Phase Changes
Phase Changes
Phase
Phase Diagram
Phase Diagram
Diagram
Heating
Heating And
Heating And
And
Cooling
Cooling Curves
Cooling Curves
Curves Module 3
General Chemistry
Engr. Mai Sasa
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
• Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide
STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-107
• Determine and explain the heating and cooling curve of a substance
STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-109
…
MOTIVATION
1. What happens to its particles when a substance is cooled or heated?
Types of
phase changes
take place when heat is absorbed (heat gained)
solid to liquid
liquid to gas
solid to gas
take place when it gives off heat (heat lost)
gas to liquid
gas to solid
liquid to solid
a. The added heat increases the kinetic energy of
the particles and the particles move faster.
b. The added heat is used to break attractive forces between
particles. There is no observed increase in temperature
when this happens.
a. A decrease in kinetic energy of the particles. The
motion of the particles slow down.
b. Forces of attraction are formed, and a phase change may
occur. No change in temperature is observed.
What is happening in those constant portions?
1. When heat change is accompanied by a change in temperature, a
change in kinetic energies of the particles in the substance is
occurring. The particles are either moving faster or slowing down.
2. When temperature remains constant during heat change, the
particles move at the same speed. The heat added or removed is
involved in breaking or forming attractive forces.
During phase changes , two physical states of the
substance exist at the same time. When addition or removal of heat is
stopped at this temperature, the two physical states will interconvert from
one state to the other, and will be at equilibrium.
Phase Diagram
A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of
a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure.
It gives the possible combinations of pressure and temperature at
which certain physical state or states a substance would be observed.
Each substance has its own phase diagram.
Features of Phase Diagram
Phase diagrams are plots of pressure (usually in atmospheres) versus
temperature (usually in degrees Celsius or Kelvin).
The diagram is divided into three areas: solid, liquid and gaseous
states. The boundary between the liquid and gaseous regions stop at
point C, the critical temperature for the substance.
A. Three Areas/Regions
The three areas are marked solid,
liquid, and vapor.
Under a set of conditions in the
diagram, a substance can exist in a
solid, liquid, or vapor (gas) phase.
The labels on the graph represent the
stable states of a system in
equilibrium.
B. Three Lines (Curves)
• The lines that serve as
boundaries between physical states
represent the combinations of
pressures and temperatures at which
two phases can exist in equilibrium.
• In other words, these lines define
phase change points.
B. Three Lines (Curves)
• Melting (or freezing) curve – the
curve on a phase diagram which
represents the transition between liquid
and solid states.
It shows the effect of pressure on the
melting point of the solid.
• The blue line divides the liquid
and gas phases, and represents
vaporization (liquid to gas) and
condensation (gas to liquid) points.
B. Three Lines (Curves)
• Vaporization (or condensation)
curve – the curve on a phase diagram
which represents the transition
between gaseous and liquid states. It
shows the effect of pressure on the
boiling point of the liquid.
• The red line divides the solid and
gas phases, and represents sublimation
(solid to gas) and deposition (gas to
solid) points.
C. Two Important Points
• The triple point is the combination of
pressure and temperature at which
all three phases of matter are at
equilibrium.
• It is the point on a phase diagram at
which the three states of matter
coexist.
• It is a unique combination of
temperature and pressure where all
three phases are in equilibrium
together.
C. Two Important Points
• The critical point terminates the
liquid/gas phase line.
• It is the set of temperature and
pressure on a phase diagram where
the liquid and gaseous phases of a
substance merge together into a
single phase.
• The temperature and pressure
corresponding to this are known as
the critical temperature and critical
pressure.
Based on the phase
diagram of water:
At pt A. water exists both as solid & gas.
At pt B. water exists as liquid.
At pt C. water exists as gas.
At pt D. water exists as solid, liquid & gas.
o triple point: (273.2 K, 0.006 atm)
At pt E. water exists both as liquid & gas.
o critical point: (647 K, 1 atm)
ENGAGEMENT:
Refer to the Module given in the classroom.
