J. Hort. Sci.

Vol. 2 (2): 123-129, 2007

Effect of shade and integrated nutrient management on

biochemical constituents of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

S. Padmapriya, N. Chezhiyan and V. A. Sathiyamurthy1

Department of Spices and Plantation Crops
Horticultural College and Research Institute
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, India
E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of partial shade, inorganic, organic and biofertilizers on
biochemical constituents and quality of turmeric. The study was laid out in split plot design, consisting of two
main plots viz., open and shade. The sub-plot treatments consisted of different doses of inorganic fertilizers,
organic manures, biofertilizers and growth stimulants constituting of 40 different treatment combinations. The
treatment combinations, viz., shade with application of 100 % recommended dose of NPK + 50 % FYM
(15 t ha-1) + coir compost (10 t ha-1) + Azospirillum (10 kg ha-1) + phosphobacteria (10 kg ha-1) + 3 % panchagavya
showed increased total chlorophyll content, total phenol content and registered the highest yield per plot. On
the contrary, provision of shade decreased the curing percentage as compared to open condition. Among the
quality characters, the highest curcumin (5.57 %) and essential oil (5.68 %) content were registered in the
treatment, shade with application of 50 % FYM + coir compost + Azospirillum (10 kg ha-1) + phosphobacteria
(10 kg ha-1) + 3 % panchagavya.
Key words: Turmeric, shade, chlorophyll, phenol, curcumin, oleoresin, biofertilizers, panchakavya

INRODUCTION MATERIAL AND METHODS

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) an important spice The experiment was conducted at the college
cum medicinal plant belonging to the family Zingiberaceae orchard, TNAU, Coimbatore during the period 2002-04.
is considered to be well acclimatized for growth under low The experiment was laid out in split plot design with 40
light intensities. A certain degree of shade has a crucial treatment combinations replicated twice. The genotype CL
role in affecting the plant growth, yield and quality. 147 owing to its superiority for yield and quality under
Turmeric requires heavy input of fertilizers being a nutrient shaded condition was used for the present study. The
exhaustive crop (Subramanian et al, 2001). In order to following are the treatment details,
present wastage of nutrients, which not only hike cost of Main plot
production but also pollute environment, it is necessary to
M1 – Open
adopt a strategy for judicious combination of chemical
fertilizers, organic manures and biofertilizers to promote, M2 – Shade (Sesban (Sesbania sesban) + Castor
nurture and facilitate sustainable farming for healthier and (Ricinus communis))
economical production. In India, though sufficient research Sub-plot
on nutritional aspects of turmeric is available (Venkatesha
et al, 1998), studies on the standardization of fertilizer S1 - 100% NPK + 100% FYM (30 t ha-1) (recommended
dose – 125: 60: 90 kg NPK ha-1)
requirement under shaded condition are scanty. With this
background, the present investigation was taken up to study S2 - 100% NPK + 50% FYM (15 t ha-1) + coir compost (10
the influence of partial shade and integrated nutrient t ha-1)
management on the biochemical attributes and yield S3 - 100% NPK + 50% FYM (15 t ha-1) + Azospirillum (10
parameters of turmeric. t ha-1)

1
Present address: Department of Vegetable Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore - 641 003

123
 Padmapriya et al

S4 - 100% NPK + 50% FYM (15 t ha-1) + phosphobacteria the respective treatments. Chemical fertilizers were applied
(10 t ha-1) in five splits (basal, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after planting).
S5 - 100% NPK + 50% FYM (15 t ha-1) + 3 % panchagavya The seeds of the shade crops viz., sesban and castor were
sown on the bunds in alternate rows. After 60 days of
S6 - 100% NPK + 50% FYM (15 t ha-1) + Azospirillum (10 sowing, the first pruning was done by removing excess
kg ha-1) + phosphobacteria (10 kg ha-1) shoots and branches to get optimum shade for the growth
S7 - 100% NPK + 50% FYM (15 t ha-1) + coir compost (10 and development of turmeric. Subsequent pruning was done
t ha-1) + Azospirillum regularly at an interval of 30days. A shade level of around
25 – 30 per cent was maintained throughout the crop period
(10 kg ha-1) + phosphobacteria (10 kg ha-1)
with the aid of Lux meter. The recommended package of
S8 - 100% NPK + 50% FYM (15 t ha-1) + coir compost (10 practices was followed uniformly irrespective of the
t ha-1) + Azospirillum treatments imposed.
(10 kg ha -1 ) + phosphobacteria (10 kg ha -1 ) + 3 % Total chlorophyll was estimated by adopting the
panchagavya method of Yoshida et al (1971) and expressed as mg g-1 of
S9 - 50% NPK + 50% FYM (15 t ha-1) + coir compost (10 t fresh weight. The total phenol content was estimated
ha-1) according to Mallick and Singh (1980) and expressed as
mg per g of tissue using to catechol as standard. Soluble
S10 - 50% NPK + 50% FYM (15 t ha-1) + Azospirillum (10
protein content was estimated with TCA extract of leaf
kg ha-1)
sample following the method of Lowry et al (1957) and
S11 - 50% NPK + 50% FYM (15 t ha-1) + phosphobacteria expressed in mg g-1 fresh weight.
(10 kg ha-1)
The curing percentage of the rhizome was recorded
S12 - 50% NPK + 50% FYM (15 t ha-1) + 3 % panchagavya by using the following formula and expressed in percentage.
S13 - 50% NPK + 50% FYM (15 t ha-1) + Azospirillum (10 Weight of the cured rhizome
kg ha-1) + phosphobacteria (10 kg ha-1) Curing percentage = x 100
S14 - 50% NPK + 50% FYM (15 t ha-1) + coir compost (10 Fresh weight of the rhizome
t ha-1)+ Azospirillum (10 kg ha-1) +phosphobacteria Curcumin content was estimated as per the methods
(10 kg ha-1) of ASTA (Manjunath et al, 1991). The essential oil content
was estimated as per the methods described in ASTA (Anon,
S15 - 50% NPK + 50% FYM (15 t ha-1) + coir compost (10 1968).
t ha-1) + Azospirillum (10 kg ha-1) + phosphobacteria
(10 kg ha-1)+ 3 % panchagavya RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
S16 - 50% FYM + coir compost (10 t ha-1) + Azospirillum It was observed that all the biochemical parameters
(10 kg ha-1) + phosphobacteria (10 kg ha-1) expressed an increased trend upto 180 days after planting
and decreased thereafter.
S17 - 50% FYM + coir compost (10 t ha-1)+ 3 % panchagavya
i. Total chlorophyll content
S18 - 50% FYM + coir compost (10 t ha-1) + Azospirillum
(10 kg ha-1) +phosphobacteria (10 kg ha-1) + 3 % The total chlorophyll content varied significantly
panchagavya due to shade and application of fertilizers. The treatment
S 19 - 50% FYM + Azospirillum (10 kg ha -1 ) + combination M2S8 (partial shade + 100 % NPK + 50 %
phosphobacteria (10kg ha-1) + 3 % panchagavya FYM (15 t ha-1) + coir compost (10 t ha-1) + Azospirillum
(10 kg ha -1 ) + phosphobacteria (10 kg ha -1 ) + 3 %
S20 - Absolute control (without any organic manures & panchagavya) showed increased total chlorophyll content
fertilizers) 1.589, 1.953 and 1.764 mg g-1 in 135, 180 and 225 days
The experimental plot size was 3 m2 (2 x 1.5 m) after planting respectively. Whereas, it decreased in the
and ridges and furrows were formed at a spacing of 45 x 20 treatment M1S20 (open + absolute control) with 1.110, 1.445
cm. Recommended dose of FYM and digested coir compost and 1.325 mg g -1 at all the three stages respectively
(DCC) were applied basally on the ridges and furrows of (Table 1). The increase in chlorophyll content under shaded

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Vol. 2 (2): 123-129, 2007
 Effect of shade and INM on turmeric

condition is an adaptive mechanism commonly exhibited in mechanisms (Bradley et. al, 1992). Provision of shade was
plants to maintain the photosynthetic efficiency as observed found to have profound influence on the phenol content in all
by Attridge (1990). Moreover the inhibition of the chloroplast the stages. Increased score (70.76, 91.03 and 74.13 µg g-1 ) at
inhibiting chlorophyllase enzyme may also have lead to 135, 180 and 225 days, respectively was observed in the
greater accumulation of chlorophyll in plants under shaded treatment shade (M2) compared to open condition . Among
condition. Hence the increase in biomass production under the sub plots, the treatment S8 (100 % NPK + 50 % FYM (15
shade could be substantiated by high level of chlorophyll t ha-1) + coir compost (10 t ha-1) + Azospirillum (10 kg ha-1) +
content (Sreekala, 1999). In early stages of crop growth, phosphobacteria (10 kg ha-1) + 3 % panchagavya) recorded
increased absorption of nutrient would have caused the greater value in 135 DAP (105.25 µg g-1), 180 DAP (123.69
assimilation of chlorophyll pigment, which helps in synthesis µg g-1) and 225 DAP (112.07 µg g-1) (Table 2). Experiments in
of photosynthates used for rhizome development ginger revealed that incidence of disease were high under open
(Ramanujam and Jose, 1984). Hence, application of 100% condition compared to shaded / intercropped situation
NPK would have caused the accumulation of higher amount (Jayachandran et al, 1991). The probable reason for this may
of chlorophyll pigment which helped in the synthesis of be that the plants grown under shaded condition contain more
enhanced amounts of photosynthates which were further of essential oil possessing bactericidal and fungicidal properties
utilized for rhizome development. thereby conferring resistance under shade (Raskin, 1992).
ii) Total phenol content iii) Soluble protein
Phenols are the physiologically active secondary It increased linearly from third month after
compounds produced by all higher plants which on deposition planting, reached a peak at sixth month and decreased
in the cell wall regions would directly influence the resistance thereafter. Greater protein content (40.42, 88.88 and 76.93
Table 1. Effect of shade and integrated nutrient management on chlorophyll content (mg g-1) at 135, 180 and 225 days after planting in
turmeric
Treatments Total chlorophyll (mg g-1)
135 DAP 180 DAP 225 DAP
M1 (Open) M2 (Shade) Mean M1 (Open) M2 (Shade) Mean M1 (Open) M2 (Shade) Mean
S1 1.357 1.462 1.410 1.682 1.816 1.749 1.563 1.622 1.593
S2 1.385 1.489 1.437 1.722 1.850 1.786 1.594 1.648 1.621
S3 1.328 1.445 1.386 1.673 1.795 1.734 1.551 1.598 1.575
S4 1.314 1.427 1.371 1.659 1.764 1.712 1.536 1.578 1.557
S5 1.374 1.475 1.425 1.700 1.823 1.762 1.578 1.632 1.605
S6 1.460 1.521 1.491 1.761 1.893 1.827 1.614 1.678 1.646
S7 1.485 1.552 1.519 1.795 1.922 1.859 1.631 1.710 1.671
S8 1.514 1.589 1.552 1.825 1.953 1.889 1.663 1.764 1.714
S9 1.290 1.412 1.351 1.642 1.752 1.697 1.522 1.564 1.543
S10 1.187 1.332 1.260 1.552 1.645 1.599 1.411 1.512 1.462
S11 1.350 1.278 1.314 1.485 1.575 1.530 1.362 1.496 1.429
S12 1.258 1.384 1.321 1.617 1.715 1.666 1.491 1.536 1.514
S13 1.421 1.510 1.466 1.745 1.875 1.810 1.608 1.660 1.634
S14 1.474 1.538 1.506 1.782 1.911 1.847 1.622 1.692 1.657
S15 1.508 1.575 1.542 1.811 1.941 1.876 1.648 1.742 1.695
S16 1.238 1.380 1.309 1.608 1.689 1.649 1.477 1.525 1.501
S17 1.159 1.310 1.235 1.523 1.621 1.572 1.375 1.508 1.442
S18 1.274 1.399 1.337 1.622 1.726 1.674 1.509 1.555 1.532
S19 1.224 1.354 1.289 1.582 1.680 1.631 1.453 1.518 1.486
S20 1.110 1.265 1.188 1.445 1.542 1.494 1.325 1.468 1.397
Mean 1.336 1.435 1.385 1.662 1.774 1.718 1.527 1.600 1.563
135 DAP 180 DAP 225 DAP
M S M at S S at M M S M at S S at M M S M at S S at M
S Ed 0.007 0.021 0.029 0.029 0.005 0.011 0.016 0.016 0.005 0.015 0.022 0.021
CD (P=0.01) 0.421 0.056 0.170 0.079 NS 0.031 0.130 0.043 0.345 0.041 0.142 0.058
CD (P=0.01) 0.084 0.042 0.075 0.059 0.061 0.023 0.048 0.032 0.069 0.031 0.058 0.043
NS : Non significant

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 Padmapriya et al

Table 2. Effect of shade and integrated nutrient management on total phenols (µg g-1) at 135, 180 and 225 days after planting in
turmeric
Treatment Total phenols (µg g-1)
135 DAP 180 DAP 225 DAP
M1 (Open) M2 (Shade) Mean M1 (Open) M2 (Shade) Mean M1 (Open) M2 (Shade) Mean
S1 74.65 77.10 75.88 87.77 91.24 89.51 73.53 78.48 76.01
S2 81.47 83.64 82.56 93.26 103.64 98.45 86.66 87.74 87.20
S3 72.24 73.90 73.07 82.25 88.28 85.27 68.74 72.59 70.67
S4 69.10 70.29 69.70 78.40 85.55 81.98 62.44 69.98 66.21
S5 79.35 82.25 80.80 91.47 98.47 94.97 79.24 83.33 81.29
S6 90.20 93.60 91.90 99.14 111.11 105.13 95.47 98.45 96.96
S7 97.26 100.00 98.63 107.58 121.69 114.64 100.03 106.63 103.33
S8 103.25 107.25 105.25 117.52 129.85 123.69 107.88 116.25 112.07
S9 62.25 66.25 64.25 74.42 81.14 77.78 59.88 63.21 61.55
S10 42.25 45.99 44.12 57.14 69.45 63.30 45.28 50.78 48.03
S11 36.00 42.20 39.10 53.21 63.18 58.20 40.23 43.95 42.09
S12 53.35 57.38 55.37 68.52 76.98 72.75 52.75 54.77 53.76
S13 86.25 90.48 88.37 95.83 107.58 101.71 91.22 92.22 91.72
S14 93.45 96.30 94.88 102.24 118.50 110.37 98.54 102.58 100.56
S15 100.00 103.65 101.83 112.33 125.14 118.74 103.69 111.11 107.40
S16 50.00 34.65 42.33 65.99 73.65 69.82 48.52 53.27 50.90
S17 38.29 44.26 41.28 54.44 65.21 59.83 40.85 47.99 44.42
S18 59.25 62.48 60.87 70.10 79.36 74.73 57.14 59.47 58.31
S19 46.65 50.59 48.62 62.24 70.10 66.17 46.25 51.11 48.68
S20 33.90 33.00 33.45 48.57 60.47 54.52 36.55 38.77 37.66
Mean 68.46 70.76 69.61 81.12 91.03 86.08 69.74 74.13 71.94
135 DAP 180 DAP 225 DAP
M S M at S S at M M S M at S S at M M S M at S S at M
S Ed 0.378 1.838 2.561 2.599 0.416 1.842 2.573 2.606 0.522 1.602 2.269 2.265
CD (P=0.01) NS 4.984 NS 7.048 26.460 4.997 11.070 7.066 33.230 4.344 13.470 6.144
CD (P=0.05) 4.801 3.720 5.779 5.260 5.282 3.729 5.926 5.274 6.634 3.242 5.876 4.585
NS : Non significant

mg g-1) was recorded in the treatment, open + 100 per cent shade as compared to open condition. The increased
NPK + 50 per cent FYM (15 t ha-1) + coir compost (10 t ha- response of nutrients under shade may be due to higher
1
) + Azospirillum (10 kg ha-1) + phosphobacteria (10 kg ha- photosynthetic efficiency and better partitioning of
1
) + 3 % panchagavya (M1S8) at 135, 180 and 225 days assimilates. The increased yield due to increased dose of
after planting respectively. While the treatment M2S20 (shade fertilizers was in agreement with previous works of
+ absolute control) exhibited the lowest values (Table 3). Balashanmugam and Chezhiyan (1986) in turmeric.
Generally soluble protein content is a measure of Rubisco Increased values for rhizome characters in shade might be
activity in plants and the lower content of soluble protein due to increased translocation of nutrients from the source
in shade can be reflected on the lower activity of Rubisco and conversion as carbohydrates to the sink through
carboxylase (Broadman, 1977). glycolytic pathway (Bisht et al, 2000). Combined
Yield per plot application of inorganic and organic amendments resulted
in increased number and weight of mother rhizomes. Similar
Combined application of shade + 100 % NPK + conclusions were derived by Maheswarappa et. al.(1997).
50 % FYM (15 t ha -1) + coir compost (10 t ha -1 ) +
Azospirillum (10 kg ha-1) + phosphobacteria (10 kg ha-1) + Curing percentage
3 % panchagavya showed the highest per plot yield The curing percentage exhibited significant
(19.20kg) which was nearly one and half times the absolute differences under open and shaded condition. The treatment
control (Table 4). Turmeric being a nutrition exhaustive M1S18 (open + 50% FYM + coir compost (10 t ha-1) +
crop, a linear increase in fresh rhizome yield was recorded Azospirillum (10 kg ha-1) + phosphobacteria (10 kg ha-1) +
with increased levels of NPK and organic manures. panchakavya (3%) (Soak + Spray)) recorded the highest
Response to fertilizer application was the highest under curing percentage (26.76 %) and the treatment M2S20 (shade

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 Effect of shade and INM on turmeric

Table 3. Effect of shade and integrated nutrient management on soluble protein (mg g-1) at 135, 180 and 225 days after planting in
turmeric
Treatment Soluble protein (mg g-1)
135 DAP 180 DAP 225 DAP
M1 (Open) M2 (Shade) Mean M1 (Open) M2 (Shade) Mean M1 (Open) M2 (Shade) Mean
S1 30.37 28.43 29.40 79.64 75.28 77.46 69.29 61.72 65.51
S2 36.19 34.14 35.17 81.27 77.69 79.48 71.64 63.75 67.70
S3 36.26 34.41 35.34 78.56 74.39 76.48 68.49 59.39 63.94
S4 35.07 32.35 33.71 77.92 73.47 75.70 67.23 59.10 63.17
S5 37.51 34.72 36.12 80.74 76.49 78.62 70.84 62.86 66.85
S6 39.14 36.56 37.85 84.24 78.84 81.54 73.26 65.74 69.50
S7 39.34 37.10 38.22 86.95 80.74 83.85 75.13 66.95 71.04
S8 40.42 37.38 38.90 88.88 82.39 85.64 76.93 68.95 72.94
S9 30.90 28.56 29.73 76.69 73.12 74.91 66.47 58.78 62.63
S10 28.62 25.58 27.10 72.47 67.48 69.98 62.83 55.12 58.98
S11 27.15 24.24 25.70 68.95 64.26 66.61 60.5 52.74 56.62
S12 29.61 26.42 28.02 75.74 71.64 73.69 64.28 57.12 60.70
S13 35.54 32.40 33.97 82.86 78.13 80.50 72.84 64.82 68.83
S14 39.86 37.12 38.49 85.23 79.36 82.30 74.37 66.10 70.24
S15 40.38 37.27 38.83 87.36 81.49 84.43 75.84 67.49 71.67
S16 30.01 27.13 28.57 74.89 70.42 72.66 64.01 56.37 60.19
S17 27.21 25.24 26.23 70.49 65.38 67.94 61.65 54.91 58.28
S18 30.21 27.22 28.72 76.14 72.84 74.49 65.99 57.96 61.98
S19 28.14 25.45 26.80 74.10 69.49 71.80 63.75 55.96 59.86
S20 25.26 23.60 24.43 66.04 61.40 63.72 59.10 50.26 54.68
Mean 33.36 30.77 32.06 78.46 73.72 76.09 68.22 60.30 64.26
135 DAP 180 DAP 225 DAP
M S M at S S at M M S M at S S at M M S M at S S at M
S Ed 0.129 1.036 1.434 1.466 0.109 1.003 1.387 1.418 0.122 1.219 1.684 1.723
CD (P=0.01) 8.222 2.810 4.599 3.975 NS 2.720 4.281 3.846 7.796 3.305 5.110 4.673
CD (P=0.05) 1.641 2.097 3.027 2.966 1.382 2.030 2.898 2.870 1.556 2.466 3.504 3.488
NS : Non significant
+ absolute control) with the least score (15.42 %) (Fig 1). resulted in increased nutrient uptake resulting in greater
This indicated the influence of environment on curing dry weight of rhizomes. Similar conclusion was obtained
percentage. On the contrary, fresh rhizome yield was more by Latha et al (1995) in turmeric.
under partial shade. This may be due to higher amount of
Quality parameters
moisture present in the rhizomes resulting in plumpy
rhizomes with lower curing percentage and thereby lower Curcumin and essential oil
recovery of cured produce, while higher curing percentage Highest curcumin (5.57 %) and essential oil (5.68
in open may be due to production of slender rhizomes with %) content were registered in the treatment M2S18 (shade +
low moisture content. Moreover the addition of organic 50 % FYM + coir compost + Azospirillum (10 kg ha-1) +
manures along with biofertilizer combination would have phosphobacteria (10 kg ha-1) + 3 % panchagavya). The
lowest values were documented in the treatment M1S20
(open + absolute control) (Table 4). The increased synthesis
and content of curcumin under shade might be due to the
increased activity of PAL (Phenyl Ammonia Lyase), the
key enzyme involved in curcumin biosynthesis
(Chempakam et al, 2000). The nitrogen concentration of
rhizome expressed a significant positive correlation and K
concentration showed negative correlation with curcumin
content (Kumar et al, 1992). The present findings are in
agreement with the earlier work of Upadhayay and Misra
Fig. 1. Effect of shade, inorganic, organic and bio fertilizers on curing (1999) who opined that greater uptake of nutrients increased
percentage in turmeric genotype CL 147 the essential oil content of turmeric rhizomes.

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 Padmapriya et al

Table 4. Effect of and integrated nutrient management on rhizome yield per plot (kg), curcumin (per cent) and oleoresin (%) content
in turmeric
Treatment Rhizome yield per plot (kg) Curcumin (%) Essential oil (%)
M1 (Open) M2 (Shade) Mean M1 (Open) M2 (Shade) Mean M1 (Open) M2 (Shade) Mean
S1 14.31 15.85 15.08 4.23 5.07 4.65 4.41 5.12 4.77
S2 14.72 16.44 15.58 4.40 5.16 4.78 4.60 5.28 4.94
S3 14.24 15.30 14.77 4.18 5.00 4.59 4.30 5.04 4.67
S4 13.70 15.19 14.44 4.16 4.98 4.57 4.13 5.00 4.57
S5 14.44 15.92 15.18 3.95 4.86 4.41 3.86 4.90 4.38
S6 14.57 17.14 15.86 4.46 5.20 4.83 4.65 5.34 5.00
S7 16.03 17.70 16.86 4.42 5.18 4.80 4.62 5.30 4.96
S8 16.60 19.20 17.90 4.77 5.40 5.09 4.88 5.50 5.19
S9 13.53 15.06 14.30 4.18 4.98 4.58 4.19 5.02 4.61
S10 12.48 13.27 12.87 4.00 4.88 4.44 3.91 4.91 4.41
S11 11.80 13.20 12.50 4.02 4.88 4.45 3.98 4.93 4.46
S12 13.07 14.01 13.54 3.92 4.85 4.39 3.84 4.87 4.36
S13 14.58 17.09 15.84 4.22 5.04 4.63 4.36 5.08 4.72
S14 15.56 17.47 16.51 4.80 5.42 5.11 4.90 5.53 5.22
S15 16.55 19.09 17.82 4.80 5.50 5.15 4.91 5.57 5.24
S16 12.95 13.97 13.46 4.81 5.51 5.16 4.95 5.62 5.29
S17 12.02 13.14 12.58 4.38 5.14 4.76 4.56 5.25 4.91
S18 13.18 14.63 13.90 4.82 5.57 5.20 5.00 5.68 5.34
S19 12.62 13.81 13.22 4.50 5.24 4.87 4.69 5.38 5.04
S20 11.27 12.28 11.78 3.84 4.75 4.30 3.72 4.80 4.26
Mean 13.91 15.49 14.70 4.34 5.13 4.74 4.42 5.21 4.81
Rhizome yield per plot Curcumin Essential oil
M S M at S S at M M S M at S S at M M S M at S S at M
S Ed 0.182 0.520 0.740 0.736 0.007 0.007 0.012 0.010 0.007 0.013 0.019 0.018
CD (P=0.01) 11.61 1.411 4.749 1.995 0.427 0.019 0.264 0.027 0.422 0.034 NS 0.049
CD (P=0.05) 2.319 1.053 1.978 1.489 0.085 0.014 0.065 0.020 0.084 0.026 0.063 0.036
NS : Non-significant
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