EEE 3002
Analog and Digital Circuits
CURRICULUM FOR APPLIED LEARNING SYLLABUS
N.SUDHAKAR
Power Electronics and Drives Division
SELECT
CABIN # TT 533D
Mobile # 9942002947 #8903309664
Open Hours
WEDNESDAY & THURSDAY
11.00 am – 1.00 pm
SYLLABUS
BOOKS
ADVANTAGES OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
very small size: Hundred times smaller than the discrete circuits.
Lesser weight: As large number of components can be packed into
a single chip, weight is reduced.
Reduced cost: The mass production technique has helped to reduce
the price.
High reliability: Due to absence of soldered connection, few interconnections
and small temperature rise failure rate is low.
Low power requirement: As the size is small power consumption is
less.
Easy replacement: In case of failure chip can easily be replaced.
DISADVANTAGES
In an IC the various components are part of a small semi-conductor
chip and the individual component or components cannot be
removed or replaced, therefore, if any component in an IC fails, the
whole IC has to be replaced by the new one.
Limited power rating as it is not possible to manufacture high power
(say greater than 10 Watt) ICs.
Need of connecting inductors and transformers exterior to the semi-
conductor chip as it is not possible to fabricate inductors and
transformers on the semi-conductor chip surface.
IC Types
• Linear ICs • Digital ICs
Applications of Op-Amp
IC's are of Linear ,digital and Power amplifiers
mixed types. Linear IC's also
Small-signal amplifiers
known as analog Integrated
circuits are used in: Operational amplifiers
Microwave amplifiers
RF and IF amplifiers
Voltage comparators
Multipliers
Radio receivers
Voltage regulators
Applications
Digital IC's are mostly used in Flip-flops & Logic gates
computers. They are also
Timers
referred as switching circuits
because their input and output Counters
voltages are limited to two Multiplexers
levels - high and low i.e. binary.
Calculator chips
They include:
Memory chips
Clock chips
Microprocessors & Microcontrollers
Sensors
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What is an Op-Amp?
Inexpensive, efficient, versatile and readily available
building blocks for many applications.
Amplifier which has
Very large open loop gain
Differential input stage
Uses feedback to control the relationship between the
input and output
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What does an Op-Amp do?
Perform many different “operations”
Addition and Subtraction
Integration and Differentiation
Buffering
Amplifications [DC and AC Signals]
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Where is an Op-Amp used?
Many applications including
Comparators
Oscillators
Filters
Sensors
Sample and Hold
Instrumentation Amplifier
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Operational Amplifier
Op-Amps must have:
Very high input impedance
Very high open loop gain
Very low output impedance
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Op-Amp Block Diagram
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Differential Amplifier Stage
Provides differential input for the op-amp
Provides dc gain
Has very high input impedance
Draws negligible input current
Enables user to utilize ideal Op-Amp equations for circuit analysis
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High Gain Voltage Amplifier
Provides the “gain” of the amplifier
Gains up the differential signal from input and
conveys it to the output stage
Level Shifting Stage
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Low Impedance Output Stage
Delivers current to the load
Very low impedance output stage
To minimize loading the output of the op-
amp
May have short circuit protection
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Inputs of Op-Amp
Two input terminals
Positive Input [Non-Inverting]
Negative Input [Inverting]
Can be used in three
different “input” modes
Differential Mode
Inverting mode
Non-Inverting mode
Modes
Inverting Mode Non-Inverting Mode
Power Supply
Balanced Unbalanced
Ideal Op-Amp
Differential Gain
Common Mode Gain
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
CMRR
Ideal Op-Amp Characteristics
Ideal Voltage Transfer Curve
Practical Op-Amp Characteristics
• Open loop gain – several 1000
• Input Impedance – 1MΩ to 100MΩ
• Output Impedance - 100Ω (1-2 Ω for -FB)
• BW – small but can be increased by –FB
• Input Offset Voltage – depends on Temp.
• Input bias current – 10-6 to 10-4 A
• Input Offset Current – 20 to 60nA
In general, both bias and offset currents are temp. dependant
Why slew rate?
Slew rate equation for sine input
The maximum signal frequency
Problem
Problem
Open loop configuration of Op-Amp
Such Ckts. used in Comparator
Closed loop configuration of Op-Amp
Virtual Ground
In linear range of operation
Since an operational amplifier has
very high open-loop gain, the
potential difference between its
inputs tend to zero when a
feedback network is implemented.
Ideal Inverting Amplifier
Subtractor (Differential Amplifier)
Case 1
Case 2
Signals
Frequency Response of Integrator
Differentiator
Signals
