Program : B.

Tech
Subject Name: English for Communication
Subject Code: BT-103
Semester: 1st
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SUBJECT – ENGLISH –COMMUNICATION SKILLS

SUBJECT CODE –BE- 1003

UNIT—4—Developing Writing skills

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What is writing skills ?

Writing is a form of communication that allows students to put their feelings and ideas on paper, to
organize their knowledge and beliefs into convincing arguments, and to convey meaning through well-
constructed text. In its most advanced form, written expression can be as vivid as a work of art.

Importance of writing skills

Writing is an essential job skill. Writing is the primary basis upon which one's work, learning, and
intellect will be judged—in college, in the work place and in the community. Writing equips us with
communication and thinking skills. ... Writing fosters our ability to explain and refine our ideas to others
and ourselves.cted text. In its most advanced form, written expression can be as vivid as a work of art.

Three important stages in writing skills

1.Planning

Usually, planning effectively before you write helps you to write effectively, which means you will have
less editing to do later on. ... Imagine your topic was 'Evaluate the usefulness of a task analysis approach
to assignment writing'. There are many ways of planning.

It is the planning phrase of the writing process. The Idea and Organization Traits are important in the
prewriting phrase as the writer considers narrowing or expanding the writing focus and selects an
organizational structure that will most effectively showcase the student's ideas.

What is the planning process in writing?

Prewriting is the planning phase of the writing process. During this phase, writers may plan
for writing by drawing pictures, making lists, brainstorming, using graphic organizers, or
conferring with a peer as they anticipate writing on a topic for a particular audience.

When the process of writing is more of an exploration – I thi ki g p i a il of fi tion here – the it s
ot e essa to pla i detail. You ll a t to get so e asi s lea , though: ou o ept o the e,
ou ai ha a te s, a d the e di g. You ll p o a l also ha e so e thoughts a out ke s e es o
hapte s that ll e i luded alo g the way.

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Better Planning

1. Plan as you go along (as well as before you start). If you get stuck mid-way, take a break
from the actual writing and look at what you’ve already covered and where you’re going
next.
2. Keep a notebook. Use this as a place to record and explore ideas. Even if something
doesn’t fit this project, it might become part of the next one.

2. Drafting

Drafting is the preliminary stage of a written work in which the author begins to develop a more
cohesive product. A draft document is the product the writer creates in the initial stages of the writing

process. In the drafting stage, the author: develops a more cohesive text. organizes thoughts.

The drafting stage is characterized by increasingly less tentative efforts toward implementing a specific
plan for written communication. The first draft takes shape according to the thesis or hypothesis, which
serves as a clearly defined and articulated purpose for the work, and the outline or other form of
graphic organization. With each successive draft, the work begins to assume more definitive form.

3.Editing
Editing involves looking at each sentence carefully, and making sure that it's well designed and serves its
purpose. Proofreading involves checking for grammatical and punctuation errors, spelling mistakes, etc.
Proofing is the final stage of the writing process.

Editing is the process of selecting and preparing written, visual, audible, and film media used to convey
information. The editing process can involve correction, condensation, organization, and many other
modifications performed with an intention of producing a correct, consistent, accurate and complete
work.

What is the purpose of editing in the writing process?

Editing involves looking at each sentence carefully, and making sure that it's well designed and
serves its purpose. Proofreading involves checking for grammatical and punctuation errors,
spelling mistakes, etc. Proofing is the final stage of the writing process.

Importance of editing

The Importance of Editing. Whether it's performed by a peer, a professional, or the author, editing is by
far the most crucial stage of the writing process. ... Writing without editing is like getting dressed with
your eyes closed, and then leaving the house without looking in the mirror.

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When you have revised a piece of writing for its content, you are ready to check it for its accuracy. This
is called editing, and includes checking grammar, spelling, punctuation and capitalization.

Editing is a stage of the writing skills in which a writer or editor strives to

improve a draft by correcting errors and by making words and sentencesclearer,
more precise, and more effective.

The process of editing involves adding, deleting, and rearranging words along with recasting sentences
and cutting the clutter. Tightening our writing and mending faults can turn out to be a remarkably
creative activity, leading us to clarify ideas, fashion fresh image, and even radically rethink the way we
approach a topic.

How to Improve Writing Skills [Summary]:

1. Brush up on the basic principles of writing, grammar and spelling.

2. Write like it s ou jo a d p a ti e egula l .
3. Read more so you develop an eye for what effective writing looks like.
4. Find a partner. Ask them to read your writing and provide feedback.
5. Join a workshop, meet up, or take a writing night class.
6. Take the time to analyze writing you admire.
7. Imitate writers you admire.
8. Outline your writing.
9. Edit your writing.
10. Accept that first drafts are often bad and revise.
11. Find an editor who demonstrates patience.
12. Eliminate unnecessary words from your writing.
13. Review your earlie o k a d see ho ou e g o .
14. Do t e af aid to sa hat ou ea i hat ou ite.
15. Make sure you do adequate research on your topic.
16. Do t dela iti g. Get it do e o .

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PRECIS WRITING

Introduction

A précis is a summary. Précis writing is an exercise in compression. A précis is the gist of a

passage expressed in as few words as possible. A précis should give all essential points so that
anyone reading it will be able to understand the idea expressed in the original passage.

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Note that précis writing is different from paraphrasing. In a paraphrase you should give all the
details: you should not leave out any details. A paraphrase will be at least as long and
sometimes longer than the original. A précis, on the other hand, must always be shorter than
the original. It should express only the main theme that too as briefly as possible.

How long should a précis be?

There are no rigid rules regarding the length of a précis. But as a general rule, it should not
contain more than a third of the total number of words in the original passage.

Uses of précis writing

Most people read carelessly and fail to fully comprehend the meaning of the passage. Précis
writing forces them to pay attention to what they read because no one can write a summary of
a passage unless they read it carefully. So summarizing teaches one to read with concentration.

Précis writing also improves your overall writing skills. It teaches you how to express your
thoughts clearly, concisely and effectively. You learn to choose your words carefully and
construct your sentences in a logical and concise manner.

Steps in precise writing

The goal of a précis is to summarize the findings in an article by identifying the main points and conclusions of the
research along with reviewing the broader implications of the results obtained in the passage.

In order to accomplish this goal, it helps to follow a six step process:

Step 1: Read the passage. Read it again. Go on reading it until you understand it. Put down on paper the main
idea or central ideas; make notes in the margins.

Step 2: Read the passage again to make sure you have ’t issed a y i porta t ideas.

Step 3: Referring to your notes if you need to, but not to the original, write a rough summary of the passage. By
not looking at the original, you will avoid copying; you will be forced to put the ideas into your own words.

Step 4: Read your précis. Ask yourself the following questions—

Does it say what the original says?

Have you kept the connections of thought original?
Is the précis perfectly clear?
Can you improve or condense any words or phrases?

Step 5: Count the words. If there are too many, write more concisely to shorten the précis. If there are too few,
check to see whether you omitted some important ideas.

Step 6: Read the précis again. If nothing important has been omitted and nothing at all added, write your final,
correct copy. Proofread it.

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Step 7: Give the suitable title to your précis

Step 8: Write number of words in bracket below your precis

Examples of précis writing

Example 1

It is physically impossible for a well-educated, intellectual, or brave man to make money the chief object
of his thoughts just as it is for him to make his dinner the principal object of them. All healthy people like
their dinners, but their dinner is not the main object of their lives. So all healthy minded people like
making money ought to like it and enjoy the sensation of winning it; it is something better than money

A good soldier, for instance, mainly wishes to do his fighting well. He is glad of his pay—very properly so
and justly grumbles when you keep him ten years without it—till, his main mission of life is to win
attles, ot to e paid fo i i g the . “o of le g e . The le g a s o je t is esse tiall aptize
and preach not to be paid for preaching. So of doctors. They like fees no doubt—ought to like them; yet
if they are brave and well-educated the entire object to their lives is not fees. They on the whole, desire
to cure the sick; and if they are good doctors and the choice were fairly to them, would rather cure their
patient and lose their fee than kill him and get it. And so with all the other brave and rightly trained
men: their work is first, their fee second—very important always; but still second.

The Main Points Of the given material are---

1. Money making is a common attraction in life.

2. But it cannot be the principal aim of well-educated, intellectual brave persons.

Précis Summary:

Money-making is a common attraction in life. But it cannot be the principal aim of well
educated, cultured and brave man. A brave soldier prizes honour and victory more than his pay.
A good clergyman is more interested in the moral welfare of his people than his returns. A
doctor (good) values the care of his patient far more than his fees. Thus with all the well-
educated, intellectual persons, their work is first, money next.

Example 2

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English education and English language have done immense goods to India, inspite of their
glaring drawbacks. The notions of democracy and self-government are the born of English
edu atio . Those ho fought a d died fo othe I dia s f eedo e e u sed i the adle of
English thought and culture. The West has made contribution to the East. The history of Europe
has fired the hearts of our leaders. Our struggle for freedom has been inspired by the struggles
for freedom in England, America and France. If our leaders were ignorant of English and if they
had not studied this language, how could they have been inspired by these heroic struggles for
freedom in other lands? English, therefore, did us great good in the past and if properly studied
will do immense good in future.

English is spoken throughout the world. For international contact our comrherce and trade, for
the development of our practical ideas, for the scientific studies, English-is indispensable
E glish is e i h i lite atu e, ou o lite atu e has ee ade i he this fo eig
language. It will really be a fatal day if we altogether forget Shakespeare, Milton, Keats and
Shaw.

Précis Summary

Notwithstanding its various defects English education has done great good to India. The ideas
of democracy and self-government are its gifts. Nursed on English education the Indian leaders
were inspired by the Western thought, culture and freedom struggles. They fought for and won
thei othe la d s f eedo . Bei g spoke thought-out the world English is necessary for
international contact, trade, commerce and science. English is rich in literature; its master mind
cannot be neglected.

Qualities of a good précis

A good précis shows the writing skills of a person. It must have the following qualities;
1. Clarity
Clarity means getting your message across so that the receiver can understand what the writer is trying
to convey. The writer can achieve clarity by using simple language and simple structure.
2. Correctness
Mistakes in your writings always irritate the reader. We may consider the mistakes under the following
headings:
• Misspelled o ds
• Mistakes i figu es a d dates
• Mistakes i pu tuatio
• Mistakes of grammar and structure
3. Objectivity
Objectivity means the ability to present or view facts uncolored by feelings, opinions and personal bias.
A précis should be purely a summary of the original text without any addition (No personal opinion and
no personal ideas)
4. Coherence
Coherence means the logical and clear interconnection of ideas in a written piece of work. The ideas

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should be well knitted so that the writer may not be confused and lose his interest.
5. Completeness
Another striking feature of a good précis is completeness. Completeness means that the writer should
include all the important facts in a précis. To make it short he should not omit the important ideas

6. Conciseness
Conciseness means to say all that needs to be said and no more. The writer should write what is
necessary and avoid writing unnecessary details. To achieve conciseness, notice the following
suggestions:
• O itti g u e essa details * include only relevant material
• Eli i ate o d e p essio s * Avoid unnecessary repetition

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Technical definition and description

A technical description is text that describes an object or process in terms of its function, organization,
parts and details. ... A technical description can be used alone (e.g., a specification) or as part of a larger
document (e.g., a proposal). Often technical documents contain several technical descriptions.

Overview

Technical professionals are often required to define or describe a technical object, concept, or
process to someone who has little knowledge or experience with it. For example, an
engineering firm might write a proposal to bid on a contract to develop a helicopter for the
Defense Department; one section of the proposal would be a detailed description of the
product the company proposes to develop. Technical descriptions are used before products and
processes are developed (as part of proposals and planning documents), during development
(in progress reports, for instance), and afterwards (as part of marketing and promotional
literature and technical support documents).

What is a description and why is it used for in technical writing?

Technical writers, , prepare instruction manuals, journal articles, and other supporting
documents to communicate complex and technical information more easily. They also develop,
gather, and disseminate technical information among customers, designers, and
manufacturers.

Q. Write Technical Description of lathe machine

1.INTRODUCTION

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A lathe is a tool that rotates the work piece about an axis of rotation to perform various operations such
as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation, facing, turning, with tools that are applied to the
workpiece to create an object with symmetry about that axis.

A lathe machine is a machine tool which is used to remove metals from a worK piece to give a desired
shape and size. In other words it is a machine that is used to hold the workpiece to perform various
metal removing operations such as turning, grooving, chamfering, knurling, facing, forming etc with the
help of tools.

2. Parts of Lathe Machine:

 Bed. It is the main body of the machine. ...

 Tool post. It is bolted on the carriage. ...
 Chuck. Chuck is used to hold the workspace. ...
 Head stock. Head stock is the main body parts which are placed at left side of bed. ...
 Tail stock. Tail stock situated on bed. ...
 Lead screw. ...
 Legs. ... AND *Carriage

4,Diagram

3. Working principle of lathe machine

Working Principle: The lathe is a machine tool which holds the workpiece between two rigid
and strong supports called centers or in a chuck or face plate which revolves. The cutting tool is
rigidly held and supported in a tool post which is fed against the revolving work

The normal cutting operations are performed with the cutting tool fed either parallel or at right angles
to the axis of the work.

1. Bed: The bed is a heavy, rugged casting in which are mounted the working parts of the lathe.
It carries the headstock and tail stock for supporting the workpiece and provides a base for the
movement of carriage assembly which carries the tool.

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2. Legs: The legs carry the entire load of machine and are firmly secured to floor by foundation
bolts.

3. Headstock: The headstock is clamped on the left hand side of the bed and it serves as
housing for the driving pulleys, back gears, headstock spindle, live centre and the feed reverse
gear. The headstock spindle is a hollow cylindrical shaft that provides a drive from the motor to
work holding devices.

4. Gear Box: The quick-change gear-box is placed below the headstock and contains a number
of different sized gears.

5. Carriage: The carriage is located between the headstock and tailstock and serves the purpose
of supporting, guiding and feeding the tool against the job during operation. The main parts of
carriage are:

a). The saddle is an H-shaped casting mounted on the top of lathe ways. It provides support to
cross-slide, compound rest and tool post.

b). The cross slide is mounted on the top of saddle, and it provides a mounted or automatic
cross movement for the cutting tool.

c). The compound rest is fitted on the top of cross slide and is used to support the tool post and
the cutting tool.

d). The tool post is mounted on the compound rest, and it rigidly clamps the cutting tool or tool
holder at the proper height relative to the work centre line.

e). The apron is fastened to the saddle and it houses the gears, clutches and levers required to
move the carriage or cross slide. The engagement of split nut lever and the automatic feed
lever at the same time is prevented she carriage along the lathe bed.

6. Tailstock: The tailstock is a movable casting located opposite the headstock on the ways of
the bed. The tailstock can slide along the bed to accommodate different lengths of workpiece
between the centers. A tailstock clamp is provided to lock the tailstock at any desired position.
The tailstock spindle has an internal taper to hold the dead centre and the tapered shank tools
such as reamers and drills.

Q. Write technical description of solar cooker

1. Introduction

A solar cooker is a device which uses the energy of direct sunlight to heat, cook . Many solar
cookers currently in use are relatively inexpensive, low-tech devices, although some are as
powerful or as expensive as traditional stoves and advanced, large-scale solar cookers can cook

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for hundreds of people. Because they use no fuel and cost nothing to operate, many nonprofit
organizations are promoting their use worldwide in order to help reduce fuel costs (especially
where monetary reciprocity is low) and air pollution, and to slow down the deforestation
caused by gathering firewood for cooking. Solar cooking is a form of outdoor cooking and is
often used in situations where minimal fuel consumption is important, or the danger of
accidental fires is high, and the health and environmental consequences of alternatives are
severe.

2. Working function

Solar cooking is done by means of the suns UV rays.

A solar cooker lets the UV light rays in and then converts them to longer infrared light rays that
cannot escape. Infrared radiation has the right energy to make the water, fat and protein
molecules in food vibrate vigorously and heat up.

It is ot the su ’s heat that cooks the food, nor is it the outside ambient temperature, though
this can somewhat affect the rate or time required to cook, but rather it is the suns rays that
are converted to heat energy that cook the food; and this heat energy is then retained by the
pot and the food by the means of a covering or lid.

This occurs in much the same way that a greenhouse retains heat or a car with its windows
rolled up. An effective solar cooker will use the energy of the sun to heat a cooking vessel and
efficiently retain the energy (heat) for maximum cooking effectiveness.

3. PARTS:---1) Solar box(peti) 2Reflective glass 3.internal boxes

4. Diagram

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5. ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR COOKER

1. The biggest advantage of solar cookers is their eco-friendliness

2. Solar cooking is free once you have the cooker itself. To operate one, all you need is sunlight, so you
can save a significant amount of money over the long term.

3. The quality of food cooked in a solar cooker is also notable

DRAWBACK OF SOLAR COOKER

1. cooking with solar cookers obviously requires sunlight, which makes it difficult to use during winter
months and on rainy days

2. Cooking also takes a significantly longer time compared to conventional methods

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REPORT WRITING

A report is a well planned document which outlines and evaluates a subject or problem .Report
Writing is the primary tool of media personnel through which they pass on specific information
about an incident or topic.

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A report is written for a clear purpose and to a particular audience. Specific information and
evidence are presented, analyzed and applied to a particular problem or issue. ... When you are
asked to write a report you will usually be given a report brief which provides you with
instructions and guidelines.

Apart from the media usage, report writing is required in various sectors like corporate,
government, politics ,business ,public and private sector ,medical field, defense services.etc.

What is the purpose of the report?

The Purpose of Reports. Reports communicate information which has been compiled as a
result of research and analysis of data and of issues. Reports can cover a wide range of topics,
but usually focus on transmitting information with a clear purpose, to a specific audience. ...
The scope and style of reports varies wide

TYPES OF REPORT WRITING

1. FORMAL REPORT

This type of report writing is usually preferred for an important incident, issue or matter by big
organizations. Formal report writing is generally long and expensive.

Formal Report writing has an internationally accepted pattern that includes various
components that are mentioned below.

Cover – The o e of a epo t is so ethi g that d i es a eade s atte tio fi st. The epo t s
o e lea es a huge i p essio o the eade s i d and he/she can get an idea regarding the
epo t s topi o ualit th ough the o e desig .

There is a saying – do t judge a ook its o e ut it is also t ue – what seems well, sells
well and hence the report writer must take care of the cover of the report with has a major role
to depict the report brief.

Title Of The Report – This o po e t i ludes the epo t s title a d the a e of the ite .
Apart from these things, the title can also have a date and the name of the organization for
which the report has been prepared.

The cover also has these things but putting them in details in the title section is mandatory.

Table Of Contents – This section includes headings and subheadings of the primary text
written. This is a very important portion of report writing. It helps your readers to reach desired
sections in your report in a hassle-free manner.

Summary – He e ou asi all p o ide the s opsis of the hole epo t s p i a te t a d ou

can also call it an informative summary.

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Many times, it is refe ed as e e uti e su a . You a also use des ipti e su a hi h

is a simple table of contents. The format is always decided by the organization.

Introduction – This is the most important section of the main text. The main text always
includes three components – introduction, discussion, and conclusion.

Here, you introduce the main text of your report in the most intriguing a detailed manner so
that all types of readers can get your point without much effort.

Discussion – In the discussion section, a report writer discusses the main story of the report.
A o di g to ou eade s o e ie e, ou de ide the o de of the epo t s esults.

You can also do a result to theory comparison here along with the analysis, evaluation and
interpretation of the data included.

Conclusion/Recommendation – You can present the summary of the discussion section here.
Here, you mention your findings and recommend the elements to your readers as per your
overall evz

Appendices: This contains attachments relevant to the report. For example, surveys,
questionnaires, etc.

Bibliography: This is the list of all references cited.

2. INFORMAL REPORTS

This type of report writing is comparatively easier and less time-consuming than the formal
report writing. Here, you need to perform lesser research and it also includes lesser
components.

The basic components of informal report writing include – Introduction, Discussion &
Reference/Recommendations. Different organizations include more components to this type
as per their requirements.

THE IMPORTANCE OF REPORTS

Unless you can communicate effectively, the knowledge and skills you acquire are of little use
to others. You have to be able to collect information, organize it, and present it in a logical and

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concise form. Regardless of a report's target audience, the structure and organization must
convey the exact meaning you intend. A well-written report can be helpful to your career while
a poorly written report calls into question the credibility of your work and frustrates your
reader.

Essential Characteristics or Features of a Good Report

Report provides factual information depending on which decisions are made. So everyone should be
taken to ensure that a report has all the essential qualities which turn it into a good report. A good
report must have the following qualities:

1. Precision
In a good report, the report writer is very clear about the exact and definite purpose of writing
the report. His investigation, analysis, recommendations and others are directed by this central
purpose.
2. 2. Accuracy of Facts
Information contained in a report must be based on accurate fact.

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3. 3. Relevancy
The facts presented in a report should not be only accurate but also be relevant.
4. Reader-Orientation
While drafting any report, it is necessary to keep in mind about the person who is going to read
it. That's why a good report is always reader oriented. Readers knowledge and level of
understanding should be considered by the writer of report. Well reader-oriented information
qualify a report to be a good one.
5. Simple Language
This is just another essential features of a good report. A good report is written in a simple
language avoiding vague and unclear words
6. Conciseness
A good report should be concise but it does not mean that a report can never be long. Rather it
means that a good report or a business report is one that transmits maximum information with
minimum words.
7. Grammatical Accuracy
A good report is free from errors. Any faulty construction of a sentence may make its meaning
different to the reader's mind. And sometimes it may become confusing or ambiguous.
8. Clarity
Clarity depends on proper arrangement of facts. A good report is absolutely clear. Reporter
should make his purpose clear, define his sources, state his findings and finally make necessary
recommendation..
9. Attractive Presentation
Presentation of a report is also a factor which should be consider for a good report. A good
report provides a catchy and smart look and creates attention of the reader. Structure, content,
language, typing and presentation style of a good report should be attractive to make a clear
impression in the mind of its reader.
10. Unbiased Recommendation
Recommendation on report usually makes effect on the reader mind. So if recommendations
are made at the end of a report, they must be impartial and objective. They should come as
logical conclusion for investigation and analysis.

TYPES OF REPORT
1. Laboratory report

IT IS ACOMMON PRACTICE FOR ALL THE TECHNICAL STUDENTS TO WRITE THE LAB REPORTS SINCE THEIR
SCHOOL DAYS. THIS IS THE ONLY REPORT WITH WHICH STUDENTS ARE VERY FAMILIAR AND COMFERTABLE

Lab reports are written to describe and analyze a laboratory experiment that explores a scientific
concept. They are typically assigned to enable you to: Conduct scientific research. Formulate a
hypothesis (es) about a particular stimulus, event, and/or behavior.

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2. Project report

An assessment that takes place during a project or process, that conveys details such as what
sub-goals have been accomplished, what resources have been expended, what problems have
been encountered, and whether the project or process is expected to be completed on time
and within budget. Progress reports are used by management to determine whether changes
are necessary to an ongoing effort.

3. Survey report
The survey is a method for collecting information or data as reported by individuals. Surveys are
questionnaires (or a series of questions) that are administered to research participants who answer the
questions themselves.
A method of sociological investigation that uses question based or statistical surveys to collect
information about how people think and act.

4. Observation report ---The Observation Report is used to provide a summary of the data collected in
the Observation Schedule for one complete session. Refer to the Observation Report Notes for tips on
completing the Observation Schedule

Forms of report writing

1. Letter Form
2. Letter Text Form
3. Memorandum Form
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