RB HK¨e× msMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g AmvaviY
PKg m„wó Ki‡Z cviZ; webvi³cv‡Z mgvR- ivR‰bwZK wecøe NwU‡q| PZzi
eªvþ‡Yiv ÔbvgcwieZ©bÓ Av‡›`vj‡bi Z_v ÒRvwZ Dbœq‡biÓ Av‡›`vj‡bi
ûRyM Zz‡j AmsL¨ me `xbnxb †Mvjvg †kªYx‡K †f‡½ UzK‡iv Ki‡jv kv¯¿
 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj 79
Avi cÖkvm‡bi †NvlYvi gva¨‡g| ejøvj †m‡bi gZ KvD‡K ¶wÎq,
KvD‡K k~`ª K‡i gy‡LvgywL Ø›Ø-we‡Ø‡li mgvR gq`v‡b `vuo Kwi‡q w`j|
ÒmevB K…lK-Kvgvi-‡R‡j-gjøv-ZvuwZ Avi †avcv| GKB MÖvg evsjvq
cÖwZ‡ekx Awaevmx| ÔKveveÕ (Kv‡qZ, evgyb, ew`¨)-‡`i kÎæ| wKš‘ GivB
nVvr n‡q †Mj G‡K Ac‡ii m¤c~Y© AcwiwPZ Ges N„Yv we‡Ø‡li cvÎ|
Ò`vmKi‡Yi (enslavement) hš¿YvKi KvUv‡Qov Kiv nj AwZ
†KŠk‡j| Mvjfiv bvg †`Iqv nj, ejv n‡jv ÔRvwZ DbœqbÕ| PÐv‡ji
Dbœqb n‡jv k~`‡ª Z¡| ivReskxq‡`i Dbœqb n‡jv ¶wÎqZ¡| Ab¨vb¨‡`i
†¶‡Î GB bZzb bvg Ki‡Yi g‡a¨ †KvbiKg ev¯Íe, mvgvwRK, Avw_©K
wK¤^v ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb n‡q‡Q wK nqwb ejv KóKi n‡jI n‡q _vK‡Z
cv‡i| wKš‘ PÐv‡ji †¶‡Î bv †Kvb cwieZ©b bv †Kvb bvgKiY ev kãMZ
cwieZ©b j¶ Kiv hvq| KviY PÐvj‡`i cÖwZ †h mvgvwRK N„Yv I ag©xq
ewn®‹vi eªvþY¨ mgv‡R ¯^ZtcÖPwjZ wQj, bgtk~`ª wnmv‡e Zvi mewKQz
AcwieZ©xZ _vKj| ...evgyb Kv‡qZiv mvgvwRK Kv‡R Zv‡`i WvKj bv|
`vwi`ª Avi AÁZv, A¯^v¯’¨ Avi Awfkß Zv‡`i Rxeb wn›`yiv Av‡iv AwZô
K‡i Zzjj| gvSLvb †_‡K hv nj, Zvi ¯có bvg k~`xª KiY| eªvþY,
¶wÎq Ges ˆek¨ GB wZb weï× Avh©e‡Y©i Hk¦wiK `vmZ¡ MÖnY| eªvþ‡Yi
cÖwZ, PÐvj wnmv‡e we‡`ªvn Kivi mnRvZ †h AwaKvi I †cÖiYv Zv‡`i
wQj, Zv †_‡K nj †¯^”Qv-wemR©b| ¯^vaxb RvwZi ¯^vaxbZv †kŠh©-wemR©b|
A¯c„k¨ k~`ª wnmv‡e A_©vr PZze‡© Y©i wb¤œZg ¯Í‡i Ae¯’vb jvf K‡i Kx
†h gh©v`vq D‡Ëvjb nj PÐvj RvwZi, †m Z_¨ Avi ZË¡ †evSv fvi!
ÒPÐvj ÔRvwZiÕ bgtk~`ª ÔRv‡ZÕ (bZzb bvgKi‡Yi gva¨‡g)
cwiewZ©Z nevi dj Kx n‡qwQj Zv Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB cieZ©x Kv‡ji
BwZnv‡m| ÒAj †e½j bgtk~`ª G¨v‡mvwm‡qkbÓ 1929 mv‡j mvBgb
Kwgk‡bi mvg‡b my`xN© †ggivÐv‡gi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡`i Awf‡hvM I `vwe
†ck K‡i| †e½j wW‡cÖmW K¬v‡mm G¨v‡mvwm‡qkbI Abyiƒc †ggivÐvg
†ck K‡i G‡Z ejv nq, ÒThe caste system stigmatize (Kj¼c~Y© Kiv)
these classes as untouchables as water touched by these classes of
people is not drunk by the so called higher castes. Their presence in a
room is said to pollute water and cooked food. They are not allowed
80 bgtk~`ª K‡e nj c~‡eŸ© Zviv wKev wQj
to enter the public temples.... Though these suppressed classes are
closed and reckoned as Hindus they are denied all rights as Hindus
and are really treaded as people outside the pale of Hinduism. Zviv
†KejgvÎ ¯^eY© wn›`y‡`i ¯^v‡_©i Rb¨ wn›`y wnmv‡e ¸bwZ‡Z G‡jv| †Kvb
AwaKvi †cj bv| cieZ©x mgq GB `yB ms¯’vi bqRb †bZv mvBgb Kwgk‡bi
mvg‡b †Wcy‡Ukb †`q| mv¶¨`vb Kv‡j cÖ‡kœi Dˇi gyK›z ` wenvix gwjøK
Dc‡iv³ cÖwZwU welq‡K cybivq †gŠwLKfv‡e mg_©b I cÖgvY K‡ib|
e‡jb, mvaviY bvwcZ bgtk~`‡ª `i Pzj Kv‡U bv; mvaviY †avcv bgtk~`‡ª `i
Kvco Kv‡P bv, cy‡ivwnZ c~‡Rv K‡i bv| ÒI myself had the experience
in my boy hood we have to wait outside (class room) where water is
kept till a caste-Hindu friend comes and puts water in our hands.Ó
bgtk~`ª QvÎ Aci wn›`y Qv·`i kixi ¯ck© ch©šÍ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
Ò1938 mv‡ji e½xq AvBb mfvq, †hv‡M›`ªbv_ gЇji msMÖvg
Abyaveb Ki‡jI welqwU cwi®‹vi aiv c‡o| mvaviY bgtk~`ª bq|
bgtk~`ª Kb‡óejiv miKvwi cywjk n‡ó‡j _vK‡jI Zv‡`i ms¯ck©
eY©wn›`y K‡b‡óej‡`i `ylY NUZ| Awf‡hvM DÌvwcZ n‡j, ZrKvjxb
¯^ivóª gš¿x LvRv m¨vi bvwRgywÏb wel‡qi Z`šÍ Kivb| welqwU mZ¨ e‡j
cÖgvwYZ nq| G wel‡q ZLb, ms¯‹Z … K‡j‡Ri Aa¨¶ Wt Gm. Gm.
`vk¸‡ßi gZvgZ PvIqv nq| ˆe`¨cÖei †NvlYv K‡ib, ÒDc‡i dvuKv
Qv` _vwK‡j Ges Kvgiv¸wj cvKv †`Iqvj Øviv c„_K Kiv _vwK‡j †Kvb
QzwZ¯ck© †`vl nq bv|Ó Zv bv n‡j me©bvk!! PÐvj RvwZi bvg cwieZ©b
K‡i bgtk~`ª nevi ci wK ¯^Mj © vf nj? RvZ-Dbœqb!!!Ó
GB Z_¨¸‡jv we¯ÍvwiZ GB Rb¨B Zz‡j aijvg †hUv Ôkªxkªx¸iæPvu`
PwiZÕ-Gi Kwe ¸iæPvu` VvKz‡ii gyL w`‡q Lye my›`ifv‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|
hw`I eZ©gvb A‡bK gZzqv bv ¸iæPvu` PwiZ c‡ob Avi bv Zvi e¨vL¨v
eyS‡Z †Póv K‡ib| bgtRvwZi †jvK‡`i Avevi bZzb K‡i †f‡e †`Lvi
mgq AwZevwnZ n‡q hv‡”Q| mwVK BwZnvm Rvbvi ci wn›`ya‡g©i k„•Lj
†f‡O †ewi‡q ¯^Zš¿ a‡g©i ¯^xK…wZi `vwei Av‡›`vjb AwZ Avek¨K|

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