Course Overview :
Introduction to Steel Structure
Figure showing sample built from Steel Structure
Forms of Steel Structure
Cable System
Frame System
Truss System
Arch System
Grillage System
Member of Steel Structure
Classification of Steel Section
1: Hot Rolled Steel Section
2 : Cold Formed Steel Section
Chapter-1 :Introduction
<1.1 > Structural behaviour of Steel
Classified by the bureau of indian standards based on its
Ultimate and Yield strength
It is the steel used for the manufacture of rolled steel
sections ; which are later used for the steel framework
for structures
Properties of steel : (Pg 02 clause 2.2.4.1)
1. Physical property :
Weight = 7850 Kg/m3/ 7.85gm/cm3
Modulus of elasticity (E) =0.04 to 2.18*105 N/mm2
(usually taken as E= 2*105 N/mm2 or Mpa)
Poisson’s ratio, µ = 0.3 (for Elastic Range)
µ = 0.5 (for Plastic Range)
Note: (Psc /Master entrance)
Qn : Theoretical value for Poisson’s ratio lies between
a) >1 b) <1 c) Between (-1 to 0.5 ) d ) Both b and c
Qn : Practical value for Poisson’s ratio lies between
a) >1 b) <1 c ) Both a and b d) Between ( 0 to 0.5 )
Modulus of rigidity (G) = (0.83 to 0.96) * 105 Mpa
(Usually taken as G = 0.769 *105 N/mm2 )
Coefficient of thermal Expansion ,α =12* 10-6 /°C
2. Mechanical Property : (Pg 03 clause 2.2.4.2)
1. Yield Stress (fy):
Stress at which a material begins to deforms Plastically
It is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic)
deformation begins.
Once this yield stress appears deformation will be
permanent and non reversible
Some Samples of Yield stress:
fy=(220-540)N/mm2
where, fy=250 N/mm2 for (t < 20mm)
fy=240 N/mm2 for (t = (20 -40)mm)
fy=230 N/mm2 for (t > 40mm)
Another sample :
E250(Fe 410)A
where, E & Fe =Grade of material
A= Classification / Class
Pg 04 From Is code 800:2007 :
2. Ultimate / Tensile Strength : ( fu )
Capacity of material or structure to withstand loads
tending to elongate as opposed to compressive
strength , which withstands loads tending to reduce
size
Ultimate strength is 1.2 times the yield stress
Sample for Ultimate strength (fu ) :
Fe410 / E250 Indicate value of yield Stress i.e fy=250
N/mm2
Indicates value of ( fu ) i.e ( fu ) = 410 N/mm2
3. Elongation (Low Carbon Steel )
Range (20 - 30)
For Fe 540 / For Fe410/ E 250
For Fe540/ E410
E410
3. Chemical Properties
Carbon = ( 0.22 – o.33 % )
Sulphur = 0.055 %
Phosphorous = 0.055 %
Silicon = 0.055 %
Note :
If carbon content increases then there occurs low
corrosion, high strength and less deformation
Stress –Strain Relationship for mild steel
Steel is chief structural metal since it consists of high strength ( both in tension
and compression ), greater stiffness , Good ductility & ease of fabrication with
relatively low price
Stress-strain curve is the single most important piece of information for
determining the Structural properties of a material
1. Curve OAB :
Represents a straight line
Obeys Hooke’s law i.e strain produced is directly
proportional to stress produced
Region OA:
Represents limit of proportionality i.e stage beyond which
stress occurs in linear variation
Region AB:
Represents Elastic limit i.e maxm stress upto which a
specimen regains its original length on removal of applied
load ( stress is not measured in this case assuming B concides
with A )
Note : PSc / Master entrance
Qn 1 : Hooke's law is valid
a) only above elastic limit b) only within elastic limit
c) only within plastic limit d) Till a substance, breaks under load
Q.n 2 : Hooke's law is valid up to
a) limit of proportionality c) Elastic Limit
b) yield point d) Ultimate point
Curve CC’ :
Represents upper and lower yield point i.e. stage at which
there is a definite increase in strain without any further
increase in stress
Upper yield point observed when load is applied rapidly
Lower yield point observed when load is applied slowly &
obtained region is called yield stress region and stress at
that region is yield stress
For mild steel fy = 250 N/mm2
CURVE CD/Region CD :
Represents Plastic yielding
It is the strain which occurs after the yield point ,with no
increase in stress
Point D of a plastic yield range is somewhat variable but a
typical strain as 0.014
In this region strain is at least 10 times the strain at yield
point
CURVE DE / Region DE:
Represents strain hardening
Range where additional stress produces additional
strain
In this region strain increases fast with stress till
ultimate load is reached
CURVE E :
Represents ultimate stress i.e stress corresponding to the
ultimate load
Initial slope becomes 4% of young modulus
Region EF:
Stress fails with rapid increase in strain till the specimen
breaks
Region F :
Represents breaking stress i.e stress corresponding to
breaking load
<1.2> Advantages and disadvantages of
steel structure
Advantages Disadvantages
Have high strength so can resist Requires high cost of
high load with comparatively light construction
wt and small dimension
Susceptible to corrosion
Use of rolled steel structures saves
time & labour during fabrication Losses high strength at
,erection and replacement high temperature
Sudden collapse of structure is Slender section leads to
restricted due to ductility property
buckling
Longer life since they have isotropic
and homogenous properties of Requires skill manpower
material
Structure can be made water tight
and gas tight due to high density
Easy to dismantle and has Scrap
value
Principal Factors
<1.3> Method of Design of steel Structure
Criteria for Design
Buckling Concept
Relation for Buckling
Classification of steel on basis of Buckling
