Pre-test
1. (C. Sequence / Process)It expresses information by numbering each
instruction/step of a project or procedure so that the reader does not miss any of
the instructions.
2. (B. Description )Many informational texts discussing history or other such related
topics that deal with time often present information using text structure.
3. (A. sequence/process) Recipes and instruction manuals present their information it
text structure.
4. (C. comparison and contrast)This text structure describes the differences and
similarities of two or more objects, places, events or ideas.
5. (A. text structure) is the pattern of organization within a passage.
6. Graphic organizer is (C. visual and graphic display) that show the relationships
7. (B. transitions) are words or phrases that relate or connect sentences and ideas in a
text.
8. Which of the following sentences has a comparison and contrast text structure? (c.
Oranges contain more acid than apples, but both fruits are delicious.)
9. The transition words used by an author can tell a lot about the overall
(d. text structure) of a text.
10. In a (a. problem and solution) text structure, the author expresses a problem and
something that was, can be, or should be done to solve this problem.
11. Which of the following sentences has a cause and effect structure?
c. Oranges contain more acid than apples, but both fruits are delicious.)
13. The transition words for (c. comparison and contrast) text structure include for
example, for instance, specifically, in particular and in addition.
14. The following are transition words used for cause and effect text structure
Except (d. in addition).
15. Text structures are used in informational and nonfiction (c. texts )such as
chronological, description, sequence, cause and effect, compare and contrast, problem
and solution.
Learning Activities:
Activity 1:
Answer the following guide questions. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.
1. What can you infer from the organizer?
helps to demonstrate clear reporting
Central Office Organizational Structure, This organizer
structures for all the employees of Department of Education in the organization. It creates a road-
map for how the work is to be done and the process required to ensure this information is shared
throughout the company, to the right individuals.
2. How would a Department of Education Secretary differ from an Internal Audit Service
Officer based on the organizer? The difference between Department of education and
internal Audit the Department of Education of the Philippines is an executive department of the
Philippine Government responsible for the management and maintenance of high quality education in the
Philippines while the internal audit objective is an objective assurance and consulting activity designed to
add value and improve an organization's operations by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to
evaluating and improving the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance processes.
People.
3. Who is the most responsible in managing the Department of Education as you look at
the organizer? Why do you think so?
The most responsible in managing the department education is the Teacher Education
Council Secretariat because it manages the Curriculum instruction, Governance and
Operations, Field Operations, Regional offices, School division offices, and school
learning center.
4. What is the importance of creating an organizational chart in a government office or a
school?
Having a visual representation of the organization’s structure also has an impact on a couple
other factors: Org charts help to demonstrate clear reporting structures for all the employees in
the organization. It creates a road-map for how the work is to be done and the process required to
ensure this information is shared throughout the company, to the right individuals. And the way
to ensure this takes place efficiently is, to have one supervisor or manager and few employees
directly reporting to one.In larger organizations particularly, employees need to know who is
their reporting head. So that whenever there are issues or they require guidance pertaining to
complex problems, their superiors can provide help as and when needed. It is best to seek help at
the earliest instead of waiting for the right time or in standard meetups. Clearly defined chain of
communication helps efficiently spread the message & minimizes losses in translation.
Activity 2:
1. Description It describes an item, event, or place.
2.Cause and effect It shows how one or more causes lead to one or more effects.
3. Problem and solution It states a problem and offers one or more possible
solutions to the problem.
4.Comparison and contrast It shows how two or more ideas or objects are similar or
different.
5.Chronological Order It tells events in order.
6.Sequence/process - It presents steps or phases of a process or project
ACTIVITY 3.
1. Why Do We Have Schools?
Education in our society serves many purposes, but there are three main functions. First,
students learn skills that will help prepare them for society. Writing, reading, and
mathematics are essential in today’s workplace and many people learn these skills in
school. Second, schools serve communities. Whether by functioning as polling locations
during elections, or providing safe havens for students in temporary living situations,
public schools add value to communities. Third, public schools provide a structured
environment for children to engage in
productive activities during many days of the year while their adult caretakers may be
working. In other words, public schools also provide day care. These are three of the
primary reasons why we have schools in our society.
Main idea:Education in our society serves many purposes, but there are three main
functions.
How is the text structured? Cause and Effect
2. Have a Great Day
There is more than one way to have a successful school day, but a great way is to be well
prepared. The first thing you should do is complete your homework the night before.
Don’t try to do your work in the morning, it will be too stressful and you may not have
enough time. Next, you need to go to bed at a reasonable time. If you stay up too late,
you will not be able to focus on assignments or instruction as well and you may even fall
asleep during class. Lastly, you should wake up early. This will give you time to get
ready and feel good about yourself,
and you’ll also be able to get something to eat before the day begins. So remember, one
way to have a successful school day is to do your homework the night before, go to bed
early, and wake up early. Have a great day.
How is the text structured? Sequence/ Process
3. Attendance
Having good attendance is important because attendance determines the school’s
funding. Some students have poor attendance, and the school has tried many ways of
addressing this: teachers have talked to parents on the phone and the school has mailed
letters. Yet, some students still maintain poor attendance. Next, the staff will attempt to
schedule parent/teacher/administrator conferences with students who are habitually
absent. Hopefully, this will help more students get to school every day.
How is the text structured? Problem Solution
Activity 4.
Read the articles below. Identify the main idea and text structure of the articles. Put
information from the passage into the appropriate graphic organizer Use a separate sheet
of paper for your answers
Downloading Apps
Getting a new phone is a really cool feeling, but your phone can’t do much without
applications. In order to get the most from your new phone, you need to download apps.
To do this you will need a data connection. Some plans allow you to get data from your
phone network. If your plan lets you to do this, you can connect to web services
anywhere that your phone gets a signal. If your plan does not let you to do this, you will
need to connect your device to a Wi-Fi network. Free Wi-Fi can be found at coffee shops,
laundry mats, and other public locations. Once your phone is receiving data, go to the
application store on the device. Use the search or browse functions to find fun,
interesting, or useful programs. Once you have found an application that you want to try,
click the button to download and install it on your device. Not all applications are free, so
make sure that you know how much the app costs before agreeing to download it. Also, if
you are under the age of 18, get your parent’s permission before downloading anything.
You’ll like your new phone so much more once you
have some cool apps.
1. What is the main idea of the article? Getting a new phone is a really cool feeling, but
your phone can’t do much without applications.
2. How is the text structured? Sequence / Process
3. Put information from the passage into the appropriate graphic organizer.
WHITE POTATO PRODUCTION
White potato production holds much promise as an answer to the recurring rice
shortage in much of Asia. The potential of the crop as substitute for, or supplement to rice
was underscored in a series of seminars on potato production conducted by foreign and
local specialists in Baguio City in Benguet. The specialist noted that cereal storage
appears to occur too yearly in rice-
eating countries of the Western world. This situation may be traced to the regard given by
bread-eating countries to the production of supplementary food, particularly potato. In
bread-eating countries, white potato is grown extensively and is eaten as a supplement to
or a substitute for wheat bread as the staple food. In rice-eating countries white potato is
grown only in a limited scale and is consumed as vegetable rather than as a principle
source of carbohydrate.
The best-selling point of potato as cereal supplement in rice consuming Asian countries is
that the crop is more versatile than rice. For instance, white potato yield per hectare
harvest is four to five times more than rice. With rice, average production is from five to
six tons of palay while with white potato, output is from 20 to 30 tons of tubers.
1. What is the main idea of the article?White potato production holds much promise as an
answer to the recurring rice shortage in much of Asia.
2. How is the text structured? Description
3. Put information from the passage into the appropriate graphic organizer.
Activity 5.
Copy two academic texts from academic journals and publications. In three to five
sentences, identify the main ideas and text structures of the texts.
How to cook rice?
Cooking rice does not seem that complicated. However, there are so many different
ways to prepare it. Each culinary tradition has varying methods on how to cook rice to
perfection. For this process essay, we will focus on three ways of preparing the best rice
possible. The differences between the methods might seem minuscule, but the taste is
vastly different with each method. We will explore Gordon Ramsay’s style of preparing
rice, the magazine Fine Cooking’s method, and Martha Stewart’s way of preparing it.
ordon Ramsay is one of the most famous chefs in the world. He is popular on
television and for his restaurants. Ramsay is also known for being a great teacher.
He makes videos on how to prepare relatively simple dishes, such as rice. His
method of cooking is as follows: 1) Get 400 grams of rice (preferably basmati). 2)
Use cold water to rinse the dust and starch from the rice. 3) Place the rice in a pan.
Add some cardamom pods (broken open), star anise, salt, and pepper. 4) Add one
and a half part cold water. 5) Get the lid on, bring to a boil, then turn the heat down to
let it steam for about 8-10 minutes. 6) Keep the lid on throughout the steaming
process. 7) Get the cardamom pods and star anise out, and use a fork to separate
the rice a bit by running the fork through the rice a few times. 8) The rice is ready to
be served (Shukla, Pragati). This recipe makes for a fragrant and downright delicious
basmati rice dish. Serving curry on top of this rice adds to its tastiness.
Next up, the magazine Fine Cooking has its own take on cooking white rice. Though
basmati is the king of rice, white rice can be tasty as well. According to Fine Cooking,
to prepare the perfect white rice, these are the steps: 1) Rinse the rice a few times in
cold water to remove starch, talc, and to make it less sticky. You can also opt for
soaking the rice for 30 minutes. 2) Add water to the rice in a pan. “As a general rule,
use 1-1/2 to 1-3/4 cups of water per cup of long-grain white rice, but you may need to
experiment a little to find the amount you like best. Keep in mind that more water
gives you softer, stickier rice—great for stir-fries. Less water results in firmer rice, a
good style for rice salads” (King, Niloufer). 3) Put the pan of rice on gentle heat with a
tight-fitting pot lid. 4) Let the rice cook and steam for about 12 minutes. By this time,
the water should have been absorbed into the rice and the rice should be firm. 5)
Have the rice sit off the heat with the lid on for 5-30 minutes. This allows all the layers
of the rice to be as fluffy as the rest, as the moisture redistributes. This may not be as
tasty Ramsay’s rice, but it ensures that the rice is uniform and fluffy (King, Niloufer).
Lastly, we have Martha Stewart’s recommended method of cooking rice. She also
has a recipe for cooking white rice. Her style of making rice is quite simple. It also
does not have much seasoning, besides salt. The process of making this variety of
rice does not have many steps: 1) Bring 1/ ½ cups of water to a boil in an average
pan. 2) Stir in 1 cup of long-grain white rice and ½ teaspoon of salt, and bring it to a
boil again on medium-high heat. 3) Take down the heat to make the rice simmer.
Cover the pan. 4) Cook the rice for about 16 to 18 minutes, until the rice is tender
and all the water is gone. 5) Take it away from the heat and allow it to steam while
covered for 10 minutes. 6) Run a fork through the rice to fluff it up. 7) Now it is ready
to be served (“Perfect White Rice”).
To summarize, three different methods of cooking rice was examined: Gordon
Ramsay’s fragrant basmati rice, Fine Cooking’s scientific way of preparing white rice,
and Martha Stewart’s simple method of cooking white rice. Each way has its own
merits and only self-experimentation will determine your favorite.
Main ideas: The main idea of the academic is How to make rice. There are so many
different ways to prepare it. Each culinary tradition has varying methods on how to
cook rice to perfection.
Text Structures: Sequence/ Process
Why do People Snore ?
Snoring is a natural thing humans and animals do. It can be annoying to sleep
around people who snore. Often, people say it is the bane of their existence to hear
their husband, lover, or what have you snore throughout the night, ending up with
insomnia. That is why many people search on Google, “Why do people snore?” In
fact, it is one of the most asked questions on the internet. The common causes of
snoring is age, weight, basic biology of the sexes, nasal and sinus issues, taking
certain substances (alcohol, smoking, particular medications), and the position of
sleep. So, in the following paragraphs, we will get to the bottom of these causes.
Let us start with age. Growing older has certain effects on the body, and one of them
is the greater chance of snoring. According to HelpGuide.org, “As you reach middle
age and beyond, your throat becomes narrower, and the muscle tone in your
throat decreases. While you can’t do anything about growing older, lifestyle
changes, new bedtime routines, and throat exercises can all help to prevent
snoring” (“How to Stop Snoring”). So, snoring more is inevitable with age, but we
can do certain actions to cancel some of the effects of this process.
Weight is another factor in snoring more. Also, being out of shape in general can
contribute to this issue. As stated by Sleep.org, “Other factors can contribute; the
most common is that there’s too much tissue in the throat and nasal areas. That’s
why weight gain is often connected to snoring—many people who never snored in
the past will begin to do so when they put on a few pounds. Gaining weight can add
to the weight of your neck, which presses down on the throat during sleep” (“What
Causes People to Snore”). That means if you pass a certain threshold in your body
weight, the chances of snoring increases.
It is also a well-known fact that men snore more than women. This is due to basic
biology. According to HelpGuide.org, “Men have narrower air passages than women
and are more likely to snore. A narrow throat, a cleft palate, enlarged adenoids, and
other physical attributes that contribute to snoring are often hereditary” (“How to Stop
Snoring”). So, it is an inescapable fact that if you are man, due to your biology, you
are more likely to snore. In fact, women make up only a third of all snorers (Frank,
Christina).
Another common cause of snoring is nasal or sinus issues. These problems can
range from colds to more serious illnesses. According to HelpGuide.org, “Blocked
airways or a stuffy nose makes inhalation difficult and creates a vacuum in the throat,
leading to snoring” (“How to Stop Snoring”). However, most of these issues can be
easily solved with medication and other treatments.
In addition, certain substances like alcohol and the smoke of cigarettes causes us to
snore more. That is why you may have noticed that you snore more after a night of
partying. Anyway, according to WebMD, “Alcohol and sedatives reduce the resting
tone of the muscles in the back of your throat, making it more likely you’ll snore.
“Drinking alcohol four to five hours before sleeping makes snoring worse,”
[Sudhansu] Chokroverty says. “People who don’t normally snore will snore after
drinking alcohol”’ (Melone, Linda). So, it is best to avoid these substances if you want
your partner to feel comfortable sleeping next to you.
Finally, the position in which we sleep can affect our chances of snoring. As stated by
WebMD, “Lying on your back makes the base of your tongue and soft palate collapse
to the back wall of your throat, causing a vibrating sound during sleep. Sleeping on
your side may help prevent this” (Melone, Linda). This is a simple trick to avoid
snoring if you do not have respiratory issues.
To look back at what we discovered, snoring is caused by multiple factors: how old
we are, our weight, our basic biology, our nasal and sinus issues, our consumption of
substances (alcohol, smoking, some medications), and our sleeping position.
Keeping these all in mind, we can reduce, if not eliminate, our snoring.
Main ideas: Snoring is a natural thing humans and animals do. It can be annoying to sleep around people
who snore. Often, people say it is the bane of their existence to hear their husband, lover, or what have you snore
throughout the night, ending up with insomnia.
Text Structures: Cause and Effect
Activity 6: Text Structure Booklet
Requirements: Each page of your booklet will include a definition of the term and an
original example of an essay using a specific type of text structure (do not take examples
from worksheets we have completed).
Chronological
Definition:
When information in a passage is organized by the time in which each event occurred, it is
organized chronologically.
Example:
Jack and Jill ran up the hill to fetch a pail of water. Jack fell down and broke his crown and Jill
came tumbling after.
Sequence/Process
Definition:
information is organized in steps or a process is explained in the order in which it occurs.
Example:
How to Make Cookies. First, get your materials. Then, make your dough. Lastly, cook your
dough at 400 degrees for 10 minutes.
Cause and Effect
Definition:
Cause and effect is a common way to organize information in a text. Paragraphs structured as
cause and effect explain reasons why something happened or the effects of something. These
paragraphs can be ordered as causes and effects or as effects and then causes. The cause and
effect text structure is generally used in expository and persuasive writing modes.
Example:
Many people think that they can get sick by going into cold weather improperly dressed;
however, illnesses are not caused by temperature- they are caused by germs. So while
shivering outside in the cold probably won’t strengthen your immune system, you’re more
likely to contract an illness indoors because you will have a greater exposure to germs.
In the above example, the paragraph explains how germs cause illnesses. The germs are the
cause in the paragraph and the illness is the effect.
Problem and Solution
Definition:
a problem is described and a response or solution is proposed or explained.
Example:
Thousand of people die each year in car accidents involving drugs or alcohol. Lives could be
saved if our town adopts a free public taxi service. By providing such a service, we could
prevent intoxicated drivers from endangering themselves or others.
Description
Definition:
information is organized in order of space (top to bottom, left to right).
Example:
Volcanoes are a feared and destructive force for good reason. A volcano is like a pressure
valve for the inner earth, but they can also be very beautiful. One part of the volcano that
people rarely see is the magma chamber. The magma chamber is way beneath the Earth’s bed
rock. It is tremendously hot. Running from the magma chamber to the crater of the volcano is
the conduit. The conduit connects the magma chamber to the outer world. At the top of the
volcano is the the crater. This is where the magma exits. Volcanoes are a beautiful yet
dangerous natural phenomenon.
Comparison and Contrast
Definition:
two or more things are described. Their similarities and differences are discussed.
Example:
Linux and Windows are both operating systems. Computers use them to run programs. Linux
is totally free and open source, so users can improve or otherwise modify the source code.
Windows is proprietary, so it costs money to use and users are prohibited from altering the
source code.
Self-evaluation
Directions: Answer the questions below. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.
1. What is the importance of text structure in writing informational and non-fiction texts?
It is important because it is how the information within a written text is organized. This strategy helps students
understand that a text might present a main idea and details; a cause and then its effects; and/or different views of a
topic. Teaching students to recognize common text structures can help students monitor their comprehension.
2. What are the advantages of using transition words in a text structure?
The advantages of using transition words is to:
-phrases can help you make your papers flow smoothly from one short paragraph
to another in their logical manner.
_Use them in your conclusions or introductions, paragraph beginning or end.
-used in different types of essays because you need to present or sum up your ideas
in their logical or clear flow.
3. What do you think is the purpose of using graphic organizer in outlining ideas from a
text? The main purpose of a graphic organizer is to provide a visual aid to facilitate learning and
instruction.
Direction: Read each passage and identify how the information is being organized. Write
the
letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
B 1. Ice-cream is a delicious frozen treat that comes in a many different colors and
flavors. Two of my favorite flavors are strawberry and chocolate. Though both of these
flavors are delicious, strawberry may contain pieces of fruit while chocolate usually will
not. Even though more chocolate ice-cream is sold across the country annually than
strawberry, each flavor tastes great inside of a milk shake.
a. cause and effect b. compare and contrast c. chronological d. description
D 2. The ice-cream shop around the corner from my house has the best ice-cream in the
city. When you first walk inside, there is a long chrome counter with matching stools
extending to alongside the far wall. Right where the counter stops, the booth seating
begins. There are lots of old-timey knickknacks on the
walls and chrome napkin holders on all the tables. My favorite part of the shop is behind
the counter glass, where they keep all of the ice-cream flavors. A rainbow of delicious
sugary flavors is kept cool and delicious behind the counter glass.
a. problem & solution b. compare & contrast c. chronological d. description
A 3. Freezer burn may have wasted more ice-cream than sidewalks. If you don’t know,
freezer burn is when ice crystals form on the surface of ice-cream. These ice crystals can
ruin the texture and flavor of the ice cream. But you can prevent freezer burn. Since
freezer burn is caused when melted ice-cream is refrozen, rather than eating your ice-
cream from the container as it melts, scoop your ice-cream into abowl and put the
container back in the fridge immediately. Doing this ought to help you solve your issues
with freezer burn.
a. problem & solution b. compare & contrast
c. chronological d. spatial / descriptive
C 4. No one knows the true origin of ice-cream, but the first published ice-cream recipe
appears in “Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts,” a cook book that was printed in London in
1718. Sometime around 1832, an African American confectioner named Augustus
Jackson created multiple ice cream recipes and invented a superior technique to
manufacture ice cream. Ice cream soda was invented around 1874, but the real
breakthrough may have been at the 1904 World’s Fair in St. Louis, Missouri, when the
American ice-
cream cone was unveiled!
a. problem and solution b. cause and effect
c. chronological d. sequence / process
TEST II: Match the term in Column A with its definition in Column B. Write the letter of
the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. C iT TELLS EVENTS IN ORDER
2. E IT STATES PROBLEM AND OFFERS ONE/MORE POSSIBLE
SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM
3. F IT PRESENT PHASES OF A PROCESS OR PROJECT
4. B
