Soil Mechanics II
土の力学II
Hiroyuki Tanaka
田中洋行
Soil Mechanics
• Geotechnical Engineering
• Meaning of “Geo” The earth, or Ground
• Geology
• Geo-sciences, chemistry, graphy, so on.
• This lecture is proceeding based on “土質力学
入門”, written by Prof. 三田地利之.
Shear strength
Evaluation of strength
Compression Bending Moment
Small tensile strength
Steel
Concrete
Page number of the text book
P 119
Vertical Force: N
Criteria for Soil
Shear Force: S C: cohesion, φ: friction angle
τ=c+σntanφ
Coulomb’s Criteria
Normal Stress: σn = N/A
A: Cross Area
Shear Stress: τ=S/A
τ
Impossible φ
Boundary Unstable
Criteria Stable
c
σ
P129
Shear and Normal Stresses
We can find α for τ = 0
When τ = 0, we call this plane “Principal” Plane.
Principal stresses: The maximum and minimum
principal stresses: σ1 and σ3
σ and τ are changed according to an angle
P121-122
Mohr’s Stress Circle σ1
τ
σ
σ3 σ3
τ
σ3 τ σ1
σ
σ
σ1
Principal Stress
P122-123
τ
P125
How to draw the Mohr’s circle
300
τ 50
50
50
100 100
50
σ 300
Positive
σ: compression
τ: anti-clockwise
Measuring parameters
c, φ
• Laboratory Test
– Sampling from a borehole
– Direct Shear Test
– Triaxial (Unconfined compression) Test
• In situ Test
– No sample
– Vane Test
– Standard Penetration Test (N value)
P129, 8-12
Direct Shear Test
Failure envelopment
τ=c+tanφ
τ
σ
Merit: Easily understand
Demerit: stress and strain are not uniform
Control of drainage is difficult
P132
Triaxial Test
Deviator stress (σ1-σ3)
Tri: Three
Piston Specimen Axial: Axis
σ2=σ3
Cell
No shear stress because of water
Principal plane
Lateral Pressure, Cell pressure
burette
Rubber Membrane
Pressure Gauge
P134
σ1
σ3
α
σ1
σ3
α Failure point
Ⅰ Ⅰ
α σ1
σ3
Plane acting the
maximum principal stress
Pole
P127
Failure criterion of Mohr and Coulomb
In stead of using σ and τ, the failure
criterion is presented by σ1 and σ3
τ
(σ1-σ3)/2
c
φ
σ3 σ1 σ
c cotφ
(σ1+σ3)/2
σ1-σ3=(σ1+σ3)sinφ+2c・cosφ
Mohr and Coulomb’s criteria P99
Three conditions by Drainage
• Unconsolidated Undrained (UU)
Consolidation Shear
• Consolidated Undrained (CU)
• Consolidated Drained (CD)
Principle of Effective Stress
The behavior including the strength is governed by the effective stress.
σ’=σ-u σ’: Effective stress, σ: Total stress
P130-132
Performance of UU Test
τ
Fully Saturated
σ’3 σ’1
σ’: Effective stress
Cu or Su
Apparent cohesion, or undrained shear strength
τ Failure envelop : φ=0
σ: Total stress
P135
Unconfined Compression Test
Sometimes called Uniaxial Test
σ1: At failure, we call this strength qu
unconfined compression strength
σ3=0
τ Failure envelop : φ=0
cu
σ3 qu
Cu=qu/2 σ: Total stress
In practice, cu is called “cohesion”, or apparent cohesion. P140-142
Young Modulus, E50 and Sensitivity
Sensitivity = qu/qr
P140-141
Performance of CU Test
φ’
τ
Undrained shear strength
su
C’
σ’
After consolidation, σ3 = σ’3
Pore pressure generated by shearing
P136-137
Incremental Undrained Shear Strength
Su/p: constant
If Normally consolidated
su
σ’, p
After consolidation, σ3 = σ’3
For Japanese clays, su/p=0.3～0.35
P136-137
Performance of CD Test
φ’
τ
C’
σ’
σ’3 does not change during shearing
Total and effective stresses are always the same
because of no excess pore water pressure
P138-139
Effective stress and Total stress
analysis
• The effective stress analysis (ESA) seems more
reasonable.
• Permeability is high (sandy soil), the ESA is
applicable. Sand
• For clayey soil, effective stress or pore water
pressure is unknown. Total stress analysis, in
an other word, φ=0 method Clay
P137
Shear strength for Total stress analysis
• Undrained shear strength
• For low OCR, i.e., negative dilatancy,
undrained shear strength (UC or UU test)
always is smaller than the drained shear
strength.
• For long consolidation, the increase in the
undrained shear strength can be expected (CU
test)
Su measured by in situ test
Vane test
P142
Dilatancy
• Volume change during shearing
• Performance is changed under undrained or
drained conditions
– Undrained:
• No volume change ∆V=0
• Pore water pressure change ∆u
– Positive: Negative Negative: Positive
– Drained:
• No Pore water pressure u=0
• Volume change ∆V
– Positive: Expand Negative: Compressive
P144
Critical Void Ratio
Void ratio, e
ecrit
small large
dense，γ: unit weight large loose，γ :small
Dilatancy
Positive Negative
Drained：Volume change
Expand Compression
Undrained：Pore water pressure
Negative Positive
P 144-147
Pore water Pressure
σ1
σ3
Excess pore water pressure: Deviator Stress: shear
∆u=B{∆σ3+A(∆σ1-∆σ3)}
Skempton’s A and B Coefficient: B=1 for saturated soil, A: dependent on Dilatancy
P151
Dilatancy for sand and clay
Sand
e: small, dense ecrit e: large, loose
OCR: High Clay OCR:1～2
Heavily OverConsolidated OCR: Over-Consolidation Ratio Normally
OCR=pc/pvo: pc=preconsolidation pressure Slightly
pvo= the current pressure
Skempton’s A: Low or negative
A: Hight
Dilatancy
Positive Negative
Drained：Volume change
Expand Compression
Undrained：Pore water pressure
Negative Positive
P 144-147, 150-151
Drained and Undrained strength
φ’
τ
C’
σ’
CU: Negative Dilatancy
CD
CU: Positive Dilatancy
Liquefaction
Liquid σ1
σ3
If σ’3=0, fully liquefied
σ’3=σ3-u
increase
constant P147-149
Counter measurements for
liquefaction
• Densification
– Positive dilatancy. No positive water pressure
– Vibration
• Lowering the ground water table
– No water
• Stabilized with cement
– Cohesion τ=c’+(σ-u)tanφ
Earth Pressure
Earth Pressure
Relating the movement of a wall
Earth Pressure
Earth pressure at rest Passive Earth Pressure
Active Earth Pressure
Retaining wall P160, 169
How to calculate the earth pressure?
• Rankine’s Method
– Plastic equilibrium
– Theoretically, limitation of its application
• Coulomb’s Method
– Stability of soil mass
– Trial calculation, more extensive application
P161, 170
Rankine method σv
φ’
τ σh
C’
σ
σa: Active σp: Passive
σv=γz: γ=unit weight of soil, z=depth
Active State
Passive State
P161
Rankine method
φ’
τ
(σp-γz)/2
C’=0
(σp+γz)/2
σ
σa: Active σp: Passive
γz
σ p −γ z σ p 1 − sin φ φ
sin φ = K=p = = tan (45 + )
2
σ p +γ z γ z 1 + sin φ 2 Using half angle formulae
σa φ Important Value: φ=30°Ka=1/3, Kp=3.0
K=a = tan (45 − )
2
γz 2
Earth Pressure at Rest
σv
For conventional ground
σh
σv>σh
σh
Ko = Ko: Coefficient of earth pressure at rest
σv Depending on OCR. For NC (OCR=1） Ko=1-sinφ
P169
Earth Pressure acting on the wall
Center of Gravity
φ 1 1 φ
Total Pressure
= Pa γ tH tan 2 (45=
° − )H γ tH tan (45° − )
2 2
2 2 2 2
P166
Rankine method φ=0
τ
C=(qu/2)
2c
2c σ
σp: Passive
σa: Active
γz
σp=γz+2c
σa=γz-2c
For Clay
With surcharge
Change in properties or
existence of water table
Earth pressure Hydraulic pressure
(Effective stress)
Coulomb’s Method
Force Polygon
Max. Pa
δ: Friction between the ground and the wall
in Rankine’s theory, cannot take account. Pa
β
P170-174
0m
Tie Rod Force ①
Water Level
3m
la
γ=20kN/m3
γ’(γsub)=10kNm3
lp
Sheet pile
②
φ=30ﾟ
Active Earth Force
9m
Embedded Depth Check for Embedded Depth
φ=30ﾟ ③ ② x la<③ x lp
Passive Earth Force
12m
0m
la1=(2/3)x3=2m
Water Level
Pa1=(20 x 3)/2=30kN/m The embedded depth is enough?
3m ①
Active Earth Pressure
la3=3 + (2/3)x9=9m
Pa2=(20 x 9)=180kN/m
la3=3 + 9/2=7.5m Pa3=(30 x 9)/2=135kN/m
Passive Earth Pressure
9m
Center of Gravity
lp=9 + (2/3)x3=11m
Pp=(90 x 3)/2=135kN/m
③ φ=30ﾟ
12m ②
Pp x lp=135 x 11 = 1485 kN < Pa x la= 30x2+180x7.5+135x9=2625
Unstable
Stability of slope
Evaluation of the slope
Safe or Danger?
Drive
Slip Slip
surface
Resistance
SF or Fs : Safety Factor = Resistance
Drive Force
Resistance: Shear Strength
Drive Force: Gravity, Seismic
Stability of infinitive slope
1
S
N
W=1 x cosi x h x γt
N=W x cosi
S=W x sini Driving Force P188
R=N x tanφ Coulomb’s criteria: Resistance Force
R = cos ihγttanφ = tanφ
2
FS= FS=1, i=φ φ: angle of repose
S cosihγtsini tani
Circle Failure method
φ=0: Short term
Resistance moment = (FE x su or cu)xR
Moment for Resistance
SF=
Moment for Drive Drive Moment=W x x
P192
Circle Failure method
Slice method
Resistance moment = (FE x su or cu)xR
ΣMoment for Resistance
SF=
ΣMoment for Drive Drive Moment=W x x
P196
Search for the smallest SF
Critical Circle
P193
Tailor’s Chart
P194
Stability Factor Ns
Toe Failure
Base Failure
Slope Failure
γ tHc
Stability Number Slope angle
N/m3 xm
Ns = N/m2
No dimension
c
P194
Failure pattern
Base Failure Toe Failure Slope Failure
P192
Bearing Capacity
Shallow Foundation
Deep Foundation
Pattern of Failure
Load
Settlement
General Failure
Local Failure
Bearing Capacity: Ultimate: Qu P209
Allowable : Qal=Qu/SF
SF: Settlement, uncertainty for soil parameters
Theoretical Value of Prandtl
α:dependent on the roughness
of the footing.
I Active Zone
Smooth: φ
α= 45° +
2
III Passive Zone
II Transition Zone
Important value: φ=0, Qu=2bqu, qu=(2+π)c=5.14c
P210
Calculation of Q
Q=qB=?
B
Terzaghi’s equation Qu=Bqu
B
acNc + βγ 1BN γ + γ 2 DfNq
qu = γ2
Df
Cohesion γ1
Friction Surcharge
(Cu, Su)
Factors
General Failure Local Failure
Shape Factor
Continuous Square Rectangular Circle
P211, 212
Deep Foundation
(Piles)
Types of Pile classified by support
Skin Friction
system
Point Resistance
Friction Pile
Pointed Pile
P217
Design of Pile
• Using N value (Standard Penetration Test).
• Empirical equation
1 1
Ru = (40 NAp + NsAs + NcAc )x9.8
5 2
Ap: cross sectional area
As: surface area of the sand layer
Ac: surface area of the clay layer
P218
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
Height = 76 cm
Hammer (Mass = 63.5 kg)
Knocking Head
Definition of N value
How many blows for
penetration of 30 cm
Raymond sampler P10
Pile Group
Pressure Bulb
RT = E・n・Ru
RT: Bearing capacity of the pile group
Ru: Bearing capacity of the single pile
n: Number of the Pile
E: Efficiency of the pile group <1.0 P221
Negative Skin Friction
Negative Friction
Positive Friction
Conventional case Reclaimed Ground
P223
