Review of Related Literature
Name(s): Cuenco, J., Notorio, A., Severo, J.
Research Title: TRAFFIC OPERATION ANALYSIS OF ANDA CIRCLE ROUNDABOUT
A. Background of the Study
Throughout the years, the study on providing necessities to a good regulated traffic flow
in Metro Manila has been one of the prioritized problems of the government. Metro Manila has
been the seventh largest population in Asia and second in the Philippines. There are many
research and comparison on how to ease traffic in analysing roundabout intersection. One
location is Anda Circle. It is part of Metro Manila Radial Road System primarily serving
movement of traffic from side to side. In the past years, the area has developed gradually into a
passing trade and access. Most studies in Metro Manila involving traffic reduction discuss an
intersections disregarding roundabouts, this could be one of the factors that cause for need of
basic analysis of roundabout intersection.
The Anda Circle or Rotonda Anda is a roundabout located outside Intramuros along
Bonifacio Drive and Andres Soriano Avenue in Manila, Philippines. It serves as an intersection
going to Roxas Boulevard, Intramuros, Port Area, and Tondo. Santos (2014) acknowledges that
the original monument was erected near the mouth of the Pasig River just outside the northwest
edge of Intramuros. It is to commemorate Simon de Anda y Salazar, the 41 governor-general of
st
the Philippines from 1770 to 1776” (Santos, 2014). ---CUENCO, JOVAN V.
Garcia (1957) emphasized in his speech during the turnover rites of Simon de Anda
monument at the Port Area that Simon de Anda has “defended [the Filipinos] from the injustices
and despotism” during the colonial era. First, his organized guerrilla forces, mainly composed of
Pampangos and Tagalogs, forced out the British from the Philippines. In the words of Garcia
(1957), he accepted the governor-generalship offered by the King of Spain only to “redress the
grievances of the Filipinos.” Lastly, he fought, although failed, against the oppressed Filipino
priests due to race and color prejudice. As concluded in the speech, his influence thrived in our
national heroes such as Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio. ---CUENCO, JOVAN V.
The original Anda monument was mutilated during the World War II and was restored
and relocated in Intramuros in 1957, spearheaded by
former president of the Philippines, Carlos Garcia. According to Santos (2014), it was
due to the “construction of the Roxas Bridge (formerly Del Pan Bridge)” near Pasig River. In
2014, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) planned to move the
monument to Maestranza Plaza inside Intramuros (Rappler.com 2016). ---CUENCO, JOVAN V.
Frialde (2014) writes the Anda Circle will be turned into an “ordinary intersection” that
would improve the traffic management scheme easing the traffic in the congested Port Area said
by the then-DPWH Undersecretary, Raul Asis. According to Rappler.com (2016), the DPWH
said that the “present structure is too small for bigger and longer cargo trucks passing the area.”
However, the monument remained due to the strong opposition of heritage conservationists, the
National Commission for Culture and the Arts, and Senator Pia Cayetano (Rappler.com, 2016). -
--CUENCO, JOVAN V.
According to Rene Santiago (2016), the main reason and most obvious culprit of traffic
congestion is the rapid increase in motor vehicles which administration apologists like to tout to
mask its own omissions. ---ALMOND ROGER NOTORIO
Also he added that this traffic congestion doesn't appear like a thief, this was predicted by
several studies way back 1980's. Thus Metro Manila exceeds the critical zone, so recovery will
be sacrifice and huge cost. During the past five years, 450,000 of vehicles were added 60% of
this are motorbikes and 17%, cars and at the same decade upgrade in infrastructure are outdated
there are few roads highways and other forms of mass transportation are built. ---NOTORIO,
ALMOND ROGER B.
(Polus & Vlahos, 2005), affirmed that a well-designed roundabouts will dramatically
reduce the frequency and severity of crashes that might occur in any intersection. Due to the
overall development and improvement when it comes to safety associated with the use of
roundabouts. “In addition to lower vehicle speeds when compared to a cross-intersection, a
roundabout reduces the number of potential vehicle-vehicle conflict points from 32 in a four-leg
cross-intersection to 8.” Severity of crashes and Injury rates will be reduced in roundabouts as a
result of lower speeds and it eliminates the left turn and right turn collisions that are common in a
conventional intersections that are typically the most severe accidents. ---NOTORIO, ALMOND
ROGER B.
(Wang, Ong, & Rakha, 2013), compared a single-lane and two-lane roundabout to traffic
signal control, all-way stop control, and two-way stop control. The researchers also developed
guidelines as to the preferred intersection type as a function of the volume, distribution of the
demand across the four approaches, and the distribution of the turning movements of an
approach. They used performance measures to evaluate and identify intersections: stops and
delay of vehicles, emissions, and fuel consumptions. They used field data from two existing
roundabouts; a single-lane roundabout and a two-lane roundabout then validated it through
software called integration. The outcome of the data suggest that single-lane roundabout has the
least amount of vehicle delay, but the one-way stop control is more preferred intersection.---
NOTORIO, ALMOND ROGER B.
Roundabout is a channelized intersection circulating around a central island with one-
way traffic flow. All vehicles passing as well as turning enters this one-way flow of traffic. The
most common shape of center island is circle, but some can be irregular or oval shaped
depending on the appropriate alternative design to both signal-controlled and stop controlled
roundabout intersection, as they have some incompatible variance than the traditional roundabout
intersections (Cruz, 2012). -SEVERO, JOHN MALONE B.
At the intersection of multi-lane streets, roundabout can function under general condition
with a single circulating lane. The conversion intersection to a roundabout is considered for
designing and retrofitting existing rotaries, nevertheless, traffic signal control are more suitable
in cases of very high traffic volume (Executive Office of Transportation,2006). -SEVERO,
JOHN MALONE B.
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies of Science in the United
States of America use the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2010 to analyse complex
intersections and roundabouts yet simple methodology. It comprises of step-by-step guidelines,
abstract ideas, and computational process and procedures for computing the quality of service
and capacity of different highway amenities, including signalized and unsignalized intersection,
highway, arterial roads, and roundabouts (Dimla, 2012). -SEVERO, JOHN MALONE B.
HCM (2010), claims that manual provides they administer the best assessment of quality
of service for an intersection with given conditions. The methods for approximation of level of
service are based on qualitative survey and analysis. Volume by capacity ratio (v/c ratio), which
can recast from 0 and 1, and travel speed are used as a guideline to recognize the level of service.
It has six scales from level A to level F based on the graph between v/c ratio and operating speed
(Arrigo, 2015). -SEVERO, JOHN MALONE B.
In order to determine and assess the number, classification, and movements of vehicles in
a particular roundabout, traffic volume studies are conducted. The data gathered can assist in
determining critical flow time periods, document traffic volume trends and identify the influence
of pedestrians and heavy vehicles in roadway traffic flow (Wilk, 2002). For instance, an
intersection count are observed during the peak hour period, then manual computation with 15-
minute intervals could be applied to acquire the traffic volume data. The duration of the sampling
period is based on the type of count being conducted and intentional use of the data recorded
(Roess, 2011). -SEVERO, JOHN MALONE B.
Manual calculation is used to provide data to determine the number, classification of
vehicles, direction of travel, turning movements, vehicle occupancy and pedestrian movements.
Most manual counts applications need necessary small samples of data at a given roundabout or
intersection typically in periods of less than a day (DPWH, 2012). Intervals during the manual
count are 5, 10 or 15 minutes depending on the location and area of roundabout. Traffic volume
counts are usually conducted during Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday because, for example,
Friday evening rush hour or Monday morning rush has exceptionally high volumes of vehicles
(Titus 2012). -SEVERO, JOHN MALONE B.
For automatic calculation of traffic volumes, the researchers can record using videotape
method. Set-up camera from a given perspective for counting traffic services are used. The video
is useful since the digital clock can provide the necessary time in noting intervals. In some
situations, videotaping is not a cost-beneficial option (Banares, 2005). -SEVERO, JOHN
MALONE
