Volume 5, Issue 9, September – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Ameliorative Efficacy of Ethanolic Extracts of

Curcuma longa (turmeric) Roots and Cassia
occidentalis Leaves on Potassium Induced Kidney
Damage in Albino Rats
Nnama T.N, Anibueze C.I.P, Okwara B.O, Okafor M.C
*Abia State University, Uturu Abia State
*Enugu State University of Science and Technology
*University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital.

Abstract:- The emphasis of harmful health challenges I. INTRODUCTION

caused by preserved food or processed food is a global
problem and the need to reduce its effect on the vital The levels of food contamination have reached an all-
organs in the body has been the subject of great concern new level. To preserve the taste, freshness, and colour of
to researchers. The present study seeks to evaluate the the foods, even fresh fruits and vegetables are loaded with
efficacy of ethanolic extracts of Curcuma longa chemicals and preservatives (www.kent.co.in, 2019).
(turmeric) roots and Cassia occidentalis leaves on Taking into consideration the increased use
potassium induced kidney damage in albino rats. Fifty of chemicals and preservatives, junk food may be labelled
adult male rats weighing about 100g-200g classified into to be dangerous and its consumption will become a matter
ten groups (I-X) were used in the study. Group1 served of choice. However, toxic compound may be formed
as control and were administered only with distilled through metabolism of non-toxic additives either during
water and rat feeds ad libitum all throughout the food processing or after ingestion. Potassium bromate
experiment. Group II served as negative (-ve) control (KBrO3) is an oxidizing agent that is commonly used in
and were administered 50mg/kg bodyweight of cosmetic products (such as permanent hair weaving
potassium bromate orally. Groups III, IV, VII and VIII solutions and dying of textiles), bread and cake improvers,
received 50mg/kg bodyweight of potassium bromate for preservatives of packed foods, a food additive, and is a
two weeks thereafter received 50mg/kg bodyweight with major tap water pollutant (Kakehashi et al., 2013).
500mg and 1000mg/kg body weight of ethanolic root Potassium bromate is very stable in the body and only
extract of Curcuma longa and leaves extract Cassia small amount reduced to bromide by glutathione processes
occidentalis respectively for two weeks. Groups V, VI, in the liver and kidney (Kutom et al., 1990). Potassium
and IX and X received 500mg and 1000mg/kg bromate is excreted in urine either as bromate or bromide
bodyweight of ethanolic root extract of Curcuma longa (Fujieet al., 1984). In several countries, including the
and leaves extract Cassia occidentalis for two weeks United States, it is still used (legally and illegally) as a
thereafter received 50mg/kg bodyweight of potassium bread and cake improver even though it has been associated
bromate withethanolic root extract of Curcuma longa with the development of several organ damage (Oloyede
and leaves extract Cassia occidentalis respectively for and Sunmonu, 2009; Kakehashi et al., 2013).
two weeks. The rats at the end of 28 days were
anaesthetised, blood samples were collected and the Natural medicinal products are increasingly gaining
kidneys were harvested. The result of biochemical popularity and used worldwide as complementary
analysis revealed significant decrease in the level of alternative therapies (WHO, 2003), due to their abundance
biochemical parameters following administration of in nature with an estimated record of approximately 1062–
500mg/ kg and 1000mg/kg body weight of Curcuma 63 potentially beneficial substances (Drew, 2000). Among
longa and Cassia occidentalis ethanolic leaf extract for such therapeutic preparations are plant-derived
curative and protective purpose when compared with phytomedicines, nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals (Drew,
group II (+ve control) that received 50mg/kg body 2000). Many medicinal plants have been reported to
weight of potassium bromate. Histological findings possess hepato- and reno-protective effects; such plants
revealed restoration and protection of the extracts on include the like of Cassia occidentalis (Al-Snafi, 2015) and
the kidney architecture of male albino rats. Results Curcuma longa (turmeric) (Mahdi et al.,
obtained thus showed that oral administration of 2019).Curcumalonga (Turmeric) is
ethanolic root extracts of Curcuma longa and leaf aperennial herbaceous plant of the ginger family
extract of Cassia occidentalis may possess preventive (Zingiberaceae), distributed mainly throughout tropical and
and therapeutic purpose against kidney damage. subtropical regions of the world (Joe et al., 2004). Its
tuberous rhizomes, or underground stems, have been used
Keywords:- Cassia Occidentalis, Curcuma Longa, Kidney, from antiquity as a condiment, a textile dye, and medically
Potassium Bromate. as an aromatic stimulant (Joe et al., 2004).Curcumin

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Volume 5, Issue 9, September – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
(diferuloylmethane) is a yellow colouring ingredient of the  Plant source and identification
spice Turmeric obtained from the rhizome of Curcuma Matured roots (5kg) of Curcuma longa and leaves
longa Linn (Zingiberaceae) (Joe et al., 2004). Curcuma ofCassia occidentalis (2kg) were obtained and procured
longa possesses antioxidant (Maizura et al., 2011), anti- from Nkwo Nnewi Market at Nnewi, in Nnewi-North Local
tumor (Kunnumakkara et al., 2007), antimicrobial (Kim et Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. The
al., 2005), anti-inflammatory (Kohli et al., 2005), wound Botanical Identification of the plant was done by Mr.
healing (Panchatcharam et al., 2006), and gastro-protective Egboka Tochukwu (a Botanist) of the Department of
activities (Miriyala et al., 2007) commonly known as Botany, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra
Kunyit in Malaysia and turmeric in Nigeria, it is a popular State.
ingredient for preparing culinary dishes (Phansawan and
Poungbangpho, 2007). Curcuma longa has been  Procurement of potassium bromate
documented to have Reno and hepato- protective potentials Potassium bromate (Sigma Aldrich, Germany) was
against toxicity induced by rifampicin and isoniazid in rats procured from a certified pharmaceutical shop at Onitsha
(Mahdi et al., 2019). In folk medicine, the rhizome juice Market Anambra state, Nigeria.
from Curcuma longa has also been used in the treatment of
many diseases such as anthelmintic, asthma, gonorrhea and  Preparation of plant materials and extraction of plant
urinary tract infections (Phansawan andPoungbangpho, materials
2007). While Cassia occidentalis commonly called coffee The fresh leaves of Cassia occidentalis and roots of
senna (Haselwood and Motter, 1966) is locally known as Curcuma longa were washed with clean water to remove
stinking weed (Henty et al., 1975). It has a single purplish dirt and sand. They were afterwards separated, drained and
stem and sparse branching (Long and Lakela, 1976). The chopped into very little pieces; shades dried and then
paste of the leaf is externally applied on healing wounds, pulverize into fine powder. Five hundred grams (500g) of
sores, itch, skin diseases, bone fracture, ringworm and the powdered form of the leaves of Cassia occidentalis and
throat infection (Yadav et al., 2009). Other uses of this root of Curcumalonga were separately macerated in 1.5
plant include as diuretics, laxative, anti-bacteria, anti- litres of ethanol for 48 hours. The solution was afterwards
inflammatory, hepato-protective and anti-fungal (Yadav et filtered with whatman no 4 filter paper and the filtrate
al., 2009). Extracts from the plant leaves were repeatedly concentrated to a semi-solid residue in an oven at 600C. The
used folklorically as an analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, semi-solid extract obtained was the stored in a refrigerator,
anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, anti-parasitic, at a temperature of 70C.
antiviral, carminative, diaphroretic, emmanagogue,
febrifuge, insecticidal, immune-stimulant, laxative,  Acute toxicity (LD50) (median lethal dose) of Curcuma
purgative, sudorific, hepatoprotective effect (Nwaehujor et longa
al.,2011) and vermifuge (Gaind et al., The acute toxicity study of the Curcuma longa root
1966).Histopathological observations have also shown the extract, ethanolic leaf extract of Cassia occidentalis and
hepato-protectivity of the root sample (Usha et al., 2007). potassium bromatewas determined using modified Lorke’s
However, ingestion of large amounts of coffee senna seeds (1983) method.
caused deaths of cows, goats, horses and pigs (Timm and
Riet-Correa, 1997). However, the study is aimed to LD50 of ethanolic leaf extract of Curcuma longa and
evaluate the efficacy of ethanolic extracts of Curcuma ethanolic leaf extract of Cassia occidentalis is above
longa (turmeric) roots and Cassia occidentalis leaves on 5000mg/kg while the LD50of potassium bromate in this
potassium induced kidney damage in albino rats. research via oral route was found to be 316.23mg/kg.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS  Experimental Design

 Location and duration of experiment  Animal care

This study was conducted in the Department of All experimental investigations were done in
Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences Abia State compliance with “humane animal” as stated in the “Guide
University, Uturu Nigeria. The experimental Animals were to the care and use of Laboratory Animals Resources”
housed at the Animal House of Faculty of Basic Medical (NRC, 2011).
Sciences Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria. The
animals were acclimatized for two weeks before the  Conditioning animals
administration of extracts that lasted for 28days. A total of 50 male albino rats with weigh range of
100-200g were used for this study. Animals were
 Ethical approval acclimatized for two (2) weeks in the animal house of the
Ethical approval following international standard on Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Abia State University,
Ethical Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Research Uturu. The animals were maintained under standard and
(1999) was sort and obtained from the Faculty of Basic good laboratory conditions of light (12hours), temperature
Medical Sciences Ethics Committee, Abia State University, (23±2oc), humidity (60% - 70%) and ventilation. They were
Uturu Nigeria. given standard rat diet (growers mesh rat pellets, Grand
Cereals Ltd Enugu) purchased from the same farm to avoid

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Volume 5, Issue 9, September – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
changes in dietary compositions and weight variability and  Group X received Cassia occidentalis ethanolic leaf
adequate water ad libitum would be given. extract 1000mg/kg body weight for 2weeks, thereafter;
received 50mg/kg body weight of potassium bromate
 Preparation of the extract for administration and Cassia occidentalis leafextract 1000mg/kg body
The extract was prepared on daily basis by dissolving weight for 2weeks.
1g of the extracts in 10mls of distilled water (Stock
solution). Potassium bromate and  Observation of behavioural changes in the animals
Curcumalonga ethanolicroot extract and Cassia Visual observations for mortality, behavioural pattern
occidentalis ethanolicleaf extractwere administered orally changes such as weakness, aggressiveness, food or water
using 2 mls syringe and a cannula. refusal, diarrhoea, salivation, discharge from eyes and ears,
noisy breathing, changes in locomotor activity, injury, pain
 Animal Grouping and Experimental Protocol or any signs of illness in each treated group were monitored
and documented carefully on daily basis throughout the
 Animal grouping experiment period.
After acclimatization, animals were divided into ten
groups (I-X) of five animal each (N=5) and were dosed  Organ Harvest and Collection of Blood Samples
accordingly, noting the result from the acute toxicity test (Necropsy)
(Lethal dose Ld50) of Curcuma longa, Cassia occidentalis Twenty-four hours after the last substrate
and potassium bromate; I, to X (n = 5). Group 1, was the administration, the rats were painlesslyanesthetized with
control group with animals receiving feeds (growers mesh chloroform using chloroform in a closed jar. Blood samples
rat pellets, Grand Cereals Ltd Enugu) and distilled water were collected directly from the heart (via cardiac puncture)
only. Group II was the positive control (administered using 5ml syringes. Blood samples collected where placed
potassium bromate), III, to X were the treated group and in specific sterilized plastic containers required for each test
treated as follows; procedure. Blood samples were taken and allowed to clot at
room temperature for 30minutes then centrifuged (Hittich
 Group III received 50mg/kg body weight of potassium EBA35) at 3000 r.p.m. Sera were separated and stored at –
bromate daily for 2weeks, thereafter; received 50mg/kg 20°C until analyzed for biochemical parameters; such as:
body weight of potassium bromate and Curcuma urea, creatinine and electrolytes (sodium, potassium,
longa ethanolic root extract 500mg/kg body weight for chloride and bicarbonate ions) of the kidney. Thereafter the
2weeks. animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Their livers
 Group IV received 50mg/kg body weight of potassium and kidneys collected after which the remains of the
bromate daily for 2weeks thereafter; received 50mg/kg animals were properly buried.
body weight of potassium bromate and Curcuma
longa ethanolic root extract 1000mg/kg body weight  Organ harvest
daily for 2weeks. This procedure was carried out by positioning the
 Group V received Curcuma longa ethanolic root extract sacrificed animals in a supine position on a dissecting board
500mg/kg body weight for 2 weeks, thereafter; received with their ventral side facing upwards and the four limbs
50mg/kg body weight of potassium bromate and stretched and pinned to the dissecting board for easy
Curcuma longa ethanolic root extract500mg/kg body dissection. A sharp surgical blade fixed on a blade holder
weight for 2weeks. was used to make a gentle midline incision along
 Group VI received Curcuma longa ethanolic root abdomino-pelvic region on each rat to avoid damage to the
extract1000mg/kg body weight for 2weeks, thereafter; visceral organs. Another incision was made horizontally
received 50mg/kg body weight of potassium bromate along the upper part of the pelvis by using a pair of
and Curcuma longa ethanolic root extract 1000mg/kg dissecting forceps and scissors, the skin was reflected, the
for 2weeks. superficial and deep fascia, the sternum was carefully
 Group VII received 50mg/kg body weight of potassium dissected to expose the thoracic cavity and further down the
bromate daily for 2weeks thereafter; received 50mg/kg abdomino-pelvic cavity was exposed. The kidneys were
body weight of potassium bromate Cassia traced, harvested and examined macroscopically for any
occidentalis ethanolicleaf extract500mg/kg body lesions or abnormalities. The weight of the organs from all
weight for 2weeks. the groups would be measured and recorded. The harvested
 Group VIII received 50mg/kg body weight of potassium organs were placed in normal saline to maintain normal
bromate daily for 2weeks, thereafter; received 50mg/kg physiological conditions after which they were fixed in
body weight of potassium bromate /kg and Cassia 10% formalin. The relative organ weight of each animal
occidentalis ethanolic leaf extract1000mg/kg body would be calculated using Sahgal et al., 2010 method as
weight for 2weeks. follows.
 Group IX received Cassia occidentalis ethanolic leaf
extract 500mg/kg body weight for 2weeks thereafter; Relative organ weight: absolute organ weight
received 50mg/kg body weight of potassium bromate body weight of rat on the day of
and Cassia occidentalis leafextract 500mg/kg body sacrifice
weight for 2weeks.

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All of the individual organs were observed analysed using the statistical package of social sciences
macroscopically and their appearance was compared (SPSS) software version 21.0 (SPSS) Inc. Chicago and
between both treated and control groups. The fixed organs Microsoft. Statistical analysis of variance was carried out
were further processed for histological observations. using student T-test and one way ANOVA (SPSS 21.0).
Values obtained were recorded in mean+ standard
 Statistical data analysis deviation. A value of p< 0.05 would be used as the level of
Data of weekly Animal body weights, kidney significance.
weights (relative) and biochemical parameters were

III. RESULTS

 Observations on body weight for curative groups

MEAN SEM WD P-value T-Value

Group I (Control) Initial weight (g) 121.00 6.21 35.40 0.033* -3.19
Final weight (g) 156.40 5.85
Group II (Potassium Bromate Initial weight (g) 126.40 3.72 -4.00 0.477 0.84
Only) Final weight (g) 122.40 2.65
Group III (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + Initial weight (g) 114.20 4.67 14.80 0.066 -2.51
500mg/kg of C. Longa) Final weight (g) 129.00 3.57
Group IV (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + Initial weight (g) 116.80 3.73 13.00 0.016* -3.99
1000mg/kg of C. Longa) Final weight (g) 129.80 3.95
Group VII (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + Initial weight (g) 116.60 3.02 10.00 0.003* -6.74
500mg/kg of C. Occidentalis) Final weight (g) 126.60 1.86
Group VIII (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + Initial weight (g) 114.20 2.20 16.40 0.008* -4.86
1000mg/kg of C. Occidentalis) Final weight (g) 130.60 2.24
Table 1:- shows the comparative effect of C. longa and C. occidentalis on Potassium bromate induced toxicity on body weight for
curative groups

Data was analyzed using t-test and values were considered significant at p<0.05. *P<0.05 means significant. WD=weight
difference.

 Observations on body weight for protective groups

MEAN SEM WD P-value T-Value

Group I (Control) Initial weight (g) 121.00 6.21 35.40 0.033* -3.19
Final weight (g) 156.40 5.85
Group II (Potassium Bromate Initial weight (g) 126.40 3.72 -4.00 0.477 0.84
Only) Final weight (g) 122.40 2.65
Group V (500mg/kg of C. Initial weight (g) 107.60 1.77 25.80 0.001* -9.52
Longa + 50mg/kg of KBrO3) Final weight (g) 133.40 1.86
Group VI (1000mg/kg of C. Initial weight (g) 110.80 4.35 23.20 0.008* -4.84
Longa + 50mg/kg of KBrO3) Final weight (g) 134.00 2.58
Group IX (500mg/kg of C. Initial weight (g) 114.60 5.20 25.20 0.013* -4.22
Occidentalis + 50mg/kg of Final weight (g) 139.80 4.10
KBrO3)
Group X (1000mg/kg of C. Initial weight (g) 115.20 4.81 30.40 0.042* -2.93
Occidentalis + 50mg/kg of Final weight (g) 145.60 8.03
KBrO3)
Table 2:- shows the comparative effect of C. longa and C. occidentalis on Potassium bromate induced toxicity on body weight for
protective groups

Data was analyzed using t-test and values were considered significant at p<0.05. *P<0.05 means significant. WD=weight
difference.

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Volume 5, Issue 9, September – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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 Observations on relative kidney for curative groups

MEAN SEM P-value F-Value

Relative kidney Group I (Control) 0.18 0.00 0.201
weight (g) Group II (Potassium Bromate Only) 0.16 0.00

Group III (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 500mg/kg of 0.17 0.02 0.385

C. Longa)
Group IV (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 1000mg/kg of 0.21 0.01 0.008* 5.06
C. Longa)
Group VII (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 500mg/kg of 0.20 0.00 0.019*
C. Occidentalis)
Group VIII (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 1000mg/kg 0.22 0.00 0.001*
of C. Occidentalis)
Table 3:- shows the comparative effect of C. longa and C. occidentalis on Potassium bromate induced toxicity on relative kidney
for curative groups

Data was analyzed using ANOVA followed by post Hoc Fisher’s LSD Multiple Comparism, and values were considered
significant at p<0.05.

 Observations on relative kidney for protective groups

MEAN SEM P-value F-Value

Relative kidney Group I (Control) 0.18 0.00 0.259
weight (g) Group II (Potassium Bromate Only) 0.16 0.00

Group V (500mg/kg of C. Longa+50mg/kg of 0.20 0.01 0.051

KBrO3)

Group VI (1000mg/kg of C. Longa+50mg/kg of 0.20 0.02 0.035* 2.10

KBrO3)
Group IX (500mg/kg of C. Occidentalis + 0.21 0.01 0.025*
50mg/kg of KBrO3)
Group X (1000mg/kg of C. Occidentalis + 0.21 0.02 0.025*
50mg/kg of KBrO3)
Table 4:- shows the comparative effect of C. longa and C. occidentalis on Potassium bromate induced toxicity on relative kidney
for protective groups

Data was analyzed using ANOVA followed by post Hoc Fisher’s LSD Multiple Comparism, and values were considered
significant at p<0.05.

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Volume 5, Issue 9, September – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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 Observations on Urea and Creatinine concentration for curative groups

MEAN SEM P-value F-Value

Urea Concentration Group I (Control) 4.35 0.08 0.000*
(mg/dL) Group II (Potassium Bromate Only) 9.60 0.28
Group III (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 500mg/kg 4.95 0.20 0.000*
of C. Longa)
Group IV (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 4.55 0.49 0.000* 52.98
1000mg/kg of C. Longa)
Group VII (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 500mg/kg 4.85 0.25 0.000*
of C. Occidentalis)
Group VIII (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 6.05 0.08 0.000*
1000mg/kg of C. Occidentalis)

Creatinine Group I (Control) 52.33 0.88 0.000*

Concentration Group II (Potassium Bromate Only) 66.00 0.57
(mg/dL) Group III (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 500mg/kg 51.50 3.75 0.000* 15.82
of C. Longa)
Group IV (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 53.00 0.57 0.000*
1000mg/kg of C. Longa)
Group VII (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 500mg/kg 65.00 0.00 0.675
of C. Occidentalis)
Group VIII (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 59.50 0.86 0.016*
1000mg/kg of C. Occidentalis)
Table 5:-.Shows the comparative effect of C. longa and C. occidentalis on Potassium bromate induced toxicity on Urea and
Creatinine concentration for curative groups

Data was analyzed using ANOVA followed by post Hoc Fisher’s LSD Multiple Comparism, and values were considered
significant at p<0.05.

 Observations on Urea and Creatinine concentration for protective groups

MEAN SEM P-value F-Value

Urea Group I (Control) 4.35 0.08 0.000*
Concentration Group II (Potassium Bromate Only) 9.60 0.28
(mg/dL) Group V (500mg/kg of C. Longa+50mg/kg of 5.70 0.29 0.000*
KBrO3)
Group VI (1000mg/kg of C. Longa+50mg/kg of 6.45 1.12 0.001* 13.55
KBrO3)
Group IX (500mg/kg of C. Occidentalis + 4.70 0.29 0.000*
50mg/kg of KBrO3)
Group X (1000mg/kg of C. Occidentalis + 6.00 0.17 0.000*
50mg/kg of KBrO3)

Creatinine Group I (Control) 52.33 0.88 0.000*

Concentration Group II (Potassium Bromate Only) 66.00 0.57
(mg/dL) Group V (500mg/kg of C. Longa+50mg/kg of 52.50 0.87 0.000* 34.02
KBrO3)
Group VI (1000mg/kg of C. Longa+50mg/kg of 48.00 1.73 0.000*
KBrO3)
Group IX (500mg/kg of C. Occidentalis + 55.00 0.57 0.000*
50mg/kg of KBrO3)
Group X (1000mg/kg of C. Occidentalis + 43.00 2.31 0.000*
50mg/kg of KBrO3)
Table 6:- Showed the comparative effect of C. longa and C. occidentalis on Potassium bromate induced toxicity on Urea and
Creatinine concentration for protective groups

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Volume 5, Issue 9, September – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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Data was analyzed using ANOVA followed by post Hoc Fisher’s LSD Multiple Comparism, and values were considered
significant at p<0.05.

 Observations on Sodium and Potassium ion concentration for curative groups.

MEAN SEM P-value F-Value

Sodium ion Group I (Control) 138.00 0.00 0.001*
(mEq/L) Group II (Potassium Bromate Only) 142.17 0.44
Group III (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 500mg/kg of C. Longa) 137.50 0.86 0.001*
Group IV (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 1000mg/kg of C. Longa) 140.00 0.00 0.052 5.80
Group VII (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 500mg/kg of C. 140.50 0.86 0.123
Occidentalis)
Group VIII (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 1000mg/kg of C. 140.00 1.15 0.052
Occidentalis)

Potassium Group I (Control) 3.80 0.06 0.002*

ion (mEq/L) Group II (Potassium Bromate Only) 5.35 0.20
Group III (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 500mg/kg of C. Longa) 4.20 0.06 0.014* 3.79
Group IV (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 1000mg/kg of C. Longa) 4.25 0.60 0.018*
Group VII (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 500mg/kg of C. 4.30 0.12 0.022*
Occidentalis)
Group VIII (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 1000mg/kg of C. 3.90 0.23 0.004*
Occidentalis)
Table 7:- shows the comparative effect of C. longa and C. occidentalis on Potassium bromate induced toxicity on Sodium and
Potassium ion for curative groups

Data was analyzed using ANOVA followed by post Hoc Fisher’s LSD Multiple Comparism, and values were considered
significant at p<0.05.

 Observations on Sodium and Potassium ion concentration for protective groups

MEAN SEM P-value F-Value

Sodium ion Group I (Control) 138.00 0.00 0.000*
(mEq/L) Group II (Potassium Bromate Only) 142.17 0.44
Group V (500mg/kg of C. Longa+50mg/kg of 138.00 0.00 0.000*
KBrO3)
Group VI (1000mg/kg of C. Longa+50mg/kg of 138.00 0.57 0.000* 20.44
KBrO3)
Group IX (500mg/kg of C. Occidentalis + 50mg/kg of 139.50 0.28 0.000*
KBrO3)
Group X (1000mg/kg of C. Occidentalis + 50mg/kg 141.00 0.57 0.060
of KBrO3)

Potassium ion Group I (Control) 3.80 0.06 0.000*

(mEq/L) Group II (Potassium Bromate Only) 5.35 0.20
Group V (500mg/kg of C. Longa+50mg/kg of 3.85 0.49 0.001* 8.67
KBrO3)
Group VI (1000mg/kg of C. Longa+50mg/kg of 3.70 0.05 0.000*
KBrO3)
Group IX (500mg/kg of C. Occidentalis + 50mg/kg of 3.55 0.02 0.000*
KBrO3)
Group X (1000mg/kg of C. Occidentalis + 50mg/kg 3.75 0.14 0.000*
of KBrO3)
Table 8:- shows the comparative effect of C. longa and C. occidentalis on Potassium bromate induced toxicity on Sodium and
Potassium ion for curative groups

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Volume 5, Issue 9, September – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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Data was analyzed using ANOVA followed by post Hoc Fisher’s LSD Multiple Comparism, and values were considered
significant at p<0.05.

 Observations on Chloride and Bicarbonate ionconcentration for curative groups

MEAN SEM P-value F-Value

Chloride ion Group I (Control) 97.00 0.57 0.000*
(mEq/L) Group II (Potassium Bromate Only) 103.00 0.57
Group III (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 500mg/kg of C. 96.00 0.00 0.000*
Longa)
Group IV (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 1000mg/kg of C. 98.00 1.15 0.001* 10.10
Longa)
Group VII (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 500mg/kg of C. 95.50 1.44 0.000*
Occidentalis)
Group VIII (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 1000mg/kg of C. 99.00 0.57 0.006*
Occidentalis)
Bicarbonate ion Group I (Control) 15.50 2.59 0.198
(mEq/L) Group II (Potassium Bromate Only) 18.00 1.15
Group III (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 500mg/kg of C. 12.00 1.15 0.080 4.67
Longa)
Group IV (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 1000mg/kg of C. 13.00 0.57 0.198
Longa)
Group VII (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 500mg/kg of C. 11.00 0.57 0.030*
Occidentalis)
Group VIII (50mg/kg of KBrO3 + 1000mg/kg of C. 11.00 0.00 0.030*
Occidentalis)
Table 9:- shows the comparative effect of C. longa and C. occidentalis on Potassium bromate induced toxicity on Chloride and
Bicarbonate ion for curative groups

Data was analyzed using ANOVA followed by post Hoc Fisher’s LSD Multiple Comparism, and values were considered
significant at p<0.05.

 Observations on Chloride and Bicarbonate ionconcentration for protective groups

MEAN SEM P-value F-Value

Chloride ion Group I (Control) 97.00 0.57 0.000*
(mEq/L) Group II (Potassium Bromate Only) 103.00 0.57
Group V (500mg/kg of C. Longa+50mg/kg of KBrO3) 96.00 1.15 0.000*
Group VI (1000mg/kg of C. Longa+50mg/kg of 98.00 0.57 0.000* 15.68
KBrO3)
Group IX (500mg/kg of C. Occidentalis + 50mg/kg of 100.00 0.00 0.008*
KBrO3)
Group X (1000mg/kg of C. Occidentalis + 50mg/kg of 101.00 0.57 0.055
KBrO3)

Bicarbonate ion Group I (Control) 15.50 2.59 0.202

(mEq/L) Group II (Potassium Bromate Only) 18.00 1.15
Group V (500mg/kg of C. Longa+50mg/kg of KBrO3) 15.00 0.57 0.131 2.97
Group VI (1000mg/kg of C. Longa+50mg/kg of 14.00 1.15 0.052
KBrO3)
Group IX(500mg/kg of C. Occidentalis + 50mg/kg of 12.16 0.44 0.008*
KBrO3)
Group X (1000mg/kg of C. Occidentalis + 50mg/kg of 12.00 0.57 0.007*
KBrO3)
Table 10:- shows the comparative effect of C. longa and C. occidentalis on Potassium bromate induced toxicity on chloride and
bicarbonate ion for protective groups

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
Data was analyzed using ANOVA followed by post Hoc Fisher’s LSD Multiple Comparism, and values were considered
significant at p<0.05.

 Histopathological finding

Plate 4: Showed a photomicrograph of the kidney of albino

Plate1: Showed a photomicrograph of the kidney of albino
rat from group IV, the kidney histology revealed prominent
rat from group I (control), the kidney histology revealed
renal corpuscle with glomerulus (G) and interstitial space
prominent renal corpuscle with glomerulus (G) and
(IN)with mononuclear infiltrates and normal tubules
interstitial space (IN) , proximal convulated tubules (PR)
[H&E×400].
and Distal convoluted tubules (DC) [H&E×400]

Plate 2: Showed a photomicrograph of the kidney of albino Plate 5: Showed a photomicrograph of the kidney of albino
rat from group II (+ve control), the kidney histology rat from group V, the kidney histology revealed prominent
revealed visible atrophied renal corpuscle (G) with renal corpuscle with glomerulus (G), interstitial space (IN)
granulation and distorted interstitial space (IN) and tubular and mild tubular necrosis (PR) [H&E×400].
necrosis (PR).[H&E×400].

Plate 3: Showed a photomicrograph of the kidney of albino

rat from group III, the kidney histology revealed prominent Plate 6: Showed a photomicrograph of the kidney of albino
renal corpuscle with glomerulus (G), mild infiltration of the rat from group VI, the Kidney histology revealed prominent
interstitial space (IN) and mild distortion of the tubules renal corpuscle with granulated glomerulus (G) and
(PR) [H&E×400]. interstitial space (IN) and mild tubular necrosis (PR)
[H&E×400].

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ISSN No:-2456-2165

Plate 7: Showed a photomicrograph of the kidney of albino

rat from group VII, the kidney histology revealed atrophied Plate 10: Showed a photomicrograph of the kidney of
renal corpuscle with glomerulus (G) and interstitial space albino rat from group X, the kidney histology revealed
(IN) and mild tubular necrosis (PR)[H&E×400]. prominent renal corpuscle with glomerulus (G) and
interstitial space (IN) and normal architecture of the tubules
(PR) with no visible lesion [H&E×400].

IV. DISCUSSION

In the present study, result obtained on curative and

protective weight changes revealed a non-significant
decrease in the body weight in group II that received
potassium bromate only(+ve control) at (p<0.05), when
the initial weight was compared to the final weight of both
group I (normal control) it showed significant increase,
Group III and V that received 500mg/kg body weight of
Curcuma longa for curative and protective purpose had a
non-significant (p>0.05) increase in the body weight when
the initial weight was compared to the final weight. Groups
IV, VI, VII, VIII, IX and X showed significant increase in
Plate 8: Showed a photomicrograph of the kidney of albino
rat from group VIII, the kidney histology revealed body weight when the initial weight was compared to the
atrophied renal corpuscle with glomerulus (G), mild final weight (as seen in the table 1 and 2). The result
infiltration of the interstitial space (IN) and mild tubular suggests that the potassium bromate affected the body
necrosis (PR) [H&E×400]. weight thereby causing decrease in the body weight and
following the administration of Curcuma longa for curative
and protective purpose against potassium bromate at the
dose of 500mg/kg body weight did not have significant
impact in restoring the weight of the experimental rats and
the effect is dose dependent (as seen in the table 1 and 2).
However, at 1000mg/kg body weight of Curcuma longa
extract was significantly increased. Thus changes in body
weight of rats dosed with potassium bromate only provided
an imperative indication of toxicity of potassium bromate.
This study agrees with that of Rehab, (2006), Farombi et al.
(2000) and Watanabe et al. (2004) who reported that there
were significant decrease on the body weights in rats dosed
with 100 and 200 mg/kg potassium bromate in mice but in
contrast with Okolie and Ikewuchi (2004) who reported a
significant increase in the body weight of rats dosed 60 mg
kg-1 body wt/day of potassium bromate in rabbits.
Plate 9: Showed a photomicrograph of the kidney of albino
rat from group IX, the kidney histology revealed prominent The relative weight of the kidney in this study showed
a significant (p<0.05) increase in the relative kidney weight
renal corpuscle with glomerulus (G) and interstitial space
(IN) and tubules (PR) with no visible lesion [H&E×400]. in group VI, IX, and X, while there was a non-significant
(p>0.05) increase in group V when compared to group II;
but when group I was compared to group II, there was a
non-significant (p>0.05) decrease in the relative kidney

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Volume 5, Issue 9, September – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
weight. For curative groups a significant (p<0.05) increase Potassium ion concentration accesses kidney function
in the relative kidney weight in group VI, IX, and X was and when kidney functions detoriates the potassium levels
observed, while a non-significant (p>0.05) increase in is elevated. Sodium accesses hydration and osmotic state of
group V was observed when compared to group II; but the body. Chloride ions and bicarbonate ions accesses acid-
when group I was compared to group II, there was a non- base status in the electrolyte balance of humans and rats
significant (p>0.05) decrease in the relative kidney weight (Reyes and Gadsby, 2006). The elevation of these ions in
(table 3and 4). This finding agrees with the results obtained the blood serum indicates alkalinity and the excess decrease
by Farombi et al. (2000), Rehab, (2006) and Watanabe et signifies acidosis (Clement et al., 2015). In the current
al. (2004) who documented that administration of study, findings showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in
potassium bromate significantly decreased the relative chloride ion in groups V, VI, and IX, and a non-significant
weight of the kidney. This equally signifies curative effect (p>0.05) decrease in group X when compared to group II;
and protective effect following the administration of but when group I was compared to group II, there was a
C.occidentalis and C. longa. significant (p<0.05) increase in chloride ion while Bi-
carbonate ion result showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease
The efficacy of any nephro -protective and curative in group IX and X, and a non-significant (p>0.05) decrease
drugs is dependent on its capacity of either reducing the in group V and VI when compared to group II; but when
harmful effect or restoring the normal renal physiology that group I was compared to group II, there was a non-
has been disturbed by a nephrototoxin (Ikhajiangbe et al., significant (p>0.05) increase in bicarbonate ion (table 8 and
2014). In the study, the elevated level of urea and creatinine 10). it showed that kidney related diseases may be cured
observed in group II (+ve control) that received 50mg/kg or protected following the administration of ethanolic root
body weight induced nephrotoxicity in the experimental extract of Curcuma longa (Cohly et al. (1998) and
rats. The administration of ethanolic root and leaves extract ethanolic extracts of Cassia occidentalis (Isah et al., 2018,
of Curcuma longa and Cassia occidentalis as observed in Nnama et al., 2019 and Silva et al., 2011) reduced the
(tables 5and 6) for curative and protective properties effect of raised electrolytes excretion by the kidney caused
revealed a decrease in the level of urea and creatinine in the by administration of potassiumbromate. The result of
serum of experimental groups (III to X) when compared histopathological findings of the kidney in group II (-ve
with group II (+ve control) at P<0.05 prior to the elevation control) that received 50mg/kg body weight of potassium
of the biochemical indices following pre and post bromate revealed visible atrophied renal corpuscle with
administration of potassium bromate as nephrotoxin. The granulation and distorted interstitial space and tubular
blood urea and creatinine levels increased after the kidneys necrosis. The result showed that indeed that potassium
were failed to remove them and other waste products from bromate induced kidney damage. The result agrees with
the blood (Harper, 1979). So, in this study, the elevation in Ikhajiangbe et al., (2014) that the kidney architecture was
blood urea and creatinine levels in potassium bromate damaged following administration of potassium bromate.
treated rats (as seen in tables 5 and 6) is considered as
suitable markers of renal dysfunction. This result is in The result of histopathological findings of the kidney
agreement with reports of Ikhajiangbe et al., (2014), in group II (-ve control) that received 50mg/kg body weight
Kopple et al. (2002). Results also obtained from this of potassium bromate revealed visible atrophied renal
current study showed that Curcuma longa and Cassia corpuscle with granulation and distorted interstitial space
occidentalis treatment significantly attenuated the and tubular necrosis (as seen in plate 2). The result showed
potassium bromate mediated increase in urea and creatinine that indeed that potassium bromate induced kidney damage.
levels. This effect may be related to the antioxidant The result agrees with Ikhajiangbe et al., (2014) that the
properties of curcuma longa and Cassia occidentalis since kidney architecture was damaged following administration
it has been found that potassium bromate may be involved of potassium bromate.
in the impairment of glomerular filtration rate (Pedraza et
al., 2000). The protective and curative effects of Curcuma The prevention and restoration of nephrotoxicity
longa might also be due to ability of the extract to inhibit induced by potassium bromate was observed across the
hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative injury in renal cell groups treated with Cassia occidentalis and Curcuma longa
line as has been elucidated by Cohly et al. (1998). It is thus (plate 3 to 10), as both plant extracts showed curative and
possible to suggest that Curcuma longa is able to suppress protective properties across the treated groups when
potassium bromate nephrotoxicity in kidney as it was compared with the histology of the group II (-ve control)
demonstrated in the studies with adriamycin (Venkatesan, that received 50mg/kg body weight of potassium bromate
2000; Farombi and Ekor, 2006), and cyclosporine (Tirkey for 4 weeks. The research agrees Hamid et al., 2014, in a
et al., 2005). On the other hand, the findings in the study study of Curcuma longa as a spice with multifunctional
agrees with findings of Isah et al., (2018), Nnama et al., medicinal properties reported that the hepato-protective and
(2019)and Silva et al., (2011) which revealed that reno-protective effects of Curcuma longa are mainly due to
Statistically, there was no significant effect seen on the its antioxidant properties, as well as its ability to decrease
renal parameters indicating oral administration of aqueous the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines
leaf extract of Senna occidentalis did not exert detrimental (Govindarajan, 1980, Silva et al. (2011), Ammon et al.,
effect to the kidneys. 1992, Ammon and Wahl, 1991).

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Volume 5, Issue 9, September – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
V. CONCLUSION [14]. Haselwood, E.L. and G.G. Motter, (1966). Handbook
of Hawaiian Weeds. Hawaiian Sugar Planters'
This study suggests that oral administration of Association, Honolulu, HI., USA., Pages: 479.
ethanolic root extract of Curcuma longa and ethanolic [15]. Henty, E.E., G.H. Pritchard and F. Owner,
leaves extract of Cassia occidentalis significantly (1975). Weeds of New Guinea and their Control. 2nd
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challenges posed due to effect of process foods and toxicity (2014) .The effect of methanolic extract of
of preservatives. Portulacaoleraceaon potassium bromate induced
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