TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRACTICAL PROBLEMS IN NAVIGATION

Computation for Distance, Speed, and Time................................................................................................1

Review on Latitude, Difference of Latitude...................................................................................................2
The Longitude...............................................................................................................................................5
Dead Reckoning (Sailings), Plane Sailing....................................................................................................6
Traverse Sailing............................................................................................................................................7
Plane Sailing, Solution by Table 3................................................................................................................8
Parallel Sailing..............................................................................................................................................9
Parallel Sailing by Table 3..........................................................................................................................10

Middle Latitude Sailing................................................................................................................................11

Mercator Sailing..........................................................................................................................................13
Current Sailing............................................................................................................................................14
Great Circle Sailing.....................................................................................................................................16
Composite Sailing.......................................................................................................................................18
The Celestial Sphere..................................................................................................................................20

Circles and Points, Definitions....................................................................................................................21

Coordinates of the Equinoctial System.......................................................................................................22
Time............................................................................................................................................................24
Interconversion of Time and Arc.................................................................................................................25
Time Diagram.............................................................................................................................................26
The Orthographic Projection.......................................................................................................................29
Equidistant Projection.................................................................................................................................32

Chronometer Problems...............................................................................................................................33
The Sextant.................................................................................................................................................35
The Longitude Method................................................................................................................................37
To Find the Azimuth....................................................................................................................................38
Amplitude....................................................................................................................................................39
Meridian Passage.......................................................................................................................................40
To Find Time Of Transit Of The Sun On Moving Ship (Todd’s Method).....................................................41
To Compute Meridian Altitude of a Star For Sextant Setting......................................................................43
To Compute Meridian Altitude Of The Sun.................................................................................................44
Latitude By Ex Meridian Altitude, Reduction to Meridian............................................................................44
Ex Meridian (Reduction to Meridian............................................................................................................46
M and N Method of Finding Latitude...........................................................................................................47
Latitude by Polaris (Out Of The Meridian)..................................................................................................48
Star Identification By Computation..............................................................................................................49
Star Identification By H.O. 214....................................................................................................................50
Star Identification By H.O. 249....................................................................................................................52
How To Use The Rude’s Star Finder..........................................................................................................52
Sight Reduction By H.O. 214......................................................................................................................53
Sight Reduction By H.O. 249......................................................................................................................55
The Marq St. Hilair Method.........................................................................................................................55
How To Construct A Small Area Plotting Sheet..........................................................................................56

PRINCIPLES OF NAVIGATION

Questions And Answers..............................................................................................................................58

Trigonometry: Oblique Angled Plane Triangle............................................................................................59
The Sine Formula.......................................................................................................................................60
Tangent Formula.........................................................................................................................................61
Circular Measure.........................................................................................................................................62
Coordinates Of The Horizon System..........................................................................................................65
Solution Of Right Angled Spherical Triangle...............................................................................................66
The Quadrantal Spherical Triangle.............................................................................................................69
Navigator’s Work At Sea.............................................................................................................................73

SEAMANSHIP

Ropes, Tackles, Blocks, Chains, Etc..........................................................................................................74

Tension on Purchase Falls.........................................................................................................................77
Finding Stresses.........................................................................................................................................79
Hydrostatics................................................................................................................................................81
Buoyancy....................................................................................................................................................82
Markings Of A Ship.....................................................................................................................................83
Variation In Density And Draft.....................................................................................................................85
Load Lines..................................................................................................................................................87
Stability Problems.......................................................................................................................................90
Questions And Answers In Cargo Stowage................................................................................................92
Problems in Cargo Stowage.......................................................................................................................94
Cargo And Trim...........................................................................................................................................96
The Speed Of The Propeller.......................................................................................................................98
Fuel Consumption And Speed....................................................................................................................99
Simpson’s Rules.......................................................................................................................................101

METEOROLOGY

Notes In Meteorology................................................................................................................................104
Questions And Answers............................................................................................................................106
Layers Of The Atmosphere.......................................................................................................................109
Factors That Help Determine Climate Of The Earth.................................................................................110
Temperature.............................................................................................................................................111
Planetary System Of Pressure And Winds Of The Earth..........................................................................112
Monsoons, Fronts, Frontogenesis, Cyclogenesis, Etc..............................................................................113
Tropical Cyclones.....................................................................................................................................114
Buys Ballot’s Law......................................................................................................................................115
Tides.........................................................................................................................................................117
Currents, Waves, Swells, Etc....................................................................................................................118

MARINE LAWS AND SHIP BUSINESS

Questions and Answers, Chartering Terms..............................................................................................119

Risks Of Maritime Commerce: Averages, Arrival Under Stress, Etc........................................................121
Bill Of Lading.............................................................................................................................................122
Loans On Respondentia...........................................................................................................................122
Traffic Separation Zone............................................................................................................................123
The Shipping Article..................................................................................................................................124
Station Bill, Emergency Squad.................................................................................................................125
Classification Society................................................................................................................................128
Various Surveys Undertaken By Classification Societies.........................................................................129
Marine Protest...........................................................................................................................................130

ODDS AND ENDS OF NAVIGATION.......................................................................................................131

How to Extract The Square Root..............................................................................................................132

Solving Worded Problems........................................................................................................................132
Mensuration Problems..............................................................................................................................133
Work Problems.........................................................................................................................................134
Meeting Situation......................................................................................................................................135
Finding Speed To Use To Arrive At A Pre-determined Time....................................................................136
Finding The Compass Error......................................................................................................................137
Preparing A Deviation Table By “Swinging The Ship”..............................................................................138
Finding True Amplitude And Compass Deviation.....................................................................................139
Using Your Scientific Calculator................................................................................................................140
Natural Trigonometric Functions: Csc, Sec, Co-Tan................................................................................141
Example Problems (Trigonometry)...........................................................................................................142
Pythagorean Theorem..............................................................................................................................143
The Astronomical Triangle........................................................................................................................148
Application Of The Astronomical Triangle.................................................................................................149
The Apparent Motion Of The Sun In The Ecliptic.....................................................................................150
Longest Day And Shortest Day Problems................................................................................................151
Finding The Time Of Sunrise....................................................................................................................152

SEAMANSHIP AND NAUTICAL KNOWLEDGE.......................................................................................161

Breaking Stress Of Flexible Steel Wire Rope, Chain................................................................................167

Purchases, Applications And Finding Testing On
Hauling Part..............................................................................................................................................168
Strength Of Ropes....................................................................................................................................169
Finding Increase In Draft Due To Angle Off Heel, Finding
The Righting Moment (GZ).......................................................................................................................170
Reserve Buoyancy....................................................................................................................................171
Density And Specific Gravity.....................................................................................................................172
Finding Areas, Volumes, Capacities, Interconversion of Units.................................................................173
The Rolling Period, Lifeboat Carrying Capacity........................................................................................174

METEOROLOGY (All Grades)..................................................................................................................193

MARINE LAWS AND SHIP’S BUSINESSES............................................................................................216

 PRACTICAL PROBLEMS IN NAVIGATION

Computation for DISTANCE, SPEED, and TIME

Formula : DISTANCE (Miles) = SPEED (Knots) x TIME (Hours)

or DISTANCE (Miles) = SPEED (Knots) x TIME (Minutes)

60
Examples:

1. How many miles will a vessel travel in 18 hours if the speed is 12 knots?
D = SxT D = 12 x 18; D = 216 miles

2. Given: T = 3 hrs. , S = 15 knots, Find D in feet.

D = S x T x 6,080 ft.; D = 15 x 3 x 6,080
D = 273,600 ft.

3. Given Speed 24 knots, Sailing time 1 week, 3 days, 8 hours. Required the distance covered.

Time: 1 week = 7 days 10 days 240 hrs

+ 3 days x 24 + 8 hrs
10 days 240 hrs 248 hrs

D = S x T; 24 x 248 = 5, 952 miles

4. Given speed of 6 knots. Time 28 minutes. Find the distance.

D = S x T (Minutes) ; D = 2.8 miles
28
6 =
60
5. A vessel will leave Manila at 12:00 Sunday, May 20th; will
proceed to a port 600 miles away using a uniform speed of 18 knots. Find the exact steaming
time, ETA (hrs., mins., secs., day and date).

Distance
Steaming Time =
Speed
600 = 33.33 hrs. Or 33h 19m 48s
=
Departure 18 Time = 12h 00m 00s Sunday
May 20
Steaming Time = 33h 19m 48s

ETA = 45h 19m 48s Sunday May 20

24h + 1 day

ETA = 21h 19m 48s Monday May 21

Exercises
1. Find the steaming time (hrs, mins, secs) of a vessel to reach a point 107 miles away if
her speed is 9 knots.
Ans: 11h 52m 48s

2. The speed of a vessel is 15 knots, Distance 221 miles. Required the time.
Ans: 14h 43m 48s

3. Given: Distance 8.3 miles, speed 14 knots. How long will a vessel cover this distance?
Ans: 35m 24s

4. D = 1000 miles Speed 15 knots. Find the steaming time (days, hrs, mins, and secs).
Ans: 2d 18h 39m 36s

5. Distance 506 miles, speed 10 knots. Find the sailing time and ETA if departure time is
1500 hrs, Friday June 4.
Ans: Sailing time = 50h 36m, ETA 17h 36m Sunday June 6.

REVIEW ON LATITUDE

.
1. LATITUDE – is the angular distance of any point North or South of the equator
measuring from 0º at the equator up to 90º at the poles.

2. PARALLEL OF LATITUDE is a small circle representing equal latitudes. All points on

any parallel will always have the same latitude.

Facts of Latitude:

a. Angle of latitude is measured at the center of the earth.

b. Angle of latitude is measured from the plane of equator.
c. Angle of latitude is measured along the plane of the meridian.
d. Angle of latitude is measured North or South of the Equator.
e. Angle of latitude is measured from 0º to 90º only.
f. Angle of latitude is represented on the earth’s surface by the arc of the meridian.

DIFFERENCE OF LATITUDE

1. DIFFERENCE OF LATITUDE (Dlat) is the angular length of a meridian between two

parallels of latitude.

2. Naming of the Difference of Latitude:

a. For two places on the earth’s surface the difference of latitudes does not have a
name.
Example: i) Required the Dlat between Latitude 30ºN and Latitude 50ºN
ii) What is the Dlat between Latitude 20ºN and Latitude 05ºS?
Solutions: i) L1 30ºN ii) L1 20ºN
 L2 50ºN L2 05ºS

DLat 20º Dlat 25ºN

B. For approving vessel, Dlat is named according to the direction of travel NORTH or SOUTH.

RULE: When both Latitudes are given and of the same name, find the DIFFERENCE of the
two and affix the name of the direction of sail.

Example: Lat from 20ºN

Lat in 10ºN

DLat 10ºS

When both latitudes are of Different names ADD the two and affix the name of latitude in
(Arrival).

Example Lat from 15ºN

Lat in 15ºS

DLat 30ºS

3. To find the Latitude of Arrival when DLat is given:

A. When DLat is less than arrival and of DIFFERENT name with given Latitude, Find the
DIFFERENCE of the two and affix the name of the given Latitude.

Example: Lat from 40ºN L1 = 40ºN

Dlat 20ºS L2 = 20ºN

Lat in 20ºN DLat = 20ºS

B. When DLat is of DIFFERENT name with the given Latitude and of greater value than
this given latitude, find the DIFFERENCE of the two and affix the name of DLat.

Examples: Lat from 10ºN L1 = 10ºN

DLat 30ºS L2 = 20ºS

Lat in 20ºS DLat = 30ºS

C. When DLat is of SAME name with the given Latitude, ADD the two and affix the name of
the given Latitude.

Example: Lat from 10ºN

DLat 30ºN

Lat in 40ºN

4. Guides for finding the Latitude in.

 DLat represents the distance travelled by the ship expressed in degrees, minutes
and seconds along a meridian.

Latitudes increases going toward the poles.

Latitude decreases going toward the equator.

Crossing of the equator will take place if the DLat is greater than the Latitude from.

5. Practical Questions:

1. What is the latitude of the following places?

a.) North Pole

b.) Equator

c.)South Pole

2. When will two places have the same latitude?

3. What point on the earth surface will have only one latitude?

4. When would a moving ship not change her latitude? What course should she take?

5. How does latitude changes when going toward the equator? Toward the pole?

6. How is latitude indicated?

7. What is the Difference of Latitude?

8. What is the maximum DLat you can obtain on the earth surface?

9. How far is latitude 10ºN from latitude 50ºN?

10. If a vessel started sailing from the Equator along a meridian northward and covered
6,000 miles, in what latitude did she arrive?

Solution to No. 10:

90º
80º

70º 6000
60º = 100°DLat
60
50º
40º
From Equator to the North Pole
30º is equal to 90°DLat. Then from
the North Pole going down by
ANSWERS: 20º
10° southward makes 100°DLat.
10º
Thus arrived at Latitude 80°N.
0º
 1. DLo = 15° 49’ 32” E 4. Longitude in = 5° 03’ 13” W
2. Longitude in 37° 53’.3 E 5. 600 miles apart
3. DLo = 17° 45’ 47” E

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS:
1. When will two places have the same longitude?
2. When will a place have a 0° longitude?
3. Where is the International Date Line located?
4. When will a moving vessel not change her longitude?
5. If a vessel covered 200 degrees DLo sailing westward along equator from the
prime meridian, what is the longitude in?
6. When is a longitude named East or West?
7. Where is the direction of East and West on the earth surface?

DEAD RECKONING

DEAD RECKONING means navigating the ship based on course and distance run for any
length of time. This method is to be used when no fix is available at any time. It is also used to
determine ship’s Latitude and Longitude, after sailing a certain distance from a known point of
departure.

Types of dead reckoning: (or Sailings)

1. PLANE SAILING – solves the problems of position, distance and direction by the
assumption that for a small area, the earth’s surface is a plane surface.

2, PARALLEL SAILING – is used when sailing due east or west on any parallel of latitude
when DLo is not equal to departure.

3. MIDDLE LATITUDE SAILING – applicable for long distances of 300 miles and above,
but should not be used when crossing the equator.

4. MERCATOR SAILING – a more accurate computation for finding latitude and longitude
after sailing great distances or 300 or more miles. It is used in place of middle latitude
sailing if crossing the equator.

Example Problems: Plane Sailing

1. A vessel left latitude 42° 00’ N, Longitude 5° 10’ W and sailed on course 035° for a
distance of 120 miles. Find (a) Difference of Latitude (b) Departure (c) Latitude in.
A b B
Dep
Solution: Sin C = Deg
Dist
Dep
Sin 35° =
Dist D
a L
a Dist
c
Dep = Sin 35° Dist t
Log Sin 35° 9.75859

C
Log 120 2.07918
.
Log Dep = 1.83777
Dep = 68.83 Miles East

Dep Dlat = Cos 35° Dist.

Sin 35° =
Dist

Log Cos 35° = 9.91336 Lat fr 42° 00’ 00” N

Log 120 = 2.07918 Dlat 1° 38’ 18” N

Log Dlat = 1.99254 Lat in 43° 38’ 18” N

Dlat = 98.298 Miles
Or 1° 38’ 18” N

Example 1 From latitude 15° 55’ 00” S Longitude 110° 12’ 00” E vessel sails a course of
152° distance of 115 miles. Required the departure and the latitude in.

Answers Departure = 53.99 Miles East

Latitude in = 17° 36’ 30” S

Example 2 A ship from Latitude 32° 35’ N sails a true course which is between north and
east a distance of 290 miles until her DLat was 170.5 miles. Find the true
course steered, the departure made and the latitude arrived.

Answers Co = N 53° 59’ 04” E; Dep = 234.51 miles East;

Lat in = 35° 05’ 30” N

TRAVERSE SAILING

Example: A ship steams as follows: course 158°, distance 15.5 miles, course 135°,distance
33.7 miles, course 259°, distance 16.1 miles, course 293° distance 39.0 miles,
course 169°, distance 40.4 miles. Required the equivalent single course
and distance.

Solution: Solve for each lengthy logarithms or using Table 3 of the Useful tables. Tabulate
the answers.

Solution by Table 3(AMERICAN PRACTICAL NAVIGATOR) of the Problem No.1 on Plane Sailing
 TABLE 3
Traverse Table
Course
35° -- 145° -- 215° -- 325° 35° p+1 144°
Dlo p p Dlo 215° Dlo + m 324°
D l p l D m Dlo 0.0 0.700 1.0
1 0.819 0.574 1 1.221 1 0.7 0.1 0.703 0.9
2 1.638 1.147 2 2.442 2 1.4 0.2 0.705 0.8
3 2.457 1.721 3 3.662 3 2.101 0.3 0.708 0.7
4 3.277 2.294 4 4.883 4 2.801 0.4 0.711 0.6
5 4.096 2.868 5 6.104 5 3.501 0.5 0.713 0.5
6 4.915 3.441 6 7.325 6 4.201 0.6 0.716 0.4
7 5.734 4.015 7 8.545 7 4.901 0.7 0.719 0.3
8 6.553 4.589 8 9.766 8 5.602 0.8 0.721 0.2
9 7.372 5.162 9 10.987 9 6.302 0.9 0.724 0.1

Procedure:
1. Take note of the course and enter as heading in Table 3.
2. Using the first column lower line extract the tabulated values under l (DLat) and p
(Departure), moving out the decimal point left or right corresponding to the number of
zeroes (Multiples of 10) on the D (Distance).
3. Thus using the Table for Course 35° as in the example, if D = 1 mile, l = 0.819 and p =
0.574; but if D = 100 miles, l = 81.9 and p = 57.4 or if D = 0.1 mile the l = 0.0819 and p =
0.0574.
4. Therefore the solution will be as follows:

D l p
100 81.9 57.4
20 16.38 11.47

120 98.28 N 68.87 E

98.28
Answers: (a) DLat = 98.28 N or = 1° 38’ 3” N
60

(b) Departure 68.87 miles E

L1 = 42° 00’ 0” N
DLat = 1° 38.3’ N

(c) L2 = 43° 38.3’ N

Answer:
 Course Dist. Dlat Departure 14.3 Log 1.15534
New Old 65.7 Log 1.81757
Form Form N S E W
C Log Tan 9.33777
o o mi. mi. mi. mi. mi.
C = S 12° 28’ W
158 S22E 15.5 14.4 5.9 Co = 192.2°
135 S45E 33.7 23.8 23.8
259 S79W 16.1 3.0 15.8
293 N67W 39.0 15.2 35.9
169 S11E 40.4 39.7 7.7
15.2 80.9 37.4 51.7 D l
(1) (2) 15.2 37.4

192.3 67.2 65.7 14.3 p

Convert: Dlat = 65.7 S p = 14.3 W

PARALLEL SAILING

Note: 1) The DLo is distance at the Equator in miles or degrees.

2) The Dep is distance along a parallel.

Example: Given Latitude 41° 14’ N, course due East, distance run 294 miles, Longitude
from 64° 36’ E. Find the longitude in.

Solution:
DLo
Sec Lat = ; DLo = Dep Sec Lat
Dep

Dep Log 2.46835

DLong =? Lat 41° 14’ L Sec 0.12376
DLo Log 2.59211
DLo 390.94 Miles East or

390.94
DLo = = 6° 30’ 54” East
41° 14’ N 60

Departure Long fr 64° 36’ 00” E

DLo 6° 30’ 54” E

Long in 71° 06’ 54” E

PARALLEL SAILING: Solution By Table 3.
Example: The Given Problem No. 1
 Course
41° -- 139° -- 221° -- 319° 41° p+1 138°
Dlo p p Dlo 221° Dlo + m 318°
D l p l D m Dlo 0.0 0.869 1.0
1 0.756 0.656 1 1.325 1 0.869 0.1 0.872 0.9
2 1.509 1.312 2 2.630 2 1.739 0.2 0.875 0.8
3 2.264 1.968 3 3.975 3 2.608 0.3 0.879 0.7
4 3.019 2.621 4 5.300 4 3.177 0.4 0.882 0.6
5 3.771 3.28 5 6.625 5 4.346 0.5 0.885 0.5
6 4.528 3.936 6 7.950 6 5.210 0.6 0.888 0.4
7 5.263 4.592 7 9.275 7 6.085 0.7 0.891 0.3
8 6.038 5.248 8 10.600 8 6.954 0.8 0.804 0.2
9 6.792 5.905 9 11.925 9 7.824 0.9 0.897 0.1
42° -- 138° -- 222° -- 318° 42° p+1 137°
Dlo p p Dlo 222° Dlo + m 317°
D l p l D m Dlo 0.0 0.900 1.0
1 0.748 0.669 1 1.316 1 0.900 0.1 0.904 0.9
2 1.489 1.338 2 2.691 2 1.801 0.2 0.907 0.8
3 2.229 2.007 3 4.037 3 2.701 0.3 0.91 0.7
4 2.973 2.677 4 5.383 4 3.602 0.4 0.913 0.6
5 3.716 3.346 5 6.728 5 4.502 0.5 0.916 0.5
6 4.459 4.015 6 8.074 6 5.402 0.6 0.920 0.4
7 5.202 4.684 7 9.419 7 6.303 0.7 0.923 0.3
8 5.946 5.353 8 10.765 8 7.203 0.8 0.926 0.2
9 6.688 6.022 9 12.111 9 8.104 0.9 0.929 0.1

Procedure:
1. Enter the Latitude as Course in Table 3.
2. From the second column upper line, after the value of departure (p) in Multiples of 10,
extract the tabulated values of the Difference of Longitude (DLo).
3. For interpolation purposes, entries may be made for two succeeding Latitude and solve
as follows:

41° 42° Interpolation

p DLo DLo 41° 00’ = 389.6

200 265.0 269.1 60 41° 14’ = x 6
90 119.25 121.11 42° 00’ = 395.6
4 5.300 5.383
294 389.593 395.593 14 x
=
60 6
60x = 14 x 6 = 84
84
x = =
1.4
60
Long = 64° 36’ E DLo at 41° 14’ = 389.6 + 1.4
DLo = 6° 31’ E 391.0
DLo = =6° 31.0’ E
Long = 71° 07’ E 60

Example 2:
 At what speed is a point in Latitude 14° 36’ N carried around the earth by virtue of the
earth’s rotation?

NOTE: The earth rotates through 360° in 24 hours or 15° of Longitude per hour which is
at the rate of 15° x 60 = 900 miles per hour at the equator. This is the
equivalent DLo/hour. The corresponding Dep/hour will be the rate of rotation
per hour in any other Latitude.

Solution: 360°
= 15° / hr x 60 = 900 miles / hour
24
Dep Dep
Cos 14° 36’ = = ; Dep = 900 Cos 14° 36’
DLo 900

DLo 900 Log = 2.95424

Lat 14° 36’ L Cos = 9.98574

Dep Log = 2.93998

Dep = 870.92 miles per hour

Exercises:
1. A vessel at 4:56 AM at Latitude 31° 46’ N Longitude 142° 40’ E sailed east at a speed
of 14.2 knots. Find the position at noon.
Answer: Noon position 31° 46’ N 144° 38’ 05” E.

2. Find the Latitude on the earth’s surface where the DLo is 3 times the departure.
Answer: Latitude 70° 31’ 44” North or South

3. In what Latitude is speed 1/5 of the speed in the equator?

Answer: 78° 27’ 42” North or South Latitude

4. In what Latitude is the length of 1 degree of Longitude is equal to 46 miles?

Answer: 39° 56’ 38” North or South Latitude

MIDDLE LATITUDE SAILING

Example:

From Latitude 15° 17.4’ N Longitude 151° 37.8’ E vessel sailed on course 070° a
distance of 1,253.4 miles. Find the Latitude and Longitude of arrival.

Solution: DLat
 Cos C = ; DLat = Cos C Dist
Dist

D 1253.4 Log 3.09809

C 070° CosLog 9.53405

DLat 428.7 Log 2.63214

L1 + L 2
L1 15° 17.4’ N L1 15° 17.4’ N Lm =
2

DLat 7° 08.7’ N L2 22° 26.1’ N

L2 22° 26.1’ N L1L2 37° 43.5’ 37° 43.5’
Lm =
2
Lm = 18° 51.8’ N

Dep DLo
Sin C = ; Dep = Dist Sin C Sec Lm =
Dist Dist

D 1253.4 mi Log 3.09809 DLo = Dep Sec Lm

C 070° Sin Log 9.97299 p 1,177.8 mi Log 3.07108
Lm 8° 51.8’ N Sec Log 0.02397
Dep (p) Log 3.07108
P 1,177.8 mi (East) DLo Log 3.09505
DLo 1244.7’
or DLo = 20° 44.7’ E
Long fr 151° 37.8’ E

Long in 172° 22.5’ E

Solution By Traverse Table:

(1) Enter C 070° D l p (2) Convert value l
1000.0 342.0 940.0 428.6 to DLat
200.0 68.4 187.9 to find L2. Then
50.0 17.1 47.0 L1 + L2
3.0 1.0 2.8 Lm =
0.4 0.1 0.4 2
Lm = 18° 51.7’

(3) Enter p DLo (18°) DLo (19°)

1000.0 1051.0 1058.0
100.0 105.1 105.8
70.0 73.6 74.0
8.0 8.4 8.5
0.1 0.1 0.1

1178.1 428.6 1246.4

By interpolation DLo = 1245.3’ or 20° 45.3’ East. Apply the DLo to the Longitude from to get the
Longitude of arrival as of the first solution.